RMV

Minor project 2009
Remote controlled metal detector vehicle
REMOTE CONTROLLED METAL DETECTOR VEHICLE

MINOR PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED BY RAHUL RAJENDRAN SANDEEP CHANDRAN SUDHIN RAJ T V AMRITHA P LATHIKA KRISHNAN
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology In Electronics & Communication
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING THALASSERY APRIL 2009
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1 Dept of Electronics and Communication College of Engg,Thalassery
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Minor project 2009
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING THALASSERY

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Certificate that this is a confide record of the project work titled
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REMOTE CONTROLLED METAL DETECTOR VEHICLE
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During the year2008-09 in partial of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics& Communication Engineering of the Cochin University of Science and technology
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RAHUL RAJENDRAN SANDEEP CHANDRAN SUDHIN RAJ T V AMRITHA P LATHIKA KRISHNAN
Dept of Electronics and Communication
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All glory and honors to God Almighty who showered his grace on us to make this endeavor a success. We take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude and thanks to our Principal, Prof. Sugathan and Head of the Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Prof. Ramachandran C. We also express our deep gratitude to the Teacher-in-Charge of our Minor Project, Mr. Rajesh P for his timely suggestions and constant encouragement. Also we extend our heartfelt thanks to Ms Anju and Mr. Prashanth lecturers in Electronics and Communication Engineering department for guiding us through this project. We express our sincere thanks to all staff that helped us with their support. Also, we would like to thank our parents and all dear friends for their interest towards our Minor Project Topic and their timely suggestions and encouragement.
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ABSTRACT
Remote controlled metal detector vehicle is a robot which will detect the metals. The system capable of detecting metals comes in range with system and providing the information about detection of metals through buzzer and LED. The heart of the system is PIC16F73 micro controller. The metal detection is done by principle of electro magnetic induction. The vehicle is controlled by IR remote control. The direction of the vehicle is controlled by two dc motors. When a metal detected, the buzzer sounds and LED blows which are connect to the system. The software is written and stimulated in MP LAB IDE.
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INDEX
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TITLE
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1) INTRODUCTION..1 2) FEATURES. 3) BLOCK DIAGRAM 4) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM. 5) WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT.. 6) SOFTWARE SECTIONS.
8) PCB PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
10) PCB LAYOUT...
12) COMPONENTS LIST... 13) APPLICATIONS.. 14) CONCLUSION.. 15) APPENDIX 16) BIBLIOGRAPHY..
11) COMPONENTS LAYOUT..
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9) SOLDERING.
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7) PIC PROGRAME CODE....
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College of Engg,Thalassery
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INTRODUCTION
Metal detector use electromagnetic induction to detect metals. Uses include detection of weapons such as knives and guns especially at airports, railway stations etc. Metal detector circuit consists of an astable multivibrator which produces a square waveform of definite frequency. The charging and discharging time of the astable circuit depends on two resistances Ra and Rb. An inductor is placed in place of Rb. If a piece of electrically conducting material is placed near the coil, the impedance of the coil changes due to the change in inductance, which changes the charging and discharging time of the output, hence frequency of the output square wave changes. Metal detector circuit is mounted on a vehicle which is controlled using infra red remote.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
METAL DETECTOR ROBOT:
INFRARED DATA RECEIVER
AUDIO ALARMS
VISUAL INDICATIONS DATA DECODER CIRCUITS MCU MOTOR INTERFACING CKTS
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METAL SENSOR
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OSCILLATOR SYSTEM
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MOTOR-2
MOTOR-1
ROBOTIC MOTION
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REMOTE CONTROLLER:
INFRARED EMITTER
KEY
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COMMUNICATION MIXER
PANEL
SWITCHING CKTS
INTERFACING
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KEYBOARD
ENCODER CIRCUIT
INFRA RED
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BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

