Civil Affairs Handbook Austria Section 8

ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL
360.8
" i r r 1; flgri; u I i a r ''ERS ;i E~::.: ,5 LE~,d';f:~:~G~if,:"~tH~~
CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOk 6'
AUSTRIA
SECTION 8: INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE
"
G
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fLo UO
Noted--
:OLD
.E __ _ x
Ad
(1;
_
1/Per
Dir Pe s
J Al
~ti
Dir Si
IN
Asst
-.
Dir I d
*
DISSEMINATION
OF RESTRICTED
MATTER.
En-r r
Sug~
1
--------.
No person is entitled solely by virtue of his grade or position to knowledge or possession of classified matter. require such knowledge or possession. Such matter is entrusted only to those individuals whose official duties (See also paragraph
Fs D
--
---------
23b, AR 380-5, 15 March 1944.)
HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES
;1
JULY 1945
ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL
M 360-8
Civil Affairs
CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK
AUSTRIA
SECTION 8 INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE
Headquarters,
Army Service Forces
7 ,July
1945
DISSEMINATION OF RESTRICTED MATTER. No person is entitled solely by virtue of his grade or position to knowledge or possession of classified matter. Such matter is entrusted only to those individuals whose official duties require such knowledge or possession. (See also paragraph 23b, AR 380-5, 15 March 1944.)
NUMBERING
SYSTEM
OF
ARMY
SERVICE
FORCES MANUALS
The
main
subject
matter
of
each
Army
Service
Forces
Manual
is
indicated
by consecutive
M M100-M99
numbering
and
within
the
following
categories:
Basic Army
Advanced Training Training Program: and. Pre-
1199
M299
Specialized
Induction Training
1200 M300
Personnel
Civi-l Affairs
and Morale
M399
1400 -M1499 M500 - 1599 M600

-
Supply
Fiscal
and Transportation Production
1699 11799 1899 up
Procurement and Administration

Miscellaneous
1700 1800 1900 -
Equipment, Material,
Housing and
Construction
HEADQUARTERS, washington
ARMY
SERVICE C.:, 7July
FORCES 1945
25,. D.
Army Service
Forces: Manual
380
8,
Civil
Affairs
Handboo1k,
Austria,
Section
8,
Industry and
Commerce,
has been
prepared
under
the
supervision
information
of
and
the
Provost
of
Marshal
General
concerned.
and
is
published
for
the
guidance
all
[SPX
461
(30 Jun
45)]
BY COMMAND OF GENERAL
SOMERVELL:
OFFICIAL: EDWARD Brigadier Acting The F. WITSELL General Adjutant General
LeR.
LUTES General., GSC
LIeutenant Chief of
Staff
DISTRIBUTION: AAF(5); AGF(5); ASF(2); Special Distribution.
Refer
tO FM 21-6
for explanation of
r
distribution
formula.
-iii
This study on Austrian Industry and Commerce: was_ prepared for the MILITARY GOVERNMENT. DIVISION,. OFFICE OF by the EUROPEAN UNIT OF THE BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE UNITED STATES DEPARTMEENT OF COMM~ERCE PROVOST M.I MARSHAL GENERAL
OFFICERS USING THIS MATERIAL ARE REQUESTED TO MAAJE SUGGESTIONS AND CRITICISMS INDICATING THlE REVISIONS OR ADDITIONS WHICH WOULD MAKE THIS MATERIAL MORE USEFUL FOR THEIR PURPOSES. THESE CRITICISMS SHOULD BE
SENT TO THE CHIEF OF THE LIAISON AND STUDIES BRANCH, MILITARY GOVERNMENT DIVISION, PMGO, 2809 MUNITIONS BUILDING, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
-iv -
INTRODUCTION Purposes of the Civil Affairs Handbooks The basic objectives of civil affairs officers are (1) to assist the Commanding General by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which will contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations (2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damage resulting from disorder, and (3) to create the conditions which will make it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively. The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort to carry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as possible. The Handbooks do not deal with plans or policies (which will depend
upon changing and unpredictable developments). It should be clearly under-
stood that they do not imply any given official program of action. They are rather ready reference source books containing the basic factual information needed for planning and policy making.
.CIVIL A F F A I R S TOPICAL
H A N DB O O K S
OUTLINE
1. 2. 3. 4.
Geographical and Social Bakccground Government and Administration Legal Affairs Government Finance Money and Banking Natural Resources Agriculture Industry and Commerce
5.
6. 7.
8.
9.
10. 11.
Labor
Public Works and Utilities Transportation Systems
12. ,.Communications 13. 14. Public Health and Sanitation Public Safety
15.
16. 17.
Education
Public Welfare Cultural Institutions
One Civil Affairs Handbook on each of the above subjects is being issued. This study on Austrian Industry and Commerce was prepared for the MILITARY GOVERNMENT DIVISION, OFFICE OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL by the European Unit, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce.
AUSTRIA
INDUSR.Y
AND
COMMECE
Table of Contents Part One Industry
A. B.
Introduction ......................
,.,,.,,,,
Summnary
Statistics .......... e.*,.......
.eeo......
3
.
I. Industrial Production ............ e........ ....

II. Industrial Ehployrnent
3
4
...............
,........
C.
Principal Branches.......................
.....
"..
I. Building and Construction......................

II. Mining and Smelting
....
5
7
"......"..""
.@,,,,,,,,
(a) Coper........................".............lib
(e)
Zinc
..........
.,........""".ee""e"."".,
13
(g) ACoppiner
........................
...
".e
14b
(h)Peciou
tl......."............."...
...
"....
14
(g)
Amnsit
...............
.....
..
.9"
15
(1) Orei.....................................
Vii
Page III. Chemicals, Paper, Glass ................

(a) Chemicals (b) Explosives
...
20
22
........................
....................
.........
23
(c)Rubber ............................ .
(d) Oil Refining
. . . . . . ....
.24
24
................
(e) Paper and Pulp

(f) Glass
........................
...................
..........
26
28
IV. Lumbering and Woodworking .....

V. Foodstuffs
."."".......e*eeO~Oee......
........
29
35
(a) Alcohol, Liquors and Spirits ........ .............

(b)
35
Wine
..
e.**o****...............:..""""~""""
35
""e......s_"".."....
(c) Breweries
.......
36 36
(d) Dairy Products
.......................
(e) Flour Mills and Bakeries

(f)
...............
......
3.7
""""
sugar
......
.....
"ef.".
38
(g) Chocolates and Candies .......................... 39

VI. The Austrian Tobacco Monopoly
. . . . . .40
VII.
Leather and Footwear................................
41.
VIII. Metal, Engineering and Automotive Industries."....."..44 (a) Industrial Machinery ..

........
"...
e.."
45 46
(b)Eecstrical Machinery and Apparatus ..

(c) Agricultural Machinery
and
TIplements.............48-
(d) Locomotives and Rolling Stock ....:.......... (e)Motor Vehicles'.............................." (f) Bicycles .........................
50 51
53
-viii
"
Page IX. X.
Textiles and Clothing...............................53
Public Utilities ..........
'."...........
......
".......
58
(a) Electric Power.....................1............... 58 ........................... 65 (b)Gas ......... "...... D. Organization and Government Control...................... 69 (a) Cartels and Concentration ............ o.69 (b). Manufau.curers Associations and Industrial Chambers 69
,......84 (c) Subsidies ........................... ............... ".... (d)Public Monopolies .......... .. (c)Patents and Trademarks......... 85
............. 86
E. Effects of War on Industry ............................. 87
Par~t Two : Commerce A. Domestic Trade ...................................... ". 88 (a) Wholesale and Retail Distribution System .............. 88 (b) Consumer Cooperatives............................... (c) Department Stores..................................92 (d) Markets and Fairs ................................... 93
89
Peddling ......................................... 94 (e)

(f) Enployment in Commerce and Trade .... .......
94
(g) Weights, Measures, Grades and Standards ............... 95 .. .. .. .. B. Foreign Trade. ......... .....s. ...... ..... ......95 I. Summary of Foreign Trade Statistics...........97 II. Balance of Payments ................................... 100
III. Government Control and Regulation of Foreign. Trade ...... 104

(a) Tariff andkt'rade Control= Policy ..................... 104
ixPage
m (b) Main Features of Tariff System

(c) Other Restrictions
(1)
.....
.,....
.....
107 ........
..
on Imports and Exports
112 112 112
Import Controls............*...*...............o
(2) Export Controls........................ (3) Foreign Exchange Control ............

.........
113 113
114
(4) Payment and Clearing Agreements ..................

(5) Compensation Arrangements .........................
(6)
Monopoly Trading Bodies......................
114 114
(7) Barter Arrangements and "Askitt Trading ............ IV.

Dependence on Foreign Supplies ..................
115
(a)-Principal Food Items ................................ 115

(b)
Medical Supplies ...
..............
.........
117
11$ 118
C.
I.
PriceControl
and Rationing...................
..............
Price Control.............. (a) (b) Scope and Functions . Administrative System ... ... .....
....
......
118
.........
118
(1) Reich Commissioner for Price Formation.............119 (2) Price Formation Offices (3) .......
.*........119
Price Control Offices.................120 Local Price Authorities .................... .,..... 121
(4)
(5)
Price Control Authorities........................ 122

......... ........... .
II. Rationing
..................
124
(a) Background and Development.......................""
124 124
127
(b) Administration ....................
(c) Rationing Techniques ..............................
(d) Rations of Principal Food Itemis
............
128 129
(e) Black Markets ..............................................
APPENDIK
I. Principal Laws and Regulations affecting Austria's Economy in the Transition Period following the "Anschluss"............130
II. References .......
......................
,..................................
137
MINING AND INDUSTRY IN AUSTRIA
IHARD
~
COAL
IRON ORE
ALT '
PETROLEUM
S4 FORESTS EARTHENWARE
1
MUSICAL
IRON
WORKS
INDUSTRY
MAGNESITE
U
.
GRAPHITE
Z ZINC
COPPER
CHEMICAL
LEAD
G
t COTTON
GOLD WOOL
LIGNITE E3 PAPER
ENGINEERING IND'S. INSTRUMENTS
GLASS. INDUSTRY
SILK
LEATHER GOODS
0E
PART ONE:
INDUSIRY
A.
Introduction-Austria is an old industrial country. In the middle of the eighteenth
century,
at a time when handicraft was gradually replaced by large-scale

Enpress Maria Theresia encouraged and ever since, industrialization and assisted this has been progress-
production methods,
development in every way, ing in that area,
In the years between 1919 and 1938, iron and steel, magnesite, and
water power constituted the three outstanding factors of Austria's industrial activity. After Austria's try incorporation into Greater Germany, the Austrian induswith the German autarchy and rearmament the "Anchluss" included:
was systematically brought in line The projects
plans.
announced immediately after
(1) Extensive expansion of the productive capacity of the hydro-electric power plants; (2) Building of the Hermann Goering Works at Linz, Upper Austria, which were to comprise the second-largest steel plant in the world being exceeded in size only by the Herman Goering works near Brunswick; Salzgitter at
(3)
Erection of a large staple fiber plant at Lenzing near Linz,

Upper Austria;
(4) Increased utilization of the country's mineral resources,
especially -metals and oil.

In the course of the years, Its plants capacity. the whole Austrian industry was overhauled. full
were modernized and expanded and gradually made to work at The manufacturing program was completely changed, and the
production for civilian
consumption was more and more cut down.
During the war,
some cities,
such as Vienna,
Wiener-Neustadt,
Graz,
Line,
traditional
Steyr, have become major industrial centers,

Austrian industries, especially in the large-scale
In addition to the
production of airplahaes the province of Lower
was developed,
the Vienna area and in
Austria.
ments.
Other industries were converted to meet Germany's wartime requireThe automobile industry, for example, shifted to the manufacture of
armored cars and airplane motors while the furniture industry was
mobilized
for the mass production of "Austerity" home furnishing for the bombed-out civilians of the Reich. When the air-attacks on Germany were stepped up,
many an industrial firm of the Old Reich transferred its production facilities to Austria which was considered less the reach of ground attacks. Hand in hand with the technical and organizational integration of the vulnerable to bombing and more out of
industrial plants, German money and credit facilities were

relieving the chronic capital
instrumental in
shortage of the Austrian industry which was output without financial
unable to carry out the desired expansion of its assistance. Soon,
the Hermann Goering combine had acquired a controlling in-
fluence over the Austrian heavy industry, and other German interests followed similar procedures. Thus, directly and through the big Austrian comercial
banks which, likewise, came under German domination, Austrian industry was eventually brought under complete control of -interests. German public and private
-'3 -
_Summary ~B.
Statistics--
I.
Industrial Production. -
The following tables show Austria's
-production of important staple comodities for the ten years preceding the
"AnsChiUss," as well as
a comparison between the last "normal" year (1937)
and a ten-year average.
3a
AUJSTRIA'S INDUSTRIALPRODUCTION. 1928-1936 (Hundreds of metric tons, unless indicated otherwise)

1928 1929
____
1930
2,159 30,630 11,805 1,266 3,295
1931
2,281 29,821 5,119 275 660
1932
L92
193
1935
2,606 29,707 7,754: 1,035
143;
1936
1. 2.
Kohie (Coal): Steinkohie (Hard Coal) ... Braunkohle (Lignite).........
..
..
2,021 32,628
2,080 35,248 18,914 1,150 1,351
2,213 31,040 3,068 562 90
2,389 30,145 2.,670 827 .327,
3,508
28,509
2,443 28,972
3.
4. 5.
Erze (Oi'es), Eisenerz (Iron Ore). .. .. ...... 19,282 Blei- ad Kinkerz (Lead and Zinc Ore). 1,309 Kupfererz .(Copper Ore) . . . . . . . . 1,341 Andere Bergbauprodu.kte (Other Mining Products): Graphit (Graphite) .. .. ......
Rohragnesit (Magnesite,
4,668,
953 332:
10,243
1,119 92
6. 7.
8.
9. 10. 11.
-~12.
Salz: Rohl
Spesesalz (Salt:
Abfallsalz(
Crude)
242
.. .31,965
253
843
13
-
177
805
15 0 114 2, 854
Table Salt) .
793.
16
121 1,965
775
13
-1
106 1,397
768
14
148 1,553
182
2,300
(Cr
Waste Salt) . deOl il... .. .......

..
809
15
981
18
195 2,794
948
9 77
868
16
66. 61:
217 5,714 891 15
42: 26
1,309'
3; 092
75
2 2, 479
4,184
GieBereiroheisen (Cast Iron) Stahiroheisen (Pig Iron) .....

Stahl
209
13.
4~14.
(Steel)....,......
4,375
6,357
180 4,410
6, 319
3
1,447 3, 227 32
61
41
839 2, 258 10
Kupfer
(Copper)**...
.
..
4,677
41
69
2,045
20
20
........
.. .....
1,871' 3',640'
34
81
39
66
15.
Blei (Lead),.
16. 17. 18.
Aluminium (Aluminium) .. .. ....... Silber, kg (Silver, Kilograms) . . Quecksilber, kg (Mercury, Kilograms) 1'alz- un~d Schmiedewaren '(Rolled and Forged Iron and Steel Products) . Stabeisen (Bar Iron).. . .... Stabstahi (Bar Steel).... .. .... Trager, U-Eisen (Girders, U-Beams) . . Sonstiges Konstruktionseisen (OtherI
Structural.Iron) .
e
. .
,
40 598 4,580
3',870 4,563
1,320 638 491
234
27 "329
30 318 2,350
46
21 690 170 1,810, 440 373 75
28
"13
80.
25 2,460 2,505 708 438 177

57
56,
21
18
87
21 870 800
436
-
.25 369.
35
904
3-,669.
2,645.
.684
100
2,880 702 582
.132 58
19. 20. 21. 22,
4,690
1,441 693 398
198
3,605
1,055 520 279
126
1,627
467
297
2,385, 534 545:.

'.95
110
49
115
194
506
64
. .
23. Eisenbahnschienen (Rails)., . 24. Bisenbieche (Iron Plates), . . . 25, Stahlbleche (Steel Plates) ....
-.
46.
.261:
392 475
84.
360 447 91
353
175
364
84
324
95
36 260 57
113 279 76
292
161;
434
148
219 483 1]
-3bAUSTRIA-'S INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, 1928-1936 (Hundreds of metric tons, unless indicated otherwise) (Continued) Walz- und Schmiedewaren (Rolled and Forged Iron and Steel Products) Continued: 26. Walzdraht: Eisen (Rolled W~ire Iron).... 27. Stahl (Rolled Steel) ........ 28, Sonstige Walzware (Other Rolled Produxts) Fassonierte Schmiedestiicke und Pretteile (Section Forgings and Pressings): Eisen (Iron) ........................ Stahl (Steel)........................ Stahlformgu8 (Steel Castings)........ Maschinen (Machinery)................ Kraftfahrzeuge (Motor Vehicles):
1928
122
MO2
1931
1932
i2~
1934
i2
23 364
542
512
19 378
422 12 326
337
6 145
253 12 55
270
16
100
206 21 193
263
31
297
16
169
194
29.
30. 31. 32.
17 63 114
20 53 116
-660
18 46 81
8 35 55 510
3 28 32 300
16 24 33 330
1 30
35
45 419
34
370
6 50 60 540
33. Personenkraftwagen, Stuick (Passenger

Cars, Number).....................
-136 -
2,907 1,226
1,725
34. Autobusse (Busses,
Number)..,.....
35. Lastkraftwagen (Trucks, Number)........ 36. Spezialfahrzeuge (Special Vehicles,

Number) ............................ Kraftwagen zus. (Automobiles,Total, Numba') .. . . . '. . . . . . .. 37. Motorrader (Motorcycles) ............. Energieerzeugung (Generation of Power): 38. Elektr. Strom. Mill. kWh (Electric Energy,in millions of kilowatt hours). Gaswerke (Gas Vro~ks):
-85 -
69 593
32
745 364
34 1,185 2,338
1,652
2,110
42
42
410 13 2,117 3,034
95
545 303 3,053 2,558
4,988 103
679
667 6,437 4,143
4,354 2,721
2,419 2,021
2,400
2,550
2,500
2,400
2,300
2,390
2,455
2,600
2,680
39. Leuchtgas, Mill. mn (Illuminating Gas,

in millions of cubic meters)........ 349 40. Gaskbks (Gas Coke)................... 5,778 317 41., Teer, Pech (Tar, Pitch) .............. 42. Amnmoniakwasser (Ammonia Liquor)........ 1,173 58 43. Benzol(Benzol)...................... 373 6,272 354 1,299 62
362 5,689 341 1,272 60
371 5,668 330 21
68
372 5,867 351 38 69
357 5,841 353 26 70
339 5,696 334 41 70
313 5,088
296
42 65
340 5, 559 322 22 65
-3c
ATT'IVTA Ia TSMTT
1 (V)_I o~t 7'J27.J7,
fTAT nDTTCDU1Vr(Th )I IJAJJI.J UYJ~2~I VI,
(Hundreds of metric tons, unless indicated otherwise) (Continued)
1928 44.
Erd.Slraffinerie (Oil Refinery Products): Benzin (Gasoline)......................
1929
1930
1931
132
681 345 143
-
1924
-
1936
773 358 799 376 69
798 -
45. Petroleum (Kerosene)....... ............ 46. Gasol (Gas Oil)......................

Magnesit (Magnesite): Sintermagnesit (Magnesite, Dead-Burned). Kaustisch gebrannt Magnesit (Magnesite,
413,
176
803 36t 179
104
47. 48.
1,242 346 411
492
282 236
358 204 153
642 184, 254
650 272 288
958 281 388
1,004
Caustic-Calcined).,................,
49.
351 427
Magnesitziegel und platten (Magnesite,

Bricks and Plates).................... Andere Hilfsstoffe (Other Materials):
50. Zement (Cement).,,.,...................

51. Kupfervitriol (Copper Sulphate).........
5,230
5,815
6,015
5,015
3,506
2,800
3,150
3,710
3,690
15
15
11
13
Kunstdunger (Fertilizers): 52. Phosphorsiurehaltig (Containing Phosphoric Acid) ........................ 53. Stickstoffhaltig (Containing Nitrogen).. Glas(Glass) Flachglas (Flat Glass): 54. Tafelglas, q (Plate and Sheet Glass in 100 Kilograms) .................... :.... 55. Marmorglas, q (Marbled Glass in 100 Kilograms) ............................ GuBglas im ganzen, q (Poured Glass, Total in 100 Kilograms)............... 56. Ornament- und Kathedralgias, q (Ornamental and Cathedral, stained, Glass)..
496
60
15-
357
64
323 64
476 62
428 60
465 49
532 63
36,266
86,603
90,815
79,839
61,727
48,191
3,136
51,147
5,744 11,134
55,251
10,656 10,006
71,838
21,552
2,140
4,406
14,785
14,837
1,514
13,348
in
100 Kilograms).,,..................
261
243
9,243
7,578
162
4,248
3,807
5,202
57. lohgub-Schnurlglas, q (Obscured Ribbed Glass for pavements and skylights in
100 Kilograms).......................
58.
455
611
2,886
2,656 3,552 1,424 Drahtglas,q (Wired Glass in 100 kilo)... (Hollow and Pressed 59. Hohl- und Preiglas,q 140,000 150,000 140,Odb 131,000 .... Glass, in 100 Kilograms).
5,499 1,760
97,000
1,352
-
3,302 3,584
79,000
2,951 '3,248
80,000
3,458 4,688
87,300
69,000
AUSTRIA'S INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, 1928-1936 (Hundreds of metric tons, unless indicated otherwise) (Continued)
1928
Glaskolben, -rbhren, -staibe (Glass' Vials, Tubes and Rods): 60. Kolben, q (Vials in 100 kilograms).... . 61. Rbhren, q (Tubes ti 62. Stabe, q (Rods " ) 63. Thermosflaschen, 1000 Stk (Thermos
1929
1930
1221
5,047 4,475
'
222
5,214
122A
4,626
122.
5,219 3,784
1,714 72
1922
6,500 3,085
1,500 260
726
2,463 767
3,569
1,196
Bottles in 1,000 pieces)........... 64. Flaschen a. naturf~rb, Glas, q (Glass

Bottles, not colored, in 100 kilo.. ... grams) .............. .... ... 65. Halbedeisteine, Simili, Strat, Hohiperlen, q (Semi-precious Stones, Imitation Gems', Strass, Hollow Beads, in 100 kilograms).................. 54,600 55,700 52,270 47,600 39,870 24,900
31,860
39,042
56,069
144
148
84
124
240
460
Papier (Paper):. 66. 67. 68. 69.

Holzschliff (Wood-pulp)..............
1,041
2,070
1,042
2,245
2,296
Zellulose (Cellulose).., .............

Papier (Paper) ..................... Pappe (Card Board)...................
1,035 2,135
2,103
961 2,156
2,101
834
2,305 556
1,996 2,010
227
878 2,220
2,005
801
812
821
2,385 1,989
322
546
580
297
285
2,543 1,973 493
2,542
1,785
522
Leder (Leather): and Horse Rinds- und RoBleder (Cattle Leather): 70, Sohlenlederartig (Sole and Related
Leather)...........................
71. Anders (Others)...................... 72. Kalbleder (Calf Leather). .. 4....... u. a (Kip, Sheep 73. Ziegen-, Schiafleder and Similar Leather)..............
60 3 4 3
1
60 3 4 2
1
60 4 3 3
2
2
1
74. Schweinsleder (Pigskin)..
........
- 3e AUSTRIA'S INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, 1928-1936 (Hundreds of metric tons, unless indicated otherwise) (Continued)
1928
Game u. dgl. (Yarns, etc.) 272
1929
-237
122Q
199
221
177
1932
193
184 229
0.3
12L6
314 0*8
42 60 9
75. Baumwollgarne (Cotton Yarns) ........ 76. Flachsgarne (Flax.Yarns)............. 77. Hanf- und Sisalgarne (Hemp and Sisal
Yarns)........................... 78. Jutegarne (Jute Yarn)........:...... 79. Kunstseide (Rayon)...... ........... Weberei 80. Baumolleberei, (Woven Goods): 1000 m (Cotton Cloth,
-
180
269
C7
28
77
60
16
14.
1,000 Meters)....................
86,911
92,988
99,783
Nahrungsmittel und Getranke (Food-
stuffs and Beverages):

81. Zucker -Rohzuckerwert 1000 hl (feer, in (Sugar
-
Converted to Raw Basis.............

82. Bier, 100 Rectoliters)
1,106
1,221
1,391
1,705
1,646
1,730
2,078
2,184
1,560
83. Branntwein, rein. Alkohol, 1000 hi (Distilled Spirits, pure alcohol, in 1,.000 hectoliters) ................ 84. Schaumwein, 1000 Flaschen, zu 0.851
(Sparkling Wine, 1000 Bottles Liter Each)....................... of 0.85
5,358
5,224
5,090
3,986 '
3,089
2,302
2,426
2,347
2,200
261
279
283
274
207
208
200
186
213
261
288
269
211
165
115
114
130
149
EssipsEure (Acetic Acid): 85. GenieBbar (Fit for Human Consumption). 86. Nicht GenieBbar (Unfit for Human
Consumption)...................... 87
15 7
12 7
12
11
Tabak (Tobacco):
Stuck (Cigars, in 8 millions)....................... 88.,Zigaretten (Cigarettes, in millions).. 89. Pfeifentabak, 1000 q (Pipe Tobacco, in 100 Metric Tons),... ......... 90, Zigarettentabak, 1000 q (Cigarette Tobacco, in 100 metric tons).........
87.
Zigarren, Mill
201
214
.223
225
151
125
83
4,405 32
7
71
72
4,652 33
5,110 31 16
4,926 33 17
4,753 30 11
5,651 31 7
5,410 31 7
4,377 29
9
4,380 33
1
15,
3f
AUSTRIEA'S INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, 192-1936 (Hundreds of metric tons, unless indicated otherwise) (Continued).
1928
Sonstige Erzeugnisse (Miscellaneous Products): 91. Zigarettenhilsen, Mill. Stiuck (Cigarette - in million Paper Tubes
-empty
129
1222
1931
1932
1222
122k
12~
122k
pieces)..,,.........................
92. Zigarettenpapier (Cigarette Paper, in Million Pieces) .................... fras(tce)
--
467
1,403 888
1,566 1,093
1,830 1,326
93Zndbzh
21,080 .18,928 17,677 13 260 11 12 3
-253
Inland, Mill. Stuck (For Domestic Consumption in Million Pieces)..10,736 22,646 Ausland, 1000 q, brutto (For Exportation, in hundreds of Metric Tons17 Gross Weight)..................23 Seife (Soap): 94. Waschseife (Household Soap)........... 95. Toiletteseife (Toilet Soap).............96. Elektr. Gliihbirnen, 1000 Stuck (Electric Bulbs, in 1,000 pieces)............... Fulme, belichtet (Films, Exposed): 97. Abendfiillende, Stuck (Feature Length, 260 11
16,047 13,601
1 210 10
-
11,921 11,392 2 210 9 11,871 0 230 9 14,700
-1 210 9 1,320
25C 0 220
11 1 10
Number).......
..............-
40
123
39
140
27
86
2
116
98. Kurzfilme, Stuck (Short Subjects, Number)
17 112
1.4 155
27 155
23 172
AUSTRIA'S INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
19,37 ADAVERAGE of' 128-1937

of metric tons, (nrds(Hundredsunless ITEM IN GERMAN AND. ENGLISH indicated otherwise.) 1937 AVEBAGE 1928/37 2,300
St; i.nkohle (Hard Coal)........................ Brainkohle (Lignite)................................ Eiseherz (Iron Ore)................................ Blei- und Zinkerz (Lead and Zinc)..............
Kupfererz (Copper Ore) ...................... Graphit (Graphite) .......................
. . . .. Rohmagnesit (Magnesite, Crude) (Silver, Kilograms) ..................... Silber Rohol.(Crude Oil)..........................a .
2,302
32,418
18,847 1,127
72 184
.30,912
10,237 962
570 183
3,979 304 330

69 3,822 6,497 4,339 1,125 885
2)
-
2,864 535 87
78 2,427 4,230 3,105 848
GieBereiroheisen (Cast Iron-) ............... Stahlroheisen (Pig Iron)...................... ......... . .. .. Stahl (Steel).
Walz- u. Schiniedewaren (Rolled and Forged Iron and

Steel Products) .................. ........ Stabeisen (Bar Iron) S tabstahi (Bar Steel) ..................
.........
. ..
Tragei, U-Eisen (Girders, U-Beams) ............... Sonst. Konstruktionseisen (Other Structural Iron).
242
-
548 211
122
308
98
Eisenbahnschienen (Rails)
Stahlbleche (Steel Plates)
................
... . . ..
241
Eisenbleche (Iron Plates) ........................... ....................... Walzdraht (Rolled Wire) . Sonst. Walzwaren (Other Rolled Products) .... Fassonierte Schmiedestiicke u. Pre~teile (Section
Forgings and Pressings) StahlformguB (Steel Castings)
................. ................
690
166
405
110
477 257
67 74
218
52 64
374
Kr~aftfahrzeuge: (Motor Vehicles) ................ k 482 Personenkraftwagen, (Passenger Cars, Number)86482 114 S8tk Autobusse (Busses, Number) ............. 1,080 (Trucks, Number) .............. Stk Lastkraf'twagen 110 Spezialfahrzeu a (Special Vehicles, Number)... Stk 6,125 Kraftwagenzus (Automobiles, Total, Number).... Stk 8,535 Motorraider (Motorcycles, Number) ............. Stk 590 ................... Benzin (Gasoline) ........... 208 (Kerosene)................................ Petroleum Gasol (Gas Oil) ...................................... 54 1,095 Sintermagnesit (Magnesite, Deal-Burned) ........ Kaust, gebrannter Magnesit (Magnesite, Caustic
Calcined)
Plates)
........................
"0
,~ 8 700 177
3,670
2) 2) 2) 3,621 721
121
35
$05
299 345
472
i. ..
Magnesitziegel u. -platten (Magnesite, Bricks and

. . . ...
. .... .
0000*00 .. 0@000.
605,
2) Average for the Years 1932/37

-3g
AUSTRIA' S INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION (Cont' d) 1937 AND AVERAGE of 1928-1937 (Hundreds of metric tons, unless indicated otherwise.) ITEM IN GERMAN AND ENGLISH 1937 AVERAGE 1928/37 4,322 530 933 2,333 2,089 239 97,043 8 1,619 3,423 233 185 15 4) 1,491 981 15,309 238
Zement (Cement).................................. Kunstdunger (Fertilizers) ........................

Holzsehliff (Wood Pulp) Zellulose (Cellulose) .
Papier (Paper)
............................. ........
1)
4,290 740 1,100
.......................... ... ..
*.............
3,040
2,321 325 108,491 10 1,568 2,209 212 146 12' 2,191
.......................................
Pappe (Cardboard)............. ... Baumwollgarne (Cotton Yarns) ....................
Baumwollgewebe (Cotton Cloth, in 1000 M. l000m... Kunstseide (Rayon).............................. Zucker (Rohsuckerwert) (Sugar (Converted to Raw Bier (Beer in 1000 Hectoliters) ............ lOO00hl Branntwein (r. Alk) (Distilled Spirits (Pure Alcohol) inlO000Hectoliters) ...................... lOO00hl Schaumwein, 1000 Fl (0851) (Sparkling Wine, in 1000 Bottles of 0.85 Litres Each) .................
Esisue(ctcCgrtePprZigarettenhulsen. (CigartePper
Tubes (Empty)
Mill. Stk
in Millions Pieces)..........Mill. Stk Zigarettenpapiere (Cigarette Paper, in Million

Pieces)
... . ..............
1,343 4) 9,061 209
Zundholzchens) (Matches~ in Million Pieces) ................................ Mill. Stk

Seife (Soap)
......................................
Deliveries Average for the Years 1934/37 't f I' 1933/37 For Domestic Consumption
-3h
-
II. Industrial Employment.
- The latest complete census of employment A German census, taken
in independent Austria was taken in 1930. included the tIOSWALRKt
in 1939,
as one of Greater Germanyt's provinces, and shows the
first effect of the "Anschluss" on the employment situation in Austria. Summaries of both the Austrian census of 1930 and the German census of 1939; are given in the following tables:
NUMMU
EMPLOYMENT IN COMMERCE AND TRADE, 1930 (Summary of Census of June 14, 1930)
NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS TRADE GROUP (in German and English) TOTAL (private business) vchout 1 employees employee Hotel-, Gast- u. Schankgewerbe 33,149 (Hotels, restaurants, and bars) ....... Handel (Commerce and trade) ............. 119,194 a)' Warenhandel (Retail trade) .......... 109,705 b) Agenturen, Auskunfteien (Business agents, mercantile 9,117 agencies) ...................... c) Verwaltungsbetriebe (Administra372 tive offices) .................... Verkehr (ohne die offentl. Verkehrsunter) (Transportation (exclusive of public 10,585 transportation) ....................... Geldverkehr, Kredit, Privatersicherung (Banking, credit institutes, private 1,991 insurance) ........................... Korperpflege u. Reinigungsbetr (Physical culture, baths, and 9,441 masseurs' establishments) ............. Selbstand. Ausubg. d. Heilkunde,gewerbsm.. (rankenpfl., Heilbader (Doctbrs' offices, 12,076 professional nursing, medicinal baths). Unternehmungen fur Bildung, Kunst, Unterhaltung (Culture, art, recreation
services) ............................. 4,532
of which
11-20 21-100 employ- employ6-10 2-5 ees employees employees ees
over 100 employees 22 70 52 1 17
220 3,442 3,340 96
8,840 69,672 63,173
20,508 39,604 37,377
2,307 3,886 3,526
811 1,653 1,496
441 867 741
6,472
2,129 98
284 76
97 60
38 88
335 26
5,899 471
3,688
393
164
91 136
15
857
301
167
33 18
65
3,135 9,397
5,374 2,266 906

2, 382
639 245 355 195
145 72 213 20
85 62 105 10
68
2,871
627
14
Rechtsanwalts-, Notariatskanzl, sonst. Rechtshilfe, techn. Buros. (Legal and engineering services) .................
3,235
-4a
/
INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT (Summary of Census IN THE OSTLkRK. 1939 of May 17, 1939)
(:--~ ' '~
INDUSTRY GROUPS AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS (in, German and in English)
VIENNA AREA Total No. Males
REST OF TE
Total No.
OSTWARK Males
Landwirtschaft,
Tierrucht,
Gartnerei
(Agriculture,
day.
Animal Husbandry,
Gardening).........
Selbstxindige (of which: employers and own account workers) Mithelfende Familienangehrige (unpaid family members) Beamte (public officials)............................. Angestellte (salaried employees)...................... Arbeiter (wage workers).............................. Landwirtschaft und Tierzucht (Agriculture and animal husbandry), ............................................ Gartnerei und (Nurseries and gardening) ........
27,496 6,231 7,939 97 679

-12, 550 19,105
15,445
4,522
1,577 97 577
8,672
1,365,439 333,480
741,801
611,604
276,950
177,284
95 3,431
286,632 1,357,230 8,209
95
2,982
154,293 605,911 5,693
Gartenbau
9,674
5,771
8,391
679
10 118
day.
Forst- und Jagdwirtschaft, Fischerei (Forestry, Wildlife, Fishery) .................................. Selbstandige (of which:' employers and own account workers) Mithelfende Familienangeh5rige (unpaid family members).... Beamte (public officials) .............................. Angestellte (salaried employees) ...................... Arbeiter (wage workers) .............................. Forst- und Jagdwirtschaft (Forestry and wildlife) ........ Hochsee-, Kiisten- und Haffischerei (Deep-sea, coastal and haff fishing) ..................................... Binnenfischerei und Fischzucht (Fresh-water fishing and fish breeding)..................................... Bergbau, Salinen, Torfgraberei (Mining, Salt Works, Peat Cutting)..... ................................... Selbstndige (of which: employers and own account workers) Mithelfende FamilienangehZ5rige (unpaid family members) Beamte (public officials)............................. Angestellte / (salaried employees)......................
595 5
29,187
27,693
115
206 269 595
239
312
330 9 958 4,867

23,023 28,922
285
2
954 4,692
21,760
679
27,440
265
253
dav.
494 4 8
328
383 3 8 236
26,357 16
2 70 2,118
25,068
16
70 1,904
Territory of Austria plus some, mostly agricultural parts of the Sudeten area detached from Czechoslovakia and incorporated into the provinces o Upper and Lower Austria by the :;Law of :,;Larch. 25,
1939.
4b
1 INDUSTRIAL EIAFLOYI^ENT IN TE osva (Summnary of Census of My 17, 1939)
m, 31
VIENNA AREA BEST OF THE OSTMARK Total No. MAales
(Continued)
INDUSTRY GROUPS AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS .(in German and in English)
Total No.
Males
Bergbau, Salinen, Torfgraberei (Mining, Salt Works, Peat Cutting) ...................................
(Continued) .51 35 71 92 32 213 10,089 615 49 1,247 8,178 1,980 522 3,461 1,961 2,165 5,775 103
Arbeiter (wage workers).".......e...............0.

Steinkohlenbergbau usw (Hard coal mining, etc.)......... Braunkohlenbergbau usw (lignite mining, etc.) ............
Eisenerzbergbau
Metallerzbergbau (Non-ferrous metal ore mining) .......... Kalisalz- und Steinsalzbergbau, Salinen (Potash and rock salt mining, saitworks)......................... Gewinnung von Torf, Erd~l usw (Production of peat, crudepetroleum, etc.) ...............................
(Iron ore mining) ......................
136 34 31 56 .53 25 184 7,726 543 6 853 6,324 1,862 436 2,349 1,426 1,653 4,975
91
24,151 1,77,5 10,694 6,291' 4,744 1,649 1,204 39,822 1,685 234 1,948 35,955 16,575 4,730
23,078 1,710 10,277 6,009 4,332 1,616 1,124 34,535 1,572 84 1,591 31,288 16,036 4,524 8,328 3,060 2,587 28,338 79
Industriesder Steine und Erden (Industry of Stones and Earths) ..................................... dav. Selbstandige .(of which: employers sand own account
workers)
.. . .. .. . "... ..
Mithelfende
Beamte (public officials) ......................... .. . employees) ......................
Familienangehdrige (unpaid family members) .
Angestelite (salairied Arbeiter (wage- workers) .............................. Gewinnung von riatihlichen Gesteinen (Stone quarrying) ... Kalk-, Gips- und Zementindustrie (Lime, gypsum and cement industry) .......................................... Ziegelindustrie (Brick and tile works) ............... Keramische Industrie (Pottery-and related products) .. .............. Glasindustrie (Glass industry) ......... Elsen- und Metailgewinnflg (Production of iron and Nonferrous Metals) .............................. SelbstD~ndige (of which: employers and own account .......................................... workers),
-
4,080
3,465 30,314 83
day.
4c
INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE CSTMARK. 1939 (Summary of Census of May 17, 1939)
(Continued)
'
INDUSTRY GROUPS AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS (in German and in English)
VINNA AREA Total No. Males
REST OF THE OSTMARK Total No. Males
- --
--
--
6 1,940 3,726
2,100
-(Continued)
- --
Elsen- and Metaligewinnung (Production of iron and Nonferrous Metals) ............................. Mithelfende Familienangehbrige (unpaid family members) .......................... Beante (public officials) employees) ..................... Angestellte (salaried Arbeiter (wage workers)............................. Eisenschaffende Industrie (Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills) ...........0*..e...... .
12
3
2,580
1,373 3,510 1,568 1,582 1,825
3,072 27,147
25,676 23,349
2,025
24,829
2,260
Eisen-, Stahl- mid TempergieBereien (Casting of iron,

steel, and malleable iron) .... 00#006.....,00000 Metallgewinnung (Production of nonferrous metals) ... und Metallwarenherstellung (ManuEisen-, Stahlfacture of Hardware, Steel Products, and other Metal Ware)................................. SeibstAndige (of which: employers and own account
workers) ......................
1,666
2,009
3,225
2,964
35,092 4,342
27,343 4,006 13
54,668
46,381 9,995
140 2,048
day.
Mithelfende Familienangeharige (unpaid family members) Beamte(public officials)......................... Angestellte (salaried employees).................... Arbeiter (wage workers) ........................... Eisen-, Stahl- mnd Metallwarenindustrie (Industrial production of ironware, steel products, and other metalware) ................. ,'........
335
14
3,.882
10,268451
2,932
41,017
14
2,422 20,888
26,519
34,198
Schmiederei (Forging) .............................

