Azantee Yazmie Abdul Wahab Dept.

of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Kulliyyah of Medicine IIUM Kuantan

MUSCLE

Muscle a Latin word for little mouse Muscle is the primary tissue in the
-Heart (cardiac MT) -Walls of hollow organs (Smooth MT)

Skeletal muscle
-Makes up nearly half the bodys mass

Overview of Muscle Tissue

Functions of muscle tissue

Movement Skeletal muscle - attached to skeleton
-Moves body by moving the bones

Smooth muscle squeezes fluids and other

substances through hollow organ

Maintenance of posture enables the body to

remain sitting or standing Joint stabilization Heat generation

-Muscle contractions produce heat -Helps maintain normal body temperature

Functional Features of Muscles

Contractility

- Long cells shorten and generate pulling force

Excitability

- Electrical nerve impulse stimulates the muscle cell to contract Extensibility - Can be stretched back to its original length by contraction of an opposing muscle Elasticity - Can recoil after being stretched

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle tissue

Packaged into skeletal muscles
Makes up 40% of body weight Cells are striated, long cylindrical fiber

with many peripherally located nuclei Activity controlled by neuron Works in voluntary manner Extremely adaptable delicate or forceful exertion Speed of contraction: fast

Skeletal muscle
Each

muscle is an organ:
fibers

Muscle tissue Blood vessels Nerve vessels axons/nerve Connective tissue

Each

cell in skeletal muscle tissue is a single muscle fiber

Connective tissue
Layers

of dense connective tissue, called fascia, surround and separate each muscle Superficial fascia (subcutaneous layer/hypodermis)
separate muscle from skin - provide pathway for nerves, blood vessels & adipose tissues - adipose tissue (has TG) reduces heat loss & protect muscles from physical trauma
Deep

fascia dense irregular connective tissue that lines body wall & limbs

Connective tissue
This

connective tissue extends beyond the ends of the muscle and gives rise to tendons that are fused to the periosteum of bones. Certain tendons - Ankle & wrist - enclosed by tube of fibrous CT called tendon sheaths - inner layer visceral - outer layer parietal

Connective tissue
3

layers of connective tissue:

surround each muscle fiber; reticular fibers Perimysium surrounds fascicles (groups of muscle fibers) Epimysium surrounds entire muscle; dense regular
Endomysium

Nerves & Blood vessels

Each skeletal muscle supplied by branches of
One nerve

One artery
One or more veins

Nerves and vessels branch repeatedly

Smallest nerve branches serve

Individual muscle fibers Neuromuscular junction signals the muscle to contract

Microscopic Anatomy
Each muscle fiber is a single, long cylindrical muscle cell. Beneath the sarcolemma (cell membrane) lies sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) with many mitochondria and nuclei; the sarcoplasm contains many myofibrils Myofibrils: Red MF - myoglobins, > mitochondria White MF - myoglobins Beneath the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber lies the sarcoplasmic reticulum (endoplasmic reticulum), which is associated with transverse (T) tubules End sacs of SR called terminal cisterns 2 terminal cisterns + 1 transverse tubules triad

cisterna

T-tubules

Microscopic Anatomy

Sarcomere -composed of: thick filaments - myosin thin filaments - actin stabilizing proteins: hold thick and thin filaments in place regulatory proteins: control interactions of thick and thin filaments -organization of the proteins in sarcomere causes striated appearance of the muscle fiber

Microcopic Anatomy
A sarcomere

extends from Z line to Z line

I bands (light bands) made up of actin

filaments are anchored to Z lines A bands (dark bands) are made up of thick filaments and the overlapping thick and thin filaments

Microscopic Anatomy
Regions

of the sarcomere:

1. A-band = whole width of thick filaments, looks dark microscopically 2. M-line = center of each thick filament, middle of A-band: attaches neighboring thick filaments 3. H-zone = light region either side of M line, contains thick filaments only 4. Zone of overlap = ends of A-bands, place where thin filaments intercalate between thick filaments (triads encircle zones of overlap) 5. I-band = area that contains thin filaments outside zone of overlap (not whole width of thin filaments) 6. Z-line/disc = center of I band, constructed of actinins, function to anchor thin filaments and bind neighboring sarcomeres, titin proteins bind thick filaments to Z-line, Zlines mark ends of each sarcomere