Block diagram is divided into two sections. 1. Metal detector robot section 2. Infra-red remote controller section Metal detector robot section: It consists of microcontroller and four sections 1. Metal sensor section 2. Drive section 3. IR Receiver section 4. Output section
1. Metal sensor section It consists of two parts Oscillator system Metal Sensor
Oscillator system
The oscillator system consists of an LC oscillator. It consists of a capacitor connected in parallel with an inductor. The oscillations produced by the oscillator will be available at coil L2. If a piece of electrically conducting material is placed near the coil, then the oscillations will be transferred to L1. Output is TTL compatible. The output is given to the PIC 16F73 through a switching circuit.
Metal Sensor Metal sensor section consists of a metal detecting coil connected to the oscillator system. The coil works as an inductor. It works by the principle of electromagnetic induction. 2. Drive Section This section consists of two dc motors and a motor interfacing IC L293D. The two motors are used to control the direction of the vehicle. The direction is controlled by
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switching the right and left motors on and off. During forward both motors are switched on simultaneously. During reverse two motors are switched on simultaneously in the reverse direction.
3. IR receiver section It consists of two sections: Infra- red data receiver Data decoder circuit
Infra-red data receiver The data receiver consists of an IC TSOP 1738. It detects the infra red signals from the remote only at the frequency of 38 khz. If the IR signal detected by the TSOP output of TSOP will be low this output is fed to the decoder circuit. Data decoder circuit
It consist of two section , an audio alarm and a visual indication. A buzzer is used as an audio alarm and led is used as a visual indication. The led blinks and buzzer sounds when a metal is detected
REMOTE CONTROLLER SECTION It consist of four section 1. 2. 3. 4. Key panel and its interfacing circuit IR communications mixer Encode circuit IR emitter
Key panel and its interfacing circuit
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Output section
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HT12D IC is used as a data decoder . The input signal transmitted by the remote section will be in the coded from HT12D is used to decode this coded signal.
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Key panel consist of four switches forward, reverse, right and left. When the forward and reverse switch is connected together the vehicle stops. The key panel is connected to the encoder circuit. IR communication mixer It produces a 38 khz carrier signal. The information bits are superimposed on this 38 khz carrier and is transmitted. IR communication mixer is connected to the encoder. Encoder circuit HT12A is used as an encoder IC. It is used to code the input signal received from the four switches. The signal is coded due to security reason. The code given to the encoder circuit should match with the code given to the decoder IC. Only if the code matches, the data will be received.
IR emitter
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It consists of an IRED connected to a switching transmitter. The output of the encoded IC a given to the switching transmitter. This data is transmitted by the IRED
Minor project 2009
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION The circuit is divided into 2 sections 1. Metal detector 2. Infra red remote section
1.METAL DETECTOR ROBOT SECTION It consists of microcontroller PIC16F73 and 4 sections. The four sections include: Metal sensor section Driver section IR receiver section Output section
Oscillator system consists of an LC oscillator. It consists of a capacitor connected in parallel with an inductor. Once the capacitor is charged, one plate of the capacitor has more electrons than other plate, thus it is charged. Now, when it is discharged through a wire, the electrons return to the positive plate, thus making the capacitors plate neutral or discharged. However, this action works differently when you discharge a capacitor through a coil. This magnetic field generates a voltage across the coil that opposes the direction of electron flow. Because of this the capacitor does not discharge right away. The smaller the coil, the faster the capacitor discharges. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the coil, the magnetic field starts to collapse around the coil. The voltage induced from the collapsing magnetic field recharges the capacitor oppositely. Then the capacitor begins to discharge through the coil again, generating a magnetic field. This process continues until the capacitor is completely discharged due to resistance. The basic LC circuit generates a sine wave that loses voltage in every cycle. To overcome this, additional voltage is applied to keep the oscillator going well, a switching method is used. These oscillations produced by the oscillator will be available at coil L2. If a piece of electrically conducting material is placed near the coil, then the oscillations will be transferred to L1. The output is fed to the PIC controller through switching transistor.