Schlosserei (Locksmithing) ........................ Klempnerei (Plumbing)............................. Maschinen-, Kessel-, Apparate- mid Fahrzougbau (Machinery, Construction of Boilers, Apparatus, and.*Vehicles) ................................. Seibstandige (of which: employers and own account workers) ....... . . . ............................ 4d-
22,180 752
15,023
29,732
10,590
22,035
723
5,721
5,917 6,243
8,329
6,017
10,399 8,169
5,778
5,676
4,2,203 1,300
38,298
1,261
33,650
1,509
30,029
1,478
day.
INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE OSTMARK

Summary of Census of May 17, (Continued) 1939
1939
INDUSTRY GROUPS AND EMPLQYENT STATUS (in German and in English)
VIENNA AREA Total No. Males

*I---_---
REST OF THE OSTMARK Total No.

-
Males
I~--
II
ID IC- l
I1LIII
L~- -
-CT
-1-- -~
(Continued)
ii-i
Maschinen-, Kessel-, Apparate- und Fahrsougbau (Machinery, Construction of Boilers, Apparatus, and Vehicles) .................................... Mithelfende Familienangehtrige (unpaid family members) Beamte (public officials)............................
92
128
18
Angestelite (salaried employees) .................... Arbeiter (wage workers)............................0O**

Maschinenbau usw (Machinery, etc.).................. Stahl- und Eisenbau (Iron and steel construction) Schiffbau (Boat and shipbuilding) .................... ......
8,113 32,698
23,533
5,941
31,092 20,787 2,466 208
4,411 27,602
11,352 1,238 1,088
3,254 25,279
10,488 1,223 1,062
2,573
213
Bau von Land- und Luftfahrzeugen

for land and air-tramsportation)
(Construction of vehicles
...................
15,884
14,837
19,972
17,256
day.
Elektrotechnische Industrie (auch Installation) (zugleich Wz. 261) (Electrotechnical Industry (Including Appliances)......................... 'Selbstandige (of which: employers and own account workers) .................................... Mithelfende Familienangehorige (unpaid family members) Beamte (public officials) .......................... Anges'tellte (Salaried employees) .................... Arbeiter (wage workers) ............................ Feinmechanisohe und optische Industrie (zugleich Wz. 271) (Precision and Optical Industries) ...... Selbst'Andige (of which: employers and own account workers)....................................... Mithelfende Familienangeh8rige (unpaid family members) Beamte (public officials) ............................. Angestellte (salaried employees).................... Arbeiter (wage workers) .........................:....
33,226
1,031
21,794
9,545
874
8,511
987
130 7,765
24,300
132
1,634 6,905
851 14 1,195
5,313 15,492
6,451 2,387
1,278 17
4,718
3,890 764
1
2,735
day.
833 76
.726
1,331 139
143
1,.122
3,083
476 2,649
84
1,008
4Oe -
INDUSTRIAL EMPLYMENT IN THE OSTMfARK. 1939 (Summary of Census of May 17, 1939 (Continued) INDUSTRY GROUPS AN]) EMPLOYMENT STATUS (in German and in English)
VIENN1,A AREA REST OF'THE OSTIAARK
Total No. Chemische Industrie (zugleich Wz. 281)

(Chemical Industry)
'Males
Total No.
Hales
............................
13,541
8,405 364
7,249 270
57
5,487 227 14 1,076 4,170 24,050 1,316 79 3,167 19,488 1,042 17,4/4 3,.582 1,985
day.
Selbstandige (of which: employers and own account workers)......................................... DMithelfende Familienangeho5rige (unpaid family members) Beaite (public officials) ..................e........ Angestellte (salaried employees) ....................
438 21 5,254
7,770
4
15 3,285 4,737 8,346 586 37 2,578 5,145 17 3,374 2,459 2,496
Arbeiter (wage workers) .Y...........................

day.
1,493 5,429 61,154 2,431 444 4,307 53,972 1,402 43,149 13,459 3,1.44
22,176
Textilindustrie (Textile Industry) ............... Selbstandige (of which: employers and own account workers) ........................................ Mithelfende Familienangehorige (unpaid family members) Beamte (public officials).............
Angestellte (salaried employees)................e....
27,243 1,231 165 4,659 21,188 32 8,821 13,580 4,810 10,170 533 84 1,820 .7,733
Arbeiter (wage workers) ............................ Herstellung von Kunstfasern aus Zellulose (Production of artificial fibers from cellulose) Woll-, Baumwoll-, usw. Industrie (Wool, cotton, etc., industries) ...................................... Textilkur'zwarenherstellung (Production of miscelleneous textile goods)................................ Seilerei usw (Rope making, etc.) ..................... Papiererzeugung und -verarbeitung (Production and
Processing
of Paper).
.............. .00000
00#0.
3,9908
427 10, 1,094 2,377
17,642
247 6 1,585 15,804
day.
Selbstandige (of which: employers and own account workers)......................................... MAithelfende Familienangeh?3rige (unpaid family members) Beamte (public officials) .......... ,................ Angestellte (salaried employees) .................... Arbeiter (wage workers).............................
292 50 2,018 19,816
_ 4t _
41029
0'
INDUSTRIAL EDPPLCYLENT IN THE OSTMARK. 1939 (Summary of Census of M~ay 17, 1939 (Continued) VIENNA AREA Total No. HAales REST OF THE TotaliNo.
INDUSTRY GROUPS AND EMAPLOYMvENT STATUS (in German and in English)
OSTHARK
M~ales
Papiererzeugung und -verarbeitung (Production and ".... Processing of Paper) ..................... Papier- und Pappenerzeugung, Papierveredlung (Paper and cardboard production, paper finishing) ........ Kartonagenherstellung, Buchbinderei (Production of cardboard containers and boxes, bookbinding)....... Druck- und Vervielft~ltigungsgewerbe (Printing and day.
(Continued) 2,556 7,614 13,049 952 101 54 1,780 10,162 11,787 1,262 6,746 863 119 691 5,073 1,733 5,013 1,186 2,722 9,032 778 13
47
20,434 1,742 6,775 950 150 1,131
16,805 837 4,631 794 21 709 3,107
Processing Industry).e........e.......... Selbst~ndige (of which: employers and own account

e...................... workers) .......... Mithelfende Familienangehorige (unpaid family members) Beamnte (public officials) ......................... Angestelite (salaried employees) ................. Arbeiter (wage workers)............................ Druckerei usw (Printing, etc.).............."...... Photographisches Gewerbe (Photography) ...............
1,148
7, 046
4,544
5,329 1,44,6 7,971 2,254 118 433 5,166 4,228 3,743
8,267 765 4,876 804 6 374 3,692 1,364 3,512
3.876
6,706 2,206 44 291 4,165 3,287 3,419
day.
Leder- und Linoleumindustrie (Leather and Linoleum e.....""............" Irdustries) ........... Seibstandige (of which: employers and own account ?ithelfende Familienangehorige (unpaid family members) . . . . Beamte (public officials). ...
workers).....e...........................
Angestellte (salaried employees) ... e...............
Arbeiter (wage workers)

Lederwarenherstellung
..........."......."..o.. of leather goods)
Leder- und Linoleumherstellung (Production of leather
and linoleum) ...................................
(Production
Kautschuk und Asbest verarbeitende- Industrie (zugleich Wz. 34.1) (Rubber and Asbestos Indus-
tries)
.....................................
-
2, 029
-
1,178
7,331
3,844
49
INDUSTRIAL EMPL0YNT IN THE OSTMAB.KO 1939 (Summary of Census of May 17, 1939) (Continued) INDUSTRY GROUPS AND EM1PLOYIIENT STA'T'US (in German and in English) VIENNA AREA Total No. Kautachuk und Asbest verarbeitende Industrie (zugleich Wz. 341) (Rubber and Asbestos Industries) a .. ,..,.*.... ... . .... a. Selbsta~ndige (of which: employers and own *account
workers) .........
o..............
HEST-cW THE OSTMARK Total No.
Males
Males
(Continued) 1(2 21 983 923 25,178 4,621 177 1,322 19',058 1,537 17,415 539 3,9536 879 804 468 1, 414 300 68 11 62 1 566 3,215 57, 957 15,850 329 1,389 40,389 20,555 25,367 5,265 5,9299 148 668. 655 277
day.
Mithelfende Familienangehorige (unpaid family members). Beamte (public officials) ... m.......... Angestellte (salaried employees) .m.......m
555
530 22,401 4,327 27 844 17,203 1,088 16,584 518 2,911 598 465
237
.. m.m.'mm.....
888 6,364 61,209 16,167 731 1,747 42,564 22,141 25,921 5,9341
5,878
day,
Holz- und Schnitzstoffgewerbe (Lumber, Furniture and Woodenware) 0000ooeoooo.ooa. Selbstdndige (of which: employers and own account
workers)
..............
....m.
Mithelfende Familienangeh~rige (unpaid family members) Beamte (public officials) ..... mm.m..a... Angestellte (salaried employees) a.o...ma.. Arbeiter (wage workers) a.m_..a...a... Sage- und F~urnierwerke (Sawmills and planing mills)
Tischlerei (Fixtures and furniture)
.,.......
Stellmacherei (Wheel-wighting trade) .... e.... c. B6ttcherei, Drechslerei (Cooperage, turnery).0006 Herstellung von Waren aus Schnitz- und Formerstoffen (Manufacture of articles made of wood,. plastics, and allied materials)...oooomo.momae.a Biirsten-, Besen- and Pinselherstellung (Manufacture of
brushes and brooms)
.......00.0 ........
000000.
180 942 806 370

149
Herstellung von Korbwaren (Manufacture of basketware) Musikinstruinentendav.

U.
Selbstndige (of which~ employers and own account
duction
of
Musical
Spielwarenherstellung
Instruments and
Toys)
(Pro.. f
991
25 E
workers)
-11.
...................
133
4
INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE OSTMARK.
1939
(Sumimary
of Census of
May
17,
1939)
(Continued) VIENNA AREA Total No. Males R~EST OF THE OSTMARK Total
No..
Males
IMusikinstrumenten- u. Spielwarenherstellung (Production of Musical Instruments and Toys)........ Mithelfende Familienaxngehoirige (unpaid family workers) Beamte (public officials)............................ Angestellte (salaried employees)...................... Arbeiter (wage workers)............................... " MusikinstrumnentenherstellUrng (Production of musical .instruments)....................................... Spielwarenherstellulg (Production of toys) ........... Nahrungs- und GenuBmittelgewerbe (Foodstuffs and Kindred Industries) .......................... ". SelbstAndige (of which: employers and own account workers)........................................... Mithelfende Familienangehdrige (unpaid family members) Beamte (public officials)............................. Angestellte (salaried employees)...................... Arbeiter (wage workers)............................... Mthlengewerbe (Flour milling)......................... Backereien usw (Bakery products)...................... Zuckerindustrie (Sugar industry)...................... Kakao-, Schokoladen- und Zuckerwarenind (Cocoa, chocolate, and confectionery industry).................. Fleischerei, Schlachthduser (Meat products, slaughter houses).....................:.......................
(Continued) 20
133
961
64
31
666
849
174
288
14 127 241 36 56,932 12,757 709 94 4,197 39,175

7,928
1,072
342
142 33,458 4,381 118

104
82 75,627
13,969
51,747 5,053 2,862 123 9, 2Q4 34,685

912 14, 844
day.
6,379 7,269
47,905
229 6,-546
12,501
4,289 24,566 808 10,651 156 1,623 8,922 61 2,282 729 485
8,537 25,096
2,588
19,061 2,205
398
1,063 17,406
3,687
13,762
2,509
Fischindustrie (Fish products). .......................

Molkerei (Dairy pr'oducts) ........................... Herstellung von pflanzlichen olezi -sand Fetten (Production of vegetable oils and fats)................" Obst- und Gemjiseverwrertungsirfdustrie (Processing of frulits and vegetables) .............................
-
186 3,309
1,036 1,059 41
-
320
608
230 336
INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYLENT IN
-(Continued)
TIE CSTMAfl. 193
(Summary of' Census of Itay
17,
1939)
INDUST:ILY GROUPS AND E1 Pi CY1MEN SU.PV STA (in German and in Digli h)
V T NNA
ATE,4
Males
REST OF TIE Total No.
OSTMRK
Males
Total No, Nahrungs- und GenuBmittelgewerbe (Foodstuffs and Kindred Industries).............................. N hrmittel-, Starke- und Futteritelndsti (Manufacture of prepared foodstuffs, starch and
(Continued) 2,675 1,15.5 1,481
"......... foder .................................. D.uee (UT vy. .tC.," . 1 o .u eoao ;sn Spiritusindustrie (Alcohol distilleries) .e.... Herstellung von Wein usw (Production of' wine and allied products)........................... .......... Herstellung von Tabakwaren (Production of tobacco
2,027
948
5,910 1,053 1,080 1,512
70
70 844
6,660
1,343 1,4276_18 5 6',61,2 33,627
manufactures)
C,.g~ca.o.
go9,oo~,r
dav.
Bekleidungsgewerbe (Clothing Industry ) ~o., Selbst .ndige (of which: employers and owrr~ account
302320
36,461
21,479
210
workers)......
"
....
O...
O. .
...
._".
. ......
Mithelfende Familienangeh?5rige (unpaid family memrbers) Beamnte (public officials) ........................... Angestellte (salaried employees). . . . . Arbeiter (wage workers).. ...................... Schneiderei usw (Tailoring, dressmaking, etc.)........ Rauchwarenzurichtung, Kiirschnerei (Fur dressing and finishing).......................................... PMtitzen-, Hut- und Putzmacherei (Manufacture of caps,
hats, and millinery)
. . . . . . .
17,509
1,318 4,538 58,983 47,855
9,989 203
1,449 1,187 31,349 38,021 471 3,187 1,003 233 21,757 2,940
1,760 18,368 14,631

1,011 1,479 572
468 14,304 14,341 250 887 337

108 19,940
1,729
6,054 2,998
Herstellung v. Putzfedern, Kn~5pfen u. Schirinen (Iianufacture of ornamental feathers, button, and umbrellas) Herstellung von Lederhandschuhen (Production of leather
gloves)
......................
~.......s.
Schuhmacherei (Shoemaking).............. Reinigung von Textilerzeugnissen (Cleaning of- textile

goods). .. .. .. . ..... ... ...... ........ .. .... .. .. .. ..
-
446 14,674
8,592
4J
221 10,347 2,059
598
%000
INDUSTRIAL EIAPLOYIENT IN THE CSTMABK.
193
(Summary
of Census of May 17, 1939)
(Continued) VIENNA AREA Total No. Males REST
cO' THlE
0STMARK Males
Total No.
day.
Bau- and Baunebengewerbe (Building and Related Trades) ...................................... Selbstandige (of which: employers and own account workers)......................................... Mithelfende Faznilienangeho5rige (unpaid family members) Beamte (public officials).......................... Angesteflte (salaried employees) ................... Architektur-, Bauingenieur- u. Vermessungsbiiros (Architects, construction engineers, and surveyors).. Bau- mid Baunebengewerbe (Office of building and re............ "......e........ lated trades) ....... Schornsteinfegergewerbe (Chimney sweeping) ...........
56,825 5,U10 269 416 5,069 45,961 1,923 53,219 1,683 7,605
53,cr70 4,757 25 41 4,062 43,815 1,742 50,337 991 7,142
203,608 9,792 598 1,366 10,389 181, 463 19,416 182,080 2,112 9,172 84 2 233 3,119 5,724 13,022 62 2,275 10,685
197,511 9,410 143 1,352 9,139 177,467 18,868 176, 639 2,004 8,601 74 5 223 2,719 5,580 10,844 51 927 9,866
.............
e...
Wasser-, Gas-, ElektrizitAtsgewinnung und -versorgung (zugleich Wz. 1421) (Electricity) .......... dav. SelbstAndige (of which: employers and own account workers) ......... ............e..s...........e..." lMithelfende Familienangeho5rige (unpaid family members)
Beamte (public officials)
..........................
Angestellte (salaried employees) :............. Arbeiter (wage workers)............................ Erwerbst~tigkeit-obne feste Stellung usw. (zugleich Wz. 431) (Occasional and Miscellaneous Employment) Selbstandige (of which: employers and own account workers)........................................ Mithelfende Fainilienangehbrige (unpaid family members) Beamte (public officials).......................... Angestellte (salaried employees) ................... Arbeiter "(wage wyorkers) ........................... - 4k -
1,441. 1,900 4,264 li,731 39 2,832 8,860
1,337 1,667 4,138 5,512 27 1,120 4,365
day.
-5-.
C. Principal Branches--
I. Building and Construction.
--
In 1936 there were
334 member firms
of the Austrian Manufacturers Association operating in the building and building materials industries, employing in the average about 18,600 employees. They were distributed among the various branches as follows:
Building and Construction Industries, 1936 (Annual averages)
Industry
No. of Firms
E m p l oy e e s Of Which Total Workmen
Building ...........
Stones .. ........
26
118
3,507
5,541
3,016 5,060
6,107 1,432 839
16,454
165 .... Clay Cement.....................10 Construction of 15 ......... highways

TOTAL ..... .,........ 334
6,861 1,677
993 18,579
The principal building materials used are lumber, concrete, and brick, all of which are found in abundance in Austria. Likewise, domestic insulating
material is used, although some specialized foreign products were imported before the war. Asphalt, used to a considerable extent in the construction of
roads, is not found in Austria in sufficient quantities and, thus, used to be imported.
Footnote:
~/ The organization represents the interests of the Austrian industry.

Admission to membership is conditional upon a certain size of the firm. As a rule, a member firm occupies at least 20 employees.
I.
Building and Construction
(continued)
Soon after
the incorporation of
Austria into
Greater Germany,
a vast
housing and construction program was announced providing for the building of
a large number of dwellings,
especially for low-income earners,
construction
etc.
of highways and motor roads, maintenance and repair
of public buildings,
Actually, however, the activity of the industry soon shifted toward projects dictated by military considerations. plants Considerable expansion was reported in airdromes, military building became
the building of industrial barracks, negligible
(war industries),
and storage facilities, except for
while the amount of residual
Linz and some other places where dwellings were erected
for war workers. The principal 1) Allgemeine building companies are: Aktiengesellschaft, Vienna
Baugesellschaft-A.Porr
Principal shareholders: Prince Bhnst Avon Hannover, and Pranz Hollitzer. 2) Perlmooser Zementwerke A.G., Vienna
Principal shareholders: "Holderbank" Financiere Glarus A.G., Glarus, Switzerland; Dresdner Bank, Berlin; Laenderzank Wien A.G., Vienna, the majority of the latter's capital stock being held by the Dresdner Bank, Berlin.
3) Union Baugesellschaft
Principal shareholders: Alpen fLektro-Werke A.G., Vienna, whose capital stock is held. by the holding company of the German Reich.
4)
Union Baumaterialien Gesellachaft Principal shareholders: Allgemeine Gaugesellschaft A.Porr, Vienna. (See above under (1) ).
5)"Universale" Hoch-und Tiefbau A.G., Vienna, Universale Redlich & Berger Bau A.G.
formerly
I.
Building and Construction (continued)
6) Wienerberger
Ziegelfabriks- und Baugesellschaft
Principal shareholders: Creditanstalt-Bankverein, Vienna, is controlled by the holding company of the which, in turn, German Reich, and by the Deutsche Bank, Berlin.
7)
Bau A.G.
ttNegrelli, i
Vienna
Principal shareholders: Reichswerke A.G. Alpine Montanbetriebe
"Hermann Goering," Linz.

8)"Universale" Hoch- und Tiefbau A.G. Principal shareholders: Creditanstalt-Bankverein, above under (6) 9) ). Vienna. (See
Vorarlberger Zementwerke Loruens A.G., Bludenr Principal shareholders: Perlmooser Zementwerke A.G.,Vienna. (See above under (2) ).
II. Erzberg
Mining and Smelting. -(Ore Mountain) in
Since the thirteenth
century,
the famous
Styria has been mentioned in official records as In those
the site of iron ore deposits with a relatively high iron content.
days, primitive iron works and forges were driven by the power of the neighboring rivers and streams. manufactoring, still Today, iron ore mining and melting, as well as iron most important industries.
belong to Austria's
The relative importance of the principal groups of mining and processing industries of mineral deposits before the "Anschluss" may be seen from the table below covering the members of the Austrian Manufacturers Association.
II.
Mining and Smelting (continued)
Mining and Smelting Industries (Annual Average)
1936
Industry
Number of Firms
:
: Total 12,513 11,927 1,882
Enployers : of which workmen :
:Mining ...... : Melting ..... : Magnesite ... :Petroleum

: :
65 37 5
:
:
11,669
10,619 1,680
):
10
:Natural gas ) zt
:
253
196
TOTAL
*....
117
26,575
24,164
(a). Iron and Steel. -
In 1919, the major part of the iron and steel
industry of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, with an annual capacity of about 2,500,000 metric tons of-pig iron and 3,500, Siemens-Martin steel, went3 to Czechoslovakia,
000
tone of crude, mainly
including such world-wide known The capacity left to 95
works as Skoda, Witkowitz and Berg-tnd Huettenwerke.
Austria was some 500,000 tons of pig iron and 700,000 tons of crude steel; percent of the pig iron capacity and almost two-thirds of the steel capacity
were owned and operated by one corporation, the Alpine Montangesellachaft which, moreover, controlled the principal Austrian deposits of iron ore. world war, the German Hugo Stinnes
During the inflation following the first
combine acquired a controlling interest in the company and until the "Anschluss"u the Alpine combine remained a subsidiary of the Vereinigte Stahiwerke A.G. (Steel Trust), Duesseldorf. In 1939, the Alpine was incorporated into the
Hermann Goering combine (see below). The main base of the Austrian iron ore output is the afore-mentioned
- 9 -
(a). Iron and Steel (continued)
Erzberg whose reserves have been estimated at 230,000,000 tons.
In the inter-
war period it accounted for about 90 percent of the Austrian iron ore production, practically all the remainder coming from the Huettenberg in Carinthia whose reserves are estimated at about 15,000,000 tons. The ore of the Erzberg conIts content of
tains 35 to 38 percent iron and about 2.5 percent manganese. sulphur and phosphorus is very low. type.
The ore of the Huettenberg is of a similar
The Austrian production of iron ore has shown an increase from a depression low of 267,000 metric tons in 1933 to 775,000 tons in 1935, and 1,024,000 tons in 1936. Stimulated by the recovery of the steel industry, the output in 1937
(1,872,000 tons) was almost double the 1936 total, and equalled the prewar peak figure of 1929. After the incorporation of Austria into Germany it was announced that the Reich intended to double the output within a year. In 1938 a new record
output of 2,647,000 tons was reached, and the Hermann Goering A.G. had plans to increase it eventually to 6,000,000 tons a year. It is characteristic for the Erzberg that the ore can be mined in open cuts, thus permitting, if necessary, a substantial increase in output within a short time. Moreover, the expansion program announced after the Anschluss,
provided for an extension of the underground work which previously had accounted for hardly more than one-tenth of the output, thus facilitating the production during the winter months. Before 1938, the greater part of Austria's iron ore output was smelted in the blast-furnaces of the Alpine Montangesellschaft at Donawitz and Eisenerz. The necessary coke was bought traditionally from Upper Silesia, Morovia and Western Germany. However, owing to the German control of the Alpine, the links
I-a
Iron and Steel (continued)
between the heavy industry in
the Ruhr district
and the Alpine Were gradually
tightened, with increasing amounts of ore from the Erzberg being shipped to Rhenish-Westphalia in exchange for coke.
After the "Anschlusa" the tHermann Goering" A.G. Reichwerke immediately began the erection of a new plant at Linz (Upper Austria), which was eventually
to have a pig iron capacity of 2,0Q0,000 tons per year, and a similar capacity
for Thomas and Siemens-Martin steel. In 1939, the #Hermann Goering" works of Linz merged with the Alpine Alpine
Montan and changed the name to Reichawerke A.G. "Hernann Goering," Linz-Vienna.
Montanbetriebe
Austrian
The original plan provided that
iron ore production was to supply part of the requirements of the Linz plant, while the balance was to come from Bavaria. The plan was, however, modified
during the war when the iron and steel plants of Western Europe became available to Germany. By the end of 1943 the pig-iron capacity of Linz was probably not
more than 1,000,000 tons, while its
steel plants were not yet completed.

the years between the wars
Austria's requirements of iron and steel in
were so small that only about 70 percent of the comparatively moderate produc-
tion were absorbed in the domestic market.
After the Anschluss, the situation
was reversed, and it is believed that during the war the domestic production of steel lagged far behind the demands of the increased Austrian armament and engineering industries. .The principal iron and steel producers apart from the Reichewerke A.G. Alpine Montanbetriebe "Hermann Goering," are:
Gebr. Boehler and Company, A. G. Vienna. Affiliated with the Vereinigte Stahlwerke A. G. Duesseldorf, Germany.
Schoeller-Bleckmann A.G., Vienna - All preferred shares and an unknown amount of comon shares held by the Creditanstat
Bankverein which, in tirn,. is cont'oJ ed by the holding company of the German Reich and the a uts che Bank, Berlin, and by the investment and brokerage firm of Schoeller & Company, Vienna.
(a).
Iron and Steel (ontnued
Steirische Gtssstahlwerke A.G., Vienna. In the middle of 1938 affiliated with the Hermann Goering combine.
Rottenmanner Eisenwerke-A.G.
Styria.
K.G. Schmid and Company.
Rottenmann,
Stahi-und Temperguss A.G. Vorm. Fischer-Traisen, Vienna, until 1939 operated under the name of Feinstahiwerke Vorm. Fischer. Affiliated with the Hermann Goering Combine, Berlin.
*Traisen
(b).
Coal.
--
Austria is
a poor country as far its
as its
solid fuel resources
are concerned. its
The smallness of
coal deposits makes the exploitation of as it depends on imports from neighbor-
mineral resources at
times difficult
ing countries.
The following figures indicate to what extent prewar Austria was
dependent on. foreign coal:
Austria'sCoal Supplies.
1936 to 1938
Item
Production
Imports (thousands of metric tons)

2,360
2,649 2,919
Consumption
Hard coal:.
1936
1937 .1938
L~ignite:
244 230 227
2,604
2,878 3,146
1936 1937 1938

Coke:
2,897 3,242 3,317
157 183 258
3,054 3,.425 3,575
1936 1937
556
600
1938
558
396 551 679
952 1,151 1,237
1/
Estimate.
The principal
hard coal field
is
located at
Gruenbach
(Lower Austria).
It is operated by the Gruenbacher Steinkohlenwerke A.G., employing a force of about 1,300 miners.
(b).
Coal (continued)
ha
Lignite
is
mined exclusively underground,
mainly in
Styria and upper
Austria.
Before the war the industry employed about 9,000 workers.
The major
lignite companies are:

Alpine Montangesellschaft, now Reichswerke A.G. Alpine Montanbetriebe "Hermann Goering". Mines near Leoben and at Seegraben, Fohnsdorf, Karlschacht (Styria); pre-war output J100 to 1200 tons. Wolfsegg-Traunthaler Kohienwerke AG., Linz, Mines near Wels .(Upper.Austria); pre-war production 600 tons. - 90 percent of the capital stock held by the province of Upper Austria. Graz-Koeflacher risenbahn-und Bergbau A.G., Graz. Mines near Oberdorf, Voitsberg, etc. (all in Styria, near Graz); prewar production 400 to 500 tons. More than 80 Percent of the capital
stock held by the Hermann Goering combine.

The major producers of coke are the municipal gas works of Vienna. The use of solid fuels by consumer groups before the war may be seen from the table below:,
Coal and CokesConsumption, Consumer groups Hard Coal
1938 Coke
Lignite
(percentages)
Household and
farms
..................
I.6
16.4
22.6
Consumption of
mines (including miners' coal) Public utilities .......
0.1 24.7 34.9
8.3
6.4 7.6 59.0
0.0 0.3 0.1 77.0
Transportation ......... Industry .21.7
Others .................
TOTAL
................
0.0
100.0
2.3
100.0
0.0
100.0
I/
Excluding coke produced
by the gas works.
111~98
(b). Coal (continued)
--
No reliable figures are available for Austria's coal supplies during the war. However, in view of the fact that there are only limited possibilities for
an increase of the domestic production, and that the industry was working at full capacity, it is safe to assume that the largely increased demand had to be
met by higher shipments from Germany proper or from German-occupied territories (Poland, Czechoslovakia).
(c).
Copper. --
Copper was mined in Austria already in prehistoric times Due to the competition from other markets,
in the same regions as today. however, century.
copper mining was almost completely abandoned by the nineteenth It was again resumed in 1827, but the largest mine discontinued its Late in
activities anew in 1932 as a result of the general economic crisis. 1937 copper mining in Austria was revived, and it the Anschluss it has reached,
is most likely that after
if not surpassed, the peak output of 4,100 tons
(metallic copper) reported for 1930. The main copper reserves are near Mitterberg, south of Salzburg (normal) There
prewar output about 600 tons), and in the region of Kitzbuehel (Tyrol).
are two refineries of some importance, the Mitterberger Kupferwerke A.G. at Mitterberg, and the Berndorfer Metallwarenfabrik Arthur Krupp A.G., (Lower Austria), Essen, Germany. As the prewar capacity of the Austrian smelters, estimated at 1,500 tons, would not be sufficient to treat the increased ore output, it is probable that part of the copper was sent to Germany for .further processing. economic crisis of the early thirties. A tria's During the at Berndorf
the latter controlled since 1938 by the Friedrich Krupp A.G.,
annual copper requirements were
estimated at about 5,000 tons, of which three fourths were covered by domestic
(a). Iron and Steel (continued)
production.
"Anschluss,"
However, with the rearmament industry stepped up after the

the copper requirements may have come close to 10,000 at the
outbreak of the war.
(d).
Lead. -
Although lead mines in
Carinthia have been in
operation
for many centuries, Austria is
but a small producer of lead ore and lead metal. in 1867,
After protracted negotiations the major mining companies were merged, into the Bleiberger Bergwerks-Union at ly ally became the leading factor all hitherto in Kiagenfurt
(Carinthia) which subsequent-
the Austrian. lead industry, controlling practicThe mines are
kmown exploitable lead mines of the country.
located at or near Bleiberg, Eisenkappel, Carinthia. ed also in of the capital As a result in 1931. It More recently (1938)
Feistritz and Windisch-Bleiberg, in
the Bleiberger Bergwerks-Union became interestNorthern Tyrol through acquisition of Dirstentritt. part
low-grade ore deposits in stock of
the Blei-und Zinkbergwerksgesellschaft
of the economic depression lead ore production almost ceased 1932, and production of ore went up from 4,800
was resumed in
tons (metal content) a year in 1932 to 8,700 tons in 1937.

which was about 2,000 tons in
Metal production
1937,
1932 had reached almost 11,000 tons in
with increasing amounts available for export. smelter in Austria at Gailitz near Arnoldstein
Before the war, there was one (Carinthia) operated by the
Bleiberger Bergwerks-Union,
with an annual capacity of 11 to 12,000 tons of
crude lead and 9,000 tons of refined lead processing domestic and imported, mainly Italian and Yugoslavian, at ores. In addition, the Bleiberger Union
operated a lithopone plant Klagenfurt, and a plant
Gailitz,
a plant for producing white lead at near Poertachach.
for producing red lead and litharge
After the country's Huetten A.G.,
incorporation into Germany, the Preussische Bergwerks-und acquired a
leading State controlled German mining company,
-13
().Lead
(continued)
majority interest in the Bleiberger Bergwerks-Union and immediately initiated a modernization program which reportedly was completed in 1941. It may be
assumed that since the outbreak of the war the Bleiberger plant worked at full capacity. Domestic consumption of lead increased from about 1700 tons in 1934 to over 4,500 tons in 1937. The normal annual peacetime requirements have
been estimated at around 3,500 tons.
(e).
Zinc.- Austria's numerous small zinc mining companies were amal-
gamated, in 1867, into the Bleiberger Bergwerks-Union, and subsequently, zinc mining was fairly active. After the First World War, however, Austria lost
its metal producing plants in Galicia and Styria as well as its principal ore deposits. The metal content of the ore produced went up from a low of 500 tons in 1931 to 3,100 tons in 1937. about 115,000 tons. In that year the output of crude ores was
It was derived from the shafts at Bleiberg and Kreuth As the domestic smelting of zinc was not
which employed about 800 workers.
resumed in Austria after 1919, the small production of ores and concentrates was exported. The countryt s zinc requirements ranging from
leaa
than 5,000
tons in 1933 to almost 9,000 tons in 1937 are met threngh imports.
f) . Antimony. -
There are some known antimony deposits of which prior The mines,
to 1938 only those in Burgenland were exploited commercially. idle in 1937 and 1938, were reportedly reopened in 1939.
The capacity was As there is no
estimated equivalent to about 750 tons of antimony per year.
smelter in Austria, the ore has to be exported for further treatment.
(g). Aluminum. -aluminum plants
Before the Anschiuss, there were only two small

one at Lend, Salzburg (capacity 4,000 metric tons).,
-in Austria,
operated by the Salzburger Aluminum G.M.B.H., which is controlled by the Aluminum-Industrie A.G., Chippis (formerly Neuhausen), Switzerland, and one at Steeg, Upper Austria (capacity 2,000 tons), operated by the Qesterreichische Kraftwerke A.G. ("Ceka"+), Linz (principal shareholders: province of Upper
Austria, Bank fuer Elektrische Unternebmungen, Zuerich, Switzerland). The capacity of the plant at Lend was increased by 1940 to about 10,000 tons while the capacity of the plant at Steeg was extended to about 3,000 tons shortly before the outbreak of the war. The most important wartime development
in that industry was the erection of a large aluminium plant at Braunau, Upper
Austria, by the Vereinigte Aluminum-Werke A.G.' Berlin, which in turn, is trolled by the German Reich. The plant began its
con-
operations in 1941 with an
initial capacity of 30,000 tons.
By the end of 1943 the capacity had reportedly
reached 75,000 tons and was believed to be Iurther increased to 90,000 tons after the completion of the plant.
h). Precious Metals. Tyrol while the possibility
Silver has been found in small quantities in the Hohe Tauern (Salzburg and
of mining gold in
Carinthia) has long been a matter of controversy among mining experts;
67
kilograms of gold were mined in

company was reported Rathausberg.
that district
in
1924, and in
1937 a British
on the
to have done some prospecting work near Gastein,
(i). Graphite. -- The Austrian graphite production is comparatively large,

but the product is of low grade. The deposits are located in Styria (in a 30
mile belt stretching from Leoben to Rottenmann) and Lower Austr'ia but are all of low grade, The main producers are:
-i
15
i).
Graphite (continued)
(a) in
Styria: Steirieche Montanwerke von Fra.nz Mayr-MeJnhof, Leoben.
(Production of crude graphite,1"l936':7,900, 1937,: A.R. v. Millers Graphitwerke, 1937: 4,700 tons).
(b) Lower Austrias uehdorfer
5,400 tons).
Trieben (production 1936: 4,600,
Graphitbergbau A.G.,Murhdorf (production 1936 and
1937: 3,500 ton each). Graphitwerk Strasareith der Guteverwaltung Poeggstall (production 1936 and 1937:,,1,900 tons each).
Besides, there are three ialler mines each .producing 3,000 to
3,500 tons per
year.'
A major part of the production ranging from 14 to 16,000 tons annually

was exported before the Anchluss. After 1938, the mines were modernized in a and
production methods were improved which reportedly resulted but unspecified increase of the output.
considerable
(k).
Magnesite.
.-
In the Veitschbachtal in. Styria, Austria possesses

Its output, estimated for 1939
one of the world's richest magnesite deposits.
at over 500,000 tons (as compared with a low of 197,000 tons in 1931) constituted
about 32 percent (1929: 40 percent) of the world production,, and was before the war exceeded only by Russia.
Up to 1940, there were three large and a number of smaller companies

producing magnesite and magnesite products. following: Veitscher Magesitwerke A.G. This company is.Austria's oldest and principal It operates three mines including magnesite producer: The major the country's largest deposits at Veitsch. part is worked in open cuts while about 10 percent The large ones were the
are obtained by underground mining.
About 45 percent
of the output is converted into refractory bricks of various shapes and sizes, the balance being sold as crude, calcined or dead-burned material. Up to 1939, the corporation was controlled by a French-Swiss group. Subsequently, however, control has shifted to the Dresdner Bank, Berlin, and the Hermann Goering combine. Oesterreichische Magesit A.G. The company, known before the Anschluss as AustroAmerican Magnesite Company, operates mines in the Millstaetter Alps near Villach (Carinthia) and a plant and brick factory at Radentheim sintering (Carinthia). The magnesite is worked entirely in open cuts. In addition to calcined and dead-burned material, the company produced, before. the war, about 70 tons of
magnesite dust daily for the manufacture of "Heraklith,"

light insulating industry. blocks or boards used in the building
Steiriche Magnesit Industry A.G.

