Bamnauli CCPP - Rapid Eia

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
FOR
THE PROPOSED 800 MW PRAGATI-II GAS BASED COMBINED CYCLE POWER PROJECT AT BAMNAULI
OF
PRAGATI POWER CORPORATION LIMITED

NEW DELHI
Consultant
NTPC LIMITED
CONSULTANCY WING (A Government of India Enterprise)
Prepared by
MANTEC CONSULTANTS PRIVATE LIMITED 805, Vishal Bhavan, 95, Nehru Place, New Delhi-110019
Doc. No: CW-EN-9545-C-379-E-R-001
April, 2009
Draft Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. 1
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Section Title No. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Need For Study 1.3 Project Proposal 1.3.1 Proposed Facilities 1.3.2 Project at a Glance 1.4 Special Project Features 1.5 Environmental Policy and Administrative Framework 1.6 Location and approach 1.7 Justification For Combined Cycle 1.7.1 Justification of the site 1.8 Scope of the Study 1.9 EIA Methodology 1.9.1 Project Setting and Description 1.9.2 Baseline Data Collection/Reconnaissance Survey 1.9.3 Identification and Evaluation of impact 1.9.4 Occupational Health and Safety 1.9.5 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan 1.9.6 Environment Management Plan 1.10 Resources Required for Pragati II CCPP 1.10.1 Land 1.10.2 Fuel 1.10.3 Water 1.10.4 Transport 1.10.5 Manpower PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 General 2.2 Layout Systems 2.2.1 Layout Plan 2.2.2 System Location 2.3 Power Generation System 2.3.1 Plant Configuration 2.3.2 Process in Brief 2.3.3 Main Plant 2.4 Plant Utility System 2.4.1 Fuel Requirement, Storage and Handling System 2.4.2 Water Availability and Requirement 2.4.3 Cooling Water System 2.4.4 DM Water 2.4.5 Potable Water System 2.4.6 Chlorination Plant 2.4.7 Fire Protection System 2.4.8 Effluent Treatment and Disposal 2.4.9 Other Facilities
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MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Draft Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL
Chapter No.
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Section Title No. 2.5 Pollution Control/Environmental Components 2.6 Pollution Control Measures BASELINE DATA 3.1 Description of site and surrounding 3.1.1 Land Environment 3.2 Geology 3.2.1 Physiography 3.2.2 Drainage 3.2.3 Geological Succession 3.2.4 Floods 3.2.5 Tectonic & Seismicity 3. 3 SOILS 3.3.1 Selection of sampling Locations 3.3.2 Methodology 3.3.3 Physical Characterization of Soil 3.4 Climate & Meteorology 3.4.1 Climate 3.4.2 Climatological Data 3.4.3 Meteorological Observation at Proposed Site 3.5 Air Environment 3.5.1 General Description 3.5.2 Monitoring stations 3.5.3 Sampling Period, Frequency and Parameter 3.5.4 Sampling and Analytical Procedure 3.5.5 Air Quality Standards 3.5.6 Observation 3.5.7 Conclusion 3.6 Heat Pollution 3.7 Hydrology 3.7.1 Introduction 3.7.2 Surface Water 3.7.3 Drainage Pattern 3.7.4 Ground water Hydrology 3.8 Water Quality 3.8.1 Selection of Sampling Locations 3.8.2 Methodology and Results 3.9 Ecology 3.9.1 Environmental Scenario of 10 km. Radius 3.9.2 Environmental conditions in the Core Study Area 3.9.3 Terrestrial Ecology 3.9.4 Objectives of Ecological Studies 3.9.5 Flora 3.9.6 Ecological Sampling: Methods adopted for the study 3.9.7 Site Selection Criteria 3.9.8 Wildlife Sanctuary / National Park 3.9.9 Endangered Species 3.9.10 Aquatic Ecology
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Chapter No. Section No. 3.9.11 3.9.12 3.10 3.10.1 3.10.2 3.10.3 3.10.4 3.11 3.11.1 3.11.2 Title
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3.11.3 3.11.4 IMPACTS 4.1 Land Environment 4.1.1 Sources Of impact 4.1.2 Prediction of Impacts 4.2 Air Quality 4.2.1 Impacts During Construction Phase 4.2.2 Impacts During Operation Phase 4.2.3 Emission Standards 4.2.3 Meteorological Data 4.2.5 Application of ISCST3 Model 4.3 Water Environment 4.3.1 Impacts During Construction Phase 4.3.2 Impacts During Operational Phase 4.3.3 Prediction of impacts 4.4 Noise Environment 4.4.1 Impact During Construction Phase 4.4.2 Impacts During Operation Phase 4.5 Ecology 4.5.1 Terrestrial Ecology 4.5.2 Aquatic Ecology 4.6 Socio-Economic Environment 4.6.1 Demography 4.6.2 Land Use pattern 4.6.3 Transport and Communication 4.6.4 Social Impacts 4.6.5 Other Socio-Economic Factors RISK ASSESSMENT 5.1 Objective 5.1.1 Hazard Identification and Visualization of MCA Scenarios 5.1.2 Analysis of MCA Scenarios 5.1.3 Consequence Analysis 5.2 Hazard Identification
Rare and Endangered Species Ecological Sensitive Areas Noise Effects of Noise Ambient Noise Standards Sampling Locations Results and Discussion Demography And socio-Economic Demographic Profile of the Study Area Based on 2001 Census Data of Population Socio-economic Profile of the Study Area Based on 2001Census Record Availability of Infrastructure Facilities & Amenities Conclusion
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Chapter No. Section No. 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 Title
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Introduction Hazard potential Classification of major hazardous substances Fire, explosion and toxicity index (FETI) approach Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) Analysis Introduction Factors Influencing the Use of Physical Effect Model Visualization of MCA scenarios Chemical Inventory Analysis Identification of Chemical Release and Accident Scenarios 5.3.6 Past Accident Data Analysis 5.3.7 Short Listing of MCA Scenarios 5.3.8 Atmospheric Stability 5.3.9 Modes of failure 5.3.10 Failure frequency 5.4 Damage / Risk Criteria 5.4.1 General 5.4.2 Thermal radiation 5.4.3 Blast Overpressure 5.4.4 Toxic Exposure 5.5 Consequence Analysis 5.5.1 Selected failure cases 5.5.2 Blast Overpressure due to Formation Holes in NG Pipelines 5.5.3 Chlorine tonner nozzle failure OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 6.1 Occupational Safety / Hazards 6.1.1 Objective 6.1.2 Identification of Potential Hazards 6.1.3 Quantifying Extent of Hazards 6.1.4 Hazard Control 6.1.5 On site Security & Safety Measures 6.1.6 House Keeping 6.1.7 Safety Awareness among Workers/Employees 6.1.8 Accident Reporting 6.1.9 Safety Review Check List 6.1.10 Medical Facilities 6.1.11 Fire Fighting Arrangement 6.1.12 Safety and Emergency Plan DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 General 7.2 Purpose and Scope of DMP 7.3 Causes of Disaster 7.4 Disaster Control Philosophy 7.5 Disaster Control Plan 7.5.1 Design Stage Considerations
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Section Title No. 7.5.2 Equipment Plan 7.5.3 Organizational Plan 7.5.4 Action / Response Plan 7.6 Disaster Management Plan 7.6.1 General 7.6.2 Resource Planning 7.6.3 Medical Services 7.6.4 Transport and Communication 7.6.5 Safety Appliances 7.6.6 Operational Functions 7.6.7 Off-site Emergency ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8.1 Water Environment 8.1.1 Water Conservation/Recycle 8.1.2 Control Measures 8.1.3 Mitigation Measures 8.2 Air Environment 8.2.1 Control Measures 8.2.2 Mitigation Measures 8.3 Solid Waste Management 8.3.1 Generation of Solid Waste 8.3.2 Disposal of Solid Wastes 8.4 Noise and Vibration 8.4.1 Sources of Noise 8.4.2 Existing Scenario 8.4.3 Control/Mitigation Measures 8.5 House Keeping 8.6 Transport Pipeline 8.7 Green Belt Development Plan 8.7.1 Purpose 8.7.2 Selection of Tree Species 8.7.3 Areas to be afforested 8.7.4 Financial Provisions 8.7.5 Manpower & Expertise 8.8 Environmental Monitoring Programme 8.9 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management 8.9.1 Institutional Setup at Pragati II CCPP Project 8.9.2 Environmental Laboratory SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 9.1 Land availability and requirement 9.2 Fuel Requirement, Storage & Handling System 9.3 Water Availability and Requirement 9.4 Environment Impact Assessment Study 9.5 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 9.5.1 Land Use
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Chapter No. Section No. 9.5.2 9.5.3 9.5.4 9.5.5 9.5.6 9.5.7 9.5.8 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 Title
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Water Use and Hydrology Demography and Socio-economics Air Quality Soils Water Quality Noise Terrestrial Ecology Disaster Management Plan Project Benefits Environment Management Plan Conclusions
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Draft Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL LIST OF TABLES Table No. 1.1 1.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21A 3.21B 3.22A 3.22B 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 Contents