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Metal sensor section
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Motor Driver Section Motor driver section consists of two dc motor. Motor drivers are essentially little current amplifiers. Their function is to take a low current control signal and turn it into proportionally higher current signal that can drive a motor. But most chip cant pass enough current or voltage to spin a motor. Also, motor tend to be electrically noisy (spikes) and can slam power back into control lines when motor direction or speed is change. In other words dc motor cannot be connected to PIC directly. The dc motor is connected to PIC 16F73 using interfacing IC L293D. The combination of inputs are possible as shown below:
Motor operation D0 0 0 0 1 0 D1 0 0 1 D2 0 D3 0 1 1 0 0 OPERATION Motor doesnt rotate Motor rotates left Motor spins in fwd direction Motor spins in rev direction Motor rotates right
It consists of 1. IR data receiver
2. Data decoder circuit
IR data receiver The data receiver consists of an IC TSOP1738. They are miniaturized receievers for IR control system. It detects the infrared signals from remote only at frequency of 38 khz. If signal detected by TSOP output will be low the output is fed to decoder circuit. TSOP1738 is the standard IR remote control receiver supporting all major transmission codes. The output of TSOP1738 is active low for this frequency continuous data can be transmitted at the rate of 2400 bps.
Infra red receiver section
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0 0 1 0
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Data decoder circuit HT12D IC is used as a data decoder. The input signal transmitted by remote section will be in the coded form.HT12D is used to decode this coded signal. During this time the security value for both encoder and decoder should be same.
Output Section It consists if two sections 1. Audio Alarm
A buzzer is used as an audio alarm and LED is used as a visual indication. The LED blinks and buzzer sounds when a metal is detected.
Key panel and its interfacing Key panel consists of 4 switches, forward, reverse, right and left. When forward and reverse is connected together, the vehicle stops. FWD D0 D1 D2 D3 0 1 1 1 REV 1 1 1 1 RIGHT 1 1 0 1 LEFT 1 1 1 0 STOP 1 0 0 0
The key panel is connected to encode circuit through keyboard interfacing.
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1. 2. 3. 4.
Key panel and its interfacing circuit IR communication mixer Encoder circuit IR emitter
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It consists of 4 sections:
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Infra Red Remote section
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2. Visual indication
Minor project 2009
IR communication mixer It produces 38 khz carrier signal. The information bits are superimposed on this 38 khz carrier and is transmitted. IR communication mixer is connected to the encoder.
Encoder circuit HT12A is used as an encoder IC. It is used to code the input signal received from 4 switches. This signal is coded due to security reasons. The code given to encoder circuit should match with code given to decoder IC, only if code matches the data will receive.
IR emitter It consists of IRED connected to switching transistors. The output of encoder IC is given to the switching transistors. This data is transmitted by IRED. The emitted Infra red is received by TSOP and does the corresponding necessities.
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WORKING Metal detector Metal detector works on the principle of mutual induction. This section has an oscillator system with a metal sensing coil. Oscillator system consists of an LC oscillator. It consists of a capacitor connected in parallel with an inductor. Once the capacitor is charged, one plate of the capacitor has more electrons than the other plates, thus it is charged. Now when it is discharged through a wire, the electrons return to the positive plate, thus making the capacitors plate neutral or discharged. However this action works differently when you discharge a capacitor through a coil, a magnetic field is generated around the coil. This magnetic field generates a voltage across the coil that opposes the direction of electron flow. Because of this, the capacitor does not discharge right away. The smaller the coil, the faster the capacitor discharges. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the coil, the magnetic field starts to collapse around the coil. The voltage induced from the collapsing magnetic field recharges the capacitor oppositely. Then the capacitor begins to discharge through the coil again, generating a magnetic field. This process continues until the capacitor is completely discharged due to resistance. This basic LC circuit generates a sine wave that loses voltage in every cycle. To overcome this, additional voltage is applied to keep the oscillator from losing voltage. However, to keep this oscillator going well, a switching method is used. These oscillations produced by the oscillator will be available at coil L2. If a piece of electrically conducting material is placed near the coil, then the oscillations will be transfered to L1. The output is fed to the PIC controller through the switching transistor. IR remote controlled vehicle:
The remote consists of four switches; forward, reverse, right and left. If the forward and reverse switches are pressed together, the vehicle will stop. Whenever a key is pressed, the bit corresponding to the pressed key will be grounded and all other keys will be at logic high. This makes up different combinations of 4 bits for different directions. HT12A IC is used as an encoder. An additional 8 bits are added by the encoder and the signal is superimposed on the carrier signal of frequency 38 KHz by the encoder circuit. The output of the encoder circuit will be given to an IRED through a switching transistor. IRED sends these signals from the remote. At the receiver end TSOP is used to detect the incoming signal. TSOP IC will detect the signals coming at 38 KHz only. The incoming signal is hence detected by TSOP. The signal is fed to HT12D IC which is a decoder IC. This IC extracts the original signal from the received signal by decoding.the output of the decoder is then fed to the PIC micro controller. Two DC motors are used to control the direction of the vehicle. The motor is connected to the PIC using L293D interfacing IC. Since motor is a high current device and PIC is a low current device, motor cannot be connected to the PIC directly. The bits for controlling
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the direction of the motor is given by the micro controller. Micro controller provides these bits depending on the output signal of HT12D decoder, which is the input given at the remote. When a metal is detected, micro controller gives signals to the buzzer and LED through switching transistors.
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SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION The software is written and stimulated in MP LAB IDE (INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIORNMENT). Here software has two parts, metal detection and robotic action. For the metal detection the program is based on the variation in inductance value. Original inductance value is stored in register. By the presence of the metal the inductance value gets changed. Every time subtract the current inductance value with value stored in register, if nonzero results metal detects otherwise no metal there. In robotic action, at first initialization is done. Port C and port A are initialized as input ports and port B as output port. The respective values of different direction of vehicle are stored. After this received signal value is stored in memory. This value is subtracted from values for different directions one by one. If any result became zero respective direction take place for the vehicle.
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START YES
BUSSER AND LED METAL DETECTED
NO
INITIALISE RA & RC AS INPUT PORT.
INITIALISE RB AS OUTPUT PORT.
READ RECEIVED CALL
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CHECK FOR FORWARD
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CHECK FOR REVERSE
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YES YES
OPERATE MOTOR FOR FORWARD DIRECTION
YES
OPERATE MOTOR FOR REVERSE DIRECTION
Minor project 2009
B A
NO YES
CHECK FOR LEFT OPERATE MOTOR FOR LEFT
NO
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OPERATE MOTOR FOR RIGHT
CHECK FOR RIGHT
N NO
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STOP 23 College of Engg,Thalassery
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YES
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;PROGRAM FOR REMOTE CONTROLLED METAL DETECTING ROBOTIC VEHICLE #include <p16f73.inc> __CONFIG _XT_OSC&_PWRTE_ON&_CP_OFF&_WDT_OFF W_TEMP EQU 0X4F STATUS_TEMP EQU 0X4E PCLATH_TEMP EQU 0X4D
TEMP_1 EQU 0X33 TEMP_2 EQU 0X34 TEMP_3 EQU 0X35 TEMP_4 EQU 0X36
NEW EQU 0 MTR1_A EQU 1 MTR1_B EQU 2 MTR2_A EQU 3 MTR2_B EQU 4 METAL_DET EQU 4 METAL_LED EQU 7 BUS_SER EQU 5 FOR_WARD EQU 6 REV_ERSE EQU 7 ;1110 (0EH) = FORWARD ;1101 (0DH) = REVERSE
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FLAG_BITS EQU 0X3A
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;1011 (OBH) = RIGHT ;0111 (07H) = LEFT ;1001 (09H) = STOP ; ;0X30--33 ARE USED FOR DELAY ROUTINES
ORG 0x0000 GOTO START
;interrupt routine ORG 0x0004 BANKSEL W_TEMP MOVWF W_TEMP
;saving acccumelator
CLRF STATUS
MOVF PCLATH,W MOVWF PCLATH_TEMP CLRF PCLATH BANKSEL INTCON BCF INTCON,INTF BANKSEL PORTA MOVF PORTA,W ANDLW 0X0F ;READ PORTA FOR RECEIVED BYTE ;CLEAR INTF FOR NEXT INTRRUPT
MOVWF STATUS_TEMP ;
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;clear status reg.
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SWAPF STATUS,W ;saving status register
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MOVWF TEMP_3 MOVF PCLATH_TEMP,W MOVWF PCLATH
;AVOID HIGHER NIBBLE ONLY FOUR BITS USED
SWAPF STATUS_TEMP,W ;retrieving status reg. MOVWF STATUS SWAPF W_TEMP,F ;retreiving accumelator SWAPF W_TEMP,W RETFIE ;exit interrupt routine
START:
CALL DELAY CALL INIT_PORTS CALL EN_INTR ;INITIALLY MOTORS STOP
BCF PORTB,MTR1_B BCF PORTB,MTR2_A BCF PORTB,MTR2_B ;MOTOR2 STOP
MAIN_LOOP: BTFSC PORTA,METAL_DET DETCTION ;CHECK FOR ANY METAL
BCF PORTB,MTR1_A
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;MOTOR 1 STOP