This company'although much smaller and far less
important than the two afore-mentioned ones, ranks third

It operates among Austria's major magnesite. producers. mines at Oberdorf and Kraubath, near Leoben and Bruck, respectively. The deposits are extensive but much intermixed with dolomite and talc. In addition to these'three big corporations, there are three smaller
plants, (1) one in the Zillertal (Tyrol), ownedw.by the Alpenlaendische Bergbaugesellschaft n.b.h., Mayrhofen which used to ship its crude ore to at Bitterfeld
the magnesium metal plant of the I. G. Farbenindustrie (Germany), (2) one at W3ald (Styria)
owned by the Alpine Montangesellschaft and
"Hermann Goering"
A.G. whose products are not sold on the market,
(3)
one at Arzbach (Styria) controlled indirectly by the Veitacher Magnesitwerke
A.G.
In under the 1941, the control Oesterreichische Magnesit A.G. of the newly established and its subsidiaries came A.G.
firm of Deutsche Magnesit
Munich.
In
the following year, the latter,

and other
in
association with the Veitscher

Magnesit A.G.
Magnesitwerke Sueclost, Berlin,
Austrian magnesite mines, founded the control
whose purpose was to
and organize the magnesite the Austrian industry completely
industry of Greater Germany, to German interests.
thus subjecting
The production and export of magnesite before 1938 may be seen from the following table:
Production and Exports of Magnesite 1930 to 1937 (thousands of metric tons)

Cru(de Exort Production Caustic Calcined Dead-Burned Bricks Export
Year
Production
Export
Production
Export Production
1930 1931 1932 1933
321 197
35 28 20 18 27
28
27 18 16 19 31 34
124,
58 27 15: 38 37
41
24
15 25 29
34
21 14 25 26
5 3 5 19 7 9
11
49
36 64 65 96 100 110
140
155
230 279 571 398
1934 1935
1936 1937
55
64 59
39. 43 61
3639 53
35 47
44
53
Prior to 1938, the United States was the most important market for
Austrian magnesite,
in
followed by Great Britain, Germany, Italy and France,

After the Anschluss, there was practically no
the order indicated.
export of magnesite or magnesite products other than to Greater Germany.
(1) Oil.
--
Prior to 1939, Austria's oil requirements were met mainly

which was shipped to Vienna mostly by barges and Domestic production on a
by Rumanian crude oil
processed by the refineries in
the Vienna area.
commercial basis
-was confined to the Zistersdorf area some 25 miles north

In addition, some 25 percent
of Vienna where five oilfields were exploited.
of the Austrian requirements of refined products used to be imported in a finished state. In and after 1939, new fields in the Vienna Basin were
developed of which those of St. Ulrich-Prinzendorf, Gaiselberg, and Kreuz-feld
are reportedly among the most ipromising ones and have far surpassed the importance of the Zistersdorf tields both regarding the quality and quantity
of the oil produced. As a result, Austria's domestic production which was
not more than 100,000 metric tons before 1939, went up according to estimates as follows:
1939 .............. 1940

... :..........
180,000 metric tons

360,000 400,000 560,000 t f
1941 ..............
1942
..............
if
1943 .............. l,150,000
The production for 1944 was put at about 1,500,000 metric tons, and was estimated at three times the country's normal pre-war requirements and twice those of 1943.
aTI
~I
-I
II
The major oil companies operating in Austria are, in an alphabetical order: Aktiengesellschaft der Shell-Floridsdorfer Mineraloel-
Fabrik, Vienna; affiliated with the Royal Dutch Shell

group, London. Benzol-Vertrieb Vienna. der Reichawerke "Hermann Goering,"
Creditul Minier Oesterreichisch-Rumaenische PetroleumVertriebsgesellschaft m.b h., Vienna; Subsidiary of "Creditul Minier" S.A., Bucharest; a Rumanian company controlled by Rumanian and French capital. Berlin; affiliated Deutsche Petroleum-Aktien-Gesellschaft, Deutsche Erdoel- A.G., Berlin, Germany. with the Erdoelproduktions-Gesellschaft m.b.I. by Austrian capital. Vienna; controlled
Company, Vienna; affiliated European Gas and Electric with the Standard Oil Company of New York, New York. Everth & Company A.G., Vienna, principal shareholders: Phoenix Oil Products Company, Ltd., London. I. G. Farbenindustrie
A.G., Frankfurt/,iain,
Germany.
"Gallia" Mineraloelprodukte Vertriebsgesellschaft A.G., Vaduz-Vienna; controlled by the Fanto Group (Maatschappij
voor Beheer van Effekten, Amsterdam).

"Galtol" Mineraloel-Handels A.G., Vienna; controlled by Olex Deutsche Benzin-und Petroleum Gm.b.H., Berlin. Gewerkechaft Elwerath, Hannover, Germany. Gewerkschaft Raky-Danubia, Vienna.
Korneuburger Mineraloelraffinerie Montan - Union A.G.,
A. G., Vienna.
Vienna; subsidiary of the Montan-Union G.m.b.H., Bucharest and Hamburg, which is affiliated with the German Stinnes group. & Co., Steinberg Rohoel Ges. mb.H., Vienna.
Musil
CI
Ila~
"'Nova" Oel- und Brennstoffgesellschaft A.G., Vienna; affiliated with the Societe Francaise Industrielle et Commerciale des Petroles, Paris,
Oesterreichische Fanto A.G., Vienna; controlled by the Benzol-Verband G.m.b.H., Bochum, Germany, now affiliated with the Hernann Qoering combine. Preussische Bergwerks-und Huetten A.G., Hannover, Germany.
"Redeventza" Oesterreichisch- Rumaenische PetroleumHandels- and IndustrieA.G., Vienna; subsidiary of the "Redeventza," Bucharest, Rumania. Rohoel- Gewinnungs A.G., Vienna; controlled jointly by the Socony- Vacuum Oil Company, New York, and the Royal Dutch Shell group, London. Standard Oil Trading Company,-Vienna; affiliated with the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, New York. "Steua" Fluessige Brennstoff A.G., Vienna; controlled by the Royal Dutch Shell group, London, and French capital. Steinberg Naphta AG., Vienna; controlled by Austrian
and British capital, Vacuum
Oil
Company A.G., Vienna; affiliated with the
Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, New York. Wintershall Aktiengesellschaft in Berlin, Kassel, Germany.
The economic iinportance of the Austrian oil production lies

that to it is located oily oil 25 to
in the fact
close the
35 miles away from Vienna and thus, fairly and the Danube river. It is believed that
the existing
refineries output in
Austrian crude oil is transported to
excess of the capacity of the domestic refineries,
Czechoslovakia by pipeline or Danube river barges.
III. Chemicals. Paper, and Glass. industrial subdivisions.
This group comprises various
Their extent may be gauged from the table below
covering the members of the Austrian Manufacturers Association.
Chemicals, Paper and Glass Industries, 1936 (Annual Averages) Industry Number of Finms
Total
Chemical and metallurgical Rubber and asbestos Paints and varnishes Oils and fats Petroleum refineries Phonographic records Paper, pulp, cellulose, cardboard Paper and cardboard processing
mployees of which workmen 8,416 3,455 350

1,905
301
11,251 4,264
654 3,069
1,773
752
104 152
13,321
12,013
6,622 3,451
3,818
5,226 2,991 3,431 38,559
Printing Glass
TOTAL 763
48,269
The more importact industries of the group are discussed below in further detail:
22 -
(a)
Chemicals.
After the First
World War, Austria lost
about three quarters The
of its chemical plants to the newly created state of Czechoslovakia.
remaining plants, mostly refining units, no longer able to compete with the larger difficulties. chemical concerns in Central and From 1930 to
Western
Europe, experienced considerable only to 40
1933, production capacity was utilized
percent, but had gone up to only 60 percent by 1936.
Coal tar dyes, pharmaceutical Gradually,
preparations and fertilizers had to be imported, mainly from Germany.
the industry added new lines of production, such as artificial fertilizers, plastics, etc. and attracted foreign, mainly German, but also some Swiss and Czechoslovak capital. Large sections of the chemical industry, including
medicinal preparations, fertilizers, and the production of other coal tar
products, were practically under German control already before 1938.

After the "Anschlusst interests the I.G. Farbenindustrie consolidated its Austrian
into the Donau Chemie A.G.) Vienna which included several leading
chemical plants such as Skoda-etzler A.G.,
Wtagemann, Seybel
&
Co.,
Carbidwerke
Deutsch-Matrei A.G., Sprengstoffwerke Blumau A,G. and Chemosan-Union A. G.

In June 1939, the leading members of the German Nitrogen'Syndicate subscribed 35 million Reichsmarks (about 14 million dollars) to found the Stickstoffwerke
Ostmark A.G., first large-scale nitrogen fertilizer plant in Austria, which utilizes Linz. In the coke gases of the huge Iiermann Goering iron-smelting works at the fall of 1940, 25 million Reichamarks bonds were issued to further
expand the production of the plant.
Another major German chemical concern,
the Deutsche Gold-und Silberscheideanstalt of Frankfurt/

subsidiary, Oesterreichische the Austrian wood distillation Hiag-Werke G.m.b.H.
Main
which through its

monopolized
Vienna, actually further
already before 1938,
exended its
penetration of the Austrian industry in subsequent years.

-- ---,
4BL
(b). Explosives,
operated In
The manufacture
of explosives and ammunition was

the old so as to
Austria under a
government monopoly dating back to in 1919,
Austro-Hungarian
powder monopoly which was extended,
cover ammunition as well as all and civilian purposes. It
types of explosives both for military
was operated under the supervision of the The Austrian government actually
Federal Ministry of National Defense,
owned only one plant manufacturing explosives, the Bundespulverfabrik

Trofaiach in Styria, where mostly black gunpowder was produced. the Anschluss. It was
taken over by the German Reich after plants were private
The other Austrian control. The principal
companies but under government and their
private manufacturers
products before the war,
were:
1939 operated under the name Donau - Chemie A.G., until of Pulverfabrik Skodawerke Wetzler A.G., -- Plant at stock Blumau, Lower.Austria; 98 percent .or' capital
acquired in 1938 by the I.G. Farben-Industrie
A.G.
FrankfurtAMain; production: Dynmite, ammonite, trinitrotoluol, nitro-cellulo'se, smokeless powderr Oesterreichische Dynamit Nobel A.G., Vienna. - Plants at Moosbierbaum, Lower Austria, and St. Lambrecht, Styria.- Principal shareholders: Dynamit A.G., Troisdorf, Germany (affiliated with the I. G. Farben combine). production: dynamite, ammonite, panomite, caps, B-ickford's safety match cords, etc. blasting
Prenninger Pulverfabrik.- Head office and plant at Prening,

Styria. production: black powder.
Quarrying, shooting wells, road building, railway and canal building, and similar construction work requiring explosives for blasting operations used to be effected mostly with government subsidies under the condition that only material of domestic origin be employed.
(c)
Rubber.
Austria's rubber industry is practically concentrated in
one corporation, the "Semperit" Oesterreichisch- Amerikanische Gummiwerke A.G., which after the war of 1914-1918, bought up gradually all rivaling companies until, by the middle of the twenties, it controlled the Austrian market and associated companies in Poland (Cracow), Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Rumania, Hungary, and Great Britain. In 1926, production was reorganized
in two factories, namely at Traiskirchen, Lower Austria, where tires and tubes are manufactured and at Wimpassing, Lower Austria, where miscellaneous rubber goods for industrial, household and medical use are produced. Before
the war, the company employed about 4,500 workmen, and had a capacity to process about 3,500 tons of crude rubber and reclaim annually. It is possible
that some of the plants closed down during the reorganization of 1926, were reopened during the war. Besides, it is believed that Semperit has been
licensed by the I.G. Farbenindustrie as a distributor of synthetic rubber and has used that position to further extend its foreign interests, especially in Turkey, Spain and Italy. (d) Oil Refining. Before 1938, there were 5 oil refineries in Austria
operating primarily on Rumanian stock, all located close to Vienna, with a comparatively small capadity (130 to 700 metric tons daily) and partly outmoded equipment. With the large increae of the. domestic petroleum
production after 1939, the capacity of the existing refineries was expanded, their technical equipment modernized, and the erection of a sixth refinery was begun. The capacity of the Austrian refineries which was in the
neighborhood of 300,000 metric tons per year in 1939 is believed to have been doubled by 1944, and to increase further as new construction work can be carried out. However, it is believed that until the middle of 1944, the
"
ii!ipai !ii
It~~
refineries
were not able to
take care of more than half of the
domestic
crude production.
The oil refineries are all located in Lower Austria. They are listed
below in the order of their importance: (1) Floridsdorf: owned by the Shell-Floridsdorfer Mineraloel-
Fabrik group.
A.G.,
Its
Vienna, a subsidiary of the Royal Dutch Shell pre-war capacity of 100,000 metric tons a year
is believed to have been subsequently increased to 150,000 tons. "tKagran,n (2) Kagran: owned by the Benzin-und Cel-Industrie AG. Vienna, a subsidiary of the Socony Vacuum Oil Company, New York. Its capacity is estimated at 60,000 metric tons a year.
(3) Schwechat: owned by the "Nova" Oel und Brennstoffgesellschaft,

Vienna. Annual capacity: about 50,000 metric tons.
(4)
Korneuburg: owned by Creditul Minier, OesterreichischRumaenische Petroleum-Vertriebsgesellschaft, m.b.H., Vienna. Its capacity is estimated at 40 to 50,000 metric tons a year. Voesendorf, owned by the Oesterreichische Fanto A.G., Vienna. Annual capacity: about 40,000 metric tons.
(5)
The new refinery whose state of completion is not known, is located in the Lobau and believed to be owned by the three German firms (1) Gewerkschaft Elwerath (2) Wintershall A.G. and (3.) I,G. Farbenindustrie A.G. It is the
only Austrian refinery designed for processing Austrian rather
than Rumanian
crude oil but it might be hastily and, accordingly, less solidly built than the other five plants. estimated at Its annual capacity after completion has been on top of any other
200,000 metric tons which would put it
Austrian refinery.
- 26 -
(e) Paper and Pulp.
The manufacture of paper and pulp plays an important It consumed before the Anschluss about 1,800,000
part in Austria's industry.
cubic meters (1 cubic meter equals 530 kilograms) of wood representing about ,30 percent of the annual felling. The industry owned power units generating-
more than 105,000 HP (25,000 HP steam, over 80,000 HP hydro-electric) in addition to 55,000,000 kilowatt hours a year purchased from other sources. The annual
requirements of coal and lignite amounted to some. 500,000 metric tons of which 86 percent were of domestic origin. Caolin, talcum and china clay were obtained
from local sources to the extent of at least 32,000 metric tons a year, while annual requirements of rosin and rosin glue exceeded 2,300 tons, glue 3,000
tons, potassium silicate 5,000 tons and chlor and chlorate of lime 3,500 tons. In the middle of the thirties, the exports of pulp and paper products accounted for more than ten percent of total Austrian exports, and included 55 percent of the country's production of cardboard, more than 50 percent of its production of paper and cellulose, and 18 percent of the production of mechanical pulp. Exports, however, became increasingly difficult when the local pulp and paper industry was expanded in some of Austria's main export markets such as Hungary, the Balkans, Turkey and Palestine, Since 1937, Austrian production of cellulose went up considerably as a result of the increasing demand of that product, mainly for rayon, staple fiber and explosives. Some of the leading manufacturers expanded their
production capacity, and the cellulose factory at Woergl, Tyrol, which had been out of operation for some time, was bought by Austrian interests from its French owner, and resumed its- activities.
After the !Anschluss,
a. small paper mill near Voeklabruck (Upper Austria)
now operating under the name of Lenzinger Zellulose-und Papierfabrik A.G., Agerzell, was transformed under the control of a German concern, the
Thueringische Zellwolle A. G., Schwarza (Thuringia), into a major paper combine, Comprising a cellulose plant, a modern paper mill, a raw mill, an alcohol distillery, and the country's only staple fiber industry with a capacity of
120 tons a.day,
The capital which was increased from 3,5 to 34 million
Reichsmarks is mostly in the hands of German corporations. The other major Austrian producers in the order of their importance before
the "Anschluss" are: Neusiedler A.G. fuer Papierfabrikation, Vienna. cellulose, mechanical pulp) (paper, board,
Nettingsdorfer Papierfabrik A.G. Nettingsdorf near Linz, Upper Austria. (paper, board, cellulose, mechanical
pulp)
Leykaiu-Josefsthal A.G. fuer Papier-und Druckindustrie
Vienna. (paper, board, cellulose, mechanical pulp5 . Affiliated with the Hartmann combine, Berlin.
Zellulose-und Papierfabriken Brigi and Bergpueister A. G.,
Niklasdorf a.d. Mur, Styria.
(paper, board).
Papierfabriken Poetschmuehle-Steyreruehl A. G,, established during the war through the merger of the former firm of tSteyrermuehl" Papierfabriks-und Verlagegesellechaft, Vienna, and the Papier-fabrik Poetschmuehle A. G. Krumau/
Moldau, Czechoslovakia, the latter having about twice the size of the former company. The production programs of the individual plants supplement each other, and make the
new company one of the biggest producers of paper, board, pulp and cellulose in Central Europe - The principal shareholders are the province of Upper Austria and the
Laenderbank Wien A.G., the latter being controlled by the Dresdner Bank, Berlin.
Zellstoff-und Papierfabrik Frantschach A.G. Vienna. (paper, board, cellulose). - In 1941 merged with the Natron-Zellstoffund Papierfabriken A. G., Berlin (Waldhof combine).
28
The former firm of Bunzl & Biach A. G.,
Vienna, which produced mainly
paper and board, was "organized,"

Kontinentale
and its
name changed in
1942 to Kontropa
The firm with
Rohstoffe und Papierindustrie A.G., Vienna, collecting and processing textiles
specializing in subsidiaries the field
and scrap paper,
all over Europe, soon acquired a predominant position in of reclaiming non-metallic scrap. 76 percent of the firm's to the
capital held by a Swiss holding corporation, was passed on, in 1938, Oesterreichische Kontrollbank
fuer Industrie und Handel A.G., Vienna, which,
at that time, was controlled by Austrian banks close to big German banks and the German government. (f) Glass. Glass production which was mechanized in the coal mine areas after the first Central Europe is
and moved closer to confined in of optical while artistic
world war,
Austria largely and scientific
to
flatware and hollow ware.
The manufacturers
glass worked chiefly for
domestic requirements
glass ware whose designs and techniques were influenced by
well knomn art schools or workshops such as the Wiener Werkstaette,

an international reputation. The industry is located mainly in Styria, (Graz, Koeflach,
enjoyed
Oberdorf,
Voitsberg, Goesting), Upper and Lower Austria (Alt-Nagelberg), and Vienna. The plant whose capacity is believed adjusted to normal Austrian needs of have been taken over by the Another
about 2,000,000 square meters, was reported to Deutsche Tafelglas plant in A.G. (fDetag"), safety Fuerth,
Bavaria, during the war.
Vienna specializing in
glass is
a subsidiary of the Sigla
Werke A.G.,
Kunzendorf, Lower Silesia.
29
The major producers of hollow glass are: Grazer Glasfabrik G.m.b.H. (bottles, carboys, etc.). Stelzle Oesterreichische Glasindustrie A,G. (pharmaceutical and perfume bottles, pressed and cut glass.). Wiener Glashuettenwerke A.G. Vorm. Oesterr. Glasfabriken & Raffinerien Josef Inwald A.G., formerly a subsidiary of the Czechoslovak Josef Inwald Corporation. (Glass tubes, electric lamps, thermos bottles, etc.). Futurit-Werke A.G. (blown and pressed glass). The capacity of the Osram G.mbH. in Vienna, with an estimated pre-war production of 25,000,000 electric bulbs is second in Central Europe only to the German parent company of the same name. of optical glass are the-Reichert Austria's leading producers
Works, Vienna,. a subsidiary of the Carl
Zeiss combine at Jena, Thuringia, while the only important manufacturer of scientific glass is the Moosbrunner Glasfabrik
A.G..,
Vienna.
1V. Lumbering
and WoodworkingOver
Forestry plays an imprtant part in Austria's economy. percent of the area is
37
covered by forests, and forest products in the
form of lumber or processed in the form of pulp and paper were one of the country's major export groups while in the rural districts wood constitutes the main source of fuel. It has been estimated that at the
time of the Anschluss, out of the 3,100,000 hectares of forests in Austria, about 2,000,000 hectares were owned by private individuals or companies, about 400,000 hectares by the state government, some 260,000 hectares by district or local governments, and the rest by cooperatives, trust estates and religious bodies.
30 -
The importance of the Austrian lumber and wood-processing industries may be seen from the following table covering enterprises employing more than 20 workers. Wood Industry. 1936 (annual averages) Industry Number of Firms Total Saw mills .... , ...... Employees of which workmen 4,699 3,174 1,453
186 156
5,099
Wood processing .......
3,594
1,671
Furniture and millwork.

'' -L~-L
TOTAL .......
426
10,364
9,326
Austria's normal pre-war requirements of wood by consumer groups were estimated as follows (in cubic meters):
Lumber: TOTAL of which: agriculture paper industry other industries except sawnills handicraft railroads and post office mining others 645,000 1,500,000 150,000 3,200,000
400,000 200,000 115,000 190,000
Firewood: TOTAL of which: agriculture other civilian

consumers
6,000,000 4,300,000 1,500,000

200,000
--
railroads, etc.
-,-
GRAND TOTAL
9,200,000
--jab :
Austria's wood balance shows, according to compilation by an Austrian ,lumber expert,
the following picture:

Wood Balance Before the "Anschluss"
(cubic meters)
TOTAL
Timber
Firewood
Production .....
Dbmestic consump-
5,751,000
3,569,910
9,320,910
tion .. ,.....,..3,200,000
6,000,000
9,200,000
BALANCE:
Surplus Deficit + 2,551,000
-
120,910 2,430,090
The deficit of firewood was covered partly by timber and timber waste, partly by windfall, nurseries and other non-forest areas such as orchards, ridges, hedgerows, etc. surplus was 2.5 to Accordingly, the country's normal exportable
3 million cubic meters, mostly sawn lumber consisting
of coniferous softwoods while small amounts (1936/37 average 75,000 cubic meters) of hardwoods Were imported. After the incorporation into Germany, not only Jewish owners of forests and woodworking plants were eliminated but, whenever possible, The 'whole industry was revived with great energy
all foreign interests. and speed.
Large areas of waste land were reforested, and, by the end were
of 1939, most of the heretofore idle sawmills and woodworking plants
reported to be again in
the market for little all
operation.
On the other, hand, as Germany was in
lumber and wood which Austria could produce, there is the high rate of tree felling decreed for Austria. Germany since According to
doubt that
the beginning of the rearmament, was eAtended to
32 -
estimates felling in Austria prior to 1938 averaged 10 to 11 million cubic meters per year as compared with an annual increment of about 9.5 million cubic meters, While this moderate over-cutting probably resulted in
only minor damage to the forests, felling in 1938 was increased to 12 million, and in 1939 to 15 million cubic meters and, in subsequent years, remained in the average at around 40 percent above the annual growth. Accordingly, it is safe to assume that if the forests are to be restored
to their pre-war standard the felling must remain well below the annual growth for several years, and while Austria may still be able to take
care of its domestic needs, it seems doubtful whether any exports will be possible. Sawmills are spread all over the mountain valleys whose abundance of water has favored the establishment of small plants, but are located also in most pf the larger towns. All together, there were about 6,000
sawmills in Austria (1937) of which some 2,000 were of purely local importance; of the remaining 4,000 about 30 percent- worked only part-time or were shut down, partly because of lack of work, partly because their equipment was outworn or outmoded. enterprises or one-man concerns. Most of those operating were small The situation in the wood processing The latter industry which was
and furniture industries was similar.
developed mainly in or near Vienna and Graz works mainly for the domestic market. During the war it was converted to the mass production of
"austerity" furniture and other simple home furnishings to replace the losses caused by the bombing of the Reich.
'C
J-r
~s~P
The major lumber and wood companies some of which own forests and take care of the whole process of felling, cutting, catering to domestic industry and trade, and exportation, are: Drauland, Kaerntnerische Holzverwertungs, A.G. Villach, Carinthia, controlled by GermanItalian interests. Slavonia, Oesterreichische Holzindustrie A.G., Vienna. Majority of capital stock in German hands. Mollner Holzwaren-Fabriken A.G., Vienna. of capital stock in German hands, Majority
Portois & Fix A.G., Vienna. Majority of capital stock controlled by the Commerz-und Kreditbank A.G., Zuerich, Switzerland. Kunstomebelfabriken und Bautischlereien Bothe & Ehrmann A.G., Vienna. Majority of capital stock in German hands. The wood-distilling industry which has a considerable importance (pre-war capacity: 300,000 cubic mete3mof wood) used to be controlled by the Lignochemie A.G., Vienna, now merged with the H.I.A.G. (contracted from Holzverkohlungs-Industrie A.G.) eanstalt (Degussa), Frankfurt/Main. of the Deutsche Gold-und Silberscheid-
hh
- 34 -
V. FoodstuffsAustria has a well-developed food and food processing industry whose
major lines are shown in the following table covering plants employing at
least 20 workers.
Production of Foodstuffs and Stimulants, 1936

(annual averages)
-
Industry
Alcohol ..................
Number of Firms 10
Total
Employees of which workmen
456
517 231 42
345
286
Distilled liquors and spirits ............. Vinegar .................
57
24
8
135
27
3,963 617 1,668
Sparkling wine ..........

Breweries .............. Fruit juices and cider ...
Dairies ..................
79
4,967
59
15
495
2,917 1,986 2,855 298
Flour mills .............
93
31 6 24 13 51 23
1,575
2,406
Bakeries ................. Baking powder and yeast .. Alimentary paste ......... Meat processing ........ Canning, malting, spices .................. Coffee and coffee substitutes ............. Sugar .................... Chocolates and candies ... TOTAL ..............
242
572 529
1,710 1,235 3,223
483 347
1,016
784
6 69
568
2,928 4,331
21,153
27,792
27,725
- 35 V. Foodstuffs (continued)
The more important branches of the industry are described below in further detail: (a). Alcohol, Liquors and Spirits. -- The production of alcohol fluctuated during the past ten years from 1928 to 1937 between a low of 186,000 hectoliters (1935) and a high of 283,000 hectoliters (1930). It
was influenced not only by the varying requirements of alcohol for human and industrial consumption but also by the use of alcohol as an admixture to gasoline. Agricultural distilleries accounted for about 30 percent of the The domestic requirements of distilled liquors
country's total production.
in 1933 were reported as 66,000 hectoliters of which 6,000 hectoliters were consumed by druggists and manufacturers of perfumes while 48,000 and 12,000 hectoliters were used for the production of rum and liquors, respectively. (b).Wine. - The annual production of wine varies between about 500,000 and 1,500,000 hectoliters. Of the total production some 80 percent used to be
white and 15 percent red wines while 2.5 percent each were "Schueloher" (a reddish wine) and "Direct-Traeger" wine (produced from ungrafted American vine plants). About 30 percent of the wine produced was of high quality, and Most of the white wines are produced in the
70 percent good average grades.
vicinity of Vienna and along the "Suedbahn" (Southern Railway) as well as in the Danube Valley, all in Lower Austria, red wines also along the Southern Railway and in the Burgenland. domestically. Most of the wine produced is consumed
i/ 1 hectoliter equals 21,998 gallons.
r1~p-
(c@. Breweries..
During the first half of the- inter-war period,

The industry invested each year 30 to 40
Austrian breweries prospered.
million schiflings (4 to 6-million dollars) for new installations and replacements or improvements of the machinery and equipment which,
stimulated the Austrian machinery, barrel and glass, as well as the building and construction industries.
in turn,
automobile, electrical During the last decade
before the war, the beer production went down from 5,358,000 hectoliters (1928) to 2,209,000 hectoliters (1937/38). Various factors, such as the
competition of wine and soft drinks, high taxation of the industry and the
general economic situation, may account for that trend which was noticeable also in other parts of Central Europe. About 75 percent of the domestic re-
quirements are covered by 19 large breweries located in the more densely populated parts of the country (Vienna, controlled by 12 corporations.
Lower
Austria,
Upper Austria,. Styria) and
All breweries were established during the time
of the old Aistro-Hungarian Monarchy and traditionally covered their principal demands for hops at Saatz in Bohemia. After 1919,_ the brewing industry tried
to induce the farmers in Austria to increase the domestic cultivation of hops, and succeeded to a certain extent. Whien both -Austria and the Saatz district
were incorporated into the Greater German economic orbit, the supply of hopsapparently constituted no longer any problem for the Austrian brewers. (d). Dairy products.
-
Before the
flAnschluss
Austlrip's dairy industry
had to go through an extended period of depression and, accordingly, was not in a good shape. The equipment was outmoded, capital for new investments was Not much more than one
short, and the markets were insufficiently organized.

third of the milk production went to dairies, butter was churned on the fars.i medium-size plants having
and almost 50 percent of the
More than half of the dairies were small or than 15 hectoliters.
a daily milk supply of less
2,
.'
1L-CI
~i --
37 m-
(d). Dairy products (continued)
It
was only after the outbreak of the war that the Austrian dairy industry
was modernized and reorganized, and its standard brought closer to the higher level prevailing in the Old Reich. In the inter-war period, Austria's milk
production increased gradually from a low of 11,637,000 hectoliters, in 1918 to 25,408,000 hectoliters in 1937. During the last four years before the
Anschluss an rnnual average of 12 million hectoliters of milk was consumed or processed on the farms of which the production of butter required 5.6, cheese 3.2, feeding the fattening of livestock 3.0, and canning 0.1 to 0.2 million hectoliters. Most of the remaining 13 to 14 million hectoliters were
shipped to the urban districts for consumption in the form of fresh milk or for the manufacture of quickly perishable milk products like Yoghurt (consumption of Vienna 2.4, of other towns 0.6 million hectoliters) or were used for the production of butter, cheese and other dairy products (about 10 million hectoliters). Only a small amount of milk, ranging from 40,000 to
120,000 hectoliters, was exported. The annual butter production before the Anschluss was estimated at about 22.5 million kilograms (1 kilogram equals 2.2 Ibs). The production of
cheese was stepped up considerably in the inter-war period, and had reached about 32 million kilograms, by 1937. The hard type of cheese accounted for
the major part of the production while the remaining part comprised soft cheese and special types including cheese in barrels, exported especially to France for further processing. (e). Flour Mills and Bakeries. The majority of the Austrian flour As a great
mills are small or medium size serving mainly the local demand.
part of the grain consumed is shipped by waterways, there are silos and warehouses, and some of the country's greater flour mills, located on the Danube, particularly near Linz and Vienna.
- 38 -
(e).
Flour Mills and Bakeries (continued)
Before the war, more than 85 percent of the bread consumed was rye or mixed rye-wheat bread, the remainder comprising darker types, whole rye and whole wheat or health bread. During the war, the number of types of bread
was reduced, and its composition was standardized in accordance with the available varieties of flour. Vienna's pre-war bread production was about 280,000 kilograms (1 kilogram equals 2.2 lbs.) daily of which the large-scale bakeries accounted for almost 65 percent. The production of rolls aounted to about 110,000 kilograms,
chiefly made by small bakeries accounting for over 60 percent of the total. The two most important Bakeries in Vienna are: Ankerbrotfabrik, A.G. One of the largest and most modern bakeries of Europe, with 2,000 employees. The corporation owns mills which supply the flour required for its bread production as well as for direct sale to the public. As a result of the "aryanization" after the Anschluss the majority of the capital stock was taken over by the Vienna Bakers' Association while a minority participation is held by a Swiss group. Hammerbrotwerke, A.G. The company owns five bakeries in Vienna and three more, including the Kronenbrotwerke, A.G., as subsidiaries.
(f). Sugar. --
In the last ten years before the Anschluss, Austria's
sugar production jumped from 111,000 metric tons (in terms of raw sugar) in 1928 to 218,000 tons in 1935, and declined again in the following years. 1933, the country, whose total requirements are estimated at 160,000 to 170,000 metric tons, was for the first time independent of sugar imports. The names of the factories operating in Austria and the location of the plants are: In
~rs~%e~,. Ic""sr-
Su
ar (continued)
Hirmer Zuckerfabrik A.G., begun in 1941.
Hirm, Burgenland.
Liquidation
Leipnik-Lundenburger Zuckerfabriken A.G., Vienna.

(1) Duernkrut, Lower Austria. Lower Austria and (2)
- Plants at Leopoldsdorf,
Oberoesterreichische Zuckerfabrik A.G., Lorch, Upper Austria. Oesterreichische Zuckerindustrie AG., Bruck, Lower Austria. Siegendorfer Zuckerfabrik, Siegendorf, Lower Austria.
The daily capacity of these plants varies from 4,000 to 4,800 metric
tons of sugar beets, except for the plant at Bruck which has a capacity of 5,200 metric tons, Sugarization of
mood
wider the German "Bergius"t process
carried out first in a test plant at Reichraming, Upper Austria, was resumed
a few years before the Anschluss on a commercial scale at Enna, Upper Austria.
Chocolates and
Candies.
--
The cocoa and chocolate industry is
well equipped. and its products in the lower price groups have the character of food rather than of a luxury. Its output has been estimated in the
neighborhood of 10,000 metric tons a year (except hard candies), a small part
of which used to be exported.

The six major producers, all in Vienna, are in order of their importance:
Victor Schmidt & Soehne. Josef Manner & Company A.G. K. G. 1939 operated under the name of Kuefferle, until Wilhelmsdorfer Malzprodukten und Schokoladenfabrik von Jos, Kuefferle & Co., A.G. - Controlled by the firm of MOST G~m.b.H., Halle/Saale, Germany.
Gebrueder Stollwerck A.G., a subsidiary of the firm of the same name at Cologne, Germany. Meinl A.G., Capital stock owned by the.Julius Cabos A.G, which after the Anschluss transferred their headquarters from Vienna to Berlin.
,~3 mm '~cP~ie--
(g). Chocolates and Candies (continued)
The production program of some of these firms includes also hard candies and cookies. VI. The Austrian Tobacco Monopoly-The tobacco monopoly, introduced in Austria in 1784, was up to 1938 a
complete State monopoly comprising the cultivation of tobacco as well as the manufacture and distribution of tobacco products. "Oesterreichische Tabakregie." Its official name was
The monopoly operates the following factories:
Vienna - Favoriten; erected after 1919; products: cigarettes, cigarette tobacco. n - Ottakring; products: cigars.
Stein, Lower Austria, erected after 1919, considered as one of the most modern plants of Europe; products: cigars, especially "Virginier" cigars (annual capacity: 100,000,000 pieces). Hainburg, Lower Austria; one of the oldest plants of the monopoly; products: cigarettes, cigarette tobacco, pipe tobacco, "Virginier" cigars. Fuerstenfeld, Styria; one of the oldest plants; products: cigarettes, pipe tobacco. cigars,
Line, Upper Austria; products: cigarettes, cigarette tobacco, tobacco, chewing tobacco, snuff. Klagenfurt, Carinthia; products: Schwaz, Tyrol; products:
pipe
cigars, cigaret'tes, pipe tobacco. chewing tobacco, snuff.
cigars, pipe tobacco, cigars.
Hallein, Salzburg; products:
In addition, the Monopoly Administration owns one factory in Switzerland and two in Bavaria, Germany. The monopoly has some 8,500 employees of which about 8,000 are factory workers. is The consumption of tobacco products before and after the Anschluss
shown in the table below:
41
VI. The Austrian Tobacco Monopoly (continued)
Consumption of Tobacco Products in Austria, 1937 to 1939
1937
Cigars..............102.9 '.......4,3.7 Cigarettes ..
1938
(millions of units) 129.3
1939
157.0 6,362.5
4,94.9
(metric tons) 1,159.2 256.7 93.8
Cigarette tobacco Pipe tobacco .... Chewing tobacco ... Snuff .............
1,067.2 303.5 270.6 97.0
1,171.0
236.6 61.9
The tobacco monopoly which enjoyed a high reputation and whose products had also a ready market abroad, constituted Austria's most profitable State enterprise and one of the country's substantial assets. Soon after the incor-
poration into Germany, it was transferred to a newly established corporation known as "Austria" Tabakwerke A.G. vormals Oesterreichische Tabakregie, Vienna, and controlled by the German Reich. The machinery and equipment of the manu-
facturing plants was reportedly gradually modernized.