Microscopic Anatomy

Thin filaments (5-6nm diameter) made of four proteins: 1. Actin 2. Nebulin F-actin (filamentous) consists of rows of Gactin (globular), held together with nebulin. Each Gactin has an active site that can bind to myosin 3. Tropomyosin: covers the active sites on G actin to prevent myosin binding 4. Troponin: holds tropomyosin on the actin. Also has receptor for Ca2+: when Ca2+ binds the troponin-tropomyosin complex it releases actin allowing it to bind to myosin Actin + Myosin binding = crossbridge crossbridge formation = contraction The end of each thin filament is bound to thin filaments in neighboring sarcomeres by actinin in the Z-line

Micrsocopic Anatomy

Thick Filaments (10-12nm diameter) - composed of bundled myosin molecules each myosin has three parts: 1. Tail: tails bundled together to make length of thick filament, all point toward M-line 2. Hinge: flexible region, allows movement for contraction 3. Head: hangs off tail by hinge, will bind actin at active site. No heads in H-zone - also contains core of titin: elastic protein that attaches thick filament to Z-line - titin holds thick filament in place and aid elastic recoil of muscle after stretching - each thick filament is surrounded by a hexagonal arrangement of thin filaments with which it will interact

The Role of Titin

Titin a spring-like molecule in sarcomeres

Resists overstretching

Holds thick filaments in place

Unfolds when muscle is stretched

Types of skeletal muscle fibers

Slow

oxidative fibers Fast Oxidativ-Glycolytic fibers Fast Glycolytic fibers

Slow oxidative

Smallest in diameter Appearance: dark red - > myoglobins, large mitochondria & blood capilarries Slow contraction High capacity by aerobic cellular respiration

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic fibers

Intermediate diameter Appearance: red-pink - > myoglobins, large mitochondria & blood capilarries Intermediate capacity by both aerobic & anaerobic cellular respiration Fast contraction

Fast Glycolytic fibers

Largest diameter Appearance: white - < myoglobins, few mitochondria & blood capilarries Low capacity by anaerobic cellular respiration Fast contraction

Mechanism of Contraction

Sliding filament theory

Myosin heads attach to

actin in the thin filaments Then pivot to pull thin filaments inward toward the center of the sarcomere

Mechanism of Contraction

Muscle extension
Muscle is stretched by a movement opposite that

which contracts it

Muscle fiber length and force of contraction

Greatest force produced when a fiber starts out

slightly stretched Myosin heads can pull along the entire length of the thin filaments

Changes in Striation During Contraction

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T Tubules

Muscle contraction
Ultimately controlled by nerve-generated impulse
Impulse travels along the sarcolemma of the muscle

cell
Impulses further conducted by T tubules T tubule a deep invagination of the sarcolemma

Innervation of Skeletal Muscle

Motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle tissue

Neuromuscular junction

Neuromuscular junction = where a nerve terminal interfaces with a muscle fiber at the motor end plate, one junction per fiber (control of fiber from one neuron) Synaptic terminal = expanded end of axon, contains vesicles of neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach) Motor end plate = specialized sarcolemma that contains Ach receptors and the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AchE) Synaptic cleft = space between synaptic terminal and motor end plate where neurotransmitter is released

TENDON
connect muscles to bone Anatomy: contain collage fibrils, proteoglycan matrix and fibroblasts that are arranged in parallel rows Functions: - carry tensile forces from muscle to bone Blood vessels: Vessels in perimysium

LIGAMENTS
connect bone to bone Anatomy: - Collagen fibrils are slightly less in volume fraction and organization than tendon - Higher percentage of proteoglycan matrix than tendon - fibroblasts

Cardiac muscle tissue

Occurs only in the walls of the heart Cells: Branched cylindrical fiber with one

centrally located nucleus, intercalated discs (desmosomes) join neighboring fibers, striated CT: endomysium only Action involuntary Gap junction between cells Steady rate contraction set by pacemaker Speed of contraction: moderate Function: Pumping blood

Smooth muscle tissue

Cells: fiber is thickest in middle, tapered at

end each and one nucleus in the central, not striated CT: endomysium only Gap junction between cells Action involuntary Speed of contraction: slow Function: - Helps maintain blood pressure - Squeezes substances (i.e., food, feces) through organs

Smooth muscle tissue

2 types:

a) visceral SMT (single-unit) - cells are arranged in sheets/layers - wall of small arteries, veins, stomach, intestines, uterus, urinary bladder - one stimulation causes contraction of many adjacent fibers - contract/relax depends on hormones/chemicals/physical factors - rhythmic cycles with no neurons

Smooth muscle tissue

2 types:

b) multiunit SMT - individual fibers - wall of large arteries, airways to lungs, muscles of iris - connected to several motor neurons - one stimulation causes contraction of that fiber only