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GOTO NO_METAL BSF PORTB,BUS_SER ALRM BUSSER BSF PORTB,METAL_LED GOTO OPRT_MOTOR NO_METAL: BCF PORTB,METAL_LED BCF PORTB,BUS_SER OPRT_MOTOR: MOVF TEMP_3,W SUBLW 0X0E COMMAND FOR FORWARD BTFSS STATUS,Z GOTO CHK_REVERSE BCF PORTB,MTR1_A BSF PORTB,MTR1_B
;IF NO GOTO OPERATE MOTOR ;IF YES ENABLE LED AND
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;IF YES
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;CHECK FOR RECEIVED
;IF YES
;MOTOR 1 FORWARD
BCF PORTB,MTR2_A BSF PORTB,MTR2_B
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;MOTOR2 FORWARD
BSF PORTB,FOR_WARD BCF PORTB,REV_ERSE GOTO MAIN_LOOP CHK_REVERSE: MOVF TEMP_3,W REVERSE SUBLW 0X0D BTFSS STATUS,Z ;CHECK FOR RECEIVED COMMAND FOR
Minor project 2009
GOTO CHK_RIGHT BSF PORTB,MTR1_A BCF PORTB,MTR1_B BSF PORTB,MTR2_A BCF PORTB,MTR2_B BCF PORTB,FOR_WARD BSF PORTB,REV_ERSE GOTO MAIN_LOOP CHK_RIGHT: MOVF TEMP_3,W SUBLW 0X0B BTFSS STATUS,Z GOTO CHK_LEFT BCF PORTB,MTR1_A BSF PORTB,MTR1_B ;MOTOR 2 REVERSE ;MOTOR 1 REVERSE
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;MOTOR 1 FORWARD
BSF PORTB,MTR2_A
BCF PORTB,FOR_WARD BCF PORTB,REV_ERSE GOTO MAIN_LOOP CHK_LEFT: MOVF TEMP_3,W SUBLW 0X07 BTFSS STATUS,Z GOTO CHK_STOP
BSF PORTB,MTR2_B
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;MOTOR 2 STOP
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BCF PORTB,MTR1_A BCF PORTB,MTR1_B BCF PORTB,MTR2_A BSF PORTB,MTR2_B BCF PORTB,FOR_WARD BCF PORTB,REV_ERSE GOTO MAIN_LOOP
;;MOTOR 1 STOP
;MOTOR 2 FORWARD
CHK_STOP: MOVF TEMP_3,W SUBLW 0X09 BTFSS STATUS,Z GOTO MAIN_LOOP BCF PORTB,MTR1_A BCF PORTB,MTR1_B
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;;MOTOR 1 STOP
BCF PORTB,MTR2_A
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BSF PORTB,FOR_WARD BCF PORTB,REV_ERSE GOTO MAIN_LOOP
;INITIALISATION OF PORTS
INIT_PORTS:
BCF PORTB,MTR2_B
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;MOTOR 2 STOP
Minor project 2009
L ADCON1 MOVLW 0X07 MOVWF ADCON1 BANKSEL TRISA MOVLW 0XFF MOVWF TRISA BANKSEL TRISB MOVLW 0X00 MOVWF TRISB BANKSEL TRISC MOVLW 0XFF MOVWF TRISC MOVLW 0XFF BANKSEL PORTA MOVWF PORTA MOVLW 0X00
;PORTA DECLARED AS DIGITAL
;PORTA AS INPUT PORT
;PORTB AS OUTPUT
;PORTC AS INPUT
BANKSEL PORTB MOVWF PORTB BANKSEL PORTC MOVLW 0XFF MOVWF PORTC RETURN
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;PORTB AS LOW
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;PORTA INITAL HIGH ;PORTC AS HIGH
30
;INTERRUPT ENABLE FOR EXTERNAL INTTERRUPT AT PORTB.0 EN_INTR:
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BANKSEL INTCON MOVLW 0X90 INTCON MOVWF INTCON BANKSEL OPTION_REG BSF OPTION_REG,INTEDG BCF INTCON,INTF FOR EXTERNAL INTERRUPT RETURN ;RESET INTERRUPT STATUS FLAG BIT ; ;SELSCT FALLING EDGE INTERRUPT ;ENABLE GIE AND INTE IN
;**********************DELAY SUBROUTINE****************** DELAY_1: BANKSEL 0X30 MOVLW 0X50 MOVWF 0X30 DELY_1A:
DECFSZ 0X30,F
GOTO DELY_1A RETURN ; **********************DELAY SUBROUTINE******************
DELAY: BANKSEL 0X31 MOVLW 0XFF MOVWF 0X31
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DELY_2A: CALL DELAY_1 DECFSZ 0X31,F GOTO DELY_2A RETURN
;**********************DELAY SUBROUTINE******************
END
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PCB PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
PCB Preparation
Etching Ferric chloride etchant is a messy stuff, but easily available and cheaper than most alternatives. It attacks any metal including stainless steel. So when setting up a PCB etching area, use a plastic or ceramic sink, with plastic fitting and screws wherever possible, and seal any metal screws with silicon. Copper water pipes may be splashed or dripped-on, so sleeve or cover them in plastic; heat-shrink sleeving is great if you are installing new pipes. Fume extraction is not normally required, although a cover over the tank or tray when not in use is a good idea. You should always use the hex hydrate type of ferric chloride, which should be dissolved in warm water until saturation. Adding a teaspoon of table salt helps to make the etchant clearer for easier inspection. Avoid anhydrous ferric chloride. It creates a lot of heat when dissolved. So always
ICs, with 0.8 mm hole, will allow a 12.5mil, down to 10mil if you really need to. Center-to-centre spacing of 12.5 mil tracks should be 25 mil-slightly less may b possible if your printer can manage it. Take care to preserve the correct diagonal track-track spacing on mitered corners; grid is 25 mil and track width 12.5mil. The art work must be printed such that the printed side is in contact with PCB surface when exposing, to avoid blurred edges. In practice, this means that if you design the board as seen from the component side, the bottom (solder side) layer should be printed the correct way round, and top side of the double-sided board must be printed mirrored.