VII. Leather and Footwear. The size of this industrial sector is compara-
tively moderate as is indicated by the following table which covers enterprises employing a force of over 20 people. Leather and Related Industries. 1936 (Annual Averages) Industry Number of Plants tal Leather ................ Footwear .............. Leather goods..... TOTAL . 51 65 35 151 2,804 5,601 1,057 9,462
Employees
of which workmen 2,500 5,065
8638,428
VII. Leather and Footwear (continued)
The production of the Austrian leather industry which depends for its raw material on the insufficient domestic supply of hides and skins and
varying imports, has been estimated as. follows (metric tons).
dole leather .. Other cattle

leather
.......
6,000
5,000
500
6,200
6,500
500
330, 430
250 100
400
Calf leather .... Goat skin and
330
400 300
200
500 400
250
lamb skin
Pig skin
.....
.......
220 140
Patent leather is manufactured only in small amounts making the country largely dependent on foreign sources: The main substitutes for leather which
gained considerable importance during the war, are synthetic rubber and composition leather consisting of reclaimed fibers from waste leather, a binder and filling materials. Fish hides were used for uppers, and wooden soles
were occasionally substituted for rubber or composition leather soles. Large-scale shoe production was initiated in Austria in the middle of the nineteenth century. Before the war, about 70 percent of the leather foot-
wear production was machine-made while in rural districts hand-made shoes and heavy boots still enjoyed a certain preference. The capacity of the mechanizec
producers was estimated in 1940 at some 7,000,000 pairs while some 22,000 individual shoemakers had a normal annual production of approximately 1,800,000 pairs. In addition, Austrian manufacturers used to produce around Before
1,700,000 pairs of light indoor shoes, slippers and linen footwear.
the war, some Viennese manufacturers specialized in model shoes which were
VII. Leather and Footwear (continued)
sold to shoe factories abroad, other Austrian manufactures in women's fancy shoes or mountain and ski shoes, likewise mainly for exports. The "Anschluss
t
brought the Austrian shoe industry whose overhead (wages, shipping expenses) a precarious situation. was considerably higher than that However, during the war, the of
coat of power, into
the Old Reich,
shoe manufacturers who
meanwhile had abandoned the production of luxury shoes and standardized the other products seem to have worked at full capacity. The most important manufacturers of leather the order of their importance as measured by their and leather capital footwear stock, are: in
Bally Wiener Schuhfabrik A.G., Vienna. of the Swiss Bally combine.
Subsidiary
Vereinigte Lederfabriken A.G., Vienna, prior to 1939 operating under the name of Vereinigte Lederfabriken Fleech, Gerlach.
Moritz, A.G. - Affiliated with the Taunus Lederwerke A.G.,

Niedernhausen (Taunus), Germany. Humanic Leder- & Schuh A.G., Vienna. Franz Schmitt A.G. fuer Lederindustrie, Krems-Rehberg, with the Taunus Lederwerke Lower Austria. - Affiliated (see above). Del-Ka Schuhindustrie-und Handels- A.G., Vienna Principal shareholders: "Aeterna"t (see below). "Aeterna" Schuhfabriks A.G., Atzgersdorf - Vienna.
Leather gloves were manufactured in
Austria in
normal years in
some 12
factories and by a number of individual glove makers. was about 700,000 pairs part of which was exported. articles,
The annual production
The Austrian production of fancy leather books and small leather design and workmanship, goods,
such as bags, pocket
enjoyed a world-wide reputation for their The fact that this
and employed about 10,000 people.
VII.
Leather and Footwear (continued)
particular branch of the industry was most dependent upon exports caused the manufacturers after the outbreak of the war to found a special organization,
the ttExport-geeinschaft der Wiener Lederindustrie," which in acting as the sole export representative of the associated members
strengthen that industry's position in the principal
reportedly helped to
foreign markets.
VIII. Metal,
Engineering and Automotive Industries-industries coming under the groups, although by no means unEven so, for
Austriats
important,
were developed mainly to meet the domestic demands.
various types of special manufactures the country depends on imports because the Austrian market is purpose manufactures. too small to support the production of most specialThe group is subdivided as follows, the figures covering
-
the members of the Austrian Manufacturers Association.
Metal and Metalworking Industries, 196
(annual averages)
I
Industry Machinery ....... Foundries ....... Machine tool
Number of Firms 255

.70
Total 11,468
3,161
8,725
2,704 1,671 2,359 16,298 1,492 3,981
consi bruction
......
38
1,906
Metal working ... Metal ware ......
15
414
2,720
19,788
1,622
Scythes and sickl4Bs Automobiles .....
...
31
10
27
4,714
.1,027
Vehicles and car bodies Bicycles .......
891
2,374
10,079 50,574
9 ..
122 991
2,627
13,944 62,977
Eectric industry
TOTAL
... '.....
The more important further detail:
industries
of the group are described below in
(a).
Industrial
Machinery.
--
The production of industrial
machinery
products went up from a low of 30,000 tons in tons in 1936 and has continued to rise Prior ly large to the Anachiuss, this in
1930 to an estimated 54,000
subsequent years. comparative-
industry consisted mostly of a
number of small or medium-sized plants and had to face a heavy cowith the much better developed and equipped. manufacturers the manufacturing plants of Germany. were re-
petition
After Austria'a
incorporation into Germany, and played their
organized and modernized,
part in increasing Germany's output
of war materials.
In
addition, a considerable number of new plants were

from other parts of the Reich during
erected, and a good many were transferred the war.
In the past few years, a trend toward the creation of large units
has become clearly discernible. The principal large producers of industrial machinery are listed below: Wiener Locomotivfabrik A.G., Vienna; majority of capital stock acquired in 1938, by the firm of Henschel & Sohn G.m.b.h.,
Kassel,
Germany.
Waagner-Biro A.G., Vienna; capital shares of unknown amount held by the Vereinigte Stahlwerke.A.G. (Steel Trust), Duesseldorf, Germany. Austria Vereinigte BEnaillierwerke, Lampen-und Metallwarenfabriken A.G., Vienna; partly controlled by German capital. Lapp-Finze Eisenwarenfabriken A.G., Karlsdorf near Graz, Styria. Maschinenfabrik Heid A.G., Vienna. Teudloff- Vamag Vereinigte Armaturen und Maschinenfabriken A.G. Vienna; majority of the capital held by the Creditanstalt Bankverein, Vienna., which, in turn is controlled by the holding company of the German Reich and by the Deutsche Bank, Berlin, and by the Vereinigte Armaturen G.m.b.H. Mannheim, Germany.
(a).
Industrial
Machinery (continued)
Maschinenfabrik Andritz A.G., Graz, Styria. Principal shareholders: Wittenauer Maschinenfabrik G.m b.H. Berlin-Borsigwalde, Germany. C. Schember & Soehne Brueckenwaagen-und MaschinenfabrikenA.G., Vienna.
Martin Miller A.G., Vienna; controlled by the firm of Stahlwerk Schmidt & Clemens, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Schiffswerft Linz A.G. Linz, Upper Austria; majority of the capital held by the Erste Donau- DampfschiffahrtsGesellschaft which, in turn, is affiliated with the combine. Hermann Gering Eisen & Stahl A.G., Vienna; 75 percent of the capital stock held by the Reichswerke A.G. Alpine Montanbetriche ttHermann Goering," 25 percent by the Vereinigte Stahlwerke A.G.- Duesseldorf, Germany. Gebrueder Hardy, Maschinenfabrik und Giesserei A.G., Vienna. Leoberadorfer Germany. The principal producer of machine tools is the Masehinenfabrik Heid A.G, Vienna, (plant at Stockerau, Lower Austria) which, together with the two incorporated firms of Mayfarth & Co., and Vulcan Maschinenfabrik A.G. accounts for about half of the total Austrian production of machine tools (principal products:. lathes, turret lathes, milling machines, planers, geared drives, Maschinenfabrik A.G., Leobersdorf, Lower Austria;
controlled by the Weserhuette A.G., Bad Qeynhausen,
couplings ,nd
clutches, etc.).
(b). Eectrical
Mahinery and Apparatus.
Apart from industrial the fields
machinery, of
the Austrian industry has gained a high degree of perfection in
electrical machinery and apparatus and some agricultural machinery and implements.
Even before 1938, only a ;few of the Austrian companies were independent, the
major ones being controlled by foreign corporations. In subsequent years,
the penetration of German capital has made further progress as shown by the following list of principal manufacturers:
(b).
KLectrical Machinery and Apparatus (continued)
High Voltage Machinery and Equipment: Oesterreichische Siemens-Schuckert-Werke; controlled by the German Siemens group. A.E.G. - Union Elektrizitaets-Gesellschaft, A.E.G., Berlin. shareholders: Vienna; principal
Principal Oesterreichische Brown Boveri-Werke A.G, Vienna. Brown, Boveri & Cie, A.G., shareholders after 1938: Mannheim, Germany. "Emin" A.G. fuer elektrische Industrie, Vien~na; Bankverein to the Deutsche Continental Gesellachaft, Dessau, Germany. Low Voltage Apparatus: The Austrian industry has shown a marked upswing since the completion of a long-distance cable system in 1925 and the subsequent connection of controlling
interest passed in 1940 from the Creditanstalt Gas -
this system with the neighboring countries.
After the Anschluss the in-
dustry experienced a further expansion, and some of the big German combines shifted part of their production to Austria, especially Vienna. The principal producers are: Siemens & Halake. Controlled by the German Siemens group.
Czeija, Nisal & Co. Vereinigte Telefon-und Telegrafen-Werke A.G,, Vienna, until 1939 operated under the name of Vereinigte Telephon-und Telegraphenfabriks- A.G. Affiliated with the combine of the Standard ElektrizitaetsGesellschaft A.G., Berlin. The latter, moreover, controls the Ekng-Union Oesterreichische Telephonwerke A.G., Vienna, and the Mix & Genest Ostmaerkische Telephonwerke G.m.b.H., Vienna. Schrack-Ericsson Elektrizitaets A.G., Vienna. stock held by Swedish group. Electric Cables and Wires: The Austrian cable manufacturers encountered great difficulties after the end of the First World War due to the relative over-capacity in
,I ~~ 1 I -"P
.Part of capital
- 48-8
Electric Cables and Wires (continued)
Continental Europe, and during the subsequent crisis, had to reduce the number of their workmen to one-tenth of the pre-war level. Anschluss, the production facilities After the
were modernized and soon the industry was in a position to using
which previously depended on imported raw materials, meet the countryt largely total requirements materials.
of standard cables and wires,
domestic substitute
Of the four principal cable manufacturers, two were subsidiaries of German combines already prior control after company. the Anschluss, to 1938, while one came under German considered an independent Austrian
and one is
Their names are: Vienna; controlled by
Qesterreichiche Siemens-Schuckert-Werke, the German Siemens group.
Felten & Guilleaune, Fabrik elektrischer Kabel, Stahl- und Kupfer-Werke, A.G. Vienna; controlled by Felten & Guilleaume A.G., Cologne - Muehlheim, Germany. Kabelfabrik-und Drahtindustrie AG., Vienna; principal shareholders:
"Eln" A.G.,
fuer elektrische Industrie (see above).

Vienna.
Krueger & Co. Kabeliund Drahtfabrication A.G.,
(c).
Agricultural Machinery and
Implements. -
In view of the restricted

Austria
market several types of agricultural before 1938, hand, farm tractors,
machinery were never manufactured in being always imported.,
,for example,
On the other types of
the country was a
considerable producer and exporter of harrows, rakes, etc.)
certain
implements
and equipment (plows,
and specialized in
models adapted to the use of hilly In in particular, the Austrian
country. scythe and sickle In industry has a reputation
most of Europe,
especially -the Balkans. the total
addition to two large plants there are many smaller quantities. Prior
accounting for about 50 percent of
output, in
manufacturers producing scythes and sickles
considerable
UE~LaD
9-
(c). Agricultural Machinery and Implements (continued).
to the First World War, Austria produced 9 million scythes a year.
The loss of
the Russian market (completed by 1925) was responsible for a decline in the
output to some 3 million most of it for exports.
Machines play a comparatively
small part in the manufacturing process because handicraft is necessary to maintain a high quality. After the Anschluss the industry was reorganized and rationalized so as to maintain production in those types particularly suited to local needs. Some
of the smaller producers were reduced to the rank of repair shops or became dealers instead of manufacturers. Plans for a continuous production through
the whole year instead of the customary operation only during the winter, were reported under consideration in 1939. Besides, the Austrian association of scythe manufacturers, established in 1937, and by far in surpassing productive and export capacities of the manu-
facturers
the Old Reoh, was placed under control of the Vereinigte Hagen, Westphalia, the sales organization of the German producers.
Sensenwerke at
The major manufactures of agricultural following:
machinery and implements are the
Part of capital A.G. Alfa Separator, Vienna. Manufactures chiefly agricultural group, and machines, particularly tinware, tools,
stock held by Swedish cookers, stoves, chaff cutters,
Hofherr-Schrantz-Clayton-Shuttleworth Landwirtschaftliche Produces a great variety maschinenfabrik A.G., Vienna. reorganization, After financial machines. of agricultural majority of the capital stock came into the hands of the the Industrie-Kredit A.G. Vienna, control of which after the Anschluss was taken over by the German government. was passed on to Subsequently, the controlling interest
Heinrich Lanz A.G., Mannheim, Germany.

Epple-Buxbaun Werke A.G., Wels, Upper Austria. Manufactures various machines, chiefly tbreshingauachines and mowers. - Controlled by the firm of the same name at Augsburg, Germany.
(c).
Agricultural Machinery and Implements
(continued)
Syria, Steiermaerkische Sensenwerke A.G., Vienna. scythes and sickles.. Maschinenfabrik Jleid A.G., Vienna.
Manufactures
Owns rolling mills Sand hammer Vogel & Noot A.G., Wartberg, Styria. mills, manufactures plows, etc. Reformwerke, Wels, Upper Austria. Bayerische und Tiroler Sensen Union A.G., Jenbach, Tyrol. Manufactures scythes and sickles. Associated with the firm of the same name in Munich, Germany.
(d). Locomotives and

rolling is material in
Rolling Stock.
--
The production of locomotives and It
Austria dates back to the early days of the railroads. and could, In up to the outbreak of the war, the locomotive industry,
comparatively well developed,
easily
meet the domestic requirements. of electrical
steam en-
gines and the mechanical parts
locomotives were with but few
exceptions produced by the locomotive factories while the motors and accessories for the electrical locomotives were supplied by the electrical works. Steam locomotives were produced by the following firms: Wiener-Neustaedter Lokomotiv- Fabrik, Wiener-Neustadt, Lower Austria. - Branch plant of the Wiener Locomotiv-FabriksA.G., Vienna- Floridsdorf, (reportedly destroyed through bombing). Lokomotiv-Fabrik Krauss, Linz. Upper Austria. Vienna, State-
Lokomotive Works of the Austrian Federal Railways, owned.
Wiener Locomotiv- Fabriks- Actiengesellschaft,

This was the only plant operating at Electrical principal locomotives or parts thereof,
Vienna -
Floridsdorf.
the time of the Anschluss. of the four
were produced by all
manufacturers of high-voltage electrical
machinery and apparatus.
The two companies producing railroad cars were the Grazer Maschinen-und Waggonbau A.G., Vienna, and the Sinmeringer Maschinen-und Waggonbau, A.G.,
- 51 -
(d). Locomotives and Rolling Stock (continued)
Vienna.
Both firms were merged 1939 with the Paukerwerke A.G., Vienna, changed fuer Maschinen- Kessel- und Waggonbau,
their names to Simmering- Graz- Pauker A.G.
Vienna, and were affiliated with the Reich-owned A.G. Reichswerke "Hermann Goering." The annual productive capacity of these manufacturers prior to 1938 was estimated at 120 electrical locomotives, 600 to 800 steam locomotives, (all types)and 3,000 to 4,000 freight and passenger cars. After the Anschluss, the industry was completely integrated with the The locomotive works of the
production program of the German railways.
Austrian Federal Railways were taken over by the German Railways as a matter of course. A.G., The majority of the capital stock of the Wiener Locomotiv- FabriksKassel,
passed into the possession of the firm Henschel & Sohn G.m.b.H.,
the largest German locomotive builders, who, in addition, purchased, in 1939, the former company's plant-at Wiener Neustadt, later reportedly destroyed by bombs. During the war, the manufacturers of rolling stock were said to be working at full capacity while the Austrian locomotive industry was busy with the production of the simplified German "war locomotive."
(e).
Motor Vehicles. -
Like in
the case of the machinery industry, the
Austrian pre-Anschluss market did not encourage any large-scale production of automobiles. The number of motor vehicles licensed increased from 91,015 in
1932 to 119,585 in 1937, or by 31.3 percent as compared with 89.5 for a similar period in the neighboring Germany. During the last five years before the in-
corporation into Germany the industry greatly increased its output while the number of employees was more than doubled, 'and in the case of the motorcycle production even more than trebled. may be seen from the table below: The production of motor vehicles by types
(e). Motor Vehicles (continued.)
Production of Motor Vehicles, 1933 to 1937 Year Passenger Cars Busses Trucks Special Vehicles Motor Cycles
1933 ....... 1934 ....... 1935 1936 ....... 1937 .......
745 1,652 2,110 4,988

4,821
42 42 95 103
114
364 410 545 679

1,080
34 13 303 667
110
2,338 3,034 2,558 4,143 8,535
In spite of this increase the industry did not work at full capacity prior to 1938. The producers of passenger cars, in particular, whose capacity
was estimated at 12,000 vehicles manufactured only 40 to 45 percent of that amount.- After the Anschuss, the production program was revised with a view to increasing production through simplification and standardization of models. The motorcycle plants of the Steyr-Daimler-Puch A.G. at Graz, one of the most modern plants of Central Europe, were further expanded. After the outbreak
of the war, the whole motor vehicle industry with all its auxiliary plants was completely converted to war production. The principal manufacturers are:
Steyr-Daimler-Puch A.G. Vienna; alter 1938, controlled by the A.G. Reichawerke "Hermann Goering," Berlin. Under the new control, the production of vehicles was oncentrated in the plant at Steyr' hile the plant at Wiener-Neustadt was converted to the manufacture of aircraft parts and taken over by the German Messerschmitt works. Oesterreichische Automobil Fabriks A.G., formerly Austro-Fiat, Vienna; before the war affiliated with the Italian Fiat combine and specializing in the manufacture of trucks. During the war, the majority of the capital stock was taken over by the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nuernberg A.G, Nuremberg, Germany. During the war, the firm reportedly specialized on military tractors and tractor engines.
.(e) Motor Vehices (continued)
Oesterreichische Saurerwerke A.G., Vienna; subsidiary of the Swiss Saurer combine; specializing on trucks. Annual output 1943: about 1200. Graef & Stift Automobilfabrik A.G., Vienna; manufactured, before the war, all kinds of commercial vehicles and specialized on bodywork, in particular for passenger cars. Wiener Fahrwerkbau A.G., Vienna; until 1941 operated under the name of Automobil Fabrik Perl A.G., affiliated with Graef & Stift Autoinobilfabrik A.G. A. Fross-Buessing KonImandit-Ges., Vienna; affiliated with the BuessingN.A.G. Vereinigte Nutzkraftwagen A.G., Brunswick, Germany; specializing on trucks. Annual pre-war output: about 250.
(f).
Bicycles. -
The cemand for bicycles is limited because of their The production was mainly in the
insuitability in large areas of the country.
hands of two manufacturers each one putting out a well-known brand, namely the Steyrwerke which made the "tWaffenrad" and the Puchwerke which made the "Puchrad." Both firms merged their production in 1934 and centralized the production of bicyles in the Graz plant of the Steyr-Daimler-Puch A.G., where also the major part of Austria's motor cycles are manufactured. The combined output of the
two large manufacturers in 1928 was 130,000 machines but their capacity was considerably increased afterwards, and during the war the works at Graz were reported the largest bicycle plant of Greater Germany. In addition to the two
major producers, there were some smaller workshops, located mostly in Styria. IX. Textiles and Clothing-Both the textile and clothing industries belong to Austria's oldest manufacturing activities, and have procured the means of livelihood for a considerable part of the country's population. Although there are some plants
in Vorarlberg, most of the industry is located in Vienna and Lower Austria. The following-table shows the main production lines of the members of the Association of Austrian Manufacturers:
IX.
Textiles and Clothing (continued)
Textile and Clothing Industries, 1936 (Annual Averages)
Industry Cotton spinning

and weaving ................
Number of Firns
Total
73
16,838
Spinning of worsted and knitting yarn .......... Wool weaving ................
15,353
25 73
4,326 5,786
4,045 5,178
Linen ..................
Silk ............... ........
.....
27
33
1,726
2,237
1,568
1,552
Knitwear, woven goods, hosiery, scarves ..........

Needlework yarn ............. Ribbons, braiding material, rubber, woven goods ................ Rubs, blankets, furniture, clothing ........ Cotton, wool and bandaging material ......... Hemp spinning, jute goods, strings and
ropes ....................
109
15
7,227
1,658
6,290
1,490
46 26 15
1,680 1,574 706
1,445 1,351 506
10
2,395
2,227
Cotton printing ............. Processing of textiles ......
15 27
1,619 2,635
1,395 2,358
Processing of silk .........

Underwear .................. Hats ........................ Clothing .................... Feathers .................... Horse hair and hair
9
47 52 66 7
961
2,155 2,780 2,688 179
812
1,728 2,361 2,115 109
spinning ....................
Processing of textile
waste .....................
7
11
109
850
96
751
Laundering and dry cleaning .................. Embroidery ................ TOTAL ........... ...
43 25 761
2,800 418 63,347
2,483 356 55,569
Because of the splitting up of the Austro-Hungarian textile industry into various national units after 1919, the position of that industry, especially of the cotton industry, was basically unfavorable during the whole inter-war period. At the time of the division of the Monarchy, Austria received mostly
- 55IX. Textiles and Clothing (continued)
spinning mills and had to look for foreign markets for about 30 percent of the production of cotton yarn and a great deal of finished textile fabrics. On
the other hand, only a small number of weaving machines were available within the territory of new Austria, and although new cotton and wool-weaving mills were erected after 1919, their capacity was not sufficiedn to take care of the
whole output of the spinneries nor to fully cover the domestic requirements. At the time of the "Anschluss" the Austrian cotton industry had in operation some 700,000 out of an estimated 1,200,000 spindles. About 70 percent The average
of their raw material requirements were covered by American cotton.
production of cotton yarn was over 50,000,000 lbs. of which about 15,000,000 lbs. were exported. The cotton weaving mills increased the number of their looms from 11,000 in 1918 to 17,000 by 1938. The annual production amounted to over 90 million
meters of which about 3 million meters, mainly printed and colored material, was exported. The wool spinning industry comprised about 40 carded yarn spinning mills with 55,000 spindles and 3 worsted yarn spinning mills with 135,000 spindles producing yarn not only for weaving but also for knitting and art needlework. The corded yarn spinning industry served mainly the domestic market. The wool weaving industry shifted its production in the inter-war period more and more from carded yarn to worsted yarn. In 1938, there were about
2,000 carded yarn looms producing approximately 6,000,000 meters of material and over 100,000 blankets a year while about the same number of worsted yarn looms supplied more than 6,000,000 meters of worsted material. Besides, the
industry produced the famous "Loden", an unmilled, rough cloth worn in the alpine sections, plain-colored and patterned materials for men's and women's clothing, uniforms, coats, linings, etc.
IX. Textiles and Clothing (continued)
Austria has always had a reputation for its woven and knitted goods. Favored by the prevailing fashion, the manufacture of knitwear and hosiery flourished up to the Anschlussespecially the production of high-priced and fancy goods which found ready markets in other parts of Europe and overseas. The silk industry employed about 1,500 looms. Although in the old
Monarchy the home of the silk industry was in what is now Czechoslovakia, some plants since have found their way back to Vienna. The manufacture of rugs and carpets includes the wool or hair yarn type, as well as jute and coir yarn carpets, also the mechanical knotting of carpets. About 15 percent of the production used to be exported. Besides, the Austrian
industry produces a variety of upholstery material including tapestry, woolen, silk and semi-silk damasks, wool reps, moquette, brocades, etc. of tulles comprises real tulles and coarse curtain tulles. The production
The Austrian lace
production has a reputation for its quality both technically and from the standpoint of the designs. During the whole inter-war period, Austrian manufacturers of embroideries encountered difficulties in finding a market for their products. The greater part of the embroidery production is located in
Vorarlberg where in 1930 more than 450 factories, mostly small and medium-sized, with over 700 machines, were active. placed at between 400 and 500. In 1938, the number of idle machines was
Apart from the machine embroidery, white
so-called "confection" tapestry, and industrial art embroidery is done, especially in Vienna. Before the first world war, the Vienna clothing industry had a predominant position in most parts of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the neighboring countries. From 1919, as a result of the shrunken domestic market and the
reduced purchasing power of the Austrian population, such formerly flourishing industries as the manufacture of men's and women's underwear, apparel, neckties,
IX. Textiles and Clothing (continued)
artificial flowers, feathers and umbrellas were forced to rely for their survival almost entirely on exports. After the Anschluss and, still more so, after the outbreak of the war, the production of the spinning and weaving mills was increased while at the same time civilian consumption of textiles was drastically curtailed. It has
been estimated that, by the middle of 1941, 75 percent of the total output of textiles was taken up by the armed forces and semi-military organizations. This percentage was later further increased at the expense of the civilian sector of the consumers. Plants which formerly produced woolen and cotton
textiles were later engaged in the manufacture of substitute materials both for private and public consumption. The Austrian men's clothing industry
which had just begun large-scale production before the Anschluss, was reorgani,zed with a view of introducing assembly-line methods for standardized production.
In 1944, one-sixth of the existing manufacturers were said to be highly mechanized mass-producers with a considerable capacity, and their plants were counted among the most modern ones of Continental Europe. They manufactured
mainly army clothing, but also overalls and workmen's uniforms in increasing quantities. On the other hand, a number of Vienna tailoring shops intentionally
did not follow that trend and specialized in high-priced quality apparel for exports. Some of the medium-sized firms working as sub-contractors found it
profitable to reopen business connections with the old center of men's clothing at Prossnitz, Czechoslovakia, with which they had hardly had any more dealings after 1919. In the field of women's wear, great efforts were'made to make Vienna, whose styles and taste for ladies' dresses and accessories enjoyed a world-wide reputation, the style center of Central Europe. The outbreak of the war,
however, and the resulting trend toward simplification and "austerity" put a
rte.:
IX. Textiles and Clothin (continued
damper on these efforts.
Although the original small-scale type of production
was much more preserved in that line than in the men's wear industry, about half of the existing 115 Vienna firms had developed highly efficient production and in 1944, the Vienna production, especially of blouses and
facilities,
jersey dresses, was considered leading among the-production centers of Greater

Germany.
X. Public Utilities-In 1936, the more than 300 members of the Austrian Manufacturers water or'electricity consisted of the following
Association firms:
supplying gas,
Eectrical
Gas and Waterworks. 1936
(Annual Averages)
Industry
Number of Firms
Total
Siiployees of which workmen
Eectricity
Gas
.........:..
306
4,326
192
3,133
145
5
1 312
Water..................... TOTAL...........
23-
17 3,295
4,541
The two major branches of the group, namely, power and gas, are described below in further detail.
the production of electric,
(a).
Electric Power. -- As long as Austria was a part of the former Austroin solid fuels, the construction of hydro-
Hungarian Monarchy which was rich electric
power plants on a large scale was considered impractical, and water
power generation was therefore confined to small plants for the use of local industries.
In
the inter-war period, however, the wealth of the country's
(a). Electric Power

(continued)
potential water power reserves and the possibilities of its utilization were appreciated, and the hydro-electric power industry became a factor of great importance for Austria's economy accounting for more than 80 percent of total Austrian production in each of the last few years before the Anschluss. Almost immediately after the incorporation into the. Reich, the German authorities took steps to make Austria one of Greater Germany's major power centers by stepping-up its production of electricity, partly through increased production from thermal stations, partly through expanding existing water power plants, and partly through the construction of three new large-scale hydroelectric plants (described below) for which the plans had been available for several years but which could not be realized owing to the lack of funds and marketing possibilities. The potential reserves of water power are estimated at 3 to 3.5 million kilowatts while the installed capacity of generating plants in 1936 was 1,019,000 kilowatts of which 675,450 were operated by water power. 1938, the latter had gone up to 800,000 kilowatts. By March
It is believed that at the
beginning of 1944 the total capacity had been increased to about 2,400,000 kilowatts of which slightly more than 70 percent was operated by water power, and that the capacity may be brought up to 2,800,000 kilowatts of which water power would account for 75 percent, when all known post-Anschluss schemes are completed. The actual production of electricity in 1936 was 2.6 billion kilowatt hours of which 81 percent was supplied by hydro-electric plants. By 1938,
production had increased to about 2.8 billion kilowatt hours and by the beginning of 1944 to an estimated 7.2 billion kilowatt hours or 180 percent above the 1936 level. It has been estimated that after the completion of all
projects announced after the Anschluss, Austria's production may well be
(a .. Electric
Power
(continued)
increased to about 260 percent of'the 1936 level. The following table shows Austria's principal water power companies as well as their capacity and production in the last two years before the outbreak of the war:
Capaicity and Production
of
the Principal Hydro-electric Plants, 1937 and 1938 Production in million kWh. 1937 1936 (Plants in construction)
Name of Company: Alpen-Elektrowerke A.G., Vienna. Oesterreichische Kraftwerke A.G., Liz, Upper Austria. Steirische Wasserkraft & E~lektrizitaets A.G., Graz. Tiroler Wasserkraft Werke, Innsbruck, Tyrol. State Railways. Vorarlberger IllWerke A.G.Bregenz.
Wasserkraft Werke
Capacity in kW.
--
80,760.
368,500
375,100
67,100
269,432
279,487
95,000 70,000 98,00019,000 19,000
235,116 180,000 151,000 67,000 60,000
239,431 190,000 178,300 95,000
A.G. (WAC),
Vienna.
Eiektrizitaetswerk, Innsbruck, Tyrol.
85,000
Gauwerke Niederdonau, St .Po elten, Lower 35,400. Austria Steiermaerkische Elektrizitaets A.G., Graz, Styria. Staedtisches KZLektrizitaetswerk, Salzburg, Salzburg.
63,200
75,000
11,000
62,300
69,400
11,000
60,000
63,100
(a). Electric Power

continued
Table (continued) Vorariberger Kraft-
werke A.G.Bregenz.
Saisburger A.G. fuer
15,000
52,900
62,100
Elektrizitaetswirtechaft, Salzburg.
Muehldorfer Wasserkraftwerke A.G.,Muehldorf, Carinthia. Elte~trisitaetswerk 5,000
41,000
42,700
6,000
31,500
32,000
Wels,Upper Austria.
6,100
22,652
24,100
TOTAL
.........
541,360
1,704,600
1,810,718
Before the Anschluss,

power stations was mainly in
the construction and operation of hydro-electric

the hands of a few large corporations controlled water power
by the Austrian banks or by foreign investors. was carried out under a direct or indirect license
The development of
granted by the government,
frequently with Besides,
support from provincial and local power was subject to a license
authorities.
the sale of electric
from the State and the
local government.
The electric power stations of all
provincial capitals,
including Vienna, mostly thermal plants, concerned. The municipalities
are owned by the municipalities
exercise also a monopoly for the distribution
of electricity and, accordingly, have to buy large quantities of electric current from privately owned water power companies in order to meet the increased demand which is frequently far in excess of the capacity of their own plants. Large sums of foreign capital were invested in the construction of electric power plants in Austria, The amounts thus invested exceeded at one
time $160,000,000 a considerable part of which came from the United States;
62
Electric Power
(continued)
however, in subsequent years up to 1938, these investments were reduced or repaid. The value of all waterpower plants finished or under construction by the end of 1939 was estimated at 430 million Reichsmarks (abt, 4172,000,000) while the value of all power plants, both hydro-electric and thermal, including transformers and transmission lines was estimated at 1.5 billion Reichsmarks
($600,000,000).
Soon after werke A.G., the incorporation of Austria into Germany, the Alpen-E]ektro-
Vienna was formed as a holding
company for the purpose of bringing industries in line with the old
the existing Austrian water power and electric
Reich's "Four Year Plan," and to finance the construction of new hydro-electric plants. The majority of the company's shares is held by the Reich-owned
Vereinigte Industrie-Unternehmungen A.G. ("Viag") a holding company, and the fact that Austria's leading commercial banks were likewise brought under German control, greatly facilitated the penetration of the Alpen-Elektrowerke into the
Austrian electric power industry.

corporation,
Immediately after the establishment of that

to build the following three large-
construction work was started
scale water power plants: (1) Ybbs-Persenbeug project on the Danube, Lower Austria, about half-way between Vienna and Linz.
(2) Drau project comprising a number of medium-sized plants on the Drau in Carinthia, between Villach and Klagenfurt.
(3) Part
near Kaprun, Salzburg. of the large Tauern project, in the The Tauern is a long mountain chain situated of Tyrol, Salzburg and Carinthia, with an provinces average elevation of over 9,000 feet. completion these plants were to become the property of the water power concerns of
After their
Alpen-Elektrowerke, thus making it Europe.
one of the largest
-63:a . Eectric Power
(continued)
Other major producers of hydro-electric power at the beginning of 1940 were the following companies: Principal Oesterreichische Kraftwerke A.G., Linz, Upper Austria. shareholders: Province of Upper Austria, a number of local banks, and the Elektrobank, Zuerick, Switzerland. Steirieche Wasserkraft-und Elektrizitaets A.G., ("Stewag"), Graz, Province of Styria and a shareholders: Principal Styria. bankers, headed by the Credito Italiano. group of Italian current to the Vienna One of the main suppliers of electric area.
Tiroler Waserkraftwerke A.G.

shareholders:
(Tiwag) Innsbruck,
A.G.
Tyrol.
Principal
Alpen-Elektrowerke
Vorarlberger fllwerke A.G., Brengenz,
Vorarlberg.
Principal
State of Wuerttemberg, Province of Vorarlberg. shareholders: concern of the Old Reich and the Swiss of electrical a number Prior to the Finelectra Company, aarau, Switzerland. "Anschlust the company was. regarded as a "German" corporation, invested therein, because of the prominence-of German capital power whole production of electric almost its that and the fact exported to Germany. After the Anschluss, the company conwas siderably enlarged its output by extending one of its existing plants and by the erection of a new plant, the Rodundwerk near Bludenz, Vorarlberg. 5 percent Weattiroler Kraftwerke-A.G., Innabruck; founded in 1940. capital stock held by the consolidated provinces of the ("Gau") of Tyrol-Vorarlberg, 47.5 percent each by the AlpenElektrowerke A.G. (see above), and the Rheinisch-Westfaelisches 2i.ektrizitaetswerk A.G. Essen, Germany. Gauwerke Niederdonau A.G., St. Poelten, Thwer Austria; until 1939 operated under the name of Niederoesterreichsische Elektrizitaets-A.G. (Newag). Principal shareholders: - Province of This Austria, and the cities of Vienna and Wiener-Neustadt. company also owns thermal power plants and is one of the main of Vienna. current for the city electric suppliers'of One of Austria's A.G., Graz, Styria. Steiermaerkische Flektrizitaets oldest water power companies, but only of medium size. Vorarlberger Kraftwerke A.G., Bregenz, Vorarlberg. Medium-sized. Province of Vorarlberg (after the Principal shareholders: merged with the province of Tyrol) and a number of Anschluss German banks. Elektrizitaetswerk Wels, Upper Austria. Medium-sized. Principal
shareholders:
City of Wels, Alpen-mektrowerke
A.G., Vienna,
and Ailgemeine Lokalbahn und Kraftwerke, A.G., Berlin.
-.-I
a). Electric Power

continued
The consumption of electric current by consumer groups before and after the Anschluss is shown in the table below;
Consumption of Electric Curren (Millions of kilowatt hours) 1

Consumer Group
943/
After completion of
all ostschlu s
projects
Industry........... Households and small consumers e....... Railroads and streetcars
....
1,271
3,650
350
4,750
274
350
. .e
. ..
22a)
35) 341 433
-
450
500
Illumination of streets ..........

Exports
*...........
1,670
2,900 1,500
---
Lost in transmission TOTAL .......

-----
1,080
7,200
2,582
--
10,000
Estimates.
The use of electric districts,
power
in
Austria
is
now well developed,
even in
rural
and shows, as the above figures indicate, a rising tendency. A great consumption of electricity is due to the reat Braunau,
deal of the increased industrial
quirements of the expanded aluminum industry, Upper Austria.
especially the plant
This industry whose requirements in 1943/44 were estimated at
over a billion kilowatt hours accounted for about 30 percent of the total industrial consumption of electricity. It is believed that after the completion of
the aluminum plant at Braunau in accordance with the original plan, these works alone will require almost 2 billion kilowatt-hours, thus bringing the total
- 65 a). Electric Power continued)
consumption of that industry to about 2.3 billion kilowatt hours.
(b). Gas. -
The characteristic features of the Austrian gas industry
in the inter-war period up to 1938, were a certain stagnation of the output as well as the almost complete dependence of the gas works on foreign coal coupled with the absence of alternative sources of gas such as coke oven works, and the predominant position of the Vienna works which accounted for almost 90 percent of the country's total production. In 1938, there were 27 gas works
of which 18, including the two works in Vienna, were owned by municipalities while 2 works were owned by municipalities but leased to a private company, and 7 works were owned by private companies. panies were German, the fourth being Austrian. Three of the four private comThey were:
Gesellschaft fuer Gasindustrie, Munich, operating the works of Steyr, Carinthia, and Moedling, Vienna area. Brandenburgische Elektricitaets-, Gas-und Kraftwerke A.G., Berlin, operating the works of Klagenfurt, Carinthia. Gas-und Kraftwerke, Berlin, operating the works of Wels, Upper Austria, leased from the municipality; Oesterreichische Gasbeleuchtungs-A.G., Vienna.
The gas production during the last ten years prior to the Anschluss decreased from 373 million cubic meters in 1929 to 313 million cubic meters in 1935 but picked up again in subsequent years following table shows the
production and consumption of gas and by-products:
66
(b). Gas (continued)
Production and Consumption of Gas and By-Products1 1936 (thousands of cubic meters)
(1) Gas.
District
-I--
--
--1
TOTAL :
-:for street
Production
Consumption of which sold for domestic and indus-
illumination
own con loss in sumption trans of works mission
----
trial use.
Vienna
..........
308,657
8,005
.. 6,800 2,350
308,692 : 8,009 : 6,801 2,350
7,037 368 1,057
253,759 6,091 4,916
39,586 556 248 24 67

21
8,310
994
Lower Austria Upper Austria

Salzburg ......
580
344 614
126
1,982
Styria .......... Carinthia .......
7,013 917 5,717

918
7,023
917
345
-
5,997
770
Tyrol ........... Vorariberg ...... TOTAL .....
5,723
4,984 1.,281
279,780
200' 7
40,709
539 89 11,596
--
1,4051/
340,920
28
8,835
340,377
The city of Dornbirn, Vorarlberg,
is
supplied
from Switzerland.
-s-
--
07
(b).
Gas (continued)
67
(2) By-Products (metric tons).
District
Coke Tar
Production Annoi
Anianonia
water
water
Coke
Sales
Tar
Ammo nia
pitch
Vienna'....
raw
concentrated
513,848
29,113 689 751 239 674 97 493

142
2 L,905
64 13 5 15
144
14
387,990 6,581 7,204
29,179 681 715

242
1,935
Lower Austria 10,933 Upper Austria 10,710
Salzburg ...
Styria ..... Carinthia Tyrol ...... Vorarlberg..
2,251 6,559 517 9,003

2,061
1,359 5,134 303
632 39 428
140
75
18
7,074
18
1,396
--------' -~ ----~ -
TOTAL ....
555,882
32,198
2,020
225
417,041
32,056
2,028
---
-I
1/
Ammonium sulphate: 6312, Besides, the gas works of Vienna produced in 1936: benzol: 6,535 metric tons, and sold of the latter pure AEDKonia:641, and
6,362 tons.
over
The amount of coal required by the gas works
in
1936-,was
slightly
Czechoslovakia 700,000 metric tons of which 86 percent came from respectively. 2 percent were imported from Germany and Poland, amount of domestic coal (1933: As to coke, which is
while 12 and Usually a small
1,375 tons) was admixed to the imported coal. the gas works, there
one of the major by-products of
being used for central heating. is a good market in Austria, a considerable amount to meet the demand, and coke The domestic production is, however, not sufficient had to be imported prior to 1938. a rising tendency and was After the Anschiuss, the gas production showed estimated at 450 to 500 million cubic meters for 1944. This estimate includes
(b). Gas (continued)
the gas production of the new Hermann Goering Steel Works at Linz which is, however, believed to be consumed mainly by the adjacent chemical works. Some research was reportedly undertaken with regard to the possibilities of manufacturing gas from lignite but production on a commercial basis probably has not been started. In the course of prospecting for oil, some natural gas has been found, and by 1944 a few natural gas fields northeast of Vienna were known to be in operation. While, according to the available information, some of the natural piped to Vienna, it is believed that a considerable part is
gas production is
used on the fields. In the inter-war period, Austria had reached a comparatively high level of gas consumption, and there appeared only a small margin for further expansion, except for industrial use and heating. Consumption in households which, in
1936, accounted for 71 percent of the gas sold, was slowly shifting to electricity which was not only considered more convenient and economical but did not require the importation of foreign coal. It appears quite possible that after
the large-scale expansion of the Austrian electric power production during the war, the trend will continue in that direction.
D. Organization and Government Control-(a) Cartels and concentration. The formation of cartels and similar
forms of concentration dates back to the time before the First World War. During the years following that war the concentration process made progress but never gained an importance comparable to that in Germany. Cartels in
the broad sense of the word were not only tolerated in Austria but used by the government in an advisory capacity or as instruments in carrying out the rationing of raw material, marketing of goods, whole industries. or other measures affecting
With the increasing regimentation of Austria's economy,
the existing cartels were used as convenient tools in the overall control system (see also the following chapter). (b) Manufacturers Associations and Industrial Chambers. 1934, the Chambers of Commerce, Prior to
Trade and Industry (Kammern fuer Handel,
Gewerbe und Industrie) in the various provinces were the official representatives of Austrian industry (including mining) and trade, replacing the old Chambers of Commerce and Trade inaugurated in 1868. Their duties and functions are outlined in the law of February 25, 1920 (Official Gazette No. 98). Their activities included the preparation
of reports, opinions and proposals in all matters concerning industry and trade, compilation of statistical data, and statements on trade practices. The Chambers of Commerce, Trade and Industry were under the supervision o of the Minister of Commerce and Transportation, and were required to make the information in their files available to the federal and local governments. The members of the Chambers were appointed from the economic sectors concerned.
The craftsmen were organized in compulsory guilds, the so-called Craft Associations (Gewerbegenossenschaften). They were based on the
Craft regulations of 1859 which clearly define the scope of their activities, Their main objective was to promote the social, educational They were headed by the
and professional interests of their members.
Central Association of Austrian Craft Associations (Hauptverband der Gewerbeverbaende Oesterreichs) in Vienna, Oh a'regional level each
craft association was subdivided into province and district associations. In addition, there were so-called free associations which took care They
of the special interests of individual groups of industry and trade. included the following:'
Central Association of Austrian Industry (Hauptverband .der Industrie Oesterreichs), Vienna, closely affiliated with similar associations in the individual provinces. Central Association of Austrian Merchants (Hauptverband der Oesterreichischen Kaufmannschaft),: ienna. Lower Austrian Craft Association (Niederoesterreichischer Gewerbeverein), Vienna. Tyrol Manufacturers Association (Tiroler Industriellenverband), Innsbruck. The situation was basically changed by the constitution of May 1, 1934, repudiating the liberal democratic provisions of the previous constitution and declaring a "christian, federal state on a corporative basis," and at the same time, providing for an authoritarian regime patterned after the Italian and German models. Provisions were made for four appointive
advisory councils one df which was to be a Federal Economic-Council
IIIIboo
consisting of 70 to 80 representatives of agriculture, industry, commerce, and finance. wiile existing cartels and other industrial
organizations were permitted to carry on, they gradually were brought in line with the ideas of the corporate state. After the Anschluss,
the German cartel laws as well as the German system of self-governing compulsory trade associations were extended to Austria. The former
cartels were amalgamated with the new associations and formed an integral part of the totalitarian economic control organization which is in Civil Affairs Handbook, "Germany" Section 2T: Government and described
Administration - Economic controls in Nazi Germany. At the beginning of 1942, industry and trade were organized in the following compulsory National Groups and their regional and occupational subdivisions.
Compulsory Trade Associations and

Reichwirtschaftskanmer
-
Their Subdivisions
Reich Economic Chamber
Berlin NW 7,
Neue Wilhelmstrasse 9
National groups (Reichsgruppen):
Reichsgruppe Industrie:
National group -
Industry:
Berlin W 35, Tirpitzufer 56/58

Reichsgruppe Handel: Berlin-Schoeneberg, Reichsgruppe Handwerk: National group - Commerce: Salzburger Strasse 21 National group Crafts:
Berlin NM 7, Neustaedtische Kirchstrasse 4/5

Reichagruppe Banken:
-
National group - Banks:
Berlin
W 8,
Franzoesische Strasse 16
Regional Office: Economic. group Private Banking Central Association of
WirtschaftsBezirksstelle: gruppe Privates Bankgewerbe Zentralverband des Deutschen Bank- und Bankiergewerbes,
banks and bankers.
Wien I/i, Wipplingerstrasse 33, IV.