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Details of Baseline Data Collection Schedule Specification of Gas Land use of the Study Area Land use Pattern of the area based on Satellite Imagery Past Data of floods in Delhi Earth Quake Occurrence in Delhi and adjoining Areas Soil Sampling Locations Physical Characteristics of soil in the Study Chemical Characteristics of soil in the study Area (Post Monsoon) Climatologically Table as per Data of Safdarjang Observatory (1993-2002) Meteorological Data from Safdarjang Observatory ( 2000-2005 ) Instruments, Parameters and Frequency of Meteorological Monitoring at site Recorded Meteorological data at site AAQ Monitoring Stations within the Study area National Ambient Air Quality Standards Ambient Air quality Status with respect to Repairable Particulate Matters Ambient Air quality Status with respect to Suspended Particulate Matters Ambient Air quality Status with respect to Sulphur dioxide Ambient Air quality Status with respect to Nitrogen Oxide Quality of Surface Water Ground water Quality Sampling Locations of the Study area Surface water quality Sampling Locations of the study Area Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground water Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground water Surface Water Quality Surface Water Quality Lists of tree species observed in the project area Lists of Shrubs and grasses observed in the project area Terrestrial Ecological Sampling Locations Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index of Different Species at Tajpur Khurd (TE1) Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index of
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3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 6.1
Different Species at Chawla (TE2) Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index of Different Species at Bijwasan (TE3) List of domestic fauna observed in the study area List of Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians ad Rodents observed in the Study Area Aquatic Ecological Sampling Locations Phytoplankton Status of Aquatic Ecological Stations Zooplankton Status of location Aquatic Ecological Stations Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise Noise Level Monitoring Stations in the Study Area Hourly Leq Noise level in the Study Area (Post Monsoon) Stack and Emission Characteristics for Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project Mixing Depth Considered For Dispersion Modeling (Post Monsoon) First 10 Maximum 24 Hourly Short Term Incremental Concentration (Post Monsoon) Resultant Maximum Ground Level Concentration after Commissioning of the Project at 50 ppm concentration Resultant Maximum Ground Level Concentration after Commissioning of the Project Characteristics of Water and waste water streams Final Discharge of Effluents Likely Noise Levels in Pragati CCPP II Predicted Noise Levels Permissible Exposure Noise Limits Ranking of Chemicals Hazards of NG as per NFPA classification Properties of Materials Employed Vulnerable Units of Proposed 800 MW Pragati II CCPP Project Pasquill stability Classes General Mechanism for loss of Containment Some Typical Failure Frequency Data Damage due to incident Thermal Radiation Intensity Physiological Effects Of Threshold Thermal Doses Damage Effects Due To Blast Overpressure Physiological Response to Chlorine Concentration List of failure cases Hazard distances to over pressure due to explosion Hazard distances to chlorine due to chlorine cylinder outlet nozzle failure Suggested List of Training Courses
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Draft Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7.1 8.1
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Institutions Offering Courses on Industrial Safety List of Items for First Aid Centre List of Safety Equipment Fire Fighting Safety Equipment List of Proposed Safety Equipment Environmental Monitoring Programme
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Draft Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. 1.1 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 Contents
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Page No.
Vicinity Map for Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project Layout plan Water balance diagram Land Use Classification based on Satellite Imagery(2008) Location of Soil Sampling Stations Wind Rose Diagrams at 08.30 Hrs. at Safdarjung, New Delhi Wind Rose Diagrams at 17.30 Hrs. at Safdarjung, New Delhi Windrose diagram for the post monsoon season Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to Respirable Particulate Mattey Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to Suspended Particulate Matter Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to SO 2 Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to NOx Ground Water Sampling Location Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations Imagery Ecological Monitoring Stations Noise Level Monitoring Station The Occupational Structure of the Study Area
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1.0 1.1 BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Power Consumption is one of the main indicators of Development of state/ country. In other words power development is key element in the development of the economy. Delhi has been experiencing power shortages of varying magnitude throughout the year, particularly during peak summer and winter months. Pragati Power Corporation Ltd., a Government of Delhi undertaking, was established in 2001 for installation of new power plants in Delhi with the purpose to meet the ever-growing demand of electric power in the city of Delhi. PPCL presently operates a 330 MW Pragati Power Station which is a natural gas fired combined cycle plant. Pragati III 1500MW combined cycle Power plant at Bawana is presently under construction and the same will be progressively commissioned from March 2010 to November 2010. This project is being installed to initially meet the power demand in Delhi during common wealth games to be held in October 2010. After that, the power generated shall be utilized to meet the growing demand of Delhi & Northern Region. The present proposal is for installation of 800 MW (maximum capacity) combined cycle project. Pragati Power Corporation Ltd. has been entrusted with the responsibility of installation of Pragati-II CCPP. The project will be operated on natural gas as the only fuel. In order to identify the environmental impacts due to the construction and operation of power plant and associated facilities, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study has been undertaken, The aim of the study is to establish the existing environmental conditions, predict impacts of the power plant and associated facilities and formulate the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and develop a post study monitoring program. The EIA report is required for seeking Environmental clearance (EC) from Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) and Public consultation from Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC). For this PPCL has obtained approval of TOR vide letter CW-CM-9545-C-O-C001 Dated 17.07.08 as enclosed in Annexure-I. Accordingly this EIA study has been carried out. The plant is located at Bamnauli village, southwest of Delhi. The site is approachable by Bijwasan-Najafgarh road, connected through NH-8.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
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NTPC Limited, New Delhi, India has been engaged as consultant to prepare the feasibility report (FR) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report of the proposed project. Mantec Consultants Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi has been retained by NTPC as sub-consultant for carrying out site activities. 1.2 NEED FOR EIA STUDIES Development activities are of prime importance for the economic growth and fulfillment of basic needs of the society. Availability of power is one of the major infrastructure requirements for industrial development. However, industrialization and associated human activities lead to waste generation, which results in an impact on the surrounding environmental components. Therefore while implementing the development projects, environmental aspects of projects must be taken into account and due attention must be paid to protect the environment. The basic steps in this direction are to determine the baseline status of the environment, to identify and quantify the elements of impact associated with the proposed project, and to evaluate the probable impacts of the proposed project on the surrounding environment, so that suitable measures to minimize negative impacts could be taken during early stages of the project. 1.3 PROJECT PROPOSAL 1.3.1 Proposed facilities The following facilities are proposed to be established within the proposed power project: Plant configuration a. Gas Turbine (Advanced class) b. HRSG Boiler c. Steam Turbine Off site facilities a. Raw Water b. Lime softening Plant c. Cooling Tower capacity - CW Blowdown - Side stream filter capacity d. Storage - DM Water storage tanks e. Effluent Treatment Plant - CMB Discharge - Tube Settler f. RO plant g. Ultra filtration plant h. Fire Protection System
: 2 Nos. : 2 Nos. : 1 No. : 2000 m3. : 800 m3/hr : 44000 m3/hr : 800 m3/hr : 44 m3/hr : 25 m3/hr : 830 m3/hr : 80 m3/hr : 30 m3/hr : 40 m3/hr : Provided
1.0 INTRODUCTION
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i.