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You need to generate a positive (copper black) UV translucent art work film. You will never get a good board without good art work, so it is important to get the best possible quality at this stage. The most important thing is to get a clear sharp image with a very solid opaque black. Art work is done using ORCAD software. It is absolutely essential that your PCB software prints holes in the middle of pads, which will act as centre marks when drilling. It is virtually impossible to accurately hand-drill boards without these holes. If you are looking to buy PCB software at any cost level and want to do hand-protyping of boards before production, check that this facility is available when defining pad and line shapes, the minimum size recommended (through-linking holes) for reliable result is 50 mil, assuming 0.8mm drill size; 1 mil=(1/1000)th of an inch. You can go smaller drill sizes, but through linking will be harder. 65 mil round or square pads for normal components.
Minor project 2009
add the powder very slowly to water; do not add water to the powder, and use gloves and safety glasses. The solution made from anhydrous ferric chloride doesnt etch at all, so you need to add a small amount of hydrochloric acid and leave it for a day or two. Always take extreme care to avoid splashing when dissolving either type of ferric chloride, acid tends to clump together and you often get big chunks coming out of the container and splashing into the solution. It can damage eyes and permanently stain clothing. If you are making PCBs in a professional environment where time is money you should get a heated bubble-etch tank. With fresh hot ferric chloride, the PCB will etch in well under 5 mins. Fast etching produces better edge-quality and consistent line widths. If you arent using a bubble tank, you need to agitate frequently to ensure even etching. Warm the etchant by putting the etching tray inside a larger tray filled with boiling water. Drilling If you have fiber glass (FR4) board, you must use tungsten carbide drill bits. Fiber glass eats normal high-speed steel (HSS) bits very rapidly, although HSS drills are alright for older larger sizes (> 2mm). Carbide drill bits are available as straight-shank or thick-shank. In straight shank, the hole bit is the diameter of the hole, and in thick shank, a standard size (typically about 3.5 mm) shank tapers down to the hole size. The straight-shank drills are usually preferred because they break less easily and are usually cheaper. The longer thin section provides more flexibility. Small drills for PCB use usually come with either a set of collets of various sizes or a three-jaw chuck. Sometimes the 3-jaw chuck is an optional extra and is worth getting for the time it saves on changing collets. For accuracy, however, 3-jaw chucks are not brilliant, and small drill sizes below 1 mm quickly formed grooves in the jaws, preventing good grip. Below 1 mm, you should use collets, and buy a few extra of the smallest ones; keeping one collet per drill size as using a larger drill in a collet will open it out and it no longer grips smaller drills well. You need a good strong light on the board when drilling, to ensure accuracy. A dichroic halogen lamp, under run at 9V to reduce brightness, can be mounted on a microphone gooseneck for easy positioning. It can be useful to raise the working surface above 15 cm above the normal desk height for more comfortable viewing. Dust extraction is nice, but not essential and occasional blow does the trick! A foot-pedal control to switch the drill off and on is very convenient, especially when frequently changing bits. Avoid hole sizes less than 0.8 mm unless you really need them. When making two identical boards, drill them both together to save time. To do this, carefully drill a 0.8 mm whole in the pad near each corner of each of the two boards, getting the center as accurately as possible. For larger boards, drill a hole near the centre of each side as well. Lay the boards on the top of each other and insert a 0.8 mm track pin in two opposite corners, using the pins as pegs to line the PCBs up. Squeeze or hammer the pins into boards, and then into the remaining holes. The two PCBs are now nailed together accurately and can be drilled together.
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Minor project 2009
SOLDERING
You will occasionally see gas-powered soldering irons which use butane rather than the main electrical supply to operate. They have a catalytic element which once warmed up, continues to glow hot when gas passes over them. Gas powered soldering irons are designed for occasional on the spot used for quick repairs, rather than for main stream construction or for assembly work.
Currently, the best commonly available, workable, and safe solder alloy is 63/37. That is, 63% lead, 37% tin. It is also known as eutectic solder. Its most desirable characteristic is that it solids (pasty) state, and its liquid state occur at the same temperature -361 degree Fahrenheit. The combination of 63% lead and 37% tin melts at the lowest possible temperature. Nowadays
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Many temperature control soldering iron designed for electronics have a power rating of around 40 to 50 watt. They will heat fast and give enough power for operation, but are mechanically small.