Landesobmann der Reichsgruppe
Banken fuer die Ostmark:Dr. Hans Stiglsitner, Secretary general of the First Austrian Savings Bank, Wien I/i, Neutorgasse 17.
Provincial chief of the national group - Banks in Austria:
National group - Insurance: Reichsgruppe Versicherungen: Berlin C 2, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strasse 1 - 3. National group - Power works: Reichsgruppe Energiewirtschaft: Berlin W 50, Rankestrasse 1 Reichsgruppe National group Fremdenverkehr: Berlin W 60, Luetzowplatz 11 Tourist trade:
~ccr~aag
Wirtschaftskammern in der Ostmark
Economic Chambers in Austria Economic Chamber Vienna
Wirtschaftskanmer
Wien
Subdivisions: Jurisdiction - Districts Vienna and Lower Austria. Wien I, Stubenring
8/1O
Industrie- und Handeiskammex'- Division - Chamber of Industry and Commerce: abteilung: Wien I, Stubenring 8/1O Handwerkskaaxnerabteilung: Division - Chamber of Arts and Crafts : Wien I.Regierungsgasse 1
-
Handelsabteilung:
Division - Commerce: Wien 50, Schwarzenbergplatz 3.6
Economic Chamber "lSuedmark"t for Wirtschaftskammer Suedmark the districts of Styria and fuer die Gaue Steiermark Carinthia: und Kaernten: Graz, Burggasse 13
Wirtschaftskammer Oberdonau Economic Chamber 1 Oberdonau" for fuer den Gau Oberdonau: the district of Upper Austria: Linz, Landstrasse 49/1. Wirtschaftskarnmer Alpenland Economic Chamber ttAlpenland"t for fuer die Gaue Salzburg und the districts Salzburg and Tirol-Vorarlberg: Tyrol-Vorarlberg: I~nnsbruck, Meinhardstrasse 14
Industrieabteilungen
der
Wirtschaftskaunern
Ostmark. -
in der
Industrial Sections of the Economic Chambers in Austria.
Industrieabteilung der WirtIndustrial Section of the Economic schaftskammer Wien: Chamber Vienna: Wien 40/Il, Schwarzenbergplatz 4 (Haus der Industrie) Industrieabteilung der 'Wirt- Industrial Section of the Economic schaftskammier Suedimark: Chamber "Suedmark": Grazr Burggasse 13
-74-
Industrieabteilungen der Wirtschaftskammern in deir Ostinark.
Industrial
Sections of the
Economic Chambers in Austria.
Zweigstelle Klagenfurt der Branch Office Kiagenfurt of the industrieabteilung der Industrial Section of the Wirtschaftskammer Suedmark: Economic Chamber "lSuedmark"t: Kiagenfurt 2, Bahnhofstrasse 42
Industrieabteilung der
schaftskamier Oberdonau:
Industrial Section of the Economic Chamber "Oberdonau 1 t: Linz, S char it zerstras ise 2
-
Wirt-
Industrieabteilung der WirtIndustrial Section of the Economic schaftskammer APlpenland: Chamber ttAlpenland"f: Innsbruck, Meinhardstra Zweigstelle Vorarlberg der Industrieabteilung der Wirtschaftskamnier Alpenland: Feldkirch, Branch Office Vorarlberg of the Industrial Section of the Economic Chamber "tAlpenland"l: Schiossergasse 1
-
Zweigstelle Salzburg der Branch Office Salzburg of the Industrieabteilung der Industrial Section of the Economic Wirtschaftskainmer Alpenland: Chamber "Alpenland": Salzburg, Faberstrasse 18 Die Bezirkliche Gliederu~ng Der Wirtschaftsgruppen und Fachgruppen der Reichsgruppe Industrie in der Ostmark. Regional Subdivision of Economic Groups and Occupational Sections of the National Group Industry in Austria.
Regional Group "Ostmark t of the Bezirksgruppe Ostmark der Wirtschaftsgruppe Bergbau: Economic group - Mining: Wien l/I, Nibelungengasse 13 Bezirksgruppe Ostmark der Wirtschaftsgruppe Eisen scha. fende Industrie: Group "Ostmiark" of the Economic group - Ironworking Industry: ~ien 1/I, Nibelungengasse 13
-Regional
Fachgruppe Edelstahl, GeschaeftsOccupational group stelle Wien: Vienna Office. WVien 1/I, Nibelungengasse 13 Wirtschaftsgruppe Metallindustrie, Zweigstelle Ostmark:
Wien
Special Steel,
40/Il1,
Economic group - Metals Industry, Branch Office "tOstrnark"t: Schwarzenbergplatz 4
Die Bezirkliche Gliederung Der Wrts chaftsgruppefl und Fachgruppen der Reichsgruppe Industrie in der Ostmnark.
Regional Subdivision of Economic Group nccuational Sections of the National Group Industry in Austria.
Economic group Foundry Industry, Wirtschaftsgruppe GiessereiBranch Office "Ostmarktt: Zweigstelle Ostmnark: Industrie, Wien 40/I11, Schwarzenbergplatz 4 Economic Group Motor Fuel Industry., Wirtschaftsgruppe KraftstoffRegional Agent for the Economic industrie, Bezirklicher Chamber, District of Vienna: Vertreter fuer den Wirtschaf'tsWien: kaminerbezirk Dr. Franz Angelberger, Mien 1/I, Schubertring 14 Liaison Office Vienna for the der Verbindungsstelle Economic Group Steel and Iron Wirts chaftsgr-uppe Stahl- und Construction: Eisenbau: Wien 40/Ill, Schwarzenbergplatz 4
-
Wien
tegional Group tastmarktt of' the R Bezirksgruppe Ostmark der Occupational Group Central Fachgruppe Zentralzeizunlg Heating and Air Conditioning: und Lueftungsbau: Mien 1/I, Graben 29 Economic Group 'Machine Construction, Wirtschaftsgruppe Maschinenbau,. Branch Office Austria: Zweigstelle Ostmiark: Wien 40/I11, Schwarzenber&r Economic Group Electrical Industry, Wirtschaftsgruppe ElektroLiaison Office ffOstmarktt : industrie, Verbindungsstelle Ostmark: Mien 50/IV, Lothringerstrasse 4 Economic Group Fine Mechanical and Wirtschaftsgruppe Feinmnechanik und Optik, Verbindungsstelle Ostmark: Optical Industry, Liaison Office "Ostmark": Mien 65/VIII, Piaristengasse 17
Wirtschaftsgruppe Eisen-,
Economic Group Manufacture of Iron, Stahl- und Blechwarenindustrie, Steel and Sheet Metal Products, Branch Office "Ostmark"t: Zveigstelle fuer die Ostmark: Mien 40/Il1, Schwarzenbergplatz 4
Economic Group Hardware Industry and Wirtschaftsgruppe Metallwaren Related Branches of Industry, Branch und verwandte Industriezweige, Office "Ostmark": Zweigstelle fuer die Ostmark: Schwarzenbergplatz 4 Mien 40/I11,
Die Bezirkliche Gliederung der Wirtschaftsgruppen und Fachgruppen der Reichsgruppe Industrie in der Ostmnark.
Regional Subdivision of Economic Groups and Occupational Sections in Austria.
Branch Office of the Economic Group Zweigstelle Ostmark dc Stones and Earths: Wirtschaftsgruppe Ste sine und Erden: Wien 50/IV, Brucknerstrasse 4 Fachgruppe Zementindustrie : Fachgruppe NaturstEeine Lbnfuer den Wege-, B~ and Wasserbau:
-
Occupational Group Industry:
Cement
-Occupational
Group
-Natural
Stones for the construction of Roads, Railways, and Waterworks: Wien 50/IV, Brucknerstrasse 4
-Occupational
Fachgruppe Kalkindustrie:
Group
Lime
Industry: Wien 50/IV, Brucknerstrasse 4 Occupational Group - BrickFachgruppe Ziegelindustrie, making, Section XV, "tOstmarktt: Bezirk XV, Ostmark: Wien 50/IV, Prinz-Eugen-Strasse 4
-
Wizts chaftegruppe Bauindustrie, $ezirksgruppe Ostmark:

Wien 1/I, Dr.
Economic Group Building Industry, Regional Group tIOstmIarkfl:
-Kari-Lueger-Ring
10
Economic Group - Woodworking Wirtschaftsgruppe Holz Industry, Regional Group "Ostmark"': verarbeitende Industrie, Bezirksgruppe Ostmark: 'Nien 40/Ill,.Schwarzenbergplatz 4 Sub-group - Manu-Occupational Fachuntergruppe Serienmoebelindustrie, Bezirkgruppe Ostmark: facture of Standardized Furniture, Regional Group "Ostmark": Wien 40/111, Schwarzenbergplatz 4 Economic Group - Manufacture of Wirtschaftgruppe PapierPaper Products, Regional Group verarbeitung, Bezirksgruppe fitmark"l: Ostmark: Wien 40/III, IUngargasae 9
-
.Fachgruppe Papierveredelung
Occupational Group - Paper Finishing and Wall Paper, District of "Ostmark1? : Wien 101/V, Nobilegasse 23
-
Die Bezirkliche Gliederung der Wirtschaftsgruppen und Fachgruppen der Reichsgruppe Industrite in der Ostmark. Fachgruppe Industrielle Buchbinderei, Bezirk Ostmiark:
Regional Subdivision of Economic Groups and Occupational Sections of the National Group Industry in Austria. Occupational Group - Industrial Bookbinding, District of'
Wie~n 50/IV Mittersteig 13

-
Fachgruppe Pappen verarbeitende Industrie, Bezirk Ostinark:

;';ien
Occupational Group - Paper Manufacturing Industry, t District of' "Ostmark" :

-
40/I11,
Rechte Bahngasse 24
-
26
Wirtschaf'tsgruppe Lederindustrie, Geschaefstelle fuer die Ostmark:
Economic Group - Leather Industry, Business Office for the "Ostmark' t : Wien 40/111, -Schwarzenbergplatz 4
Occupational Group - Leather Fachgruppe Leder Industry, Regional Group erzeugende Industrie, Ostmark: Bezirksgruppe 'Tien 40/I1, Schwarzenbergplatz 4 Occupational Group - Manufacture Fachgruppe Lederwareni of' Goods and Trunks, Regional und Koffer-industrie, Group "tOstznark": Bezirkagruppe Ostmiark: Wien 40/1I1, Schwarzenbergplatz 4
-
Fachgruppe Schuhindustrie, Bezirksgruppe Ostmnark:
Occupational Group - Footwear Industry, Regional Group ItOstmark"t: 'lien 40/I11, Schwarzenbergplatz 4
-
Economic Group - Texctile Industry, Wirtschaf'tsgruppe Texct ilindustrie, Regional Group, "tOstmarkt : Bezirksgruppe Ostmiark: Wien 40/Il1, Schwarzenbergplatz 4 Branch Office For the Economic Zweigstelle fuer den Wirtschaf'tsChamber, District of' "Alpenland"t: kammerbezirk Alpenland: Dornbirn, Vorarlb ergn The address of all the following Regional Groups and Branch Offices_ is W'ien 40/111, Schwarzenbergplatz 4: Bezirksgruppe Ostmark der Fachgruppe Baurawollepinneri Regional Group "Ostrnark" of the Occupational Group Cotton Spinning.
_ 78 -
Bezirksgruppe Ostmark der Fachgruppe Leinen, Halbleinen und Schweweberei.
Regional Group "Ostmark" of the Occupational Group Weaving of Linen, Half-linen and For Other Heavy Weaving. Regional Group "Ostmark" of the Occupational Group Cotton Weaving. Regional Group "Ostmark" of the Occupational Group Cloth and Yardgoods Manufacture. Branch Office "Ostmark" of the Occupational Group Silk and Pile Fabric Manufacture. Branch Office "Ostmark" of the Occupational Group Knitwear and Hosiery. Branch Office "Ostmark" of the Occupational Group Manufacture of Ribbons, Braids, Trimmings, and
Laces.
Bezirksgruppe Ostmark der Fachgruppe Baumwollweberei Bezirksgruppe Ostmark der Fachgruppe Tuch und Kleiderstoffindustrie. Zweigstelle Ostmark der Fachgruppe Seiden- und Samtindustrie, Zweigstelle Ostmark der Fachgruppe Wikerei und Strickerei. Zweigstelle Ostmark der Fachgruppe Band- und Flechtartikel-, Posamenten- und Kloeppelspitzenindustrie. Zweigstelle Ostmark der Fachgruppe Textilveredelungsindustrie. Zweigstelle Ostmark der Fachuntergruppen industrielle Kleiderfaerberei und chemische Reinigung und industrielle Waescherei. Zweigstelle Ostmark der Fachuntergruppe Maschinenstickerei, Dorbirn.
Branch Office "Ostmark" of the Occupational Group Textile Finishing Industry. Branch Office "Ostmark" of the Occupational Sub-group Industrial Dying of Apparel, Dry-cleaning, Commercial Laundries. Branch Office "Ostmark" of the Occupational Sub-group MachineEmbroidery, Dornbirn.
rll
- 79
Die Bezirkliche Gliederung der Wirtschaftsgruppen and Fachgruppen der Reichsgruppe Industrie in der Ostniark,
Regional Subdivision of Economic Groups and Occupational Sections of the National Group Industry in Austria.
Wirtschaftsgruppe BegleidungsEconomic Group - Clothing Industry, industrie, Zweigstelle fuer Branch Office for Austria; die Ostmark: Wien 1/I, Lobkowitzplatz 2
-
Wirtschaftsgruppe LebensmuittelEconomic Group - Food Industry, industrie, Zweigstelle fuer Branch Office for Austria; die Ostniark: Wien 40/III, Schwarzenbergsplatz 4 Fachgruppe GetreidemuehlenOccupational Group industrie: Industry: Wien 1/I, Schwedenplatz 2 Fachgruppe Suesawarenindustrie: Industry: Wien 1/I, Elisabethatrasse 13
-Occupational
Grain Milling
Group
Confectionery
Fachgruppe Kaffee-ErsatzOccupational Group - Coffeeindustrie: Substitute Industry. Wien 40/Ill, Schwarzenbergplatz 4 All matters relating to the following groups are handled by the Economic Group Food Industry, Branch Office platz 4: Fachgruppe Brotindustrie Fachgruppe Fleischwarenindustrie Fachgruppe Fischindustrie Fachgrruppe Oelrnuehlenindustrie Fachgruppe Margarineindustrie Occupational Group Bakeries Occupational Group Meat Packing Industry Occupational Group Fish Produ ts Industry Occupational Group Oilmi lls Occupational. Group Margarine Industry for Austria, Wien 4'O/IIt, Schwarzenberg-.
Fachgruppe Milchindustrie Fachgruppe Obst- und Gemueseverwertungsindustrie Fachgruppe Staerkeindustrie

-
Occupational Group Dairies Occupational Group Canned Fruits and Vegetables Industry
Occupational Group Starch

Industry
Fachgruppe Naehnnittelindustrie Fachgruppe Futt'erttelindustrie Fachgruppe Kuehlindustrie
Occupational Group Prepared

Foodstuffs Industry Occupational Group Fodder Industry
Occupational Group Refrigeration

Industry
Fachgruppe Schaumweinindustrie Fachgruppe Mineralwasserindustrie
Occupational Group Production of Sparkling WNines Occupational Group Production of. Mineral Waters Occupational Sub-group Production of Vermouth Wines Occupational Sub-group Production
Fachun1ergruppe
Wernutwein-
industrie
Fachuntergruppe Essenzenindustrie Fachuntergruppe industrie Fachuntergruppe industrie Essing-
of Essences (Syrups and Flavors)

Occupational Sub-group vinegar Industry Occupational Sub-group Mustard Industry Regional Subdivision of Economic Groups and Occupational Sections of the National Group Industry in Austria.
Senf-
Die Bezirkliche Gliederung
der Wirtschaftsgruppen und

Fachgruppen der Reichsgruppe Industrie in der Ostmark.
Economic Group Breweries and Malthouses, Wirtschaftsgruppe Brauerei und Regional Group tlOstmarkft: Maelzerei, Bezfrksgruppe Ostmark: Wien 1/ I, Stock-im-Eisen-Platz 3-4
Regional Group tOstmark8t of Economic Bezirkegruppe Ostmark der Group Sugar Industry: Wirtschaftsgruppe Zuckerindustrie: Wien 1/I, Landskrongasse 1
~-~-C~s~
Die Bezirkijh Gliederung der Wirt echaftsgrppen mnd Fachgruppen der Reichegruppe Industrie in der Ostmark.
-Economic
Regional Subdivision of Economic Groups and Occupational Sections of the National Group Industry in Austria.
Wirtschaftsgruppe Glasindustrie: Group Glass industry, Vertrauensmann fuer die Qatmark: Representative for Austria: Direkton Ing. Ferdinand Winteraberger, Wien 50/IV, Rechte Wienzeile 29
Wirtschaftsgruppe
Kerami .sche
inf
Industrie, Zweigstelle der Gstmark t

Wirtschaftsgruppe Saegeindustrie, Bezirksgrup~
Economic Group Ceramics Industry, Branch Office in Austria:
Wien 1/I, Rosengasse 2

-
Qatmark:
Economic Group Saw Mill Industry, Regional Group
Salzburg, Faberatrasse 18 Bezirksuntergruppe Kaernten: Regional Sub-group Carinthia: Klagenfurt, Bahnhofstrasse 36 Bezirksuntergruppe NiederRegional Sub-group Lower donau und. Ckoss-ien: Austria and Greater Vienna: Wien 40/III, S chwarzenbergplat z 4
Bezirksuntergruppe
Oberdonau:
Regional Sub-group Upper Austria:
Linz, Hessenplatz 8 Bezirksuntergruppe Salzburg: Regional Sub-group Salzburg: Salzburg, Faberstrasse 18 Bezirksuntergruppe Steiermrk.Regional Sub-group Styria:
Graz, Krefelderstrasse 53 Bezirksuntergruppe Tirol mit Regional-Sub-group Tyrol and 'Vorarlberg: Vorarlberg: Innsbruck, Meinhardtstrasse 14 Wirtachaftagruppe Chemiache -Economic Group Chemical Industry, Industrie, Zweigstelle Ostmark: Branch Office, "Ostmarkfl: Wien 40/IIl, Reisnerstrasse 50
rr
--
4-I
-4L
Die Bezirkliche Gliederung der Wirtschaftsgruppen und Fachgruppen der Reichsgruppe Industrie in der Ostmark.
Regional Subdivision of Economic Groups and Occupational Sections

of the National Group Industry
in -Austria.
Bezirksgruppe Ostmark der Regional Group tOstnarktt of the Wirtschaftsgruppe der Economic Group Pulp and Paper Papier-, Pappen-, ZelistoffIndustry: und Holzstofferzeugung: Wien 56/IV, Gumpendorfertrasse 6 W'irtschaftsgruppe Druck, Bezirkegruppe Ostmnark Economic Group Painting, Regional Group "Ostmark":
FLen 1/I, Gruenangergasse 4

Zweigstelle der Wirtschaftsgruppe Spiritusindustrie fuer die Ostmnark: Mien 40/III,
-
Branch Office of the Economic Group

Alcohol Industry for Austria:
Daffingerstrasse
Bezirksgruppe Ostmark der Regional Group tOstmarkt of the Fachgruppe TrinkbranntweinProducers of Distilled Alcoholic hersteller: Beverages: Wien 50/IV, yiedner Haupttrasse 64 Vertrauensausschuss Ostmark der Fachgruppe KartoffelAustrian Committee for the Occupational Group Potato- Alcohol Distilleries: Daffingerstrasse 1
brennareien:
Wien 40/IIL,
All matters relating Office "Ostmarktl
to
the following group handled by the Branch
group of the Economic Group Alcohol, Vienna 40/ILl
Daffingerstrasse 1: Fachgruppe Melassebrennereien

-
Occupational Group Molasses Distilleries Occupational Group Fermentation Industry Occupational Refineries Group Spirits
Fachgruppe Hefelueftungs-
brennereien Fachgruppe Spiritusreinigungsanstalten

Fachgruppe
Weinbrennereien
Occupational Group Wine Distilleries
e4 .
1"M
83
Fachgruppe Kornbrennereien Fachgruppe Klein- uxnd Obstbrennereien Die Bezirkliche Gliederung der Wirtschaftsgruppen and Fachgruppen der Reichsgruppe Industrie in der Ostmark, Fachgeraeinschaft Eisen- und Metallindustrie:
-
Occupational Group Grain Distilleries Occupational Group Fruit and &uall Scale Distilleries Regional Subdivision of Economic
Grous
and
Occupational
Sections
of the National Group Industry in Austria. Occupational Union Iron and Nonferrous Metals Industry:
Bezirksfachgemeinschaft AlOccupational Union for the penland: 'District "Alpenland": Innsbruck, Meinhardtstrasse 14 Bezirksf achgemeins chaft Occupational Union for the Oberdonau: District of "Oberdonaut t: Linz, Scharft ~zerstrasse, 2
-
Bezirksfachgemeinschaft Suedmark: Graz, Burggasse 13

-
Occupational Union for the District of 1 Suedmark t
Bezirksfachgezueinschaft Wien:
Occupational Union for the District of Vienna: 40/111, Schwarzenbergplatz 4

-
Industrie-und Handelskammuern:
-
Chmbrs of Industrn
Cerce:
Industrie-und Handelskammer Chamber of Industry and Commerce fuer das Gaugebiet Niederdonaufor the District of ttNiederdonau"St. Poelten: St. Poelten: Wien 1/I, Loewelstrasse 20 Industrie-und Handelskanmer Chamber of Industry and Commerce for fuer das Gaugebiet Wien: the District of Vienna: Wien 1/I., Stubenring 8 - 10 Industrie-und Handelskammner Chamber of Industry and Commerce for fuer das Gaugebiet Oberdonau: the District of "tOberdonauff: Linz, Landstrasse Industrie--und Handelskarmer Chamber of Industry and Commerce for fuer das Gaugebiet Salzburg: the District of Salzburg: Salzburg, Faberstrasse 18
Industrie-und Handelskammern.
Chambers of Industry and Commerce.
Industrie-und Handelskamnmer Chamber of Industry and Commerce for fuer das Gagebiet Tirol the District of Tyrol without ohne Vorarlberg: Vorarlberg: Innsbruck, Meinhardtstrasse 14
Industrie-und Handeiskammer
fuer den Bezirk Vorarlberg: Feldkirch
Chamber of Industry and Commerce for

the District of Vorarlberg:
Industrie-und Handeiskammer Chamber of Industry and Commerce for fuer das Gaugebiet Steermark: the District of Styria: Graz, Burggasse 13 Industrie-und Handelskammer fuer das Gaugebiet Kaernten: Kiagenfurt, Chamber of Industry and Commerce for the District of Carinthia: Bahnhofstrasse 42
By the decree of April 20, 1942,
the Chambers of Industry and Commerce
were merged with the afore-mentioned self-administering, compulsory trade

associations Chambers). into so-called "Gauwirtschaftskammer" (Regional Economic
(c) Subsidies,
Subsidies in independent Austria were granted mostly by
the government for example, in order to keep the state-owned railways and air lines operating, or to alleviate the damage suffered by Austrian exporters as a result of the devaluation of several foreign currencies in 1936. The only general private subsidy agreement was the one existing
in the Austrian iron and steel industry between the Alpine Montangesellschaft and the iron and steel finishing industries. The arrangement .provided for
rebates given to Austrian exporters cutting down the cost of the iron and steel going into the exports, in exchange for a high tariff protection of the
basic industry.
After the
Anchuss,
Austria was included into
the
in involved German system of subsidies, which has been covered

report (see bibliography).
a separate
Cd) Public Monopolies.
There are state monopolies for tobacco, salt,
lotteries, explosives, as well as for postal telephone and telegraph services, and for radio transmissions. The tobacco and powder monopolies
have been covered in the chapter on industry. After the Anschluss, the German match monopoly was extended to Austria effective April 1. 1939. Accordingly, the existing match producers listed
[onopolgesellschaft, profits had to Berlin.
below became members of the Deutsche 2uendwaren They were accorded a production quota while their on to the Reich:
be passed
"Solo" Zuendwaren-und Chemisehe Fabriken A.G., Vienna.
"Sirius" A.G. Vorm. Hermann Weiffenbach, Zuendwaren, Vienna. Pyrotechnikund

Salzburger Zuendwarenfabril near Salzburg.
Fabriken fuer
Handler & Pfifferling,
Hallwang
"Bibi" Zuendel' G.m.b.H., Jarolden near Waidhofen A.D. Lower Austria; Later merged with "Solo."
The totalitarian regime which was gradually extended to that
Thaya,
incorporated
Austria established also in agricultural
country monopoly marketing bodies for raw materials which were in charge of the
products and industrial
the supply and distribution
of the commodities concerned.
Moreover,
overall economic control brought the country, like a
Germany, very close to and
system of foreign trade monopoly controlling not only the quality
quantity of the traded goods but also determining the price which the foreign trader was permitted to pay or ask,, a s well. as the country of origin or
destination.
86
(e) Patents and Trademarks. Patent Union.
Austria is a member of the International
The Austrian patent law of January U, 1897, revised and
amended in 1925 (Official Gazette No. 366) covers all inventions which can be commercially utilized for a period of 18 years. Industrial designs
and models are protected for a period of up to three years by the laws of December 7, 1858 and September 23, 1865 (lllustersshutzf). are protected for a period of ten years ("Iaarkenschutz"). Trademarks
The legal basis'
is the law of January 6, 1890 as revised and amended by the laws of July 30, 1895, and March 17, 1913, and by the decree of July 12, 1923 (Official Gazette No. 392). Trademarks, according to the Austrian law, cover
special signs (symbols, ciphers, vignettes, etc.) which serve to distinguish certain goods and products to be used commercially from other similar merchandise. After the Anscluss, the German legislation regarding patents, industrial designs and trade marks was extended to Austria (Decree of April 28, 1938).
(E). Effects of War on Industry As pointed out in the chapters on the individual industries, the Austrian industry had been converted and expanded along the autarchy and rearmament principles of the German Four Year Plan immediately after the Anschluss. After the outbreak of the war, the industrialization program herever possible, industries still
was carried on. in a similar direction.
working for civilian consumption were shifted to war production, ard new war plants were erected. While prior to the Anschluss the production of was systematically expanded afterwards under
airplanes was very small, it
German control, and Vienna and parts of Lower Austria became major aircraft production centers. When air attacks oegan to destroy the production and again later when part of Austria was
facilities in Western Germany,
included into the area which was to be defended even after the occupation of the greater part of Germany, whole industrial plants in Germany were reportedly dismantled and shipped-to the mountainous parts of Austria.
PART T0:
COMMERCE
A. Domestic Trade-(a). Wholesale and Retail Distribution System -- A large part of the distribution system employed in the old Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was taken over and retained by Austria after 1919. The country being comparatively small,
does not have chain stores, super markets or mail order houses in the American sense. Retailing manufacturers or manufacturing retailers had not been develop-
ed to any important degree, and scientific merchandising methods were hardly yet applied. Although some centralized distribution on a limited scale was and several firms maintained branch
developed a few years before the Anschluss,
stores in other parts of the country the bulk of the distribution of consumer goods was done through the old system of thousands of small independent retail shops. It has been estimated by the Austrian Institute for Business Research
that the number of individual retail stores in Vienna had increased from 25,000 in 1914 to about 80,000 in 1933 although during that time the city's population decreased by more than 10 percent. Due to the fact that the retail trade had
to support a large number of people, the distribution costs were comparatively high; for example, the margin between the wholesale and retail prices of foodstuffs in 1933 was 36 percent which was already a decline of about 4 percent against 1932. In order to prevent a further increase in the number of retail
establishments, the City of Vienna was refusing the issuance of further licenses or the transfer of those outstanding when the owner discontinued operations. While Vienna's importance as a distribution center by far surpasses all other cities of the country, some provincial capitals, especially Lins, Graz and Innsbruck have considerably gained in importance. The Tobacco Monopoly had some 16,000 concessionaires in Austria selling
(a). Wholesale and Retail Distribution System (continued)
- 89 -
its products at a uniform price direct to the consumer.
The manufacturers of
automobiles conducted their own retail sales organization, and there were a few groups of agricultural producers selling their products cooperatively. The
amounts sold by agricultural cooperatives during the last two years before the Anschluss were as follows:
Turnover of Agricultural Cooperatives, 1936 and 1937 (number of cars) l_
of which Year Total : grain : fodder potatoes hay straw fertilizer seed other commodities
1936 1937
75,551 103,247
: 46,960 : 69,654
2,404 31
78
1,192
12,774 13,653
1,044 2,438
11,177 13,102
1,222
I/
One car may considered the equivalent of about 10 metric tons.
(b).
Consumer Cooperatives. --
There were several regional consumer
cooperatives, 300 stores.
the so-called "Konsumgenossenschaften" operating all together about The membership figures of the Vienna consumer cooperative may be The
considered indicative of the trend of the cooperative movement in Austria. number of members in the years 1930 to 1937 was as follows: 68,557, 70,180, 67,378, 67,853, 69,256, 70,281. 62,118, 66,977,
Prior to the dismemberment of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, in-transit shipments were an important part of Austria's commerce, and Vienna was the largest center of distribution in southeastern Europe. However, when each
succession state established its own free port to serve its industry, the volume
(b).
Consumer Cooperatives , (continued)
Ttl
of the Austrian in-transit trade was greatly diminished.
This decline not
only resulted in a loss of revenue from transportation, customs fees and commissions, but in a reduction of profits derived from the manufacturing and processing of semi-finished goods for reshipment as well. The following tables show Austria's in-transit trade both by commodities and by countries of origin and destination:
AUSTRIA
Transit Trade, By Commodities. 1932 (Metric Tons) 1936
Commodity Groups (Accrdiin
to Tariff
Classification)
19314
TOTSL......... ............................. Of Which: "Colonial produce" (coffee, tea, cocoa) .......... Spices ......................................... Tropical fruits ................................
1,505,812
1,527,317
1,600,746
1,645,278
1,654,305
3,750
2,225
2,979
432
132,202
1,653
1,212
Sugar, saccharin, etc.........................

Tobacco ........................
Cereals,
malt, legumes,
milling products, rice
...
Fruits, vegetables, plants.................... Meat animals, serviceable animals, and breeding
581 126,903 88,811 17,906 139,705 359,117

12,294
519 161,633 48,271

12,510
484
131,554
81,859
349
118,852 84,8943
306,349
320,125
70,189 10,363 252,474 365,800 7,671
9,378
211,085
10,165 221,355 379,907

12,7)41
326,161
5,693 25,277 29,557 3,080
stock ..........................
................
11,879
20,567
52,617
Other animals ................................... Products of animal origin ........................ Fats and oils ................................
16,665 37,067 4,639
21,367
29,353
23,760
23,643
Beverages .....
.................. .. . Foodstuff Coal, ores and earths..........................
................
. . .. ..........
48,101
4,3894
110,167
Materials for dyeing and tanning ...............

{.u'1s and resins ................................. .............. tar and shale tar r'roeum, lignite Cotton, cotton manufactures....................,
7,396
1,875
5,908 54,047 4,1)46 102,973 8,547
8,979
50,532
4.677 108,240
43,953
8,149
242,212
7,088 147,683
9,108 235,731
7,758
1,097
5,459
4,268
984
21,419
1,414
54,197
158
94,1495
52,110
551465
48,565
45,276
14,823 6,566 4,480 145
48,286 42,076
28,184
Flax, hemp,
Jute
and manufactures
...............
Wool, wool yarns and wool manufactures.......... manufactures........................ Silk, silk
14,917 5,146
29,136
7,197 5,663 164
52,102 17,362
9,004
4,240
172
6,702 5,099
161
6,509
249 1,119 231 35,040
Apparel
....
.....................................
Broom and sieve makers' supplies ....... ........ Miscellaneous straw, cane and similar merchandise not elsewhere classified .................... ........ ........ . Paper, paper wares Rubber, rubber manufactures...................... Oilcloth and oilcloth manufactures............... Hides, leather and leather products ...............
538 97
624
130
739
164
827
3143
34,071 9,335 679 10,335
122 72,410
37,166
2,992
32,317
2,1402
32,243
2,721
4,444
949 11,365
Furs and manufactures . .........................

Wood, wood manufactures; turning and carving turned or carved goods .............. materials, Glass, glassware"s... .............................. Stones, stonewares ............................ Porcelain and earthenware ..................... Iron and manufactures ............................ Nonferrous metals (except precious metals) and metal ware.................................. Machinery, apparatus ............................ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies ..... Vehicles..................................... Precious metals, precious and semi-precious stones, :..... and manufactures, including coins .........
539 7,568 236 '79,604

10,725
12,259
409 8,180 164
599
10,419
83
62,701 9,365
10,424
69 75,756
12,993
26,221
56,449
9,647
16,805.
21,666 6,526 99,790 11,867 29,580
11,331
14,532
15,105 78,.470 4,357 20,460 6,085 4,253 21 660 23 27,146

1,400
18,561
69,656 4,269
17,499 3,719
94,356
8,246
5,608 85,626 7,697 35,105 7,266 13,425

2
30,688
6,674
5,196
7,451
13,845
3,855 105 682

1,608
28,622 2,188
26 828 16 26,428
2,120
5
1,211 11 25,240
Scientific and professional instruments, watches

and clocks.................................. Salt......................................... Chemicals, drugs, perfumes and products, paints, candles, soaps ............................... Matches, fireworks, explosives, etc. ............. Toys, christmas tree ornaments .................... Books, paintings, and art goods.................. Waste materials, fertilizers .................... Merchandise incorrectly declared...............
1,261
7
21,422
1,358
341
361 40,303 4,658
"
90a
299 446 32354 6,613
322 587 49,051
40)4
566
16,508 9,105
1,895 404 662

11,995
7,886
6,611
- 90b -
AUSTRIA Transit Trade. By Countries, 1932-1936 (thousands of metric tons)
Amounts of Merchandise Countries of origin and destination 136 1935 1934 1933 _ 1932 Shipped ;Received Shipped: Received Shipped: Received Shipped: Received Shipped :Received to: from: to: from: to: from: to: :from: to: :from:
, 1 5
TOTAL........ :1,505.8 Of which: Germany ....... Italy ......... Poland ........ Rumania ...... : Switzerland ...: Yugoslavia .... Czechoslovakia.: Hungary ....... Other countries: 184.0
1,505.8 :1,527.3
1,527.3:1,600.7
1,600.7 :1,645.3
1,645.3 :1,654.3
4 19.
1,654.3
475.1
270.2
11.0
140.6
456.2:
567.2 68.5 62.6 21.4 114.2 291.4 116.8 79.7
600.5
51.9 29.7 22.1
111.0
245.3:
8.3 39.7: 361.5: 61.6: 252.6: 36.9: 65.2:
42.7 272.6 85.3 261.2 35.8
124.0 615.8 52.1 22.0
470.2
294.3 9.5
47.0 354.9 70.8 249.8
213.7 475.0
76.8 19.4
23.8
25.7
149.2 261.4 273.6 76.9
51.9
230.7 270.4 70.4
180.7 321.0
45.6
58.6
254.4
80.5
438.6 464.0 4.0 40.3 303.2 77.1 206.1 42.8 69.2
196.7
480.7
20.5 18.5 21.9 139.2 372.8 308.9
508.3 395.0 8.9 38.3 345.8 109.0
149.4 35.3
64.3
95.1
(b). Consumer Cooperatives (continued)
- 91 -
In 1937, Austria re-exported goods previously imported for further processing and reshipment in the amount of 203,766,000 shillings or 16.6 percent of its total exports, as against 169,175,000 shillings and 17.5 percent in 1936. Its re-imports of merchandise previously exported for further processing
were 84,669,000 shillings or 5.8 percent of total imports in 1937, as compared with 72,704,000 shillings and 5.7 percent, respectively, in 1936. The principal
commodities imported and exported for this purpose are listed in the following table:
-91a -
'1
AUSTRIA adise Ipotsan for Further Processing, 1936 Epotso Imports5 and. Exports5 of (a)Goods Imported T EeFinished and Then Reexported "Akt~ver;'{Yeredelungsverkebr)
H:
and 1937
IMP 1936 :Hundreds of Kilograms Thousands ~Thousands Schillinge-' 59,193

1
RTS
1j~1936
REE!XPORT 13 o1 sit Hundreds of Kilograms 29,0 Thousands

jf .HumdrdsoThuadso !ScilKiilo Schilling,'?
Hunidreds of
Kilograms 496,791
4Schiluing
70,900
TOTAL................. 345,523
Of which most important commodity groups: 45338899 Sausage casings ............ : ,333,914. Common resin; colophony ... Cotton yarns ................... 7,302 Cotton fabrics ........ f......17,838914,336 Ctomauatrs65b Wool manufactures ......... .... 2,793 1,156 Pure silk crepes ........... 3 Pure silk fabrics, including embroidered fabrics......... 2,326 0 Dresses....................: ---Lingerie ................... : 3,228 Papers ..................... ; 101 Paper wares .. f".......... Copper and copper alloy 1,772 manufactures.......: Automobiles (passenger cars): - numbers .................. : Automobiles (chassis, 1 including motors) numbers: New York on Vien:
6,1
45,1.11),0
2,92894.47
3,149)41,393 209 2,535 .7,070
: 2,209979
4,28,6) 231
4,001
4,415 4,226
9,9772209
7,321
b,895
22,1437 966
4,169 : 855 2,759
18,865
1,075
F
9,266
: 12,778 5,5652,16724
7,5902
10,851,9
3,372
3,751
1,280
2,2147
4,402 3,257 3,9614
1,936
5914
2,983 1956,339 ,911,1': 30,5014 3,798 3,1461
2,707
6,9889:
54
2,3617 ,5 125
,0
9
15 501
:
0
2,286
.
3
458
:'
1,9
1,5
,5
614
487
: :
99
F
49 7314
2,9144443144,0 :~g44 3,165 2,935 :3
2,121
394
810429
,)1
568
31 :
2,962:
2,956677,5
3
(b) Goods
1)4
export ed ;tObe
393
Average Exchange Rate, noon buying rates for cable transfers, finished and then reimported.
1937:
$ 0.1877.(,a~~ $ 0.1879;
t
EXPORTS
("asfVrdlnsekh,1 eed~nsekh~
MA uRTix0R vm
I .
1936 Huri~edsof 'Kilo grams

TOTAL ..................
"_
Thousands
-- Pnmix:
Hundreds of Kilograms 27,0514
1937
_1937
Thousands 9 Schilling.-'
L3
unrdofKilograms
- -- =-:
--of
a, .. _.
Schillings1J
-=1' 777
Hundreds of Kilograms
Thousands Q Schillings~
Thousands q
29,317
8,156
33,.215
9,560
23,688
13 ,521
13,769
Of which most important commodity groups: Silk, waste silk, including..

twists ...................
1,9 29
758
3,938
31 22
Rayon, including twists.., Pure silk crepes .......... Pure silk fabrics, including: embroidered materials .... : Part silk fabrics, .including: embroidered materials..:
4,170
3,557
2,14014 3,503
53
2,152 1,963
10
38
4,835
32
20
74
67 70
1,756
2,051
3,618
5,352 1,39
5,4514
1,190
173
139
238
736
g$9
Cc).
Depatment Stores. -- Department stores play a certain part in the

Not only is there
distribution of consumer goods in densely populated areas.
little, if any, official or organized private discrimination against such stores

but even during the war they reportedly fared better than the department stores
'in the Old Reich.
In spite of the fact that owing to the wartime contractions
~ n the civilian sector their staff as well as the quantity and quality of the
merchandise had to be reduced likewise, .they were in many instances able to maintain their pre-war sales levels.* Unlike the .department stores in the Old Reich which frequently carry only standardized low-price merchandise at certain "uniform" prices, the Austrian department stores are designed rather to meet the requirements of a small quality-minded group of the buying public. the Austrian department store plays, to some extent, the part 'Moreover,
of
a large-scale
show room where the customer takes a choice of the goods which he later purchases in a one-line shop. The Austrian association of department stores comprised 13
member stores of which only two were large and tree medium-sized stores while the rest were small enterprises. In -the spring 1943, three department stores
were reported closed down and their prnises wholly or partly used as hospitals. The chart on the following page shows the development of Austria's consumption of typical civilian goods in the second half of the inter-war periods
_____ ____
____ __
-9
DEVELOPMENT OF CONSUMPTION IN AUSTRIA

Austria /929=-100
"""
Vienna
VALUES
120
100
VOLUME
'eries
t00
80
Sales of Sugar
. .
60 40
120 100
/00 80
10080
Meat Consumption Giroceries Beverages

.... .
/00 80 60
100
Institute for Business Research.

