Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Imperialist Stirrings
1. The “Yellow Press” of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
a. Showed foreign exploits
b. Brought forward the problems to the American society.
2. The new steel navy focused overseas.
a. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that control of the sea was the
key to world dominance.
b. Mahan helped stimulate the naval race among the great powers.
3. America’s new international interest.
a. “Big Sister” policy, which opened the Latin American markets to the
Yankee traders.
b. Pan American Conference, sketched a plan for economic cooperation
through reciprocal tariff reduction.
4. Diplomatic Crises
a. America and Germany over the Samoan Islands.
b. America and Italy in the New Orleans.
c. The death of two American sailors in Valparaiso, Chile.
A. Progressive Roots
1. Beginning of 1900s, America had 76 million people (good condition), but before
first decade of 20th century, U.S. would be struck by movement by people known as
progressives (fought against monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, social injustice)
a. Purpose of Progressive Movement- to use government as agency of
human welfare
2. Progressives had roots in Greenback Labor Party (1870s+1880s) and Populist Party
(1890s)
Before 1900, perceptive politicians and writers begun to pinpoint targets for
progressive attack
a, Henry Demarest Lloyd- Wealth Against Commonwealth (1894)-
targeted Standard Oil Company
b. Thorstein Veblen- The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)- targeted
new rich
c. Jacob A. Riis- How the Other Half Lives (1890)- targeted New York
slums
d. Theodore Dreiser- The Financier (1912) and The Titan (1914)-
targeted promoters and profiteers
3. Socialists and feminists gained strength and entered Progressive fight.
C. Political Progressivism
1. Progressive reformers sensed pressure from new giant corporations, restless
immigrant hordes, aggressive labor unions
2. Progressives favored “initiative” so voters could propose legislation, the
“referendum” so people could vote on laws that affected them, the “recall” to take
bad officials off positions
3. Progressives desired to expose graft, use secret ballot to counteract effects of
party bosses, have direct election of U.S. senators to curb corruption
a. 1913- 17th Amendment provided direct election of senators
3. Females campaigned for woman’s suffrage, but that didn’t come
3. Gifford Pinchot
a. Persuaded Roosevelt
b. Head of the federal Division of Forestry
c. Helped initiate massive conservation projects
4. Newlands Act of 1902
a. Initiated irrigation projects for the western states
5. Roosevelt set aside 125 million acres
6. Jack London’s Call of the Wild
7. Establishments of the Boy Scouts of America and the Sierra Club – dedicated
to preserve wilderness of western landscape
8. 1913 - Hetch Hetchy Valley controversy
J. The “Roosevelt Panic” of 1907
1. Republicans thought TR to be dangerous and unpredictable like a rattlesnake
2. 1907 - panic on Wall Street, TR at the center of its blame. Eventually this panic
paved the way for long-overdue fiscal reforms
3. 1908 – Aldrich -Vreeland Act was passed - authorized national banks to issue
emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral.
a. Led to Federal Reserve Act of 1913