Emergency DG set
: 2 Nos
1.3.2 Project at a Glance

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Name of the Project Name of the Promoter Location End Product Capacity Man Power Project Time Schedule Raw Materials and Utilities Natural Gas : 3.0 MSCMD (Million standard Cubic Meter per day) : Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project : Pragati Power Corporation Limited, (Govt. of Delhi) : Bamnauli Village, Southwest of Delhi : Electricity : 800 MW (Maximum capacity) : Peak labour force - 1300 : Operation period - 480 : 28 months
- Water (Treated Sewage) i) j) Mode of operation Project Cost
: 2000 m3/ hr : Base load operation is envisaged : Rs. 3025 Crores (Approximately) including land cost
1.4
SPECIAL PROJECT FEATURES Thermal Power Plant running on natural gas is considered as one of the cleanest form of industries. The proposed power plant shall be operated only on natural gas as fuel. No liquid fuel shall be used for power generation, thereby reducing emission of particulate matters and sulphur dioxide. Treated sewage from Dwarka Sewage Treatment Plant of Delhi Jal Board (DJB) will be drawn for use in power plant. Make up water requirement for the plant shall be approximately 2000m3/hr. Dwarka STP is situated at a distance of about 8 Km from the project site. All structures, buildings like chemical house, pump house. RO & D.M. plant building etc shall be RCC framed structure with brick walls. All water- retaining
1.0 INTRODUCTION
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structures like clarifiers, thickeners, basins, sumps, reservoir etc shall be of RCC construction. 1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAME WORK The principal Environmental Regulatory agency in India is the Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF), New Delhi. MoEF formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearance for the projects. In views of legal policies and framework Environmental Clearance from Ministry of Environment & Forest is required for the proposed project as per the MoEF notification dated 14thSeptember, 2006. As it comes under category A, the environmental impact assessment (EIA) report for the same has been prepared as per approved TOR on the basis of the study conducted in the project area (area falling within 10km radius has been considered as the study area) and the results of the report have been presented in this report. After the preparation of the EIA, the project shall undergo the process of public hearing to get environmental clearance. Delhi Pollution Control Board shall issue a notice for public hearing. SPCB shall decide a date, time, and place for the hearing. Suggestions, views, comments and objections of the public shall be invited within 30 days from the date of publication of notification. After incorporating public hearing minutes, the final report will be submitted for environment clearance. 1.6 LOCATION AND APPROACH The proposed plant is located at Bamnauli village, southwest of Delhi. On the east of Bamnauli village is Bharthal village. Bijwasan is located on the south east of Bamnauli. Dwarka subcity is located on north of the village. Border Security Force (BSF) Head Quarter at Chhawla is situated on the northwest of Bamnauli. The site is approachable by Bijwasan-Najafgarh metal road, connected through NH-8. Location of the project site, nearest airport, railway station, highways etc. are given below: a) b) c) d) Project location Latitude Longitude Nearest railway station : : : : Bamnauli Village, Southwest of Delhi 28 3248 N 77 2 E Bijwasan Station Railway
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e) f) g) h) i)
Distance of project site from the railway : station Nearest airport Distance of airport from the project site Nearest National highway : : :
4 km. Indira Gandhi International Airport 8.0 kms NH-8 7.0 kms
Distance from nearest Highway point to : the site
The Vicinity Plan indicating the location of the plant is shown in figure 1.1.
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2838'30" 7655'29"
7657'30"
770'
772'30''
775'
Jainpur
2837'30"
Jhuggi Jhonpri Lakshmi Vihar Mungashpur Mohan colony Shiv Enclave Salatpur Ghasipura Najafgarh Block A Garden Niwada Majra Khadar Dairy Colony Bhagwati Nangli Sakrawar Park Dayalsar JANAKPURI Raghubir Colony Garden Masudabad Anupnagar Gulabi Park Enclave Sahyog Vihar DWARKA Gopalnagar Vijay Park Chetan Vihar A J A F G Drain Bharat Vihar Matyala Madhu Vihar Bindapur Dabri N Kakraula Sector 4 Sagarpur RH Mahavir Gopal Park A Premnagar Dindarpur Sector 14 Enclave Sector 5a Nala d Sector 2 Nasirpur
Roshan Vihar
2838'30" 777'29"
2837'30"
Betajsta Enclave
2835' Kharkhari Jatmal Kharkhari Nahar
Durga Vihar Shyam Enclave
Shyam Vihar Goela Khurd

Najaf
D W A R K A
Sector 13
Sector 12
Ga n
Sector 17
garh Drain
Paprawat
a Na Gand
la
Sector 18
Tajpur Khurd Bagrola Qutab Vihar Premnagar Indira Gandhi Sector 20 International Pindwala Sector 21 Pchanpur Airport Kalan Reola Mehramnagar Sector 22 Chhawla Sector 23 Proposed Site Khanpur Kharkhari Nangal Dairy PF Raund Pindwala Dhul Siras Khurd Nangal Dewat Chhawla Cremation Hasanpur Ground Kanganheri Camp 10KM Daulatpur Bharthal Rangpuri 2832'30" Bamnauli 2832'30" Asalatpur Cremation 8 Khadar NH Ground Isapur Khera Samalka BIJWASAN Cremation Cremation Gummanhera Ground Badosra Bajghera Shikarpur Ground Jainpur Kapashera
No rth er n Ra ilw ay
Rajnagar Ambar Hai Sector 9 Sector 8 Palam R S
Manglapuri Sadhnagar Sector 11 Palam Sector 6 Purannagar Shumbran Sector 5 Sector 7 Palam R S Lines
Shekhawati Lines Maude Lines
2835'
Cremation Ground
Dense Babul
D rain N
Jhatikra ain Dr Cremation rh fga aja N Ground .8 o
Raghopur
Chaumuha
Rajokri PF
Dundahera U
DY OG
Rajokri
R
Babupur
Panwala Khusropur
Palam Vihar Alawardi Sarai
2830'
Muhammadheri Daulatabad Kherki Majra Dhankot Tikampur
Overhead Tank
Daulat Nasirabad
Mulahera
VI HA
2830'
MARUTI UDYOG Udyog Vihar Overhead Tank
No rth er n
Ra
Bhumgarh
Overhead Tank
ilw ay
GURGAON RS
Gurgaon Masani
GURGAON
Sirhaul Overhead Tank
Dhanwanpur Madanpuri
Sikandarpur Ghos Chakarpur
GURGAON
Overhead Tank Chandarnagar
Basai
2827'30" 7655'29" LEGEND National Highway Road Drain/distrubutary Trailway District Boundary 7657'30" 770'
Jyoti Park
Shivajinagar
772'30'' 775' 2827'30" 777'29"
Figure1.1: Vicinity Map for Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project
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1.7.
Justification for Combined Cycle from Environmental point of view In the combined cycle operation, the heat content of the flue gas exhaust from the gas turbine is utilized to generate steam in heat recovery steam generator, which in turn is utilized to generate electric power in steam turbine. This results into a significantly higher overall efficiency as compared to open cycle operation. Recovery of heat from flue gases also reduces thermal pollution. Combined cycle power plant has the advantage of shorter project implementation period. The gas turbine uses cleaner fuel like natural gas, which is advantageous from environmental point of view. A natural gas based CCPP has the following additional advantages over the conventional coal based plants. Particulate matter emission into the atmosphere from coal handling, ash handling and ash disposal is completely eliminated. Due to use of natural gas as fuel, sulphur dioxide emission into the atmosphere is practically eliminated. Water consumption and resulting waste water generation is significantly low. Land requirement for the project is substantially less.
1.7.1 Justification of The Site a) Availability of Adequate Land: The respective land required for the proposed project is presently in possession of the project proponent (PPCL). Approximately 20 ha. of land would be adequate for proposed project. Land has been transferred to PPCL vide letter No. F.1 (62)plg./Dwk./Pt.IV/398 dated 30.05.2007. The land is located in Bamnauli Village, 13.7 M wide Bijwasan Najafgarh road on the South, Najafgarh drain on the west and existing 400 kV Grid Station on the Northern side. Two 400 KV transmission lines are passing through a part of the project site. So it is necessary to divert the transmission lines before starting the construction activity. The proposed area where the plant is to be located is shown on the General Layout plan, which is shown in figure 2.1 in chapter-2 of this report b) Water Availability: Make-up water requirement of the project, estimated as 2000 m 3/hr, will be met through treated sewage from sewage treatment plant at Dwarka which is located at 8 km from the site. DJB shall setup make-up raw water pump at the
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STP, Dwarka for the Project. These pumps shall deliver the water to the site raw water reservoir within the plant premises. c) Raw Materials: Fuel requirement The basic fuel for this project has been considered as Natural Gas. Fuel Requirement is Approximately 3.0 MSCMD (Million Standard Cubic Metres per Day) having calorific value of 9500 kcal/SCM. Natural gas shall be transported at the site from the fuel supplier through Gail terminal. d) Power Evacuation System: The power from the project will be evacuated through the existing 400 kV/220kV Bamnauli Grid Stations of Delhi Tranco Limited at 400kV level. e) Road access The site is well approachable by Bijwasan-Najafgarh road, connected through NH-8. f) Environmental Aspects: The proposed site, comprising of 20 hactares of land, is in possession of project proponent and is without any human settlement. It has been selected taking into consideration the guidelines of MoEF. There is no ecologically sensitive area such as biosphere reserve, national park and wildlife sanctuary within a radius of 10 km from the project site. Further, there is no archaeological/ cultural/ historically important monument or place within the 10 km radius. The project site does not involve forest or prime agricultural land. As natural gas is the fuel with incorporation of Dry Low NOx (DLN) burners, NOx emission from the stacks and resulting increments of ground level concentration of this pollutant will be less. There will be no emission of particulate matter from the stacks. There will be no emission of sulphur dioxide from the stacks. For the effluent streams, suitable treatment is provided in the project proposal for compliance with prescribed norms. The HRSG boilers shall effectively bring down the flue gas temperature, thereby reducing heat flux into the atmosphere. 1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The area falling within 10 km distance from the proposed site has been considered as the study area for conducting detailed studies. The major scopes of the Environmental Impact Assessment study are listed as follows: -
1.0 INTRODUCTION
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A brief description of the project. A detailed characterization of the existing environment within the area of 10 km radius from the project site for environmental components viz. air, noise, water, land, soil, biological and socio-economic aspects. Prediction and evaluation of positive and negative impacts that may result from proposed power plant project. Formulation of environmental management plan (EMP) to eliminate or minimize the adverse impacts of the project on the surrounding environment. Preparing occupational health and safety as well as Disaster Management Plan (DMP) to minimize any accident or emergency situation. To propose plans for post project monitoring. 1.9 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY An effective environmental impact assessment calls for establishing background data on various environmental components through reconnaissance survey, sampling, available literature sources etc.; identifying project features which are likely to have impacts on the environment; predicting impacts; superimposing impacts on the existing baseline scenario and developing suitable Environmental Management Plan. The methodology adopted in preparing the EIA report is described below: 1.9.1 Project Setting and Description The proposed project site, details including main process and off -site facilities have been defined. The description also gives details of pollution generating sources (gaseous/liquid/solid/noise/heat). The treatment process and control measures adopted for these pollutants are also covered. 1.9.2 Baseline Data Collection/Reconnaissance Survey Once the affected environmental parameters are identified, a monitoring network is set up for related environmental parameters to establish its background quality. For the Rapid EIA report, a study period of 3 months starting from September 2008 to November 2008 had been undertaken. The monitoring has been carried out as per the schedule mentioned in Table 1.1.