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Soldering is the joining together of two metals to give physical bonding and good electrical conductivity. It is used primarily in electrical and electronic circuitry. Solder is a combination of metals, which are solid at normal room temperatures and become liquid between 180 and 200 degree Celsius. Solder bonds well to various metals, and extremely well to copper. Soldering is a necessary skill you need to learn to successfully build electronics circuits. To solder you need a soldering iron. A modern basic electrical soldering iron consists of a heating element, a soldering bit (often called a tip), a handle and a power cord. The heating element can be either a resistance wire wound around a ceramic tube, or a thick film resistance element printed on to a ceramic base. The element is then insulated and placed into a metal tube for strength and protection. This is then thermally insulated from the handle. The heating element of soldering iron usually reaches temperatures of around 370 to 400 degree Celsius (higher than need to melt the solder). The strength or power of a soldering iron is usually expressed in watts. Irons generally used in electronics are typically in the range of 12 to 25 watts. Higher powered iron will not run hotter. Most irons are available in a variety of voltages; 12V, 24V, 115V and 230V are most popular. Today most laboratories and repair shops use soldering irons, which operate at 24V. You should always use this low voltage where possible, as it is much safer. For advanced soldering work, you will need a soldering iron with temperature control. In this type of soldering irons, the temperature may be usually set between 200 and 450 degree Celsius.
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there is tendency to move to use lead free solders, but it will take years until they catch on normal soldering work. Lead free solders are nowadays available, but they are generally more expensive or harder to work on than traditional solders that they have lead in them.
The metals involved are not the only things to consider in a solder. Flux is vital to a good solder joint. Flux is an aggressive chemical that removes oxide and impurities from the parts to be soldered. The chemical reactions at the point(s) of connection must take place for the metal to fuse. RMA type flux (Rosin Mildly Active) is the least corrosive of the readily available materials, and provides an adequate oxide removal.
In electronics, a 60/40 fixed core solder is used. This consists of 60% lead and 40% tin, with flux cores added to the length of solder.
When soldering, keep the room well ventilated and use a small fan or fume trap. A proper fume trap of a fan will keep the most pollution away from your face. Professional electronic workshops use expensive fume extraction systems to protect their workers. Those fume extraction devices have a special filter which filters out the dangerous fumes. If you can connect a duct to the output from the trap to the outside, that would be great.
Always wash hands prior to smoking, eating, drinking or going to the bathroom. When you handle soldering tin, your hands will pick up lead, which needs to be washed out from it before it gets to your body. Do not eat, drink or smoke while working with soldering iron. Do not place cups, glasses or a plate of food near your working area.
Wash also the table sometimes. As you solder, at times there will be a bit of spitting or sputtering. If you look you will see tiny balls of solder that shoot out and can be found on your soldering table.
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There are certain safety measures which you should keep in mind when soldering. The tin material used in soldering contains dangerous substances like lead (40-60% of typical soldering tins are lead and lead is poisonous). Also the various fumes from the soldering flux can be dangerous. While it is true that lead does not vaporize at the temperature at which soldering is typically done.
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COMPONENT LAYOUT
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REMOTE CONTROLLER
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COMPONENTS LIST
SL NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Components PIC 16F73 NE 555 HT12A HT12D L293D RESISTORS CAPACITORS TSOP 1738 LM7805 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR BUZZER IRED LED
Quantity 1 1 1 1 1
Price(RS) 110 10 75 75 3 4.50 18 15 32 15 15 5 3 400 900 1
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TRANSISTOR BC547
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DC MOTOR INDUCTANCE COIL TOTAL
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APPLICATION
Metal detectors finds applications in areas such as airport, railways etc.. Take the case of railways. It is possible to detect guns, bombs in these areas thus helping in security field. It is also possible to detect the metals in the areas where direct intervention is not possible. Our project is a miniature version which can be developed further for various applications in a large scale.
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CONCLUSION Remote controlled metal detector vehicle is a robot which will detect the metals. The system capable of detecting metals comes in range with system and providing the information about detection of metals through buzzer and LED. The system is simple and system is developed further. Its main use occurs at railways and airports for detection of the metals.
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Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

