----------------------- Page 1----------------------Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence Course: CS40002 Course: CS40002 Instructor: Dr.

Pallab Dasgupta Instructor: Dr. Pallab Dasgupta Department of Computer Science & Engineering Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur ----------------------- Page 2----------------------What is AI? What is AI? Turing Test (1950) Turing Test (1950) The computer is interrogated by a human via The computer is interrogated by a human via It passes if the human cannot tell if there It passes if the human cannot tell if there human at the other end human at the other end Sufficiency: The Chinese Room Argument 2 ----------------------- Page 3----------------------The ability to solve problems The ability to solve problems Search: Efficient trial-and-error Search: Efficient trial-and-error Enormous computational complexity Enormous computational complexity Space-time trade-offs Space-time trade-offs Use of domain knowledge heuristics Use of domain knowledge heuristics Integer Prog. Linear Prog. Dynamic Prog. Heuristic Search Evolutionary Algorithms

a teletype a teletype is a computer or is a computer or

During 1985-1995 computation became free During 1985-1995 computation became free 3 ----------------------- Page 4----------------------Knowledge and Deduction How to store and retrieve knowledge?

How to interpret facts and rules, and be able to deduce? The gap between knowledge and realization The gap between knowledge and realization Logics of knowledge Logics of knowledge Knowledge Based Expert Systems Systems The knowledge The knowledge Between 1990 Between 1990 Provers Verification base may be huge base may be huge 2000 storage became free 2000 storage became free 4 ----------------------- Page 5----------------------The ability to learn The ability to learn Can we learn to solve a problem better? Can we learn to solve a problem better? Learning the answers Learning the answers Learning the rules of the game Learning the rules of the game Learning to plan Learning to plan Belief networks Belief networks Perceptrons and Neural networks Perceptrons and Neural networks 5 ----------------------- Page 6----------------------What then is AI? What then is AI? Human Computer Human Computer interaction interaction Computer vision Computer vision Automated Problem Solving Automated Problem Solving Machine Learning Machine Learning Logic and Deduction NLP NLP Robotics Automated Theorem Formal

Logic and Deduction In this decade, communication will become free 6 ----------------------- Page 7----------------------Fundamentals Fundamentals The notion of expressing computation as an The notion of expressing computation as an algorithm algorithm Godel s Incompleteness Theorem (1931): Godel s Incompleteness Theorem (1931):

Robotics

In any language expressive enough to describe the In any language expressive enough to describe the properties of natural numbers, there are true statements that properties of natural numbers, there are true statements that are undecidable: that is, their truth cannot be established by are undecidable: that is, their truth cannot be established by any algorithm. any algorithm. ----------------------- Page 8----------------------Fundamentals Fundamentals Church-Turing Thesis (1936): Church-Turing Thesis (1936): The Turing machine is capable of computing any The Turing machine is capable of computing any computable function computable function This is the accepted definition of computability This is the accepted definition of computability The notion of intractability The notion of intractability NP-completeness NP-completeness Reduction Reduction ----------------------- Page 9----------------------Course Outline Course Outline Problem solving by search Problem solving by search State space search, State space search, Problem reduction search, Problem reduction search,

Game playing Game playing Logic and deduction Logic and deduction First-order logic, Temporal logic, Deduction First-order logic, Temporal logic, Deduction Planning Planning Reasoning under Uncertainty Reasoning under Uncertainty Learning Learning Additional Topics Additional Topics 9 ----------------------- Page 10----------------------References References Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence -- Stuart Russell -- Stuart Russell Principles of Principles of -- N J -- N J A Modern A Modern and Peter and Peter Approach Approach Norvig Norvig

Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence Nilsson Nilsson

Heuristics Heuristics -- Judea Pearl -- Judea Pearl