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Table 1.1: Details of Baseline Data Collection Schedule

No. Of Sampling Location 4
Field Ambient Quality Air SOX NOx SPM RPM
Parameters
Frequency Twice a week
Meteorology
Wind Speed Wind Direction Ambient Temperature at Two Heights 2m & 10m Solar radiation Max. & Min Temperature Humidity Atmospheric Pressure Rainfall Storm
Continuous Automatic 1 hourly Average
Daily at basis Daily at basis Daily at basis Daily Daily 9 Monthly
hourly hourly hourly
Water Quality Physical Parameters (Surface & pH, Temp., DO, Conductivity Ground Water and TSS Sample) Chemical Parameters TDS, Alkalinity, Hardness, BOD, COD, NO3, PO4, Cl, SO4, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Si, O&G and phenolic compounds Bacteriological MPN and Total Coliform Heavy Metals Pb, Cd, Cr+6, Total Cr, Cu, Zn, Se and Fe Noise Leq Soil Ecology pH, conductivity, CEC, N, P, K, etc. Aquatic Terrestrial
Monthly
9 9
Monthly Once in a Study Period Once in Period Once in Period Once in Period Once in Period a Study a Study a Study a Study
10 9 3 3
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1.9.3. Identification and Evaluation of Impact The impact identification of each of the environmental parameters is the first step of assessment. In order to identify the impact comprehensively, all the activities associated with the proposed project during the construction as well as operational phase are identified. In this part of the report the sources of emissions (gaseous, liquid, solid, noise, heat), emission load and characteristics are estimated. These emissions from the plant are used as a part of the input data for predictive mathematical modeling. Usage of this predictive software programme yields the quantitative prediction related to the affected parameters of a given environmental component. Parts of the predictions are qualitative in nature also, especially in cases where such prediction techniques are not available. These predictions are subsequently superimposed on the background quality of various environmental components to assess post project environmental quality. 1.9.4 Occupational Health & Safety The health and safety aspects at work place during construction phase as well as operation & maintenance phase have been studied. The problems envisaged at construction phase are mainly due to likely accidents and noise and the same at operation and maintenance phase are mainly due to likely accidents such as, exposure to heat, welding arc, hazardous chemicals, fire, noise etc. Suitable personnel protective equipment will be provided to all employees working in the hazardous areas. Safety requirements are covered in the safety policy statement of the power plant. All the hazardous area is to be monitored regularly. Safety training programs are outlined. 1.9.5 Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan Risk Assessment has been done for various probable hazard scenarios. Disaster Management Plan (DMP) has been prepared for on-site emergencies, incorporating measures for safety, prevention, mitigation and control of hazardous events, and the Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPP) for Off-site emergencies for warnings, evacuation and co-ordination of offsite emergency situation. 1.9.6 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) In order to mitigate the negative impacts of the proposed project, an effective EMP is delineated. Therefore, in the final part of the report, the planning and implementation of various pollution abatement strategies including the proposed monitoring/ surveillance network has been described.
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1.10 RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR PRAGATI-II CCPP 1.10.1 Land A total area of around 20 hectares is required for the project. The Plant is proposed to be installed on South West side of existing 400kV station of DTL. 1.10.2 Fuel The basic fuel for this project has been considered as Natural Gas. Fuel Requirement is Approximately 3.0 MSCMD (Million Standard Cubic Metres per Day) having calorific value of 9500 kcal/SCM. Natural gas shall be transported at the site through the fuel supplier. Expected quality of NG as received from the fuel supplier is shown in table 1.2. Table 1.2: Specifications of gas
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Components Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Carbon dioxide Total Range mole% 84.5 9 3 2 0.25
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 CO2
1.25
98.77 0.69 0.03 0 0 0 0 0.51 100
Oxygen not more than 0.5 Mole% Total non hydrocarbon- not more than 2.0 Mole % Total sulphur including H2 S- Not more than 10ppm by weight Expected H2S content not more than 4 ppm by volume. 1.10.3 Water Raw water requirement for operating the proposed plant has been estimated as 2000 m3/hr. Major portion of required water is used as make up to the recirculating cooling water system for regenerative cooling in condenser. Make-up water requirement of the project, estimated as 2000 m3/hr, will be met through treated sewage from sewage treatment plant at Dwarka which is located at 8 km from the site. DJB shall setup make-up raw water pump at the STP, Dwarka for the Project. These pumps shall deliver the water to the site raw water reservoir within the plant premises. Potable water shall be sourced from Municipal authority. Water will be stored in a tank to be located in the plant area and pumped to the distribution network to various points throughout the plant. Plant potable water of 30 m3 /hr shall be drawn from Delhi Jal Board System.
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Further for turbine cycle make-up de-mineralized water requirement shall be 25 -30m3/hr. 1.10.4 Transport All plant equipments will be transported to the site by road. The nearest highway is NH-8, Delhi which is 7.0 Km. away from the plant location. 1.10.5 Manpower The manpower requirement for construction and operation of the facilities is estimated as follows:
S. No. 1 2 Phase Peak labour force Operation period Employment 1300 480
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Rev. No.: 1 Issue Date: 06-04-2009 Page No.: Page 1 of 14
2.0 2.1 GENERAL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1.1 The proposed project of Pragati Power Corporation Limited (PPCL) is for establishment of Gas Power Plant of 800 MW (Max) based on combined cycle technology. Natural gas shall be used as the fuel. 2.1.2 The project is proposed to be installed in about 20 hectares of land located in Bamnauli village near 400kV grid station of Delhi Transco Limited. This land has been identified for locating the main plant facilities, water treatment plant, water reservoir, switchyard etc. It is non-forest land under possession of PPCL and there is no dwelling unit within the site. Thus, implementation of the project at the proposed site does not involve use of forestland for non-forest use or displacement through acquisition of private land. 2.1.3 The plant site is well approachable by Bijwasan Najafgarh road via NH-8. The site is bound by Bharthal village on eastern side, Bijwasan village on Southeast side, Chhawla village on the west and Dwarka subcity on the northern side. 2.1.4 The Important Power Plants situated in the Delhi are as follows: IP Coal Station: it is a coal-based power plant of Indraprastha Power Generation Company Ltd. (IPGCL) of Delhi Govt. with total installed capacity is 247.5 MW. Rajghat Power Station: it is a coal-based power plant of IPGCL. The Installed capacity of the plant is 135 MW. IP Gas Station: The GT power station, based on natural gas from HBJ Pipeline, is owned and operated by IPGCL. Total installed capacity of the plant is 282 MW. Pragati Power station (PPS):- The Pragati Power Station (PPCL-I) is Duel fuel fired power generation capacity of 330 MW based on combined cycle gas turbine. Natural gas is the basic fuel for the plant. Project under construction: Pragati III: Pragati III 1500MW combined cycle Power plant at Bawana is presently under construction by BHEL and the same will be progressively commissioned from March 2010 to November 2010. The plant comprises of 4 no.s advanced class Gas Turbines and 2 no.s Steam Turbines each of capacity 250 MW. This project is being installed to initially meet the power demand in Delhi during common wealth games to be held in
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October 2010. After that power generated shall be utilized to meet the growing demand of Delhi & Northern Region. 2.2 LAYOUT SYSTEMS
2.2.1 Layout plan The block layout development for the proposed 800MW (maximum capacity) is shown in figure 2.1. 2.2.2 System location Switchyard shall be located at northern side of the plot adjacent to existing 400 KV substation considering ease of evacuation of power. Cooling tower shall be located on the southern side of the plot taking wind direction into consideration. CW pump house has been placed between Cooling Tower and Steam Turbine Building. Raw Water Reservoir and Water Treatment Plant are placed on the northern side of the cooling tower. Chemical house and Effluent Treatment Plant are situated at the eastern side of WTP. Administration building and Fire Station Building are located at the western side of the site along with the main road. The eastern side of the area is earmarked for locating the NG/RLNG terminal. The Gas Turbines and Steam turbines shall be located indoor in enclosed buildings. The control block or central control room building is located towards the transformer yard in the steam turbine building. HRSG shall be located towards southeast side of the power block area. The side stream filtration plant shall be located in the vicinity of CW fore bay. Space for material storage/ construction office etc can be located along the eastern end of the plot. In addition to this adequate space for fabrication yard and labour colony has already been identified during construction phase in the vicinity of the project. A Raw Water Pump shall be installed in the vicinity of Dwarka Sewage Plant to transfer treated sewage water to reservoir located in the plant boundary. Green belt is envisaged on the southern side along the main road of the plant and along the eastern and western boundaries.