Champagne
Source:
G rme~n
/00.. 80 60 40
100, 80
Tobacco Consumption
Total Cigars
Cigarettes
Cigarette
PiTobacco
/0080 60
120
100
/00
80
Mens
"+. ..."...
Dse
/00
100 80 60
Knitted Goods
Shoes
from Passenger Traffic
Income of State Railways
1929
LI.f.K.38
31
33
35 37
.1 ___________________________________________________
- 93 -
d). Markets and
irs. -- The operation of public markets is regulated The control over the
by the Trade Law (Gewerbeordnung) of December 20, 1859.
markets as well as the enforcement of the regulations is in the hands of the Market Police (Marktpolizei) which is a part of the local police organization, the latter issues market ordinances (Marktordnungen) covering chiefly technical details. Number, time and duration of public markets are regulated by the In addition to
higher administrative authority ("Obere Verwaltungsbehoerde").
of permanent and weekly markets, there are markets devoted to one special class commodity or held at a special time of the year. christmas markets have been most popular. While on the markets all goods displayed are for sale, the fairs, for the most part, are exhibitions of samples. Of the fairs held in Austria, the one Of these, the cattle and
of Vienna was the most important one, and was always visited by many foreign buyers. The so-called "Vienna International Fair" was instituted in 1921 with It used to be held twice a year, as a rule following The Vienna fairs comprised some forty groups of
public assistance.
immediately the Leipzig Fair.
exhibimanufacturers, mainly domestic but with an increasing number of foreign had tors, and emphasized products .in which Austrian industry and handicraft reached a high degree of perfection, such as leather goods, clothing, umbrellas, sticks, shoes, fashion articles, gold and silverware, toys, smokers' articles, musical instruments, iron and metal ware, paper manufactures, stationary, rubber vehicles, especially motor cars, agricultural machinery and implements, articles, glass and earthenware, furniture, woodenware, etc. In connection
progress with the Industry Fair an Agricultural Fair used to demonstrate Austria's in the field of agriculture and stock-breeding. year In addition to the Vienna Fair, a fair was held in the fall of each at Graz and at Innsbruck.
(d). Markets and Fairs

(continued)
94-
The Graz Fzir dating back to the year of 1906, showed mainly products of
the Styrian industries, especially the iron and steel works, sawmills, wood-
working
be visited
industries,
cellulose and paper mills, mining firms, etc.
It used to
by buyers from all parts of Austria, Northern Italy and the Balkans.
The Innsbruck Fair, founded in 1923, featured mainly Tyrolian manufactures, and merchandise of interest for the foreign trade with Italy. industrial and handicraft products, all products were districts, kinds of agricultural, In addition to garden and dairy
exhibited,
The visitors came chiefly frnm the Austrian Alpine
from Bavaria and from Northern Italy.
(e).
Peding.
--
Peddling is
regulated by the so-called eHauierpatent" The law limits the amount of
of 1852, revised by the law-of March 30, 1922.
merchandise sold through peddlers by prohibitin, ;the peddling ofg oods in quantities which would require for their transportation a draft animal. The trade is the use of a vehicle or
opera only to persons holding a special peddler's
license (hausierpass).
f employment in
ent
in
Ueserc
and
The Thde.following tables show the They supplement
commerce and trade in
the years 1930 and 1939.
the industrial employment figures listed in the chapter on industry, thus comprising all groups of employers covered by the census of those two years.
RIS
R I C TED
-94~4
INDUSTRIAL
AP
(Summnary of Census o
; /30)
NUMBER
4
OF
____PLN
Private 2 5 ea 1
bunesIor Wiht 1 employees ____________________________________________________________employees

(in German and
r
INDUSTRY GROUPS
English)
ees
6 -10 emtoyees 18,127
11- 20
2-0
eployeesemoye
,1756,2129
0 emlee
Insgesamt (Total (including Commxerce and Trade). "
"
"
"
"
..
36)52
5,297
x$0,901
147,711
Zweige d. Urporduktion (Branches of Primary Production)
. .
".
. .
"
1. Nichtlandw. Gartnerei, Tierzucht, Fischerei (Nonagricultural Gardening, Animal Husbandry, Fishing).

. .. . . .. . . . .
?40
.
13.
-
2.
Bergbau, Salinen, Torfgraberei (Mining, Salt Pits, Peat Cutting).

". "" .
.
"
{L12
,,
649 4
1,517
12
187 11
54
6403
Verarbeitende Gewerbe u. Industrien (Manufacturing and Processing Trades

and Industries)
............................... " ." . .
a
" *
3.
4.
nd, i. Steinen, Erden, Ton, Glas (Industries Extracting and Processing

Stones, Earth, Clay, Glass.) ... . ". .. ..... . .. Baugew, sant Hilfs- u. Nebengew (Construction Industry, Inc. Allied Branches .of Industry)......... . .. .. .. ":. . "..13
"..
".
3,Aa7 ~104 +322

'
40
1,108
1,289
330 1,438
110
229 '1,0531,7
337
6
5.
Elektrizita.tswerke, sonst. raftanlagen, Wasserwerke (Electric Power,Plants, Other Power Plants, Water Works) . " . .. . ..
3,932 77 156
401
5,574
289
" ", ;70

....
.
6. Eisen'- u. Mettalindustrie (Iron and Non-Ferrous Metal Industries). . Metallgewinnung (Extraction of Iron and Non-Ferrous a) Eis en- u, Metals).:...... ..... .................. .45... b) Eisen-, Stahl- u1. Metallwaren (Manufacturing of Iron~ Steel and other Metal ?Ware). ". . .. . . . " . . "*...... c) Maschinen-u. Fahrzeugbau, Mechanik, Optik (Machine and Vehicle Construction, Precision and Optical Instruments). * *" *..* d) Elektroindustrie (Electrical Equipment). ......".....". 7. Ind. i. Holz-,Flecht- Schnitzwar' Musikinstr.a.Holz, Tapezieergew '(Woodworking, Basketwork and Carving -Industries, Wooden Musical
Instruments, Upholstery) a) Holzindustrie (Woodworking
":.,
p44,76
9,190
2
11,578
1,721
2 1,206 469
63 826
1
5
7422
1 3
>-~j
5
9,219
2,276
1 , 1102
*
6,670 52
2
240
5234810
272 30713
566
4:.3
"
.
;,5*e* .
2,467 51s
14,359
237
78
12,301
44
1,315
Industry
.................... ) " . "...
. .
.
. .
b) 8. 9.
Verwandte Gewerbe d. Holzindustrie (Trades Allied with the . "" ." "" ". "".@". Woodworking Industry)." "..
.1 24.'5 2
29;2'
1; 2x6
208 12 20 2 19
110
12,036 1,527
796
10,527
957
817
1,100 147
469
76
2149
373
6
464
""
.*. . .*.. At"1 c) Tapezierergewerbe (Upholstery) Erz,u. Bearb, v. Leder, u. H~Aten (Manufacturing and Processing of
,1
1819
,9
1,97
68
1
Leather and Hides).
".
.....
"
.... 9......7_921
913
Textilindustrie (Textile Industry) ....
...
" "
..
"...."9
...
....
...
..
**~
9...
37
" .
10. 11. 12.
Bekleidungs- u. Putzwarenind (Clothing, Furnishing and Millineryss
1,978
1,785
1,255
22,662
280
1,917
2093217 776
.
Industries).
.. 9"9.....
...
6,27
38,251
13.
14.
Papiererzeugung u. -verarbeitung (Paper and Paper Products)..99. Graphische Industrie (Printing and Publishing Industry).. . .. Chem. Ind. S. Linol.- u. Gumminind (Chemical Industry, Inc.
Linoleum and Rubber Industries)....
and Tobacco Industry). .......
........
24 33
1428
294
41.9
515
186 114 164
399 921
496
142 229
169
134 149
131
Nahrungs- u. GenuBmittelind (Food Processing (Staples and Luxuries)

.......
.......
......
20
:**.
21,x!60
1
.277
1,101
5,808
79,336
12,356
70,617
1,844
9,608
643
4,8704,699
399
Verarb. Gewerb. u. Indust. zus., 3-14

Industries)..........
. .
...
(All
*.*......
Manufacturing and Processing

. . . . . ..
,9
-94b
OSMhAK 1932 AN~D EMPLOYMENdT IN CdOMMERCETRADE IN TH~E
OCCUJPATION
GROUPS AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS (in German and English)
VIENNA AREA Total No.
REST OF THE OSTMARK Total No. Males 57,805 24,742
Males
Warenhandel (Merchandising) day. Selbstandige (of which: Mithelfende Fsamilienangehorige Beamte .(Public Angestellte Arbeiter
100,975 31,591 employers and own accouhtworkers). (unpaid family members)...... . ...... 9,025, officials) .. .. ....... . ...... 7 .... 43,266 (Salaried employees). .. . . .. ... .. 17,086 .... ... .. (wage workers). ...
52,889
17,673 1,153
105,369 39,485
766
14,6,40
36,661 14,577 232
1,963
19,608
21,662
12,394 754 13,752

894 6,727 518
11,486
182 13,505
1,202 ........... Ein- und Ausfuhrhandel (Import and Export Trade).'... 30,019 Handel mit Nahirungs- und GenuBmittein (Trade in foodstuff and groceries). Handel mit Tabak (Trade in tobacco)...... . ..... ... ....... 3,654 . ... 14,525 Handel mit Texctilien usw. (Trade in textiles, etc.) .. .. .. .... 1,621 Handel mit Schuhwaren (Trade in footwear)....... . ... ..... . ... 773 Handel mit Leder und Fellen (Trade in leather and hides).. ........... 1,487 .... Handel mit Eisen and Metallen (Trades in iron and nonferrous metals). Handel nit .Eisen-und Metallwaren usw. (Trade in hardware and other metaiwear) .4,980 Handel mit Kraftfahrzeugen usw., Tankstellen (Trade in automobiles, etc., 3,025 gasoline stations). .. .. .... ........ 2,308 Handel mit Maschinen usw. (Trade in machines, etc.) ..... 1,71 Handel mit Baustoffen und Holz (Trade in building materials and lumber) , Handel mit Mo'beln, Mu~sikistrumenten usw. (Trade-in furniture, musical . .. 2,268 instruments, etc.). .. .... 7,066 . ...... Handel mit Chemikalien usw. (Trade in chemicals, etc.).. .. .. 1,181 Handel mit Edelmetallware, Uhren usw. (Trade in jewelry and watches, etc.). Handel mit Biichern und Zeitungen (Trade in books and newspapers).,.. .. . .... 2,571 Handel mit Papier- und Lederwaren (Trade in paper and leather goods). .. .. .. 4,719 Blumenhandel, Handel mit zoologischem Artikeln (Florists5 . trade . in zoological . . . . . .. . . 1,249 articles 4,006 . , Handel mit Kohlen, tind Brennmaterial (Trade in coal and heating material) 1,094 Handel mit Alt- und Abfaflstoffen (Trade in junk and waste materials) .. .... 565 .. .. .. ........ .... .......... Vichhandel (Trade in cattle). . ... 10,951. .'. Handel mit Waren aller Art (Trade in miscellaneous merchandise) .. .. ..
24,625 4,681
9,193 1,244
1,623
3,829
365 600
1,244 2,262 1,337 1,086 4,022 1,007 1,870 251
1,137 3,248
2,436 1,601 1,362 1,552 4,238
563
859
1,557
3,512
1,761 1,424
4,434
1,431 2,914
648
1,648
1,666
2,812 336
1,811
539
2,235 289
2,812 5,321 ,6
856 1,17686
1,370 512
658
496
1,574 37,991
,7
773
1,485 19,137
243 ,2
Vertagsgewerbe, Werbung, Immobilienhandel usw. (Publishing, Advertising, Real Estate, Etc.) day.
3067,6636 3,4
1,240 employers and own account workers) .. .. ..... Selbatlindige (of which: 3 U2431 Mithelfende Familienangehb rige (unpa, .d family members)..... .. . .. . .. . ... 159 . ...... .... (public officials). .. ... Beamte 5,265 . ........ (salaried employees).... Aigestellte 23,867 (wage workers). ............... Arbeiter ....... 5,447 . ... .... Verlag-gewerbe (Publishing) ... ... . ... Wirtschafswerbung, Verkehrsbiiros (Advertising agencies, travel bureaus,. and 1,447 services allied to transportation)... .. .. Immobilienhandel, Verleihung, Versteigerung (Real estate, pawnbrokers,and 23,752 auctioning).. .. .. . .......
853
152
3557
37
1,554
383
33
970 1,026 697
3,069 3,470
3,187 998 3,381
4,185
1,380508 4,488
335
1,391
GodVersicherungswesen (Investment, Brokerage, Banking, and - 94c . .... 18,111 Insurance Business). . .... dav. Selbstandige (of which: employers and own account. workers)... .. .. Mithelfende Pamilienangehbrige (unpaid family members).... .. .. .. .. ... ... ....... (public officials)..... Beamte . . . ... .. (salaried employees)....... Angestellte .. . .. ... . (wage workers)........ Arbeiter Gold-, Bank- und Borsenwesen (Investment,, brokerage, banking, and stock-g) Versicherung" (ohne Sozialversicherung). Sczialversicherung (Insurance (except social ("Social" insurance (sickness, unemployment old age, etc.)... ...... ....... 275 27 865 15,611" 1,333 8,858 6,008 . .. .. .. . 3,245 47,010 24,106 .7,299 15,605. 22,625 24,385
12,850 137 3 742 11,398 570 6,360 4,442 2,04,8 39, 290 21,150
10,567 182 3 625 9,148 579 .4,7~96 3,092 2,879 90,711
7,858 119
567
6,930 3,370 2,381 2,107 82,759 37,663 10,615 34,481 17,844 64,915 7.9, 432 4,523 172 4,111 14,723 10,203 1,41l9 3,087.
securitj)*
Reichspost und Reichsbahn (Reich-Post Office ,and Reich-Railroads) ..... . .. day. Besmte (of which public officials)......... ..... .. .. Angestellte (salaried employees)............ ArbeiteF (wags workers).... ........... Deutsche Reichspost (German Reich Post Office). .. ....... .. .. .. .. Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Reich Railroads)..... ..... .. .. .. .. Verkehrawesen (ohne ue chacost u. Reichebahn) (Transportation (except ..... ..... .. Reich Post Office and Reich Railroads)...... day. ......
3,427
14,713 16.,106 23,184
39,746
15,203 35,762 24,038 66,673
,0
04
30,175
3,128 740 4,056 22,191 14,650 9,650 2,095 3,780 17,794 4,089 2,678 10,699
2O, 600
4,411 174 10,682 4907 1,478 3,451 64,861 18,619 14,232 3,278 28,732 160,512
-2,518
Selbstindige (of which employers and own account workers).. ..... 355 Methelfende Familienangehorige (unpaid family members).. .............. 205 Beamte ( (public officials). ..... .......... 923 Angeste11te (salaried employees). .. ..... ....... 5,089 Arbeiter (wage workers). . ... .. .......... 22,629 Schienenbahnen, Flugverkehr (Rail transportation, air transportation) ... "1,5 Kraftfahr- und Fujirgewerbe (Transportation by motor and other vehicles) .. .1,5 See- und Kistenschiffahrt (Lake and Coastal shipping) .. .. ....... .... Blinnenschiffahrt (Shipping on inland waterways...... ... .. .. . .... . .. 2,355 Spedition und Lagerei (Moving and storing).. .. .... ... ......... 4,44 Gaststattenwesen (zugleich Wz. 581) (Hotels, Restaurants, and Allied Trades) . 37,108
4,575
21,305 11,920
1,142 1,492 6,743
day.
Selbstandige (of which Mithelfende Familienangehorige Beamte Angestellte Arbeiter
employers and own account workers). (unpaid family members)..... .. .. .. (public officials)...... .. .. .. .. . (salaried employees)... ....... ... (wage workers)........ .. .. .. .. ..
6,564 3,930 5,151 21,463
Verwaltung, NSDAP., Wehrmacht, Erziehung Kirche usw. ,(Administration, National Socialist Party, hArce Forces) 98,184 day. Selbstahdige (of which employers and owin account workers)... .. .... Mithelfende Familienangehorige (unpaid family members)...... .. .. .... . .. Beamte (public officials)....... . ..... .. . . Angestellte (salaried employees)....... ..... .. . . Arbeitei (wage workers) .. . . . .. ... Reichs-, Landes- und Gemeindeverwaltung (Federal, State . .and . local . . . . .. administration) Offentliche Arbeits- und Wirtschaftelenkung (Public control of labor and" economy)... .. ... ... . . ................ Wehrmacht (Armed forces). .. ..... .... .. .. Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reichlabor service)............ ....... . . Schul- und Bildungswesen (Education and culture). ... ..... .... .. usw. Betatigun; (Fine arts and related activities).. Freie 1onstlerische Kirchenwesen (Church),.. ...................... .. . . .... .. .. .. uechts-. und Wirtschaftsberatung (Legal and sconcaic consultation).... .. ..
73,037
2,570
119,846
2,108 7 70,373 26,734 20,624 43,568
3,384 46,50535,750 41
4
41,640
86 78,407
12,504
43,873 5,952 19,380 645 14,899 1,758
19,754
9,069
52,816 26,685 56,982 7,975

40,302 3,951 26,213 873 20,650 3,566
36,577
3,612 17,405
5,068
36,840 3,302 14,755 649 8,604 2,060.
566
7,518
4,159
8,690 1,247 2,671 2,269
19
o day.
u.
el spfleege, hyg.
Gewerbe (Public
Health, Sanitation,
.
etc.).
....
29,858
3,515
14,365
2,784
30,950
7,348
13,549
4,667
employers and own account workers) ". e (of BA~ch S L . ".. 11ithe1fende .?amil ienangeharige (unpaid family miiembers). ...
Beamte
*..
*.**2,017
145
" 13,534
(public officials)....
(salaried employees)
.
Amgestelite
Arbe iter
.. .
..
. ..
..
....
. . .
"
*.... *.
. . ". Vlkspflege and Fursorge (Social service and public .. . . .. kenpf lege (Hoes pit al a nd nursing). " " .. ,.. ff . " . . . Apotheken ( hamacies and drug stores)*. . . ...... . . Spoartweseu (Sports and physical training) . . . ......... Baie- end St - ~talten (Swimming pools and bathing establishments). " . " . s . " " . StraBenrein g g us . (Street cea lg, etc.) : . .. a . a . a . . . . Bestatt nswesen (Undertaking) ....... . ... ".
(wage workers) ..
.....
..... assistance)
10,647
.
e .
5,782 1,450 857
...
*
. 15,929
...
*
41,343
. ... "..
* .. .
Veterinvresenf
(VeterIMry services)
........ . .........
..
2,874 1,240 383
4 1,238 4,767 5,572 1,597 6,6)5 690 664 670 2, 700 1,076 333 5,984 2,719 13
24 3,228
284 1,459 12,738

-9,121
6,863
18,907
1,403 501 566 856 680 1,174 10,354 4,013 536 142 5,663 3,930 1,373 225 38 1, 737 557
2,502 614
40 1,182 4,274 3,386 1,650 7,971 821 360

246
789 575 1,137 6, 917 3,536 25 60 3,296 2,351 757 59 1,105 404
1,432
Friseurgewerbe (mugeich Wbz.631) (Hair Dressing and Barber. Shops)

day. employers and own account workers) Se is andige (of which 3enangehc rige (unpaid family members)........ .. Ii the 1eude F .............. (salaried empoyees)... Hagste ! Its (wage workers).. . ............ imbeiter Theater and 3Tus
Conioeins,
"10,074
". ....
3,1283
..
..
..
93 6,x77
"...
iresen, ure,,1 Schaustelinugagewerbe MIovixng Picture Ebbitions)

. . . .......
(Theaters
"i
and
i...
9,875
1,803
5,781 735
19
4ev.
employers and own account workers)... .. .. Selbstandige (of which . . .. . 3ithelfende Fasd ienangehnrige (unpaid family members) ,. . .. ((public officials) .. .. ........... eate (saaried employees). .. ........ .. ..... iAng Es t A'r~beiter (sage workers) .. ..... .......... Theater mud yansk, Rundfunk (Theaters, concerts, radio)........ .. .. .. Lichtspieltheater, Flrnidustrie ((Ginemas, moving picutre industry)..... ........... . Schaucteflungegewerbe (Exhibitions)........... E~usiche Dienste (Domestic Services)......... .... .
. ......
5,696
2,162
6,311
2,767
98 3,434 1,495 3,792 1,518 471 798

102
518 401
1,223
. .. ..
..
..
.....
..
45,795
762
80;228 667 79,561 55,304

24,924
day,
Agestelite (of which

frbeiter
salaried employees)
Dienstle stungen mit anfnakune in die private Pere .lche Hausgemeinschaft (Domestic help, sleepimg in)". ................... Personlihe Dienstleistungen ohue Aunahme in die private
Hausgemeinschaft (Other domestic help).
....
(wage workers)..........".
........
..
45,033
..
696
231
97
1,126.
..
27,652
18,143
796
427
s.
..
".
"
... s
.....
567
~jComprises
the territory of Austria, plus smnall parts of the Sudaten area (see footnote to employment taole in chapter on "Inudustry").
01.d
f).
Enp1oynent in Commerce
and Trade (continued
-95
The increased wartime requirements of manpower for the armed forces and. the armament industries resulted in eventually in field the elimination of all and the ban on all the field of
ttupnecessary, middlemen" "unessential services" commerce and trade.
the distribution
leaving only a minimum of employees in
(g).
Weights, Measures, Grades and Standards.-
Austria uses the metric
system of weights and measures,
Grading of merchandise was considerably expanded of foodstuffs, and further Likewise,
in the inter-war period, particularly in the field
extended after the Anschluss in order to facilitate price control.
increasing attention was paid to standardization both as an instrument to promote the sales and to increase the productive efficiency. Standards are worked out in
voluntary cooperation between manufacturers, consumers, distributors, research institutes and the government. In order to coordinate and integrate the activi-
ties of the various bodies working in this field, including the Austrian Committee on Standards (Oesterreichischer Normenausschuss fuer Industrie und Gewerbe, abbr.
IlOenigt), a central agency, under the name of "Oesterreichisches Kuratorium fuer
Wirtschaftlichkeit"
("0KW") was established in 1928 as a self-admnistering body

Its duties
supported by the private economic associations and the government. are to increase the efficiency in all economic
spheres by promoting the organi-
zational and industrial rationalization.
After the Anschluss, the "0KW" was

Berlin, which
merged with the German "Reichakuratorium fuer Wirtschaftlichkeit" works along similar lines. during the war in The activity
of the agency was of great importance to simplify and standardize produc-
connection with the efforts
tion and to develop substitutes for materials which were in short supply.
B. Foreign Trade-Austria's population possesses many skills and since the days of the old
B. Foreign Trade (continued)
- 96
Monarchy, has been accustomed to a comparatively high standard of living.
On
the other hand, the country is deficient of important raw materials and depends on imports both for foodstuffs and for certain finished products. Thus, by
tradition and of necessity, Austria was one of the most foreign-trade-minded countries of Central Europe. The necessity of importing large quantities of
foodstuffs and raw materials for industry has consistently produced an adverse balance of trade, though the margin between imports and exports has been narrowed gradually. Its imports exceeded in good years $450,000,000 but shrunk Its exports, even in the
to a fraction thereof during the pre-Anschluss crisis.
peak years, did not go much beyond $300,000,000, and were considerably below that level in most of the years between the wars. The net import surplus went
up from 1,108 million schillings in 1920 to almost 1,500 million schillings in subsequent years up to 1929. During the following economic crisis the foreign
trade volume shrunk considerably, and in 1934 the import surplus was reduced to 291,000 million schillings. than imports. From that year on, exports increased faster
In 1937, exports reached 84 percent of the imports as against 67 This development may be explained mainly by three
percent in 1929 or in 1933.
factors: (1) the increased exports to Italy resulting from the Treaty of Rome (see below), (2) the country's participation in the rearmament boom of some of its neighbors, especially Germany, and (3) the improvement of Austria's food balance. The latter was caused by an increase of the country's agricultural
production, but also by a lowering of its standard of living. As Austria has no seaboard, much of the foreign trade must pass through third countries. In the first part of the period between the wars, Hamburg,
Bremen, Rotterdam and Antwerp were the principal ports of entry, later however, up to the Anschluss, owing to concessions granted by Italy, a great deal of trade was passing through Trieste. ERST RI C :ED E
- 97 I. Summary of Foreign Trade Statistics-Official trade statistics as a rule record imports according to the "country of origin," however, in minor cases when the country of origin is unknown, the "country of consignment" is listed instead. A summary of the values of Austrian imports and exports in the years between the wars, both in domestic currency and its equivalent in dollars is given in the table below: Austria Value of Imports for Consumption and Exports of Austrian Products, 1922 to 1937 Thousands of schillings
Thousands
gold dollars Imports 355,818 389,071 485,067 396,695 389,165 434,550 455,752 459,039 379,769 304,105 194,656 140,783 129,44 134,412 138,648 161,157 Exports 233,621 227,312 277,192 266,132
Year
Imports 2,528,911 2, 765,252

* 0................
Exports 1,589,345 1,615,575
1922 1923
1924
447,526 1,970,093 3,
00 @000*60060 . *06066000000,0650 "
1925
1926
2,819,435
.
1,891,482 1,703,159
*00000
0000060*
2, 765,922
239,634 286,576 310,691

307,922
1927 1928 1929

1930 1931
.... . e........ ..
3, 088,483 ,2,036,789
3,239,175 2,208,183
3,262,540 2,188,500
2,699,138 1,851,417 1,291,067 764,240 772,648 857,005 894,987 951,853 1,216,885
v
260,494
181,653 107,529 94,649 96,156 99,733 105,645 134,904
~
*.s@.000006000000
2,161,373
.00I
1932
1933 1934
60000000 0000000
1,383,483 1, 149,247
.0
1,152,802 1, 206,197
000 .0000000006006
1935 1936
*0066
1,249,202
~0000009
1,454,695
1937
RE S TR IC TED
I Smnma of Forein Trade Statistics (continued) Austria's foreign trade was primarily an exchange of manufactured goods for raw materials and foodstuffs
98
-as is
indicated by the following tables The figures are further
showing imports and exports by major commodity groups.
broken down in succeeding tables by principal commodities as well as by countries of origin-end destination.
RESTRICTED
98a-
AJSTRIA Value of Imports and Emipots of Austrian Products, 1929-1937 (a) Imports
:TOTAL
Year
(in1,000 schillings)~
2Live
Of
whioh: FueleOtheraw &

Percent schillings mi-finisheproducts Percentr Thousands of of total: schillings Tosnso tota ecn of
animals, foodstu~ffs and beverages Percent .Thousands of shligofttl:schillings 29.9 31.5 31.14
33.9
Thousands of of total: : 264,739 : 190,283 : 176,599
1929...... 1930............ 1931..........:

1932 . . .. .... :
3,262,5)40: 2,699,138 2,161, 373
19393,1493
1,148,121: 1,152,8902 1,206,196 1,249,202
1933. .... .... ": 19314 1935.......... 1936........:
1937.........:
1,453,695
976,339 : 849,291 : 678,200 :469',923 366,537 : 330,829 : 344,088 :343,105 :404,909
9
7 8.2
10.1
727,1435 : 570,350
:.452,440
22.3
140,073
: : : : :
119,986
31.9 29.7 28.5 27.5
105,180 101,388 93,195
10.5 9.1 8.14 7.5
: 301,991 311,396 : 345,973 : 376,125 413,982
27.9
102,188
7.0
515,0147
:129,0736 109,84).4 8541.43. 4219 21.5 30223. 27.1 30903. 30.0 31,23)4551. :38903. 33.1 :12,629. 35.6 21.1 20.9
1.
(b) Exports TOTAL (in 1,000 schillings):Ofwih Year : : Percent : Thousands of :ThuadofPret:Thousands of of total: of total: schillings :schillings
=Live animals, foodstuffs and beverages
__________________
Other raw & semi-finished products
Percent Schillings 499t271 413,126 266,573 168,971 191499$7 2314,233 246,539 273,1402 363,814
: Thousands of of total: 22,8 22.3 20,6 22.1 25.2 27.x+ 27.6

28.7
iiseprcut Percent cilnso 1,62+4,125 1,350,876 966,360 555,010 553,071 595,077 617,7)45 639,167 801,986 oa 74.2 73.0 74.9 72.6 71.14 69.14 69.14 67.1 65.9
1929
2,188,500
........
1930
1931
1,951,1417 1,291,067
63,032 814,7814
2.9 5.2
* 2,072
2,631
55,1416
39,5142 26,14714 27,651 30,6)49 4o.262 51,017
4.6 4.3
0.1 0.1
0.2
1932 1933
19314
7614,2140 774,730 857,005

" " e . "
* 2,719 717
0.1
3.14
3.2
1935 1936 1937
e s "
894,986
"
e "." "
9 951,953
1,216,885
3.14 4.2 4.2
198 14 * 53 *
22
1/
314
29.9
J/ Less than 0.05 percent.
iimports
Tm~ar*a
of
of
Pwitact rramci
Commoditi
;, t i
fot coonsu
__--
tion
1933
to 193
Quantity
Ciommit I
TOTAL.,.........
1933 1,000 tos..
193)
1935
1936
---
1937
(in thousand~s of
-193
eurrent dollars, except 1933) 3

1935
227,139 2,17)4 14,396 23)4,750 2,131 1937 272,859 1,6146
value
5,563 27,6914
456,150
5,3531k
24,699.
6,082
15,969 459,372
110,793 2,011
216,616
2,705
Cattle .............. number......... Swine.......... do........... .. Meats, not canned ...19000 lb. do........ Poultry, dressed. .... ... Eggs.. ................ doc... Oils and. fats3 Edible ............ do Others .......... doc .. 1,0001 bu. Wheat ............... Rye.......... Barley ................ do
27,599
399,6)43
49x"622
)4&798
16,962
51421 :
I.,.
498,662
16,517 16, 818
9,314
1,106
16,393
17,233
19,772
11,803_
15,351
10,028 1)4,535-
14,725
12,373
10,06)4
13,809
11,265
17,296
1,756 1,329
1,1430 2,011
11,079 1,0)41 1,809 1,7)49 915 2,41741 8,335 1,101 2,552
1,366
2,20)4 1,1400
1,229
15,1449 1,4181 2,273 1,071 1,216 )4,1140
1)4,555 1,015 2,146)4 1,380 1,14114 4,772

10,1439 8,561 1,296
t-'
21,078
589.293
10,786
711
64,070 8,596
1,592 5,522 19,526.
63,222
75,608
6,891
77,$63
6,161
12,21$
79,902.
8,173
8,132
6,635
207 1,201 5,921 1,072
6,996
1,796
1,270 3,033 1,019
4,16
19,368
do Cra ............... 1,000 Rice ............... Wheat flour........1,0001bbl ... 1,000 lb. .. Fruit. and. nuts ... do .... Vegetables...
Coffee .............. do
2,337 2,760 15, 235
13,51
9,993
1,951
60,622
325 263,711
74,56)4
491 232,9112 135,780 11,623 169, 892 22,.073
449 216,810
139,363 11,913
195 .803
6o3o
25"84.911r
79,258 226
233,1456
155.281
11,)468 179,897 17,829
896 5,283
1,360
7.79)4
6,922
1,414
1,4100
9,360
2,136 1,9266 8,153 2,5)47 1,533
6.796
2,116
1,910
152,88)4
11,295 232,221
126,)9.
11,, 3177,051 16,42 12,114
JcoSler for animals
..
Tobacco ............. 1,000 Hides ad skins......dto
tons l
1,1490 1,193 3,612
1,829 2,328 9,0110 2,579 1,52,

4,910
8,291
2394 1,520 1,595
5,82)
1 995
Fur skins, raw.......doc

Furs, dressed........ do Leather........doc Cotton, raw ........ , do Wool, raw, washed,
combed ........ .e.odo Cotton yarn doc
* .....
b...." 24,506; 11, 757) 295

2,735
20,75)4
15,6140 233 29 3,037
3,336
1,156)
16,798 4,239
474 339
670: 293 3,530,

86,322 26 .681
55,972
..... .. "ee
.. e.
65,373 19.50)4 5,7)4

3,254
76,)412
12, 78)4 61)4 286 3,261 86,873 22,768 5,071

1,276
2,096 493
1,596 1,891 9,50)4 8,1146 1;463 2,307
4,025
2,063 599
1,722
9146
1,691 2,643 13,029 9,783 2,975"
2,090
1,090 1,156 4,925 5,216 1,1442 1,223 2,280
11,026
9,1430
2.735
1,223 1,853 2,868

13,363
25,658
6,080 3,273
5,2)41
9,1411
2,1411
4,879
2,1485 '5,133
6,1632
3,5)41.
5,20 2,~1 79,88)4 19.125" 13,]95 8, 21 2, 5~
2,)49
2,1148
Rayon yarn
Wool yarn
..... ""do
....
do
do .:... Cotton fabrics .... do ... """ ... Wool fabrics Silk and. rayon fabrics do .... ...... Wood, cork, and. tons "".... manufactures ..... ..... Rags ......... Paper and. cardboard...1,OOO lb... Rubber, crude........ do.......... Rubber manufactures. * do...........
5,737
6,591
5,71472,1437
4,903 6,965
3,357
2,1415
5,552
3,397 4,906
3,4181
3,621
2,332 -3,883
5,555
3,620
2,521
2,39
2,448 2,671
62,1714 11,9146
2,582 79,900 15,853 11,382
4, 186
75,230 22,99 11,917 9,261 2,63)4 86,861
3,799
6,220
5,536
2,077 1,760 2,120 1,155 1,375 2,633 19,092 2,189 1,179 1,275 2,073.
4,970
4,68)4
odo
51,016 12, 2 7,0)49
9,559 8,371
2,3140 60,163 3,035 1,196 41)4 43,606
55,258
1,051 791 1,257
1, 63)4
1,2149,
2,030 1,186 1,326

3,101 17,511 2,768 2,317
9,90)4
2,625
476
1,030
1,4120 14,69)4
Seed~s..............doc...........
Coal, coke, briqiuets.l,000 tons... 1,000 bbl.... Petroleum, crude . ... Gasoline............. do ..... Mineral Oils, other.. tons ......... Iron and. steel: Pig, alloys, scrap do.......... Other kind.s....... do.......... Non-ferrous metals: l,000 lb... Copper, crude .. ..
2,169 48,326
3,068 1,42)4 427
1,928 1,068 3,3)49

2,)499 19,766 2,090 923 *
59,733
2,972 1,179 525 58,1120
2,$78
62,4162, 514,21 24, 85 21,113 2,149
3,339 586 80,8314

100,95)4 25,800 42,311 5,2414 29,4167 41,19)4 1,970 11,925 867 57,383 106,791
34,793 69,772~
1,990 86)4 778
'1,568 1,1471 3,538 19,178 2,780

2,652 2,1i96
2,171 2,721 C2,025.
1,070
59,816
26,891
22,839
21,53)4 1,79 17,095 3,086 1,052 6,930
48,812
3,909);otal 2,11)4 )1093'4617 for 3-2) 3.2)1933 )Total 1,822 770 .1,581 1,793 2,598
5,011 2,464 1,103 1-,937 2,074 3,158, 6,931 527

5,724 2,2412
5,788 5,997
6,09)4
2,122 2,723 29)439
Nickel ............. doc......... Other, crudeo... . doc.........

Manufactures
Machinery,
....
33,372) 1,536 4,776 762

47,201 61,770 9,672 1,086 7,767
*doc.........
Machinery, other'....... Automobiles .......... number.......

fertilizers .......
electric'*..
tons ........ do..........
30,572 2,502 21,76)4 3,788 1, 603

8,206
3,625
1,:1475
9,371
1,956
"2,313.
x#20 3,726 1,286 1,396 16,209
4,661
2,553 1,106 1,935 2,01)4 3,159 5,6935,42)4 2,007 2,559 .2, 015 2,859
34,973
3,6)43.
8,183
Cheemieal.s.:.......;..tpns.........
dc.......... Paints and. varnishes .1,000 lb. .. Medicines, perfumery.. do ....... Books and. periodicals, do .......... .... Other merchandise...
838 53,229
78,306
X722
'
56,&75
91 ,i1
88,6140 12,393 1,0418 6,717
9,698 1,296 7,680
9,303
10,211;8
9,353
.1,350 10,6140
5142 5,44)4 2,567 3,1)49 1,670 2,572 31,280
569
5,918 2,031
2,)467 1,975 3,387

36,896
3,1109
40,7143
./Valuesexpresed im
current dollars by multiplying the gold. dollar figures by 1.693125.
)e 1,000 of gold. dollars. For the year 1933 may be converted into
-99a-
f
E port of Principal
uaitity
M-TRIA (Austrian Products), 1933 to 1937 value (in thousands of -current dollars, except 1936 193)4 1935
r
Com'it.eS
Commodity TOTAL ...... .....1,000 tons..