REMOTE CONTROLLED METAL DETECTOR VEHICLE

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING THALASSERY APRIL 2009

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING THALASSERY

REMOTE CONTROLLED METAL DETECTOR VEHICLE

RAHUL RAJENDRAN SANDEEP CHANDRAN SUDHIN RAJ T V AMRITHA P LATHIKA KRISHNAN

Dept of Electronics and Communication

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

8) PCB PREPARATION TECHNIQUES

10) PCB LAYOUT...

11) COMPONENTS LAYOUT..

Dept of Electronics and Communication

7) PIC PROGRAME CODE....

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

INFRARED DATA RECEIVER

VISUAL INDICATIONS DATA DECODER CIRCUITS MCU MOTOR INTERFACING CKTS

7 Dept of Electronics and Communication College of Engg,Thalassery

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

Dept of Electronics and Communication

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

Dept of Electronics and Communication

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

Key panel and its interfacing circuit

Dept of Electronics and Communication

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

Dept of Electronics and Communication

Metal sensor section

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

It consists of 1. IR data receiver

2. Data decoder circuit

Infra red receiver section

Dept of Electronics and Communication

Minor project 2009

Remote controlled metal detector vehicle

Output Section It consists if two sections 1. Audio Alarm

The key panel is connected to encode circuit through keyboard interfacing.

Dept of Electronics and Communication

GOTO DELY_1A RETURN ; ****DELAY SUBROUTINE