Draft Rapid Environmental Impact 379-E-R-001 Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Rev. No.: 1 Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Issue Date: 06-04-2009 Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL
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Figure 2.1: Layout Plan
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2.3 POWER GENERATION SYSTEM 2.3.1 Plant Configuration It is possible to have different arrangements of GTG, HRSG and STG. The proposed configurations consist of following: a. Gas Turbine (Advanced class) : 2 Nos. b. HRSG Boiler : 2 Nos. c. Steam Turbine : 1 No. The General Layout plan is shown in figure 2.1. Gas Turbine module with above configuration is proposed to be installed for 800 MW (maximum capacity). Natural gas has been considered as the basic fuel for the plant. Natural gas consumption for operation at capacity has been estimated to the order of 3.4 MSCMD. 2.3.2 Process in Brief Air is compressed in a compressor and the air-fuel mixture is injected into the combustion chamber and fired. The hot product of combustion at 1000 C to 1300C is expanded in the gas turbine, which drives the generator, where mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. To reduce the generation of NOx during the combustion process in the GT, DLN burners would be incorporated, which would effectively reduce the NOx concentration in flue gas to below 35 ppm level. In the combined cycle operation, the heat content of the exhaust gas from the gas turbine is utilized to produce steam in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The exhaust gas from the gas turbines, at about 560 oC, will enter the HRSG boilers, where the residual energy will be utilized for generating HP and LP steam. The steam, in turn, is utilized to generate electrical energy in the steam turbine. The spent steam from the ST is condensed, extracted, deaerated and recycled back to the HRSG as boiler feed water. The flue gas, at about 100oC, will be discharged into the atmosphere through stacks of 70 meter height. 2.3.3. Main plant The combined cycle module shall consist of two Gas turbines-two HRSGs-one Steam turbine. 1. Gas Turbine The gas turbines for this project would be designed to operate at 50Hz. The gas turbines would be heavy duty, industrial type and single shaft with in line compressor. The compressor shall be multistage axial flow type. The compressor
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shall be provided with the variable internal guide vane system to enable efficient operation of the gas turbine at part loads. 2. HRSG Features The HRSG will be unfired heat recovery type designed to accept the maximum exhaust gas temperature and gas flow from the associated gas turbine. It shall be natural circulation, triple pressure unit. It will be designed for sliding pressure operation on the HP and LP side. HRSG transfer surfaces shall be of finned tube type. 3. Steam Turbine Feature The steam turbine generating units shall be 3000 RPM condensing type. The turbine shall be tandem compound reheat type coupled directly to generator. The turbine would normally operate on sliding pressure mode following GT load. The condenser shall be of two passes, surface type operating on closed re-circulating system. The boiler feed pumps (HP, IP & LP) and CPHRC pump would be of 3 x 50 % capacity with each pump capable of meeting the water requirement of one HRSG. These pumps would be constant speed type. It is envisaged to have 100% HP- IP-LP bypass system keeping in view the reliability and ease of operation. 4. Exhaust Gas System A GT exhaust duct system will connect the gas turbine to the HRSG. This system will comprise of GT exhaust duct, silencer, by pass stack, main stack and suitable located expansion joints etc. 2.4 PLANT UTILITY SYSTEM 2.4.1 Fuel Requirement, Storage & Handling System The basic fuel for this project has been considered as Natural Gas. Fuel Requirement is Approximately 3.0 MSCMD (Million Standard Cubic Meters per Day) having calorific value of 9500 kcal/SCM. Natural gas shall be transported at the site through the fuel supplier. 2.4.2 Water Availability and Requirement Make up water is required mainly for the following purposes: Cooling water make-up requirements, Service water, and DM water Fire water HVAC make up
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Make-up water requirement of the project, estimated as 2000 m 3/hr, will be met through treated sewage from sewage treatment plants located at Dwarka at a distance of 8 km from the site. DJB shall setup make-up raw water pump at the STP, Dwarka for the Project. These pumps shall deliver the water to the site raw water reservoir within the plant premises. 2.4.3 Cooling Water System As per MoEF regulation all power station installed after 1/1/1998 should essentially have recirculating type C.W.system with cooling towers. Therefore, recirculating type CW system with cooling towers has been envisaged for the project. a. System Description Water from cold -water channel would enter the CW pump house through bar screens/trash racks at low velocity to filter out debris. Gates would be provided after the screens to facilitate maintenance. Water required for the side steam filtration and CW blow down would be drawn from CW pump discharge. It is proposed to operate the CW system at about 3 cycles of concentration (COC). b. Cooling Tower Cooling tower shall be Induced Draft type. Details of operation of the cooling water system are as follows: Recirculation rate Cooling water pumps CW Make-up water requirement Side stream filtration Evaporation/windage losses Cycle of concentration Cooling water blow down Boiler blow down 2.4.4 DM Water The DM water is required for the initial filling of HRSG, DM cooling water circuit and power cycle make up during normal operation. Power cycle makeup requirement is around 25 m3 /hr. Make up water for the plant shall be drawn from Dwarka STP. Treated sewage from STP shall be of high TDS .For high TDS, conventional DM plant will not be an economical option. Hence a reverse osmosis (RO) plant has been envisaged. Permeate from RO shall be further polished in mixed bed exchanger to produce DM water with less chemical consumption. : : : : : : : : 44000 m3/hr. 2 22500 m3/hr. 1600 m3/hr 440 m3/hr 800 m3/hr 3 Nos. 800 m3/hr 15 m3/hr
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DM plant shall be sized to meet the make-up requirement of steam cycle. Dedicated pumps (2X100%) shall be installed in the DM plant building. The DM plant will be provided with RO booster pumps, DM feed pumps, catridge filters, chemical dosing systems, bulk acid/alkali storage and unloading facilities, neutralizing pit etc. The filtration plant shall consist of ultra-filtration units, ACF and micron filters. The filtration plant shall remove suspended particulate matters and other impurities. 2.4.5 Potable Water System Potable water would be received from municipal sources, stored in a overhead tank / under ground reservoir within plant area and pumped to the distribution network. 2.4.6 Chlorination Plant A Chlorination plant would be provided for chlorine dosing in the CW system to avoid the growth of algae and bacteria in the system. This system would consist of two chlorinator / evaporator sets of 2 nos.. An automatic chlorine leak absorption system shall also be provided to neutralize any chlorine leakage. 2.4.7 Fire Protection System For protection of the facilities from fire, suitable fire protection system with adequate fire-fighting equipment is provided in the project proposal. Hydrant and spray system covering the entire power station including all-important auxiliaries and building in the plant area is envisaged. The system shall be complete with piping, valves, and instrumentation, hoses, nozzles, hose/stations etc. Other system such as sprinkler, spray, CO2, inergen shall also be provided. The system will operate on auto with fire detection and alarm processes. 2.4.8 Effluent Treatment and Disposal Water balance diagram of water consumption and wastewater generation, treatment and disposal has been enclosed as figure 2.2. Effluents from lime softening unit, main plant drains, oily waste, etc. would be treated in the local treatment facilities provided within the respective plants and recycled wherever possible. All effluent from main plant drains; oily waste etc. will be treated in respective local treatment system and recycled wherever possible. Service water wastes and side stream filters and backwash waste shall be collected and treated
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through lamella clarifier to reduce the TSS, prior to sending to Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) before final disposal, C.W. blow down shall also be sent to CMB. Oily waste would be treated using oil separator /skimmer. Oil separator would be designed for treating the run off water in the oil facility area during rainstorm. Clear water would be led to CMB. System Description a) All liquid effluents emerging out of the power plant shall be collected and treated. The treated effluents shall also meet quality requirements indicated in Gazette of Ministry of Environment and Forests Notifications and state pollution Control Board. However wherever effluent quality after treatment. b) Main industrial effluents from the power plant are Sludge from PT Plant Clarifiers, Ultra filtration Membrane and ACF backwash water, Oily waste water from various places in power plant, Service Water & wash water drains from various areas, back wash water from self cleaning strainers of ECW System, main plant floor drains, Waste effluent from Demineralization Plant, filter backwash water from CW Treatment System, CW system blow down, Power Cycle blow down, GTG & HRSH washing, sampling rack waste, Drains from the Chemical storage area of CW treatment system etc c) The effluent treatment plant provides Collection, pumping & treatment for all the liquid effluents from all the areas plant boundary under the treated effluent shall be terminated in a Central Monitoring Basin for further disposal. d) PT Plant Clarifier Sludge Disposal System: Sludge from all the clarifiers of the Pretreatment system which is of high suspended solids, consisting of flocculated & coagulated particles with exhausted coagulant shall be collected in a sump of twin sections. The sludge shall be pumped to clarifier sludge treatment system consisting of a set of thickeners and centrifuges. The clear water from sludge treatment facility shall be led to Plant service water tank for re-use and as well as to Central monitoring basin. The system shall be complete with intermediate sumps, pumps, blowers for agitation, dumper tuck for solid disposal etc. e) Ultra-filtration membranes and ACF Back Wash Waste water re-circulation System: A Filter backwash waste collection pit shall be provided to collect the backwash water from all the gravity filters. This wastewater shall be pumped/ re-circulated back at the inlet clarifiers of PT System on continuous basis. f) Oily wastewater treatment system. This shall consist of API oil separators, oil skimmer/tiltable plate separator (TPS) along with associated pumps for