Cattle
w_.
1933
2,0 65 9,068 2,605
1931
1935 2,657
29
'9w1937
193W
3 ,7419
1937
20545 4.599
7,052
'!35
9 2169g63
9)4,6419
5416
161,057 44
168,535 78)4 72)4 1,19 2,950 2,327
178,872
229,9409
2,096 1,4125
1,871
............... ..............
number
....... e .......... ......
Butter ..............
Cheese
l,000 lb. ......
do
do
4735
1)4,1)46
8,016 5,687
7,367
Hides, skins,furs..
do
Leather .............. do........ Leather manufactures. do .".......
4,611
688
3,859 1)4,166
3,225
S Y
02 10,53254
3,.2 11, 72)4 23,0151,822 30,675
7)45
659 2,1155
15,91)4
2,708
19, k714 3. T3,036 30, 67 5 5.3{

2,
l1,355
1,073 3,2)40
2,1413
1,717 2,303
Coto, combed Cotton yarn

..
677
2,722
....
.
e.....do..........
......... .do
...
~.
e
1,9514 14,77316 4,476
16,927
3,823
581 2,636 24,059
1, 619
1,826
T9)499
)4,36
5973)
Hemp yarn Wool yarn ...........
........
4,409
4,273 4,311 1,728 1,275
do
Cotton fabrics ... . do Wool fabrics e,".....* do
.......... .......... ..........

.... ".....
3,366
4,723 1,9148 1,288 3)48 1,809 1,202 5,133 13, 67)4 130,008
4,)436
)4,~ ~ 4,391
1,696
1,097 25)4
Silk and rayon fabrics do
Clothing
Lingery,
i,1I6t
*
352,4156
i12 ,581,571
617,723
,
699. 5, 3,6)43 5,4154 987
40)4 2,891
3,919
2,815
9142
3,663
5,9141
4,910
4,210
millinery
foie Women
..
do........s.
Hats, hat shapes 1,000 tons... Wood........... ....

Wood manufactures
.. ..
do w..... .thousands...
*..........
.....
375
488 1,772 1,305 4,862
13999
46)4
-1,272
2, 702
1,566
4,25)4
3,291 1,621 2,0)42 15,190
1,303
4,07)4
3,172 1,70)4 1,99)4 17,035 .1,207 1,871 6,129 1142 7,527 1,67)4 3,030 2,9451 2,833 2,201 881 1,2)47
1,861 96)4
13,130 117,765
479
473
531 1,672' 8,1o06
1,195 9,117 1,027

875 .3-.239
1,09,
Rags
.. a tons ............... ,do
6,116.
50,719
211,939 6,892 5,750 136,97)4
9, 25
16,2A
Paper pulp.a......... do .......... Cardboard .... "..."l,OOO lb ..... ............. do.........
Paper
Paper wares O..........do Rubber manufactures . do

Magnesite
o
do
49 ,1449
212,169 6,899
6,5149
152,9437
183,338
1,63) 5,8)41
983 1,267 1,525 3945 2,601 1,730 2,55)4 9,308 1,269 4271 5,506 5,126 3,590 3,222 1,519 2,027 15,677 1,1109 2,616 7,731
1,070
3,620 2,922 2,203 2,595

-9,200
1,228
3,792
6,$34 6,728
3,259
3,592
1,732 1,630 3,192 10,998
2092
2)4,60)4
59,1435
196,379 9,278 5,930 212,928 97,9949 8,776 172,410 33,713
*.......... ...........
0.......
)11572,06)4 258,1427 iJ11c2 5,19)4 5,636 5,3'5,2)41
9)41 6,6)45
-1,325
1,202
1,987
8,756 1,679 3,1496

18983
6,953
1,529 2,776 2,009
do........ o .
..
Fire bricks ......... do.........
Glassware............
Ores and steel: Iron

Crude
.. e....... e
63,011 4773
39,293
............. "...tons ......
192,12 65,278 8,188 103,965 23,631 18,760
255, 96 t
270,399
131,9)41 11;,,612 427.306 130,990 90,214
-1,
~99 t71 56,'i1

11E07,
042 1,231
921
18)4 )
8,763)
2,127 1,807 509 908
3,0)40
2,178
1,218
2,173 11,796
19767 10,859 1,562 2,835 2,825 )4,147 2,520 1,823
Pig, scrap, alloys do

Steel bars........ do Other kinds ... odo
........
.......... .....
T4473,
447,(36
73,1445)
12,110)
19,97)4
.19,762
46855
14,72)4
11, 020 17,4186 -2,764 1"',-977 8,099 7,217 2,169 59524 39928
2997)49
4,452
11,595 1,903
5905)4
11,65) 1,909 7#351 6,125
5,999
2,219 7,220 6,581 5,819 1,131 5,270-
Nonferrous metals:
1,000 lb. ... Manufactures *,... do ......... Machinery, electric .. do ....... e... .......... Machinery, other ..... * do Automobiles ........ number ,......
.............
147,697
18,566
13,808
3,220 11,925
15,952
3,003 12,2)41 9214
32
25,128 29,130
4,916)
2,701
585 2,806 2,001 12,512.
6,380
5,912 5,650
3936)4
10, 0)49
4,303
12,700 1,527 37,033 '7,507
6,093
1,100 5,299
631
*
7)4T
27.592
799
4,98)4 3,308 26,869
Chemicals, allied tons ......... products ........ Books, periodicals. 1,000 lb..... Other merchandise.. .....
21,657
6,1457
6 ,988
34.153
6,581
31,493 25,530
27,883
~/Valve s expressed in 1,000 of gold. dollars. For the year. 1933 may be converted into current dollars by multiplying the gold dollar figures by 1.693125,
-
-99b
AUSTRIA Trade With Principal Countries (In Thousands of Current Dollars, Unless Otherwise Indicated) fertsfoon I 1931* 216,646 227,139 13,333 3,840 1,1420 2,900 1,882 t io 2314,750 14,6140 2,711 1,353 27,066 6,844 R 272,859 16,35 3,4136 1,693 5,076 2,516 30,092 914,649 2,331 982 280 1,205
B9~ 1931*
Country of origin or destination TOTAL. ........................
193 168,535 3,186 1,062 2,266 2,183 12,016
1936ia 178,872 1.358 1,132 2,7114 2,030 13,335
1937ct 228,1109
161,057 2,4*30 1,294* 4*22 2,019 1,136
United States......................
Argentina.......................... ..........................
7,596
Brazil
..
Belgium ........................... Bulgaria ..................... Czechoslovakia .................... ............................ .. ce..

_............ Geec.............. Gree................Hungary ...........................
1,958 1,012 1,027 1,953 19,111 3,3541
11,624* 1,778 1,94*3 1,356 29,755
5,74*7
2,896
3,4*31
1,796 16,4*32 9,827
151
7,4o03 3,761 14,3313 582 9,1418 10,639 2,039
29.1418
12,()641
6,105 5 ..,632 *1,370 18,1*77 17,152 3,060 5,907 10,076 1,81 11,971 8,07* 10,001 2,665 1,982 254* 1,611 1,1142
6,605
7,645
113,857
26,329
37,131
2,1439 24,271 9,318 13,633 12,205
1,372
Netherlands
Poland
Italy ..............................
.......................
16,532 6,178
1,7641 432
3,277
............................
37,791 1,719 21,657 10,608 4,081 114,1405 15,8416
39,665
1,582 22,232 11,084
.6,130. 26,3381,823 18,142
8,11*1
28,781* 2,130 17,731+ 214,325 2,91*9
33,714.9
34~60
2,626 5,383
214,721 15,065 12,590 16,1108 2,0641 8,677 12,349 21,613 2,061 1.,381 2,094 3,3941 2,264 3,601 3196
20,87132,398 3,958
23,990
2,785
4,555
13,794* 19,082 1,090 7,225 10,353 114,1430
-1,958
3,555
7,642 14,320 6,910 1,597
6,671
10,505 2,192 9,612 7,287 10,209 832 2,339 2,031
7,759
12,1165 2,661 8,757 9,1444 9,202 1,209 1,1441 1,977
70319
9,984
12,873 3,675
Sweden ............................ Switzerland......... .............. United Kingdom..................... Yugoslavia......................... ............................. China India... .........................
825
4,696
8,318
7, 9
9,173 15,526 1,129 3,407 1,19* 2,516 139 1,729 3,680
11,'665
12,183 12,1f94* 2,.728 3,;780 1*,.29
4,078
12,924* 1,555
8,365
18,391 719 2,952 906 1,862 1,870
Netherland Indies
Palestine ....
Turkey
..................
.....................
............................ South "Africa ..............
.3'
729 93 10,915 13.6 18.7 11.7 9.2
...................... Australia ... ................... Egypt......

Unicn of
2,868
1,802 216 890 9,919 13.7 17.1 11.2 8.5
2,361
1,127 11,115 12.8
U.S.S.R. (Russia) ..................

Other Countries....................
3,028 1,11 2,580 121 1,725. 3,987 2,851 259 1,069 12,875 6.2 11.5 16.9
3'.
289
1,57 2,5659,9 317 1,30* 1,1.79
685
692 1,326 621 1,50* 2,1125
.10,661
730 3148 1,057 1,689
336
555 8,007 2.5 7.8 15.2 10.0 11.'2
916
18,153
3/
1,394 1,337 1,237 8,795 1.5
5628,515 8,709
7.1 15.6 10.8 114.2 6.1
Percent of Total: United States ................ Czechoslovakia ............... Germany...................... Hungary...................... Italy ........................ Yugoslavia ...................
5.14
5.9
6.0
11.0 16.1 9.1
7.5
15.9 11.5
7.5
16.1 13.6 5.1
7.2 114.8 1
16.6 9.5
4.8 6.8
9.
1*.4
4.3
1.7
6.1
5.5 7.9
10.6
6.2
7.3
5.5
into current dollars by 1f Values expressed in geld dollars. Per the' year 1933 may be converted -multiplying the geld Collar figure. by 1.693125. including trade through the free ports. 1937 1931* ,/Per year. under throughcountries'. 'ether 3/lcluded
100
II. Balance of Payments-While up to about 1933, Austria had to resort mainly to foreign loans to finance its import surplus and to cover the balance of its other foreign payments, the situation improved in the years which followed, and the country was not only able to carry on an admittedly low-geared economy without additional foreign capital but even began to repay part of its foreign loans. The latest available figures on Austria's balance of international payments are those for the year 1934, which were the first ones published after 1929 by the Austrian Ministry of Finance in cooperation with a number of official and private organizations, including the Austrian Institute for Business Research. A summary of the principal items is given in the table following below.
Balance of Payments, 14 (Millions of schillings Receipts from foreigners: A. Current accounts:
I. Merchandise exports ...................................

II. Interest and dividends .................................. III. Services: Receipts of Austrian ships from activities abroad..................15.8 Shipping and loading costs and other receipts from transit traffic of foreign goods (insofar as these receipts are not included under I.)...................... Foreign shipping, port charges, bunkers, provisions,
etc...... .........................................
897.4" 55.0
238.3
34.3
:.
Expenditures of foreign tourists, travellers and students ...........

Post, telegraph and telephone fees..... ".....:.. .:........
151.5 4.2
II. Balance of
Payments
(continued)
Miscellaneous receipts
from abroad
..........
.........................
22.6
477.7
B. Gold movements: Imports of gold coins
C. Capital transactions: I. Long-term capital operations ..............

II. Short-term
t . . ... .. .. . ..
22.4
17.6
. .. .. ..
se*000419 .
eg
,7. 40.0
Unexplained items
....
. ..
..
. ...
376.0
1,
Total
...............
.9
Payments to foreigners: A. Current accounts:
II. Interest and dividends
.,..............................
132.9
III. Services: Expenditures of Austrian tourists and travellers in foreign

countries
.......................
57.0
Ship disbursements (port charges, bunkers, provisions, etc.) Miscellaneous expenditures (legacies, gifts, post, diplomiatic
service ..................................
.......
204.1
10.4
283.1
B. Gold movements: Exports of gold in coin

and bullion
............................................ *
11.7
C. Capital transaction: I. Long-term capital operations ........ II. Short-term

fl
157.1
1.5 238.6
1
n
'
*.................
II. Balance of Payments continued
102
No official figures on Austria's balance of payments are available for the years 1935, 1936 and 1937. However, the following table, while based on
rough, unofficial estimates, is believed to give a fairly true picture of the actual situation in the years concerned.
BALANCE OF INTENATIONAL PAYMENT ANNUAL AVERAGE 1935-1937 Millions of Schillings) 1
Receipts from foreigners :

Tourist
Payments to foreigners: 300 Balance of merchandise trade ... 300
tr at is
......
Shipping and transit traffic .
200
Interests and Dividends .........200 Travel expenditures,

diplomatic services .. ........... ...........
..........
fnterest Royalties, u dividends y, eort of current, and miselect.
100 200 -
cellaneous .,..,...300
Total ......
400
900
Miscellaneous
300 900
0 800 -
Total
........
800
~/1
schill nj. equals $0.19.
Atthe
schillingsof oi
do Of 1932 Austria 's
foreign debts
amounted. to 4,251 million

This re-
ich 1,287 million schillings
were short-term credits.
figure does not include the so-called
"Relief~ebt"
incurred on account of
lief
shipment to Austria by various states after the
fr~st
World
War, and the
obligations of the Austrian government resulting the foreign creditors
from the moratorium granted by in 1931. The former
of the Oesterreichische Creditanstalt
amounted to some 500 million schillings, the service and redemption of which had been postponed. until
in 1936, at
194+; the latter,
the so-called "live claims" were fixed,

were repaid at
78 million. schillings
of which 60 million schillings
once, the balance being covered by debentures.
By the end of 1936 the other
II. Balance of Payments

(continued)
103
foreign debts had been sharply reduced, partly by repayment, partly by the repatriation of bonds issued abroad, and partly by the devaluation of foreign currencies; besides, a considerable part of the short-term debts was consolidated. Further details are shown in the table below:
Austria's Foreign Indebtedness, 1932 to 1936 (flxcl. obligations contracted and redeemable in national currency)
:Type of
Debtor
End of year
Sloan *
group
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
millions of schillings
:Bonds
: *
*h : : Federal government ... : 1,663.0

: Regional and local governments ......... : : Credit institutes .... Industry and others .. : 596.1 53.6 261.9
1,755.5 438.1 55.6 203.1
l,54 63
1,519.9 198.7) 52.3)

3 7. 9
1,387.9:
221.2 53.0 181.7 STotal ........... 25746,2,52.3 ,,002.22 : 2,57. ,452,3 2 Tota ~ 376' 3 5 39. :Long: Federal government : :term and : Regional and local 14.1 11.3 15.2 : governments.........: :mediun 185.9 135.0 244.7 :credits : Credit institutes ..,.: : Industry and others .. : 91.5 127.6 157.1 11 : Total : 389.0 360.1 343.2
Shortterm : Federal governments .. : : Regional and local 128.0
---
319.1:
157.8) 1 qg,7c ~ 77.O ,928.7 ,l,707.0:.
)
256.0:
4.1 )
103.8 ) 207.7
353.5
--
256.0: "...
:credits
governments ... Credit institutes *.,.: 1,012.0 Industry and others . 147.4 Total1...........1,287.4
221.8 157.1 378.9
162.2
82.4
244.6
128.5) 19.2) 147.7
100.0:
Grand Total ........
....
4: ,251.0
3,191.3
2,590.0
2,429.9
2,063.0:
1. Excl. obligations resulting from the Creditanstalt settlement. 2. " "relief-debts." It has been estimated that from the beginning of 1937 to the beginning of 1938, Austria's foreign indebtedness was further reduced by 10 percent. According
to a statement by the President of the Austrian National Bank in November 1937,

-~_-1 3
II. Balance of Payments (continued)
- 104 -
interest payments for Austrian foreign debts contracted and redeemable in foreign currency, had been reduced from an average of 282 million schillings in 1932 to 100 million schillings in 1937.
III. Government Control and Regulation of Foreign Trade. (a). Tariff and Trade Control Policy. -- Prior to the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy supplies of foodstuffs had exceeded consumption, and the available resources included various raw materials for the domestic industries which had been able to market their production in a territory occupied by some 52 million people. After the dismemberment of-the Monarchy, Austria became
dependent on other countries for important quantities of foodstuffs and raw materials while its industries also became largely dependent on foreign countries for markets since the population of the new republic was only about one-eighth of that of the former empire. At first, Austria tried to find markets in the
neighboring areas within the economic sphere of the old dual Monarchy, but soon it met numerous difficulties in the form of high import duties'and import restrictions or prohibitions. In view of the fact that Austria's efforts to pre-
serve or regain the old established markets were not successful, its industries were forced to direct more and more of their efforts toward the markets in countries other than the immediate neighbors. Such ideas were first discussed on an
international level at the Conference of Portorose (October-November 1921) which propagated an economic Danube Confederation. Another plan which failed due to
the opposition of some neighbors, was that of a customs union between Austria and Germany (March 1931). The first steps which actually improved Austria's
unsatisfactory foreign trade situation were taken in the "Rome Conversations" (May 12, 1931) between the representatives of Austria, Italy and Hungary, which led to an agreement to increase the trade between the countries concerned.
(a). Tariff and Trade Control Policy (continued)
- 105 -
This arrangement was later extended in the "Rome Protocol" (March 1934).
The
so-called "Tardieu-Plan," named after the French Premier, suggesting preferential tariffs for the Danube states was later adopted by the Conference of Stresa (1932) but had little practical effects. Nor had the so-called "Hodza-Plan" (1936),
named after the Premier of Czechoslovakia, advocating a lessening of the nationalistic tendencies in the Danubian states and an increase of the foreign trade volume in that area, any practical results. The objective of the foreign trade policy of independent Austria was threefold: (1) to induce countries interested in maintaining their share in the Austrian market to accept a greater amount of Austrian goods and services rather than to demand a transfer of their sales proceeds in currency; (2) to give preference to countries which constituted major markets for Austrian products, and (3) to restrict the importation of goods which were produced in Austria even if the quality and prices of the domestic products did not fully measure up to the imported merchandise. The old Austro-Hungarian tariff was retained in effect until 1924 when a new tariff, more adapted to the changed conditions, was adopted. This tariff
was only moderately protective, the rates on manufactured goods averaging about 16%, according to studies of the League of Nations. This tariff, as well as the
a preceding tariff, was made up of the autonomous "general" tariff and "conventional" tariff made up of rates reduced or bound by commercial treaties, principally with the neighboring countries. In addition, commercial treaties
based on the most-favored-nation principle, but without duty concession, were concluded with most of the European and many overseas countries. Following the general tariff revision of 1924, a number of changes, principally increases, were made. In August 1926, the duties on about one-third
of the items of the tariff were revised upward. In October 1927, another upward
106 -
revision was made. on a long list
A tariff amendment law of July 1930, increased the duties
of products, including turpentine, yarns, roofing board, printed
matter, inlaid veneer and parts for furniture, leather goods, various metal manufactures, phonograph records and various chemical products. General rates on
many other products were also increased but did not become immediately effective because of conventional rates with other countries. The "Fifth Tariff Amendment" law providing for various increases, became effective in July 1931, at which time a revised edition of the tariff consolidating all previous modifications, was published. After that date, no general
revision was made although a number of changes took place from time to time, both as the result of new duty concessions or the expiration of existing conventional duties, and of autonomous duty changes for individual products. In 1936, Austria had treaties including conventional duties with Germany, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, France, Italy and Poland.
Tariff concessions varied widely in extent, ranging from a binding against increase to drastic reductions on some specialized products. peared to be from 25 to 35 percent below the general rates. In general, they apAustrian import
duties constituted a sufficient protection for the domestic industry; the rates were, however, not generally prohibitive, and in many cases less burdensome than the import permit and foreign exchange permit requirements. Austria gradually moved away from the most-favored-nation principle, not only with regard to quotas but also with regard to import duties. As a matter
of fact, Austria was the first country in Europe after the depression in the middle of the inter-war period seeking, and in some instances, granting, preferential duties which were not to be generalized. Typical examples of this
policy were the Austrian agreements with Italy and Hungary and, later Czechoslovakia. In these agreements,
An-
especially with the two first-named countries,
- 107
Austria requested, and was accorded,
lower preferential import duties which were
reserved exclusively for Austrian products and were not to be extended to imports from other countries. for example, Austria itself made various concessions to these countries:
customs rebates, which were contrary to recognized most-favoredIn many cases, such measures were not made public, and in
nation principles.
order to overcome possible objections from nations entitled to most-favorednation treatment, various means and devices were adopted, such as secret duty refunds on articles imported from Italy, lower freight rates or other forms of mutual export subsidies, in the trade with Italy and Hungary disguised under the name of "credit and freight facilities," preferential quotas or preferential treatment in the issue of import licenses, etc. Thus, gradually the most-favored-nation principle and customs tariffs based thereon, lost their importance and were, for all practical purposes, replaced by
an all-embracing system of quotas and foreign exchange controls. (b). Main Features of Tariff System. -- Austria did not publish quotas except in rare cases. Quotas were established on certain products coming from in-
dividual countries, and import licenses were then issued to cover the various shipments within that quota. Controls."). (For further details, see Chapter (c) (1) "Import
Such quotas were usually granted in commercial agreements which
were not made public. The principal forms of government controls of foreign trade are described below in further detail. The main features of the Austrian import tariff system are listed below:
1. Equivalent: Of Currency Unit (at par): Of weight unit:
1 gold crown =100 heller = 1.83 schillings. 1 schilling = $0.2382
(b). Main Features of Tariff System (continued)
2. For Specific Duties: Dutiable Weight:
Gross if specified in tariff or if duty does not exceed 7.50 crowns, otherwise net. Tare is provided for calculation of net weight. Current exchange. Domestic (Austrian) value for similar goods. Current exchange presumably on date of clearance. Duties are stated in gold crowns but payable in Austrian schillings. None. Import turnover tax and crisis tax on almost all commodities, varying in amount for each commodity, are levied in addition to the regular duty. Excise tax on sugar, tobacco, and tobacco products, beer, alcohol, playing cards, matches, and certain other commodities.
Conventional rates of duty, when given (otherwise general rates) apply to imports from countries enjoying most-favored-nation treatment or special conventional treatment from Austria, including United States, Germany, Czechoslovakia, United Kingdom, Italy and Hungary. General rates apply to imports from other countries. Preferential duty rates on specific items, and generally on defined quantities are extended to certain countries, notably Hungary and Yugoslavia, under the terms of These existing compensation agreements. special preferences are not considered as applicable for automatic extension to other countries under the terms of mostfavored-nation treaties. Import turnover taxes and crisis taxes are levied on the basis of detailed commercial invoices, which must be submitted by the exporter to the importer in Austria. Commercial invoices do not require any consular certification.
Conversion of Duty: 3. For Ad valorem Duties: Dutiable Value: Conversion of Foreign Values:
4. Method of Payment of Duty: 5, Customs Surtaxes:

6. Sales or Similar Internal Taxes:
7. Differential Duties:
8. Shipping Documents:
SConsular iavoices are not required.
- 109 -
9. Remarks:
Government monopoly controls importation of tobacco, tobacco products and salt.
The following is a synopsis of the German import tariff system which was extended to Austria after the Anschluss by official announcement of March 21, 1939.
1. Equivalent:
Of currency unit: Of weight unit:
1 Reichsmark - 100 Pfennig - approx. $0.0 present rate of exchange. Units of metric system: 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds.
at
2. For Specific Duties: Dutiable weight:
Gross weight - Goods dutiable
at
not more
6 Reichsmarks per 100 kilograms, or if specified in the tariff. Net weight - in all other cases. This may be the actual net weight of goods alone, or the legal net weight of goods together with inner containers or packing. Net weight is determined by fixed deductions from gross weight or by actual weighing, at the option of importer or customs authorities. In some cases, "supplementary" tares are deducted, and in specific instances "additive tare" percentages are added to the actual weight of the goods, for duty purposes, (Dutiable weight is shown on statements by the following abbreviations: T tare allowance in percent of gross weight; ST = supplementary tare allowance; AT = additive tare, in percentage of actual weight; C = Cases; CC = Double cases; Ck = Casks; CCk = Double Casks; Tu = Tubs; Bk = Baskets; M = Mats; B = Bales; S = Sacks; W = Wrappers.) SConversion of Duty: 3. For Ad Valorem Duties: 4. Method of Payment of Duty: 5. Customs Surtaxes: Current exchange. No ad valorem duties. Stated and payable in Reichsmarks. None.
6. Sales and Similar Internal Taxes:
Turnover equalization tax on duty-paid value: 2% on most articles; 1% on specified grains, flour and bakery products; and specified list of items, mostly raw materials, exempt. Excise taxes on beer, spirits, acetic acid, electric lighting materials (bulbs, mercury and similar lamps, carbons, other elements of lamps, etc.), salt, playing cards, tobacco, sugar, sweetening substances, matches, and edible fats. Slaughtering equalization tax on imported meat and slaughtering tax on cattle slaughtered in Germany. General rates apply to goods from any source for which no lower conventional rates are established, and to all goods originating in countries not receiving most-favored-nation treatment (including the United States). Conventional rates to goods originating in countries which receive most-favored-nation treatment (excluding the United States, but including most other countries). Penalty tariff - The higher duties of the penalty tariff apply to goods from countries not having a trade treaty with the German Reich and which subject goods from Germany to less favorable treatment than those from third countries. Countries to which penalty tariff rates are to apply are designated by special decree. Consular invoices are not required, but certificates of origin may be exacted when origin of goods is doubtful. Visas for commercial invoices are not required. Practically all imported commodities are subject to some form of direct or indirect restrictions and/or control, such as monopolies, import prohibitions, exchange control, etc., depending on the nature of the commodity involved and various other factors. These controls and restrictions are as follows: (1) Monopoly control applies to imports of various agricultural products and their derivatives, including corn, durra, rice, oil fruits and seeds, oil cake, certain edible vegetable and animal oils and fats, milk products, animals and animal products, subtropical fruits, fruit juices, vegetables, certain canned goods, etc. Commodities subject to this control can be imported only if
7. Differential Duties:
8. Shipping Documents and Fees:
9. Monopoly Control, Import and Exchange Restrictions:
111
9.. Monopoly Control, Import and Exchange Restrictions: (continued)
offered for sale to, and accepted by, the monopoly. In most cases, a fee in the form of a monopoly "price difference" is collected. (2) Import permits are required for a considerable list of goods including raw coffee, coal, coke, various chemical products, wood pulp, motion picture film, pocket watches, watchworks and watch parts. (3) Exchange certificates (Devisenbescheinigungen or the equivalent, must be secured in advance,by the importer for a very extensive list of commodities, and must be presented to the customs authorities at the time of importation. Moreare imover, where articles not on this list ported without an exchange certificate having been secured in advance, it. is unlikely that transfer of payment for the goods will be subsequently authorised. The following documents are recognized a, equivalent to an exchange certificate authorizing import and payment: a) A certificate of non-objection from an Import Control Office; b) Certification by a bank that a foreign exchange certificate is in its possession, authorizing payment into an "Aski" account; c) Approval by a "foreign exchange office"; d) Certification by a "foreign exchange office" that a "compensation" permit is in its possession which authorizes payment through the channel of a private compensation transaction; e) Certification by a "foreign exchange office" that it possesses a binding acceptance for the consummation of a raw materials credit transaction (importation for processing and reexport, with payment for imports from part of proceeds from exports); f) Declaration of goods (for foreign exchange supervision) by the possessor of a transit authorization; g) An acceptance certificate (from the competent Monopoly Office) in accordance with laws and regulations applying to commerce with animals, animal products, milk products, oils, fats, eggs and garden and vineyard products. (4) Miscellaneous regulations, including sanitary, public safety, "mixing", and other requirements. The kind (or kinds) of control applying to a given importation depends on the nature of the commodity involved and various other factors.
112 -
(c).
Other Restrictions on Imports and Exports-(1). Import Controls: Import licenses. -- The import license system was
first established in April 1932 when a list of products, including automobiles, chasis and motors, tires, furniture, paper, soft coal, cattle, hogs, poultry, wine, butter, cheese, edible fats and fresh and canned fruits, were made subject to the requirement of import permits. Subsequently, the list was enlarged and The licenses were issued by the
by 1936 comprised about 100 tariff items.
Ministry of Finance and were granted on the basis of previous imports by each importer.
Import Quotas: There were maximum import quotas for most goods. They were fixed by coun-
tries as part of the various trade agreements, as well as by commodities (e.g. apples from the United States) and were repeatedly adjusted to changing circumstances. They were usually allocated to the individual importers according to In the thirties, 1931 was taken
the volume of imports handled in a given year. as the base year.
In some instances, a different procedure was adopted; for
example, the allocation was based on the average volume of imports over a period of several years; or, a fixed yearly quota was established for each country, the allocation to individual firms being left to the trade organizations. (2). Export Controls. -
Austria used various methods to control exports.
Apart from certain commodities whose exportation was completely banned, there were goods the exportation of which was subject to export permits or to export taxes. A decree of May 12, 1933 provided for the establishment of organizations These organizations were under the control of
for the export of certain goods.
the government and cooperated with the local chambers of commerce and the agricultural associations. commodities concerned. Membership was compulsory for all exporters of the
(3). Foreign Exchange Control. --
All foreign exchange operations were
placed under the control of the Austrian National Bank on October 9, 1931, and foreign exchange permits issued by the Austrian National Bank, were required for all imports. Transactions were severely restricted until 1934 when a gradual This tendency has actually continued up
lightening of the restrictions began. to the Anschluss.
During that period, most of the restrictions, though in form For ordinary business purposes There was no
still remaining in effect, were no longer applied.
the conduct of exchange operations was almost completely free.
difficulty in obtaining exchange to settle legitimate commercial transactions, and if shipments from abroad conformed to the import regulations, foreign exchange was released quite promptly. Under the system existing before the Ansch-
luss, no restrictions applied to international payments of debt services, either interest or amortization, on Austrian public and private loans. Even the
restrictions on the transfer of income from property owned by foreigners, including dividends, real estate rentals, motion picture fees, and royalties on patents and dramatic works, were actually not applied. Control was maintained
primarily because exchange restrictions in most of the neighboring countries with which Austria had intimate commercial relations, were severe, and business men in those countries finding it impossible to obtain foreign exchange under the restrictive regulations of their own governments, had used all sort of devices to secure exchange from the Austrian National Bank.
(4). Payment and Clearing Agreements. --
Austria had payment agreements
with European countries permitting relatively free foreign exchange transactions, and clearing agreements with weak-currency countries. Payment agreements limited
the value of Austrian imports from the country concerned to a proportion of the value of Austrian exports within a specified period, and made the balance in free exchange available for other purposes. Clearing agreements usually stipulated
~IIC~|
(4). Payment and Clearing Agreements (continued)
that in each of the contracting countries importers pay, and exporters collect, their debts in national currency. Transfer of foreign exchange for the settleIn each contracting country a
ment of commercial debts thus was eliminated.
special office connected with the central bank was in charge of operating this clearing system. (5). Compensation Arrangements. -At times, the unsettled currency advisable to eliminate completely
situation in neighboring countries made it
national currencies as a means of payment, and to return to the more primitive methods of the direct exchange of goods; for example, in 1937 an agreement was concluded with Rumania providing for the importation of 1,000 carloads of oil which was to be paid for on the following basis: 40 percent of the price in the form of Austrian export of iron and steel, 40 percent by exports of other industrial manufactures, and 20 percent by transfers of Austrian accounts frozen with the Czechoslovak National Bank in Prague. The Czechoslovak crowns were used by
Rumania to settle its own obligations toward Czechoslovak creditors. Monopoly Trading Bodies. -- Gradually, functions of the above-mentioned
(6).
compulsory export organizations were extended so as to cover all phases of distribution and consumption of specific commodities. Thus they became monopoly trading.
bodies operating under government supervision and controlling both domestic and foreign commerce of the goods 'concerned.. (7). Barter Arrangements and "Aski" Trading-- .After the Anschluss, the German system of foreign trade controls was extended to Austria. It resulted not
only in a considerable tightening of the foreign exchange regulations but added two further types of trade controls, barter and "Aski" Trade.
(7). Barter Arrangements and "Aski" Trading (continued)
- 115 -
Barter trades were arrangements for the exchange of goods at ratios varying according to the urgency of the need for the imported commodity. They developed
to prevent a further shrinkage of the exports of finished goods and as a means of securing raw materials for the industry. governmental arrangements and (2) in the country and abroad. "Aski" accounts (contracted from "Auslands-Sonderkonten Fuer Inlandszahlungen" i.e. foreigners' special accounts for payments in Germany) constituted a refined Such accounts, opened with a local bank in the name of The two main types were (1) inter-
agreements between two or more private firms
system of private barter. a foreigner, received.
cAnsisted of the payments made by a local importer for merchandise
They could be used either by the beneficiary himself for purchases
to other of specified domestic goods, or could be sold, usually at a discount, importers in that particular country. IV. Dependence on Foreign Supplies-(a). Principal food items. -In the years following the First World War
Austria's agriculture did not supply more than 40 to 50 percent of the domestic, requirements. However, in the years preceding the Anschluss the percentage had The country's supply situation for some of the illus-
gone up to about 78 percent.
major agricultural products in the second part of the inter-war period is trated by the following table.
a).
Principal food items

continued)
116 -
Austria's Supplies of Agricultural Products (Thousands of metric tons
Amount available for conRequirement seed for Production
Domestic production in percen2& of total consump-
~/
Tmports cs~oorts
sumption
2/
Comiodity
Wheat ....
Year
tion 41.4 65.5 56.8
1929 1935 1936 1929 1935 1936 1929 1935 1936 1929 1935 1936 1929
314.6
422.1 382.1
31.3 36.4 37..8 56.1
404.6
204.5
3.7.
1.1
684.2
589.1
264.9
111.2 46.7 166.6
3.4
1.6 1.3 0.8
605.8
564.0 608.3
Rye
..........
510.5
620.2
80.6 71.6 71.4 82.3 85.5 75.6 92.3 91.2 37.9 27.2
57.3
55.9
22.1 22.8 22.9
472.7 269.4 270.3 278.1 451.0 390.8 427.3 117.3 127.6 170.9
2,803.0
582.6 346.2 300.8 299.3 525.7

365.4 411.9
Barley
......
100.0 54.4 44.1 128.3

28.3 36.5
1.1 1.1
Oats ..........
53.4 53.6 51.9
0.2 0.1
Corn ..........
5,5
6.5
6.8 379.7
184.1
323.6
328.0
0.9
0.1
295.0
444.6
492.1
1935
1936
33.4
97.8 98.9 99.2
~
Potatoes ......
1929 1935 1936

I-
61.4
18.9
2,392.,5 2,368:7
--c--------
404,6
6.7 6.7
2,478,0 1,999.9-
419.8
20,9
-
5.9
-
1,963.9
----
/
J
The figures refer to agricultural years ending June 30, of the following year.
Including fodder and industrial consumption.
At the time of the Anschluss, Austria's requirements of potatoes, sugar beets,

fodder, beets, peas, beans and fruit were covered fully, or almost fully, by domestic production. On the other hand, lesser there was a considerable in rye, barley deficiency in Moreover, imports,
wheat and corn and, to a
somewhat
degree,
and oats.
the country's requirements of meat and fat could be met only by substantial but as a result of a sharply reduced Exports of dairy consumption of products, on the meat, the
net imports of live were increasing.
animals went down.
other hand,
(a). Principal food items c n ni (continued)
It appears that there are only limited possibilities for a further increase of agricultural production in Austria, in view of the fact that highly fertile soil is available only in some parts of Lower Austria and "Burgenland," and that less than 25 percent of the country's total area is arable land; the remainder are meadows (11%), gardens (1%), vineyards (0.4%), pastures (4%), alpine land (11%) forests (37.7%), and other areas (11%). Besides, Austrian statistics indi-
cate that the higher degree of self-sufficiency in foodstuffs attained in the second part of the inter-war period, was partly due to a lowering of the standard of living caused by the economic crisis. Thus, for example, the consumption of
fresh milk in Vienna fell from 157 liters per capita in 1929 to 112 liters in 1936, Vienna's consumption of beef from 39,495 metric tons in 1930 to 24,798 tons i' 1936. The butter consumption in the households of unemployed workmen was 55 and there were 185,000 unemployed in Vienna
percent below the average (1934), alone in 1934, and still
164,000 in 1937. Austria's production of some types of medical It was sufficient to cover the country's
(b). Medical Supplies. --
is well developed and not unimportant.
own requirements and to leave surplus which used to be exported mainly to Germany, Southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean countries.' Many special medical supplies,
however, were not produced domestically, and had to be imported, the main supplier being Germany, followed by Switzerland and Great Britain. The bulk of the imports
consisted of high-priced pharmaceuticals whose value exceeded considerably Austria's exports.
- 118 -
C. Price Control and Rationing
I.
Price Control-(a). Scope and Functions. Price control was introduced in Austria by
the law of April 10, 1937 which established the office of a Federal Commissioner for the Control of Prices. The Price Commissioner was placed under the jurisdiction of the Federal Chancellery and was to watch closely all price trends. He was in charge of taking
all necessary steps to avoid any unjustified rising of prices, as well as to lower such prices which appeared to be higher than warranted by the circumstances. He
was authorized to request any information he deemed necessary, from all public agencies as well as associations, of manufacturers, distributors and consumers; and to create special committees consisting of delegates of such agencies' and associations and of representatives of the National Bank. In cases in which the
existing prices were influenced by agreements such as cartels, calculation or price conventions, etc., the Price Commissioner was empowered to require explanations or the submission of necessary statements from all parties concerned. After the Anschluss, the functions of the Reich Commissioner for Price Formation were extended to Austria and price control in Austria was incorporated into the German price-administration system which has been covered in another Handbook. (b). Administrative System.-- It. may be recalled that the functions of the have been divided into two broad groups, viz. price formation and price supervision. Accordingly, the price administration has two principal subdivisions, and
represented by the regional price formation offices ("Preisbildungsstellen") the price control offices ("Preisueberwachungsstellen").
On the lower administra-
tive level, price control is in the hands of the local price authorities ("untere
(b)
Administrative System (continued)
- 119 -
Preisbehoerden").
The price authorities on the regional and local levels do not
work as independent offices but rather as administrative sections of existing offices of the general administration. However, special provisions have been
made to keep these price authorities free from dependence of, and influence by, the offices to which they are attached. The organization and functions of the (1). Reich Commissioner for The Reich Commission-
price offices are described below in further detail: Price-Formation. --
This is the supreme authority on prices.
er for Price Formation, is, in principle, in charge of all duties which he has not delegated to subordinate agencies. cising of the following powers. 1) fixing of prices, price ranges or price mark-ups of any kind, except for regional prices; 2) price-formation for coal; 3) the closing of production plants for periods of more than three years; 4) the suspension of operating licenses for periods of more than three years; 5) a number of special decisions pertaining mainly to price-formation, e.g., the fixing of prices for leather and textiles, and the issuing of special exemptions from maximum price regulations in cases of special importance. (2). Price Formation Offices. -Besides, he has reserved to himself the exer-
"Preisbildungsstellen," created in Germany
by an administrative order of December 12, 1936, have been established in Austria with the Provincial Governors ("Reichsstatthalter"). The main task of the Price Formation Offices are the calculation and fixing of regional prices, except in those cases which have been designated by the Reich Commissioner as belonging to his personal jurisdiction, or have been entrusted, by him, to the local price authorities. The Price Formation Offices also decide
on appeals against fines levied by the Price Control Offices and are entitled to
(2).
Price
Formation Offices
120 -
(continued)
waive administrative fines or balances of such fines in the amounts up to 5,000 Reichsmarks. The staff of the Price Formation Offices consists of administrative officers in addition to a number of specially trained economic experts.
(3). Price Control Offices.-- "Preisueberwachungsstellen" have been established with the Provincial Governors ("Reichsstatthalter") except for Vienna where the President of the Police acts as Price Control Office. The Price Control Offices are in charge of the supervision and enforcement of price control. It is their duty to see to it that price control measures are
carried out, that violation of price control ordinances are detected and that transgressors are convicted and fined. penalties: (1) levy fines ("Ordnungsstrafen") in any amount; They are empowered to decree the following
(2) order the closing of enterprises (in the case of production plants)for periods of not more than three years; (3) suspend operating licenses for periods of up to three years; (4) to require the punishment of anyone violating the price laws, by a regular court, or his trial before the Special Court. Their administrative set-up is Price Formation Offices. based on principles similar to those of the
They consist of sections, sub-sections or units which
are coordinated with the existing administrative offices, but are, nevertheless, vested with the necessary authority and power to grant their independence, the efficient discharge of their duties and the enforcement of their orders. Their staff consists of administrative officers and price examiners, who are especially trained in cost-accounting. The studies, reports and observations
submited by these experts enable the Price Control Offices to obtain a picture of the cost and price situation in the various branches of economy, or with ini '
(3).
Price Control Offices
121
aI
(continued)
dividual firms.
This information, in turn, forms the basis for price control
measures, or, if necessary, for suggestions to the Reich Commissioner for Price
Administration.
In view of the fact that there are only a limited number of technically qualified price examiners or plant investigators available, their activities are usually liniited to difficulties. cases of special importance or to cases presenting unusual
Their-main task consists in supervision and examination of prices
in the fields of prduction and the wholesale trade while price control in the retail trade and in the handicrafts is entrusted to a staff of police officers. To that ede,
o- caled control commandos ('Ueberwachungskommandos") are establishThey consist of specially trained polic~e
ed w th each Price Control Office.
officer"s whoiake -regular and periodic inspection tours,, during which they ascertain, by spot checks or investigations of individual firms, whether and to what extent the price regulations are _adhered to. kept the PriceControl Offices fully This close supervision reportedly and developments
informed about the situation
within their iarea and enabled them to take the necessary measures whenever any
indication of a price rise appeared.. For this reason, the Control Commandos were considered.the :actual backbone of the entire price control and, accordingly, were built _upand organized so as to operate in the most efficient way.
(4).
is in
Local
Price Authorities. --
On the lower levels, price administration i.e. the "Landraete' in
the; hands of. the heads of the local government,
rural counties, and the "Oberbuergermeister" in "Stadtkreisen", i.e. cities outside the rural counties. there is a clear-cut .separation between the
While on the regional level
Price Formation Offices and the Price Control Offices, ted into one single office on the local level.
these functions are integra-
As a rule, the local price authori9 c
(4). Local Price Authorities

