Explain the role of the following organs in the digestive system The mouth and salivary glands: The

salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts that produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. Besides these glands, there are many tiny glands called minor salivary glands located in your lips, inner cheek area (buccal mucosa), and extensively in other linings of your mouth and throat. Salivary glands produce the saliva used to moisten your mouth, initiate digestion, and help protect your teeth from decay. The Oesophagus: When you swallow, the muscles along the length of the oesophagus tighten and relax in a wave downwards and the food is moved into the stomach. This all happens in a few seconds. The oesophagus has 2 sphincters. A sphincter is a narrowing caused by contracted (tightened) muscles. These muscles remain contracted until the body sends a message for the muscles to relax. When the muscles of the sphincter relax, this then allows things to pass. The Oesophagus is about 25 cms long and allows the food you swallow to get to your stomach.

The Stomach: The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects (midgut), and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication (chewing). The stomach lies between the oesophagus and the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is on the left upper part of the abdominal cavity. The top of the stomach lies against the diaphragm. Lying behind the stomach is the pancreas. The greater omentum hangs down from the greater curvature. The Pancreas: pancreatic juice, which helps the body to digest protein and fats insulin, a hormone that enables the body to use sugars and store fats. The pancreas is in the upper half of the abdomen, level with the Vshape where the ribs meet at the front. It lies behind the stomach and just in front of the backbone. It's about 15cm (6 inches) long and is shaped like a tadpole. The large rounded section is called the head of the pancreas and lies next to the first part of the small bowel (the duodenum). The Liver: The liver is the largest gland, and the largest solid organ in the body, weighing some 1.8 kgs in men and 1.3 kgs in women. It holds approximately 13% (about one pint or 0.57 litres) of your total blood supply at any given moment and is estimated to have over 500 functions. The liver is dark reddish brown in colour and is divided into two main lobes (the much larger right and the smaller left) which are further subdivided into approximately 100,000 small lobes, or lobules. The large Intestine: The large intestine (or "large bowel") is the second-to-last part of the digestive system the final stage of the alimentary canal is the anus in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body. The main function of the large intestine is to transport waste out of the body and to absorb water from the waste before it leaves. The large intestine connects with the small intestine to the north and freedom (open air) to the south.

The small Intestine: In vertebrates, the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract following the stomach and followed by the large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. In invertebrates such as worms, the terms "gastrointestinal tract" and "large intestine" are often used to describe the entire intestine. The small intestine (also known as the small bowel) is the longest portion of the digestive tract - it is more than 6 meters long and is located within the middle of the abdomen. It has three sections, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum (more information provided below).

The Colon: The colon, or large intestine, is part of the digestive system, which is a series of organs from the mouth to the anus. When the shape of the colon or the way it connects to other organs is abnormal, digestive problems result. Some of these anatomic problems can occur during embryonic development of the fetus in the womb and are known as congenital abnormalities The rectum: The rectum is about eight inches long and serves, basically, as a warehouse for poop. It hooks up with the sigmoid colon to the north and with the anal canal to the south. The rectum has little shelves in it called transverse folds. These folds help keep stool in place until you're ready to go to the bathroom. When you're ready, stool enters the lower rectum, moves into the anal canal, and then passes through the anus on its way out. The Bladder: Your bladder is the hollow muscular organ that stores your urine. Its a bit like a floppy balloon - as your bladder fills, it expands to store the urine. On average, your bladder can hold 400-600ml of urine for up to about five hours. The muscle in your bladder wall is called the detrusor muscle. The detrusor muscle relaxes to allow your bladder to fill. When you go to the toilet, it contracts to squeeze out urine. The Gaul bladder:

In vertebrates the gallbladder (cholecyst, gall bladder, Biliary Vesicle) is a small organ that aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver. In humans the loss of the gallbladder is usually easily tolerated. The gallbladder is a hollow system that sits just beneath the liver. In adults, the gallbladder measures approximately 8 centimetres (3.1 in) in length and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in diameter when fully distended. It is divided into three sections: fundus, body and neck. The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tree via the cystic duct, which then joins the common hepatic duct to become the common bile duct.

Explain the role of the following food sources Food Source Carbohydrate s Role Carbohydrates in the human diet: to supply energy. It should always be kept in mind that carbohydrates or calories alone cannot adequately supply our energy needs, for we must have our carbohydrates in combination with other needs, such as proteins, water, vitamins, minerals, fats, etc. Examples of Food type Bananas Barley Beans Brown rice Chickpeas Lentils Nuts Oats Parsnips Potatoes Root vegetables Sweet corn Wholegrain cereals Wholemeal breads Wholemeal cereals Wholemeal flour Wholemeal pasta Yams. Fatty cuts of meat Meat products, including sausages and pies Butter, ghee and lard Cheese, especially hard cheese Cream, soured cream and ice

Fats

Fats (or more correctly, fatty acids) are an essential part of the diet. Contrary to much of what we seem to hear, they are not confined to meat and animal products, but are also present in virtually all seeds, nuts and many plants themselves

Proteins

Vegetable oil, lard, butter, olive oil, cholesterol and many others too numerous to mention - fats are with us all day, every day - or so it seems. So what are they, what is their purpose and how do they affect health? Proteins are very important molecules in our cells. They are involved in virtually all cell functions. Each protein within the body has a specific role. Some proteins are involved in structural support, while others are involved in bodily movement, or in defines against germs. Proteins vary in structure as well as function. They are constructed from a set of 20 amino acids and have distinct three-dimensional shapes.

cream Some savoury snacks and chocolate confectionery Biscuits, cakes and pastries Meat Poultry Fish Eggs Dairy products. Legumes (peas, green beans) Cereals Beans Pulses Grains Nuts Seeds Soya products

Evaluate your own diet Carbohydrate: 65%

Fats:

15%

Proteins:

15%

How healthy is your diet? Mine is not very health. I tend to eat unhealthy foods and drinks.

Does your sport demand any specific diet requirements, if so what physiological changes does this cause? Yes cause I attend to play football and cricket with friends and sometime for the school. Also I tend to go on bike rides and work with family.