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separated oil and water for oily waste in open areas such as Lube Oil Storage & handling areas and any other areas such as transformer yard etc. g) Waste Service Water Treatment Service water effluents (after floor washing etc) having high-suspended solids and back wash water (if applicable) from self cleaning strainers of ECW System require treatment for removal of total suspended solids (TSS). It is proposed to reuse waste service water after treatment by means of Waste Service Water Treatment System. The system broadly consists of collection pit, Tube settlers/ Lamella clarifiers, pumps, piping, valves etc, Chemical storage, handling and dosing equipment shall also be part of the plant. For this purpose, Waste Service Water Collection pits/ sumps for collection of waste service water shall be constructed at various locations (such as HRSG area, near main plant etc as per plant layout) and as well as from the location from final plant (storm water) drainage network. In each of the sump, waste service water transfer pumps shall be installed and waste water shall be pumped to a common collection tank/pit/sump. Suitable oil skimmer shall be provided in the common sump so that oil impurities floating on the sump is skimmed and collected in a tank located over ground. From the common sump waste service water shall be pumped to a set of Tube settlers/Lamella clarifiers. In case these tube settlers are located near Water PT plant area, coagulant aid alum and lime storage / preparation tanks provided in Chemical House of PT plant may be used for this LET System. However Chemical dosing pumps (alum, lime and coagulant aid) shall be provided separately for these tube settlers/Lamella clarifiers in the chemical house of PT Plant. The clear treated water from Service water treatment system (Tube settlers/Lamella Clarifiers) shall be collected in treated water tank and the same shall be pumped to the Central monitoring basin for final collection & disposal and as well as to Plant Service water tank for re-use. Sludge from service wastewater treatment facility i.e. from Tube Settlers & Lamella clarifier shall be led to sludge treatment facility provided for clarifier sludge. h) Dematerializing Plant wastewater: Regeneration waste shall be neutralized. Final Neutralized effluent from the Neutralization pit shall be sent to Central Monitoring Basin. i) Filter (Side stream filters of CW Treatment) Backwash wastewater: Backwash wastewater CW system side stream filters shall be led to the Lamella Clarifiers / Tube Settlers provided for Waste Service water treatment for removal of suspended solids. j) Other Liquid Effluents:
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1. Blow down from Circulating Water System shall be used as makeup to Plant service water and as well as makeup supply to Fire water storage tanks. Excess CW blow down water shall be led to the Central monitoring basin. Provision shall be made for diverting complete CW system blow down water to the Central monitoring Basin. 2. Blow down drain from HRSG/Power Cycle, Sampling racks, and other Condensate drains etc which are relatively of pure quality shall be collected in sumps / tanks and shall be pumped either to Circulating Water system, or to the Water Pre-treatment system for re-use on continuous basis. 3. Drains from the Chemical storage area of CW treatment shall be collected in respective Neutralization pit which shall have provision to dose lime and dilution of drains with service water. The diluted & neutralized waste shall be pumped to Central monitoring basin. k) Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) & Effluent Monitoring system: A Central monitoring basin shall be provided at suitable location. This shall be located above ground so that, final effluents from the plant may be pumped/disposed off through a set of Horizontal centrifugal type pumps. The CMB shall receive treated service water, CW blow down, Neutralized regeneration waste water from Demineralization Plant, CW treatment area etc. All the treated wastewater as described above shall be collected and mixed/ re-circulated and be discharged from the plant to final disposal point. Before discharge of the final effluent, the quality & quantity shall be monitored
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Figure 2.2 Water balance diagram
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2.4.9 Other Facilities The project would be provided with all the necessary facilities required for smooth operation of the plant. Important facilities are as follows: Instrument Air system, Air Conditioning System, Gas handling system Ventilation System, etc. 2.5 POLLUTION CONTROL/ ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS General The various types of pollution from the power plant are categorized under the following types: Air pollution; Water pollution; Solid waste generation; and Noise pollution. Heat pollution Waste gases of combustion are the major waste products generated from the power plant. In addition, wastewater and solid waste will be generated. The gaseous, liquid and solid waste generated in the plant will be treated to conform to the statutory requirements. The various proposed pollution control systems are described in the following sections. Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) using natural gas, at Pragati-II is much more environmentally compatible as compared to coal-based power plant of similar capacity. In the absence of coal handling, ash handling and ash disposal areas, fugitive dust emissions and release of effluents would be significantly lower. As NG is proposed to be used as the only fuel at this plant, particulate emissions will be eliminated. Appropriate stack height in line with the requirement of regulatory agencies for control of gaseous emissions would be provided. NOx emissions will be controlled as per the regulations of Ministry of Environment and Forest. In view of the above measures, impact on ambient air quality is expected to be marginal. 2.6 POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Water pollution Liquid effluents generated from the CCPP would consist of water pre-treatment plant waste, routine floor washing waste, sanitary waste etc. The clarifier sludge would be separately taken to a sludge treatment plant for removal of solids.
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Clear water from the sludge treatment system would be recycled back to the clarifiers. Oil separators in oil streams at appropriate locations shall be provided. Plant will operate on a closed cycle cooling system with cooling towers thus eliminating thermal discharges into the water body. The sanitary wastes will be accorded suitable biological treatment before discharge. All the effluents would pass through a Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) to facilitate monitoring of important parameters. All the effluents emanating from plant will conform to the regulatory standards of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) and Delhi Pollution Control Board (DPCB). Air Pollution Dry low NOx (DLN) burners shall be provided along with the gas turbines to control NOx emission at source within 35ppm against the statutory limit of 75ppm. As the combined cycle plant would be free from particulate emissions, no specific control measures are envisaged. Noise Pollution In order to control the noise pollution from the project, reduction in noise levels shall be achieved through built-in design requirements of equipment, proper lay out design of the buildings and plant area, adding the sound barriers, provision of green belt and afforestation, use of enclosure with suitable absorption material etc. will further help in reducing the noise levels. The major noise generating sources from the CCPP are the turbines, turbogenerators, compressors, pumps, DG sets etc. The equipment will be so designed that the noise levels are restricted to acceptable levels. Acoustic enclosure shall be provided for DG set. Heat Pollution Main heat generation from implementation of this project shall take place due to the boiler. The boiler is going to be completely insulated and the surface temperature would be maintained at 60C. The steam would be passed through the cooling system wherein the temperature would be reduced to 40C. By the time the water would reach the central monitoring basin, the temperature would reach to normal. All the effluents would pass through a Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) to facilitate monitoring of important parameters including the temperature. All the effluents emanating from plant will conform to the regulatory standards of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) and Delhi Pollution Control Board (DPCB), therefore the aquatic balance of the site shall not be altered or affected in any way. Afforestation Afforestation within and around the plant shall be undertaken through plantation of appropriate species. Plantation apart from improving the aesthetics, would act as sink for gaseous pollutants and masking for noise generated at the project.