(continued)
22 1ii
ties are not put in charge of the investigation of manufacturing firms.
Such
investigations involving usually complicated examinations which can be carried

out only by especially trained personnel, belong to the duties of the regional The
price control offices, or the Reich Commissioner for Price Administration.
investigations on the local level are carried out by local police officers who are, in case of need, assisted by police officers specially trained in price Besides, there is at least one administrative officer or clerk in each
control.
district at the disposal of the local price authorities for the discharge of routine work. In addition to the functions of price control proper, i.e. the detection and stopping of violations of the price regulations, the local price authorities may be authorized to inflict the following penalties upon the violators of the price laws: (a) fines ("Ordnungsstrafen") up to 1,000 Reichsmarks.
(b) closing down of the firm for a period of not more than 14 days. Moreover, the local price authorities have been given the authority to regulate prices in cases of purely local importance, The main field of activity of the local price authorities is the retail
trade and handicraft, thus covering virtually all goods and services which constitute the necessities of the daily life. Price Control Authorities. Below is given an outline of the price
(5).
control authorities on the central and regional levels. (a) Reich Commissioner for Price Formation: Subdivisions: Division A General questions and policies Division I. Central Division Group A Budget, Administration, Organization
. =c
().
Price Control Authorities
123
'"tY,P m rI
-
3c1
(continued)
Group B
Personnel
Group C
Division II. Division
III.
Real-estate and housing questions, rents.
Food and agriculture Iron, nonferrous metals, machine and vehicle construction, electrotechnic; chemistry; manufacture of fabrics, leather and paper. Forestry and lumber industry; building industry; conmaterials; mining, coal trade; mineral oil struction industry; investigations of plants (efficiency) and costs. Transportation and communication; insurance business, money, bank and stock exchange enterprises; cultural other compensations and contributions; institutions; power industry.
Division IV.
Division V.
(b)
Regional Price Formation Offices: The Reich Governor ("Rleichsstatthalter" ) of Vienna, Vienna (Lower Austria), Klagenfurt Austria), Linz Vienna
The Reich Governor of Niederdonau The Reich Governor of Carinthia,
The Reich Governor of Oberoesterreich"(Upper
The Reich Governor of Tyrol and Vorarlberg, Innsbruck The Reich Governor of Styria, Graz
(c) Price9Cntrol Offices:

The President
9:f the
Police, Vienna (Lower Austria), Vienna
The Reich Governor of Niederdonau
The Reich Governor of Carinthia, Klagenfurt

The Reich Governor of Oberdonau (Upper Austria), Linz
The Reich Governor of Tyrol and Vorarlberg, Innsbruck The Reich Governor of Styria, Graz.
3 b
-a
x
.L7.LF
i c 1
r
II.
RATIONING
(a).
Background and Development-Although the economic controls were increasingly tightened in the second
part of the inter-war period, there was no rationing on the consumer level in independent Austria. However, after the Anschluss, the elaborate German system
of controls over production and distribution of foodstuffs as well as industrial raw material and finished products was extended to Austria. After a period of voluntary rationing of scarce food items, mostly fats and eggs, through registration with retail dealers and allotments of limited amounts to each registered customer, the decree of August 27, 1939 formed the legal basis for a general rationing of civilian consumer goods. The provisions
were subsequently amended and revised, but the system remained substantially the same. At the end of the war, almost all foodstuffs and necessities of daily life were rationed. (b). Administration. -- Planning and central control, including the establishment of ration amounts, was carried out jointly by the Reich Minister of Food and the Reich Minister of Economics, in accordance with directives issued by the Ministerial Council for the Defense of the Reich. These two supreme authori-
ties of the Reich also determined the duties and powers of the food offices and economic offices on the provincial and the local levels. On the regional level, the administration was entrused jointly to the (a) Reich Defense Commissioners and the Provincial Governor ("Reichsstatthalter") of Vienna, with jurisdiction over Vienna, Lower Austria and Upper Austria which, together, formed the Economic District No. 29 ("Donauland"),
-. .. *
and
(b). Administration continued
-T
(b) The Reich Defense Commissioners and the Provincial Governor of Salzburg, with jurisdiction over Tyrol - Vorarlberg, Salzburg, Styria and Carinthia, which formed the Economic District. No. 30 ("Alpenland"). The Provincial Governors acted in the economic field through their District Economic Office ("Bezirkswirtschaftsamt") a regional planning and steering office. which, it appears, had the functions of
The operating functions on the regional
level were entrusted to the Provincial Food Offices and Provincial Economic Offices which, commerce. originally, formed part of the regional chambers of industry and
In order to simplify the public administration, the latter were merged
with the regional offices of the self-administering compulsory trade associations into regional economic chambers ("Gauwirtschaftskammern") by the decree of April
20, 1942. The local food offices have two main duties:
(1) to control the activities of the agricultural producers including the proper cultivation of the land, raising of cattle, harvesting, and the collection of farm products as well as their allocation and distribution. (2) to control the consumption.
In particular, the local food offices are in charge of the following duties: (a) to determine the food and fodder requirements of the area under their jurisdiction. (b) to regulate the consumer rationing by establishing household lists, consumer lists (c) with retailers, preferential consumer groups, etc.
to supervise the distribution of foodstuffs and fodder to the con-
sumers in accordance with the directives issued by the Reich Food Minister.
/V
(b).
Administration (continued)
- 126 -
The local economic offices are in charge of the distribution of the rationed industrial consumer goods. They form, like the local food offices, an integral
part of the local government, receive their orders, directly or through the higher administrative authority, from the provincial economic office, and their functions and duties may be revised and amended by the Reich Minister of Economics or another authority delegated by him. The provincial food offices control the supply of food and fodder in the area under their jurisdiction, and supervise the activities of the local food offices in accordance with the directives issued by the Reich Food Minister. The provincial economic offices were assigned by the decree of August 27, 1939 the following duties some of which have a direct bearing on the rationing: (a) Control the productive capacity of the important industrial plants (b) Secure essential distribution channels (c) Secure the essential handicraft (d) Secure the essential credit and insurance institutes (e) Secure the supply of power (f) Cooperate in carrying out the control of raw materials and semifinished products
(g) Control of the consumption of solid and liquid fuel (coal, oil, gasoline, etc.), tires, textiles, footwear, soap and other industrial products subject to rationing (h) Collection and utilization of waste material. The administrative setup of the rationing authorities is further illustrated by the following chart:
~ .
c .... ~
F i
III
Ilr
ly
126a
LA
'*SIFLL
ADMINISTRATION OF RATIONING (According to the Decree of the Simplification of Administration of November 16, 1942.)
PLANNING AND CENTRAL CONTROL:
("Ministerrat
Miinisterial Council for the Defense of the Reich " rat Fuer Dis Reichsverteidi
Supreme Authorities of the Reich ("Oberste Reichsbehoerden") I Reich Ministry I..... ..... I Reich Food - ..... I of Economics I I Ministry
Ministr
REGIONAL ADl IN ISTRATION
Reich Defense Commissioners ("Reichsverteidigunskommissare") National Governor of Vienna

"Reichsstatthalter in Wien"
National Governor of Salzburg
("Reichsstatthalter
in Slazbur ")
Economic District "Wirt$chaftsbezirk") No 29 ("Donauland"') With jurisdiction over the following Provinces ("1Reichsgaue"): Vienna Niederdonau (Lower Austria) Oberdonau (Upper Austria) Regional Economic Office ("Bezirksi'tschaftsamtt),
Economic District ("Wirtschaftsbezirk") No 30 (ALpenland") With jurisdiction over the following Provinces ("Reichsgaue"): Tyrol and Vorarlberg Salzburg Styria Carinthia Regional Economic Office ('Beirkswirtschaftsamt")
Regional Economic Chambers ("Gauwirtschaftskammern") (Handeseraehi saemtert
Provincial Economic Offices I "Landeswirtschaftsaemter")
I
LOCAL ADMINISTRATION:
TT
IT
HEADS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ("Landrate" in Rural Counties, "Oberbuergermeister" in "Stadtkreisen", i.e., Cities outside the county administration.) Economic Offices (tWi1tschaftsaemterB)
.1-
IFood Offices saemterH) " IErn~ej.
11Established
by the decree of April 20, 1942, and comprising the former chambers of industry and commerce, and the regional offices of the self-administering compulsory trade associations.
SThe territory of Austria was divided into 8l rural counties ("Landkreise") and The administration of the city of Vienna was based on special 10 "'Stadtkreise". regulations issued jointly by the Reich Food Minister and the Reich Minister of Economics.
(c). Rationing Techniques-A few days before the outbreak of the war, by the decree of August 27, 1939, the entire agricultural production of food and consumer goods and most of the raw materials, finished products and semi-finished products, were placed under government control and distributed to the consumer through a rationing system. The foods and consumer goods rationed at that time were: Bread and flour; potatoes; meat and meat products; milk; milk products, oils and fats; eggs; sugar and jams; legumes; barley, groats, tapioca, cream of wheat, and other similar staples; coffee, coffee substitutes, tea and cocoa; soap, soap flakes, other cleaner materials containing fats; coal for domestic consumption (heating and cooking) textiles; shoes and leather for shoe repairs. Other items were added later until the consumption of almost all necessities of the daily life was put under control. Food rationing was carried out on the basis of- cards for most food items, and on a license system for some of them, e.g. potatoes. at first, covered approximately 4 weeks; later, however, extended to 4 months. Each rationing period, these periods were
Amounts to be delivered on each card or license were There are two types of
announced periodically by the Reichs Ministry of foods. food cards, the national and the local cards,
National cards for the basic
food rations, and local cards, so-called "Naehr'mittelkarten," for special, additional, or seasonal allotments, made from time to time by the local food offices. Consumers had to register with retailers for the purchase of rationed foods, as
well as for the purchase of uhrationed but otherwise controlled food (poultry,
game, skimmed milk, etc.),
i
9I . -' _,
y i
l "
(c).
Rationing Techniques
-co128'-ed1
~ PThwzvik
orn
their ioikhars uppemented (sometimes ;i doubled) :r r
i"fie,
jj
p3
g tsystm
?tst se
ao 1
Yt r4+ fohavrxr
?9,{fPSnorm
ev ok
cpnsumers,
~
to
e
qt wo, erjmn
ge>
a qse
to,. they needs ofr cilldren and youths
c 9.tri
Special
allotments
are made
available. for expectant 9or nursing
mothers, for blood donors, for emergency workers on shifts of over 12 hours sick people, etc.
for
Vegetarians may exchange meat rations for other rationed items.
Agricultural producers" are required. to pl.ac'e their entire prodruction at the amut to~eeei dat3J~tj 13gyai disposal of. he
cover. tWl5p~ 7 amounts t
n#9
sp f9r
s.esiwrp
f
Ari4 fpx
.11 Q4
the
9Pg -4
stock.
The
' 4tano e # f 4
4e ;gs. tpy
Soap is distr ut4 lorb tndpXdvuak ratioanga cards4 , the. 4zQ o'f the allotment
changing. gq r$t pti spca .pneds .R
Textiles, 8heaA an4 shQe rsp ~yr

against
Pl-
>..Sl
so
da
. e._
be
bought only
upon
permits
issued t
e.
it 's4x'r9
p~~e sby the co
fpcie
WJ
However, the a intratonieyemawas ado teo aY d. u p shortageyni supplies resulte c a b of h a t d4 e e t a l in a co r nis of g F.n d clotp eni p i t e ra c i car rdns ra
'ygrowing
Tmvination
o a
s~~
umeraidag otwcuats of Hcodngt

ittY4e9bF
cix
tie dwell~ns,
o
9
and t~e
e4kji f4pAitA
cjt
',
r .,r~
".
4.''. {;
7"'3,
2L
rainso
i r
thed pr
z+uYpr
1atiLi b thvu ux~sne not
co
nso
asa
fa4jgo0 tea lb4.a
.bIIYYI'O oreol
satsnk
~~.K
Iopa flstsyr7CtltMons,
5 ar4s
'Amb
df~t I
?
wtel ~
11$PzLLA
as.f*F rco
tmo
(. 1 t.
Stly~~~~~~~~~~~ot j;} r2i1X /.y\ P
. ,~ra.f."r
.S ' S' v
r ~.
13
}
g t(1
ATEBAGE WEEKL
Oz. in Bracke,
ONS IN AUSTRIA
(Grammes'k ra.
Otherwise Indicated)
Workers.
N..
Normal Consumers.
__
iig
ando
Hvs
W... Heavy Workers. T.H.W. U.4.- Men Sugar
by
Oh.. Occupations.'
3
-'Chilren.en.
.Adolescentsa.
Rx.M... Expectant, L~ying In, or Nursing Mothers.
Period3
s3sa3 s 3
Bread anid/or Flour
a
s:
Meat and Meat Products
pats kinds, also pork.
Milk3 Whole milk, unless s indicated, otherwise": in liters (ints) s OCh. under 3-6 Oh. 6-14.
Other Allotments
9/25 - 10/22. 1939 I(irst permanen period)
N.*C. H.Y. V.H.W. Oh. und.er 6 Oh. 6-10 Oh. 10-14
2,4100 (85) N. 500 (17k) 3,800 (134) H.W. 1, 000 (35) 4,800 (169) 'TO.W 1, 200 (42) 1,100 (39) Oh. underit . 6 250 (8-3/14) 1,700 (60) 2,1400 (85) Oh. and Ad. 6-1i4 500 (17*) 300 (10k) 600 (21) 950 (30) 150 (5*)
270
392.5 (13-3/1 6 2
3 2 2 23 a 2 3 2 3 s a s a 2 3 225
3- 5.25 (9)
5.25 1 .75 (3) 3.*5 (6)-
instea : zFlourreduction ofjread on specified 25% inlweight. (1) (9) "Naebrmittel" !10(5
brenad coupons,
80
14
(2-3/4)
=U.. )
:Eggs, announced
from time to time.
20
206 6(7V) *Ch. under 3 306 (1) :Ch. 3-6 3 20 Oh. 6-14 57 125 (4)
_ Coffee substitute 100
(3k).
4/6-5/1:U492
(Lowest Rations)
A.C.
H.W.
Q.H.W.
2,000 (70) =N.C. 3.1400 (119) H.W.
(8)-
4..100
(154) : T.H.W. Oh.* underx

=
Ad. 10-20 N.O. N.W.

H.W.
2,600 (92)
IA1.. 6-20
Oh. and
350 (12*)
250 150 600 850
2269
225 -(9)
h
(W)
T.H.W.
3'
3
2,325 (82): N.C. 2,925 (102) :N. 3,725 (131) 3 .W. 4,725 (166) : T.R.W.
(9)
(16) (21) (30)
29O ~219 (8)

319 (11*) 588 (21)
Oh. under 3 7,175
(41)
O under rh. 100 (3*) O and h.

300 (10*)
'Oh. under. :Oh 3-6

s
s Oh.
"
mpil 4.19114g
3-6
1,275 (144)
37
(40
Flour, cake, pastries instead of bread on specified bread coupons. Cheese 47 (1*) and quark 31 (1) or 94 (3)Quark. Jim 175(6) or 87 (3) Sugar; Oh. 6-14 225 (8) "Naehrmittel" 150 (5*); Oh. under 3, 275 :Ex.M.) ;.5 (9k); Oh. 3-6, 212 (7*); Artificial honey 31 (1) and 3s (6) cocoa powder 15 (f-) to Oh. on 'fats card. Eggs 2 per month per person. Coffee substitute 62 (2) except children under 31 Condensed milk 1 tin of 170 (b) for 14 weeks period. ,2 (9) Flour, cakes and pastries instead of bread on specified Bh.363 =Ch. under 3 5. . (6) 3 bread coupons. Cheese 31'(1), quark 31 (1); Jam ch. 6-14 -75 (3) 3 175 (6), Oh. 6-114 225 (g),"Nawhrmittel" 150 (5*). 1xj. ) 3 Oh. under 3 275 (9j), Oh. 3..6 212 (7*), ExM. 700 .5(6) su o ) (25), Artifioialjhoney, Oh. 31 (1), Cocoa powder, :Skimmed milk, Oh. 15 (J), Eggs 2 per month, Coffee substitute 62 -2), except to Oh. under 3, Local rationing of :rationed locally potatoes, fruit ~ vegetables, fish and sweets.
3
5. (9) .25 5. 1. (3) "75
x.5
39
Oh. 6-10 1,775 (62) Oh. 10-20 2,675 (94) Bread rations. increased s 1008 (3)in each category: 3 by end of October.
S 2 2 3 S
ICh. 6-14 277 (lo) 3M. 111 .1i 280 (10)

s
_
s
9.
3.
2,4125
s R.W. 3 Y.N.W.
(85)
N.C.
N.W. H.W.
250 (9)
3 3 3 2 3 3 2
225
(8)
1.0.
3,125-(109) 3,825 (134) 4,825 (169)
150 (16) 600 (2)

850 (30)
300 (ion)
N.Y.
209 (8) 229 (j)
:Ch. under 3
:Ch-
3-6
s Oh. under 3 wCh. 3 6 ! Oh. 6-10 I Oh. and ! Ad. 10-20 December 8, 19114/ .N.C. sN.W.
3 H.W. :Y.H.W.
1,275 (114) 1,325 (118)

2,000 (70)
T.R.W. Ad. 121-1g Oh. under
H.W. 309 (11*) 578 (21) T.R.W. Oh. under 194 (7) Oh. 6-14 272 (10)
Oh.
:Ch. 6-14
: x.M.) :U.O. )
.6 Oh. 6-14
N.C. N.WH.W.
2,775 (97)
2,225, (78) 3,125 (109)
100 (3k) 300 (i0*) 250 (9) 150 (16) 600 (21) 850 (30) 100 (3*)
300 (icy)
3 3-6
131
(5)
Skimmed
milk
2
2 a 2
*A. 111-20
219 (7j)
N.W.
Flour, cakes (in Gramm s) o ra Flou, ckesandipastries, insteadofbedn specified bread coupons. Cheese 31 (1), quark 3.5 (6)3 a 31 (1) Jam 175(6) Oh. 6-14 225 (8), 'Naehruittel' 15 (3) Children under 3.50 (6) s 150 Artificialihoney, 3, 275 (5*), Oh. 3..6, 212 (7k), Oh. 31 (1), Cocoa powder, Oh. 15 (*), Coffee substitute 62 (2) except Oh. 1.12 (2) a under 3. Local rationing of potatoes, fruit, fish and eggs. 5.25 (9)
(4)
268 (10)
268 (9> 288 (10) 368 (13) 655 (23) :Oh. under
3,625 (127)
4,525 (158)
s Oh. under 3 1,175 (41)

s Oh. 6-10 2,000 (70)
T.R.W. Oh. under
H.W. Y.H.W.
;Ch. 3-6 W h. 6-14
5.25
(9)
3 Flour instead of bread on certain bread coupons.
Cheese 60 (2), Jam 187
(61),
Oh. 6-10, 237 (8*).
2
3 2
6
Ch. 3-6
a Ad. 10.19
1,275 (144) 2,775 (97)
Oh. and Ad. 6-18
t Ch. uiAt t 3 156 (51 ) : Oh. and :Ad., 6-19 330 (11*)
1.75 (3) s Ad. 10-18, 212 (7*). 'Naehrmittel" 138 (1_.3/4), Oh. under 3, 263,'(9), Oh. 3-6, 200 (7), Artifieial 3.5 (6)$ honey, Oh. under l, 10,(1), Ad. 10-18, 15 (*), :U.0.) 31 . 62 (2). except Oh. W. Coffee substitute 37 (1* under 3, Potatoes 3,500.(124), Southern and S. Skimmed milk
a N.C.
0.9
Oh. 3-6
250 (9)
(1*) 3 Germany 2,500 (88), plus cereal products. Oh. under 3, half ration, Fruit, vegetables, and fish locally rationed.
ZSbstitutjon of meat :for fat on portion of =these rations. 71,"Naehrmittel" cereals, rice, sago, alimentary pastes, barley, groats, and similar products. LIThe figures of the rations given in this table are based on the latest available information. Outtn1Oee ayyb$ some omissions and inaccuracies as complete accurate and up-to-date information
ULASSH ED
-128a
WCLAD
1'B
e).
Black Markets. -- From the available information it
appears
that the
price control coupled with the strict 'control over all phases of production, distribution and consumption was very effective during the first part of the :war. Later, however, notwithstanding the heavy penalties provided for, some black market -operations at very high prices were reported in
the
foreign press.
NilN..
APPENDIX
I. Principal Laws and Regulations affecting Austria's Economy in the Transition
Period following the "r~schluss"'
--
The far-reaching changes affecting all

result all of its chapters.
of hases Austria's
economy as a
almost
incorporation into Greater Germany have been emphasized in The following list in quotes the most important legal Austria,
provisions
concerning the economic life
issued from the Anschluss to the end of
1939:
Principle German Laws and Regulations Regarding Austria's Economy

in the Transition Period following the "Anschluss".
Date
I --
Subject
---
Gazette Page in the Official (Reichsgesetzblatt) Part I.
March 16, 1938
First Decree on application of'Reich laws in Austria future laws to apply. all 4 year plan law to apply. Transfer of Bundesbahwen
March 17,18,1938
252, 259
March 17, 1938

April 23, 1938 Reich currency Transfer of National Bank Rules on commerce and trade Decree on
253, 405 254 263

262
March 17, 1938
March 19, 1938 March 19, 1938

March 19, April 25,
4,
year plan
1938
March 21, 1938
Opening of new craft enterprises repeal Free import of Austrian goods
264, 414
300
March 22, 1938 May 4, 1938

March 23, 1938
Tariff changes
300,501,502
June 14, 1938
Trade with Austria -
repeal
302, 628
German Legislation Regarding
Austria (continued)
131 -
HC[ AISSF
Date
Subject
Page in the Official Gazette (Reichsgesetzblatt) Part I.
March 23, 1938

March 26, 1938 March 26, 1938
Decree on economic recovery Trustee of labor Postal rates
309 335, 336 313
March 26,
July 9,
1938
Decrees introducing social legislation Price rise ban
335, 851
340 373
March 29, 1938
April 8, 1938
April 11, Aug. 2, Oct.
Loans for encouragement of crafts

Cormercial, trade laws corporation,
385, 988 , 1428,

1999 403 389, 424 , 708, 995, 2.49, 1813,
1817.
14, Dec.
24, 1938
April 14, 1938

April 14, 27, June 29, Aug. 3, Oct. 10, Dec. 13, 17, 1938
Application of Reichsfluchtsteuer
Taxation legislation
April 14, 1938
Introduction of Reich planning legislation Prices of goods moving between Austria and Germany Labor service
392
April 15, 1938
401
400
April
19, 1938
April 23, 1938
German clearing office clearing arrangements
Austrian 412
405 427 428, 459 510
Apil 23, 1938
Decree on currency and banking Price decreases International capital movements Decree on price rises Liquidation of agricultural debt Decree on prices of foreign goods Railroad transportation rules Decree introducing law on
April 27, 1938

April 29, 1938
May 5,
1938
May 5, 1938
May 5, 1938
May 13, Sept. 15, 1938
502 510. 522,

523 590
1172
May 14, 1938
Reichsnathrstand (Reich Food Estate) May 20, 1938

Mining legislation
Wt hL
ts .
f1E
German Legislation Regarding Austria continued)
32 ";"
;i
: :.:,ii
i:r: ii
~-~-C
i:
Lcj
Date
Subject
May 20, 1938
Organizatio, transfer, expansion of forestry and lumber enterprises Decree on introduction of German legislation on labor book, employment service, etc. Withdrawal of gold coins Decree on maximum price of scrap paper Turnover adjustment tax Telegraph rates to foreign countries Free import of German goods
592
May 20, 1938
591 601
May 25, 1938 May 30, 1938 June 18, 1938 June 25, 1938 June 26, Sept. 22, 1938
617 644 692
1191
June 28, July 15, Ser "t. 13, Nov. 16, Dec. 7, Changes in Austrian tariff 1938 July 5, 1938 July 5, 1938 July 6, 1938 July 9, 1938 July 9, 1938 July 14, 1938, Sept. 9, 1938 July 18, 1938 July 26, 1938 August 2, 1938 Regulation of forestry and lumber industries Market order in lumber industry Change in excise on spirits Postal rates Telegraph rates
697, 901, 1167, 1691, 1730 804 805 833 855 875
German cartel legislation Reduction in tax on matches, etc. Long distance road transportation Conversion of balance sheets to RM basis Repeal of tax on champagne, mineral water, and yeast Repeal of export tax Agricultural market order
P i'
1163
904 949 982
August 6, 1938
999 996
1041
August 6, 1938 August 17, 1938
German Legislation Regardin ,(continued A
y33
A AzbSIFu-It
Date
Subject
August 17, 1938

August 23, 1938
Sept. 23, 1938
Trade in
agricultural
commodities commodities
1039
1063 1191 1201
Charges on trade in Road vehicle fees
Sept. 24, 1938 Sept. 24, 1938
Organization of craft enterprises

Decree on price of iron and steel scrap Reduction of beet sugar tax Protection of Austria market Credit and Payments Prices of coniferous timber Transfer of National Bank pension funds Labor Trustee Administration Regulations on coal trade German pharmaceutical tax Austria Mortgage Bank Law Confiscation of property of of, the people and State" "1enemies changes between Austria Tariff and Sudetenland Foreign exchange control Prices in public contracts Social Insurance in Austria in
1199
1322 1203
Sept. 26, 19 38
Sept. 27, 19: 3

October 1, lC 938 October 11,
1329 1459
1938
October 12, 1938
1419
1515 1439
October 14,
1938
October 17, 1933

October 28, 1938
1611
November 11, November 18,
1938 1938
1938
1574,
1620
December 1,
1689
December 21, 1938 December 21, 1938
1849 185;0 1912

1998
2018
December 22, 1938 December 28, 1938

December 31, 1938
Extension of meat and fish import

New buildings exempt from taxation Prices of coniferous timber
January 9, 1939
30
____
o)
German Legislation Regarding

Austria (continued)
134
Date
Subject
Janu. 17, 20, Feb. 8, 10, 18, 21, 27, June 10,
48, 59, 194, 216,
325, 353, 370,,

Taxation
15, 26, Aug. 11, 31, Sept.

21, Nov. 18, 21, Dec. 2,
1028, 1057, 1061,
1374, 1821, 1979,

2266, 2303, 2351,
2458.
January 26, 1939 January 31, 1939
Electric power
Organization of those entitled

to carry on mining 115
February 3,
1939
Prices of commodities moving between Austria and the other Reich areas 161
February 3, 1939
General reduction in
prices
161
February 7, 1939 Feb. 7, May 17, 1939

1939
Reestablishment of peasantry Working hours
203 155, 928

168 196
202, 1010
February 8,
4 year plan
Social insurance 1939 Lottery Austrian beer tax Match monopoly Protection of German border (land ownership, etc.)
February 9, 1939
Feb. 11, June 9,
February 17, 1939 February 20, 1939 February 27, 1939
258 326
354
February 27, 1939
Law on leasing of drug stores Trade in animals
338 380
553
February 28, 1939

February 28, 1939 February 28, 1939
Regulations on fats Legislation and orders regarding Agreement of German Standstill Feb. 27, 1932 and of 1938 Anleihestockgesetz Supervision of private insurance Correction
364 363 365 23 1383
February 28, 1939

February 28, 1939
January 6, 1939 August 11, 1939
German Leislation Regarding

Austria (continued
Il~(tCI~iiF-I
in th
Date February ;2s, 1939 February ;28, 1939 Subject Tax on crafts Pharmaceutical tax Organization of crafts
fiia
aet
Page in the Official Gazette (Reic isgesetzblatt) Fart I.
376 345
420
March 4, :L939
March 10, September
12, 1939
March 20, 1939 March 21, 1939 March 21, 1939 March 22, November
Insurance pool Tax on lard and. fats
569, 570, 630 551 564
1844
Trade in commodities with Austria

German tariff regulations Lowering of. interest in loan institutions
24, 1939
March 25, March 25,
650,
2299
1939 1939
Wine tax lifted

and decree on Tax on mineral oil alcoholic content of fuels
582
653
600,
March 27, Dec. 5,
1939
Measures in the field of banking Transfer of tobacco monopoly to Reich Erbho frecht Prices of newsreels Tax on lighting fixtures Prices of raw timber Introduction of German law in Jungholz and Mittelberg Debts in gold shillings and gold crowns Prices of metals Taxation on new buildings Regulation on eggs Redeemable stocks
2413
April 15, 1939
841
843 915 894 929, 1966
April 26, 1939 April 27, 1939
May 3, 1939
May 23, Sept. 27, 1939
May 27, 1939
971
June 21, 26, 1939
1037, 1056
1090, 2024
1085
June 21, Oct. 8, 1939 June 23, June 26,
1939 1939
1056 1076 1095

fl Sp u' P .:a q c
June 29,.1939 June 30, 1939
Depreciation profis
German Legislation Regarding Austria (continued)
- 136
f11 ?i t li 3 ? .i 3 s
-c" Date June 30, 1939 July 7, 1939 July 25, 1939 July 26, 1939 August 11, 1939 August 11, 1939 August 20, 1939 August 21, 1939 September 14, 1939 September 14, 1939 October 11, 1939
_ Subect
Page in the Official Gazette (Reichsgesetzblatt) Part I. Grain prices Potash Assessments in the cr rafts Leather prices Stock exchange regulaations Withdrawal of Austria.n coins Brandy monopoly Lime fertilizer price'5 Fmployrent service I1ployment service Capital credits for agricultural tenants Timber cutting Manufacture and sale of Thomasmehl Taxation Regulations on grain 1101 1265 1327 1345 1383 1390
1449
1601 1769 1769, 1992 2020 2029 2263 2266 2291
October 12, 1939 November 9, 1939 November 18, 1939 November 22, 1939 November 27, 1939 December 5,, 1939 December 7, 1939 December 9, 1939 December 9, 1939 December 15, 1939 December 28, 1929 December 28, 1939
German law in Jungholz and Mittelberg 2309 Milk..legislation Manufacture of alarm clocks Property tax Law on land valuation Fodder Work book for workers and employees Timber cutting 2429 2387 2421 2421 1273 2506 2
k'
'
137
II.
References
(a).
In
English--
Economic Survey of Germany, by the British Foreign Office and Ministry of Economic Warfare, Economic Advisory Branch, London, 1944.
"tAustria - Public Finances" - Second report by the financial

tion of the League of Nations, Nov. 1936 - March 1937. Nations, Geneva,, 1937.
organizaLeague of
"Petroleum Facilities of Austria," Confidential Report prepared by the Enemy Oil Committee for the Division of Fuels and Lubricants, Office of the Quartermaster General, dated June 1944. "The Gas Industry of Germany and German-controlled Europe," Confidential Report, prepared by Enemy Branch, Foreign Office and Ministry of Economic
Warfare, London, dated July 1944.

"Subsidies as an instrument of Price Administra1tion in Germany," Foreign Information Series No. S, Office of Price Administration, Washington, D.C., dated October 16, 1942.
Periodic Publications: "Austria of Today," published by the Vienna Chamber of Commerce, and Industry. Reports on the Economic Conditions in Austria, published by the Department of Overseas Trade, London. Trade'
(b). In German-"Handbuch fuer den Handelsverkehr mit den Ausland," issued by the Kammer fuer Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie, Vienna, 1937, Ministerialrat A.D. Dr. Robert Breza," Oesterreichs Handelspolitik in der Krisenzeit" in: Wirtschaftliche Nachrichten, Vienna, January 10, 1935. Ministerialrat/Dr. E. Flottmann, "Handbuch des Preisrechts," Berlin,1943.
Ministerialrat/Dr. E. Flottmann, "Das Deutsche ?reisrecht," Berlin,1943. Layton Rist, "Die
Wirtschaftslage
Oesterreichs,"
Vienina,
1925.
t"Der Oesterreichische Zolltarif nach dem Stande fom 22. April 1933 und
1. Maerz 1935, mit den allgemeinen vertragsmaessigen Zollsaetzen," issued by Kammer fuer Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie, Vienna, 1935.
t"Allgemeiner
und vertragsmaessiger fuer Finanzen, Vienna, 1937."
Loltarif",
issued by Bundesministerium P
II.References (continued) Periodic Publications:
m~N
--m
138
CL~Sifr
issued
ttMonatsberichte des Wiener Instituts f'uer by Wiener Institut fuer Wirtschaftsforschung, Vienna.
'1irtschaftsforschung,t
"Statistiaches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich,tl issued by Oesterreichisches Bundesamt fuer Statistik, Vienna. After the Ansehiuss called: 'Statistisches Jahrbuch fuier Oesterreich, 1938"t, Statistisches Landesamt, Vienna, 1938. issued by Oesterreichisches
"Oesterreichisches Jahrbuch," issued by Oesterreichischer Bundespressedienst. "Wirtschaftsstatistisches Jahrbuch," issued by Kammer fuer Arbeiter und Angestelite, Vienna. t"Monatahefte der Statistik des Aussenhandels Oesterreichs," issued by Oesterreichisches Bundesministerium fuer Handel und~ Verkehr, Vienna, "Statistisehe Nachrichten, t issued by Oesterreichisches Eundesaint fuer Statistik, Vienna. "Compass, Finanziell~es Jahrbuch~ fuer Oesterreich-Unigarn" later called: "Compass, Finanzielles Jahrbuch, Deutsches Reich: Ostinark", Vienna.
1.7
25-49295- 1, 303

Civil Affairs Handbook Austria Section 8

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Civil Affairs Handbook Austria Section 8

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ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOk 6'

23b, AR 380-5, 15 March 1944.)

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES

ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

Army Service Forces

Advanced Training Training Program: and. Pre-

1400 -M1499 M500 - 1599 M600

and Transportation Production

1699 11799 1899 up

Procurement and Administration

1700 1800 1900 -

SERVICE C.:, 7July

OFFICIAL: EDWARD Brigadier Acting The F. WITSELL General Adjutant General

LUTES General., GSC

DISTRIBUTION: AAF(5); AGF(5); ASF(2); Special Distribution.

Table of Contents Part One Industry

Statistics .......... e.*,.......

I. Industrial Production ............ e........ ....

I. Building and Construction......................

Page III. Chemicals, Paper, Glass ................

(e) Paper and Pulp

IV. Lumbering and Woodworking .....

(a) Alcohol, Liquors and Spirits ........ .............

(d) Dairy Products

(e) Flour Mills and Bakeries

(g) Chocolates and Candies .......................... 39

Leather and Footwear................................

VIII. Metal, Engineering and Automotive Industries."....."..44 (a) Industrial Machinery ..

(b)Eecstrical Machinery and Apparatus ..

Public Utilities ..........

E. Effects of War on Industry ............................. 87

Peddling ......................................... 94 (e)

III. Government Control and Regulation of Foreign. Trade ...... 104

m (b) Main Features of Tariff System

on Imports and Exports

112 112 112

(2) Export Controls........................ (3) Foreign Exchange Control ............

(4) Payment and Clearing Agreements ..................

Monopoly Trading Bodies......................

(7) Barter Arrangements and "Askitt Trading ............ IV.

(a)-Principal Food Items ................................ 115

Medical Supplies ...

Price Control Offices.................120 Local Price Authorities .................... .,..... 121

Price Control Authorities........................ 122

(a) Background and Development.......................""

(b) Administration ....................

(c) Rationing Techniques ..............................

(d) Rations of Principal Food Itemis

(e) Black Markets ..............................................

MINING AND INDUSTRY IN AUSTRIA

ENGINEERING IND'S. INSTRUMENTS

Introduction-Austria is an old industrial country. In the middle of the eighteenth

at a time when handicraft was gradually replaced by large-scale

development in every way, ing in that area,

was systematically brought in line The projects

announced immediately after

Erection of a large staple fiber plant at Lenzing near Linz,

(4) Increased utilization of the country's mineral resources,

especially -metals and oil.

production for civilian

consumption was more and more cut down.