The assignment given was to plan a survey for an area.

The survey could be planned in the following way: 1. Reconnaissance Survey A reconnaissance survey is defined as an examination of all or part of an area accomplished in sufficient detail to make generalizations about the types and distributions of historic properties that may be present within a given project area.

2. Deciding the Scale of map The area that is surveyed is vast and, therefore, plans are made to some. Scale is the fixed ratio that every distance on the plan bears with corresponding distance on the ground. Map scale= Map distance: Actual distance Area of School of Engineering building (inc. surrounding area) = 6720 m^2 Let, Area of the map sheet= A2 (594mmx420mm) = 249480 mm^2 Scale of map = [ = Therefore, suggested scale is ]
(since, scale is a ratio of length)

3. Corrections and errors For surveying, we need to have some prerequisite conditions. If these conditions are not met we can have a huge variation in result. Therefore we have to apply corrections to get the true result. Ideal Conditions 1) A tape accurate to 0.00305m or 0.01 ft should be used. 2) Tension of the tape should be about 66.7N or 15 lb. 3) Temperature should be determined within 5.56C or 10F 4) The slope of the ground, should be within 2 percent

Permissible error

The permissible error is the maximum allowable limit that a measurement may vary from the true value, or form a value previously adopted as correct. The value of the permissible error in any case depends upon the scale, the purpose of the survey, the instruments available, class of work, etc. 1 - Pacing Permissible error 1 feet in 20 feet. 2 - Chain Permissible error 1 in 1000. 3 - Metallic Tape Permissible error 1 in 1000. 4 - Steel Tape This tape is made of steel alloy of very small co-efficient of thermal expansion. Permissible error 1 in 1000. 5 - Invar Tape This tape is made of very expensive steel alloy of almost negligible coefficient of thermal expansion and is used for very precise linear measurements. Permissible error 1 in 50,000. 7 - Electronic Distance Meter Permissible error 1 in 100,000.

4. Equipments required: 1. Chains (to measure distances) 2. Tapes ( to measure small distances) 3. Arrows ( 4. Ranging rods 5. Pegs 6. Theodolite (for elevations) 5. Field work The field work consists of the measurement of angles and distances and the keeping of a record of what has been done in the form of field notes. Some of the operation to be performed by a surveyor are: 1. Establishing stations and benchmarks as points of reference.

2. Measure distance along the angles between the survey lines. 3. Locating details of the survey with respect to the stations and line between stations, details such as boundary lines, streets, roads, other natural and artificial features of the area surveyed. 4. Giving lines and elevations for variety of construction work such as that for buildings, boundaries, roads, sewers and water supply scheme. 5. Determining elevations of some existing points or establishing points at given elevations. 6. Surveying contours of land areas.