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Post-Operational Monitoring Program Regular monitoring of pollutants in different environmental disciplines like air, water, noise etc. will be undertaken during the post-operational phase of the plant. The monitoring locations will be finalized in consultation with the State Pollution Control Board. Monitoring Station will be equipped with all necessary instrumentation / equipment and manpower required for ensuring effective monitoring.
Doc. No. CW-CM-9545-C-OM-001 Rev. No.: Issue Date: 17-07-2008 Page No. 1 of 68
3.0 BASELINE DATA The baseline environmental status with respect to various environmental components like air, heat, noise, water, land, flora and fauna and socioeconomic, being integral part of an EIA forms the basis for predicting/assessing the environmental impacts of the proposed project. Field monitoring at site started on 1st September 2008 and the present report presents the data collected during 1st September 2008 to 30th November 2008. Various environmental components have been monitored and samples analyzed. Apart from this, additional data has also been collected from secondary sources like Government / Non-Governmental Agencies etc. 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF SITE AND SURROUNDING The proposed site for the 800 MW combined cycle power plant is geographically situated at 2803248 N Latitude and 7702 E Longitude. It is located at Bamnauli Village southwest of Delhi. Bharthal Village is situated on the eastern side of the site. Bijwasan is located on the southwestern and Dwarka sub city is situated on the northern side of the proposed site. Bamnauli is surrounded by agricultural land. 3.1.1 Land Environment 3.1.1.1 Land Use
The land is in possession of DDA and shall be handed over to the project proponent. As land is the most vital resource for sustenance of life, its degradation, due to industrialization, urbanization and population growth is a matter of concern. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the existing land use pattern to optimize the land use as well as minimize degradation due to the developmental activities. This part of the report describes the existing land use pattern of the study area. The study of existing land use is done by field survey, toposheet and satellite imageries. 3.1.1.2 Objectives of the Study The objective of the present study is to map the study area with respect to various land use/land cover categories 3.1.1.3 Methodology The land use pattern has been established based on interpretation of Satellite Imageries of the year 2008 of the study area. This information has been used to identify the sensitive places within 10 km radius of the proposed plant. The
MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 3.0 BASELINE
land use map has been developed based on the satellite imageries. The general study covers mainly state of Delhi and Haryana. For land use study, the entire geographical areas of settlements are considered even though a couple of these, at the periphery of the study area, are covered partially. This has been done because analysis of land use for the partially covered settlement is not possible. The study area mostly covers land area, which is urban, semi urban and rural area. The land use has mainly been classified as forest, cultivated area, cultivable wasteland and area not available for cultivation. The land under agriculture is further divided into two types: viz.agricultural land with crop and agricultural land without crop. 3.1.1.4 Land Use Classification Based on Satellite Data of the Year 2008 The land use/land cover map has been prepared based on Satellite Imagery for the year 2008. Table 3.1: Land Use of the Study Area S. No 1 Principal Category Settlement Sub Category Urban Rural Industrial / major built up areas/ not cultivated. Crop land with crop Crop land without crop Trees, shrubs etc Protected forests Waste Land River, Canal, water logged areas.
2 3 4 5 6
Agricultural Land Plantation Forest Land Barren Land Water Bodies
Settlement Area: All the urban and rural residential settlement including industrial installations, Institute, Airport etc. covering about 12857.3782 ha (40.921% of total study area) area is included in this category. The Settlement land is scattered within the study area. The proposed project area comprises of about 20 ha. Agricultural Land: Agricultural land is one of the constituents of the study area 10004.128 (31.84%), which consists of Cropland With Crop and Cropland Without Crop. Plantation: Plantation is one of the major constituents of the study area. It comprises of 6698.4298 ha, i.e. 21.319 % of the study area. Forest Land: Plantation can be seen all over the study area. But forest area comprises of only 43.988 ha i.e. 0.14 % of the study area.
Waste Lands: The wastelands comprises 581.27 ha, i.e. 1.85%, of the study area. Water Bodies: A portion (3.93%) of the study area is covered with water bodies. This comprises of the Najafgarh Drain, other drains, canal, etc. Total area of water bodies is 1234.806 ha. Table 3.2: Land Use Pattern of the Study area based on Satellite Imagery (Year2008)
Sl. No. 1. Type of Land Agriculture A. Cropped Land (with Crop) B. Cropped Land (without Crop) Settlements Waste Land Forest Area(PF) Plantation Water Bodies(Canal/Drain) Total Area in Ha. 10004.128 7590.7578 2413.3702 12857.3782 581.27 43.988 6698.4298 1234.806 31420 Percentage of the Study Area 31.84 24.159 7.681 40.921 1.85 0.14 21.319 3.93 100
2. 3. 4 5 6
Agriculture Settlements 21.32% 3.93% 0.14% 1.85% 40.92% Plantation Water Bodies(Canal/Drain) Waste Land Forest Area(PF)
31.84%
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2838'30" 7655'29"
2838'30" 777'29"
Indira Gandhi International Airport
10Km
2827'30" 7655'29"
2827'30" 777'29"
LEGEND
Cropland (with crop) Cropland (without crop) Settled Area Water Bodies ( (Drain/Tanks)
Waste Land Plantation Forest Land(PF)
Figure 3.1: Land Use Classification based on Satellite Imagery (2008)
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3.1.1.5 Sensitive Area There is no ecologically sensitive area such as biosphere reserve, national park and wildlife sanctuary within a radius of 10 km from the project site. Further, there is no archaeological/ cultural/ historically important monument or place within the 10 km radius. However there is a protected forest at a distance of 2 km towards northeastern side of the project site, Rajaukri forest at a distance of approximately 9.5 km towards northeast and Jainpur dense Babul at a distance of about 9 km towards west from the project site. There will be no impact on these due to the implementation of the proposed project. 3.2 GEOLOGY The study area basically consists of older alluvium i.e. unconsolidated inter bedded, inter fingering deposits of sand, clay and kankar. It is moderately sorted with variable thickness 3.2.1 Physiography The elevation of study area is 200 m to 215 m above the mean sea level. The study area is generally plain with slight undulation. Land will required to be dressed up. Earthwork in filling up to approx. 2 m and leveling work shall be carried out. The proposed project site is flat. 3.2.2 Drainage The main drainage of the study area is the Najafgarh Drain considering the 12 km. long stretch and it large cross sectional area (top width 28 m, bottom width 23 m, height 3 m. and depth flow 1 m). 3.2.3 Geological Succession The geological succession in and around the site area is as follows: Quaternary Post Delhi Intrusive Delhi Group - Alluvium - Pegmatite and basic intrusive - Alwar quartzite
The rock outcrops in the Delhi area form the northern most prolongation of the Alwar formation of the Delhi Super Group. The strike varies from N-S to NESW with dips towards East and Southeast in the North and West to Northwest in the south. The rocks are thickly bedded, dark colored quartzite with some inter banded schist and phyllites. The quartzite is of various types and usually coarsely crystalline in texture.
Geologically, in the study area, clay and kanker formation exists on the top layer up to depth of 4 m below ground level. This layer of clay is followed by kanker and silt upto depth of 68 m below the ground level. 3.2.4 Floods There is no flood reported in study area and proposed site the past data of flood in Delhi are presented in Table no. 3.3. Table 3.3 Past Data of Floods in Delhi Sr. No. Date 1 28.5.1963 2 28.9.1964 3 15.8.1966 4 19.7.1967 5 9.8.1967 6 16.8.1969 7 10.8.1971 8 18.7.1972 9 29.7.1973 10 7.8.1974 11 12.9.1975 12 12.8.1976 13 7.8.1977 14 6.9.1978 15 16.7.1980 16 5.8.1981 17 13.8.1983 18 12.10.1985 19 27.9.1988 20 20.8.1989 21 5.8.1990 22 19.8.1992 23 24.7.1993 24 26.8.1994 25 8.9.1995 Source: Irrigation and Floods control Department Gauge (mm) 205.4 205.64 205.85 206.19 205.27 204.89 206.28 205.00 205.50 205.15 206.00 206.70 205.85 207.49 205.55 204.90 205.80 205.20 206.92 205.67 205.02 205.40 205.06 205.36 206.93
A close analysis of the flood-zoning pattern reveals that high-risk zones are the areas that have earlier been identified as unplanned areas having high population densities and sub standard housing structures. These include areas of north Delhi and trans Yamuna area. Therefore, the proposed project site is safe and not prone to floods.
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3.2.5 Tectonic & Seismicity The Delhi region forms the northern most part of Aravalli ranges, which are composed of rocks belonging to the Aravalli and Delhi super group. A broad ridge type feature known as Delhi- Haridwar Ridge (DHR) is visualized between Delhi and Hardiwar. This seems to mark into a dividing line between Indus River system to the West and Ganga-Yamuna basin to the East. The DHR is not the only transverse feature, which is present in northwest India. Other transverse features include the Moradabad Fault, Agra- Tihar fault and perhaps other features, which are hidden underneath the Gangatic alluvium. The evidence for these faults is mostly based on seismic refraction data obtained by the Oil & Natural Gas Commission. The area around Delhi has developed because of the movement along the northern extension of the peninsular shield. The tight wedging of the along dislocation, which includes Delhi, has created a zone of seismic activity and is responsible for the accumulation of the elastic strain in the region. Delhi fault zone seems to be the active belt of the region. The tremor originating in Delhi regions are along a zone oriented east-northeast to west-southwest close to Sonepat. Table 3.4: Earth Quake Occurrences in Delhi and Adjoining Areas (Source Geological Survey of India)
Date Longitude 27.04.1980 11.05.1981 20.09.1988 07.02.1990 15.05.1990 27.08.1990 11.03.1990 27.04.1991 08.12.1991 03.12.1993 28 37 N 28 18 N 28052 N 29012 N 29 12 N 28 58 N 29 12 N 28012 N 29012 N 28 54 N
0 0 0 0 0 0
Location Latitude 77038E 76 30E 76055E 77006E 76 43E 76 35E 76 39E 76006E 76049E 76 43E
0 0 0 0 0
Intensity
4.7 4.1 4.0 3.9
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3. 3
SOILS The Study area mainly comprises of agricultural land .The soil texture is predominantly loamy sand.
3.3.1 Selection of sampling Locations The soil sampling locations were identified to assess the fertility and agricultural characteristics of the soil. The sampling locations are given in Table-3.5 and presented in Figure 3.2. Table 3.5: Soil sampling Location
Station Code Station Name Location w.r.t.Site Distance (k.m.) SQ1 SQ2 Proposed Plant site. Bamnauli Village Dulsirsa 1.0 Direction Description
Open area Agricultural Land
SQ3 SQ4 SQ5 SQ6 SQ7
Isapurkhera Bijwasan Kanganhari Pochanpuri Raghupur
1.0 2.5 4.0 2.5 3.5
S SE W NW
Agricultural Land Agricultural Land Agricultural Land Open Area Open area
SW SQ8 SQ9 SQ10 Khairia Dwarka Sec. 20 Mulahera. 7.5 4.0 5.0 NW NNE NE Open area Open area Open area
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2838'30" 7655'29"
7657'30"
770'
772'30''
775'
Jainpur
Lakshmi Vihar Mungashpur Garden Shiv Enclave Ghasipura Najafgarh Block A Bhagwati Dairy Colony Nangli Sakrawar Garden Park Raghubir Gulabi Masudabad Enclave DWARKA Gopalnagar Vijay Park Drain Bharat Vihar Krishan Vihar Park Premnagar Kakraula Sector 14 Mohan Jhuggi Jhonpri colony Salatpur Niwada Majra Khadar JANAKPURI Dayalsar Colony Park Sahyog Vihar Anupnagar
2837'30"
2838'30" 777'29"
2837'30"
Chetan Vihar N A J A F G A R H
Matyala
Madhu Vihar Bindapur
Dabri
Gopal
Sector 4 Sectorn5a Nala d Ga Sector 12 Sector 11 Sector 6 Sector 5
Dindarpur Roshan Vihar
Sagarpur Mahavir Enclave Sector 2 Nasirpur Manglapuri Sadhnagar Palam Sector 7

Purannagar Palam R S
S8
2835'
Shyam Betajsta Enclave Durga Vihar Khairia Shyam Enclave Paprawat
Vihar
D W A R K A
Sector 17
Najaf garh Drain
Sector 13
la a Na Gand
Kharkhari Jatmal
Kharkhari Nahar
Goela Khurd
Sector 18
Premnagar Pindwala Kalan Kharkhari Pindwala Raund Khurd Cremation Hasanpur

Ground Daulatpur 2832'30" Reola Khanpur
Tajpur Khurd Qutab Vihar
Ambar Hai Sector 9 Sector 8 Palam R S
Rajnagar
Shumbran Lines Shekhawati Lines Maude Lines
2835'
S6
Pohanpuri
PF
S9 20 Sector
Bagrola Indira Gandhi International Airport Mehramnagar Nangal Dairy
Sector 21 Sector 22
Chhawla
Proposed SiteSector 23
Dhul Siras
Kanganheri
Cremation Ground
No rt
he rn
S5
Chhawla Camp
S1
Ra ilw ay
S2
Nangal Dewat
Bharthal Bamnauli
10KM Rangpuri 2832'30" Samalka

8 NH
Asalatpur Khadar
Gummanhera
Jainpur
Cremation Ground Shikarpur
Cremation Ground
Cremation Ground
S3
Bajghera
Isapur Khera
S4
BIJWASAN
Badosra
Raghopur
S7
Chaumuha
Kapashera
Rajokri PF
Dense Babul
Cremation Ground
Jhatikra
ai Dr
o .8 nN
jaf Na
ai Dr rh ga
Cremation Ground
Dundahera Mulahera
S10
UD YO G
Rajokri
Babupur Muhammadheri Daulatabad Kherki Majra Dhankot Tikampur
Panwala Khusropur
Palam Vihar
Alawardi Sarai
VI HA R
Daulat Nasirabad 2830'

2830'
Overhead Tank Overhead Tank
Ra ilw ay
Bhumgarh GURGAON R S
Sirhaul
Overhead Tank
No rt
he rn
GURGAON
Dhanwanpur Gurgaon Masani
Madanpuri GURGAON Basai

2827'30" 7655'29" LEGEND National Highway Road Drain/distrubutary Trailway District Boundary Soil Sampling Locations 7657'30" 770'
Overhead Tank
Chandarnagar
Jyoti Park Shivajinagar

772'30'' 775' 2827'30" 777'29"
Figure 3.2: Location of Soil Sampling Stations
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3.3.2 Methodology The soil samples were taken for the months of September 2008 to November 2008 for post monsoon season. The samples collected from all locations are homogeneous representative of each location. At random 5 sub locations were identified at each location and soil was dug from 30 cm below the surface. It was uniformly mixed before homogenizing the soil samples. The samples were filled in polythene bags, labeled in the field with number and site name. The soil samples collected were transported to laboratory for further analysis. 3.3.3 Physico-chemical Characterization of Soil Physical Properties Table-3.6 shows the analytical results of physical properties of soil for the post monsoon season. The colour of the soil is slightly brown. The bulk density of soil varies from 1.1 to 1.6. The soil texture is loamy sand. Table 3.6: Physical Characteristics of Soil in the Study Area (i.e. From September 2008 to November 2008)
Location Name Proposed Plant site. Bamnauli Village Dulsirsa Texture Loamy Sand Loamy Sand Sand, % 84 80 Silt, % 10 16 Clay, % 6 4 Bulk Density 1.1 1.2
Isapurkhera
Loamy Sand
86
1.3
Bijwassan Kanganhari Pochanpuri Raghupur Khairia Dwarka Sec. 20 Mulahera.
Loamy Sand Sandy Loam Loamy Sand Sandy Loam Sandy Loam Sandy Loam Loamy Sand
80 78 84 82 78 83 84
14 13 10 12 15 11 8
6 9 6 6 7 6 8
1.1 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.2
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Chemical Properties The chemical analysis of soil in the study area, is shown in Table 3.7. The data shows that the pH varies from 7.5 to 8.6 indicating that the soil is mostly neutral. The conductivity varies from 630 to 1440 mho/cm, respectively. The average concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium vary from 60 to 120 mg/100g, 18 to 40 mg/100g and 10 to 28 mg/100g, respectively. The Cation Exchange Capacity varies from 5 to 8.7 meq/100g. Table 3.7: Chemical Characteristics of Soil in the Study Area (post monsoon)
Conduc tivity, mho/c m N mg/100 gm P mg/100 gm K mg/100 gm CEC meq/100 gm
Location Name Proposed Plant site. Bamnauli Village Dulsirsa Isapurkhera Bijwassan Kanganhari Pochanpuri Raghupur Khairia Dwarka Sec. 20 Mulahera.
pH
8.2 7.7 8.1 7.5 7.8 8.1 7.9 7.8 8.6 8.0
670 980 670 1320 700 780 850 1116 1440 630
96 75 85 86 120 95 60 95 100 80
18 21 32 30 40 40 28 22 30 36
16 11 19 14 28 20 16 10 18 19
7 5 6.4 6.4 8.7 6.8 6.2 7.3 7.5 7.2
3.4
CLIMATE & METEOROLOGY
3.4.1 Climate The climate of the project is studied for the post monsoon season i.e. September 2008 to November 2008: A fully instrumented continuous recording meteorological on-site observatory was established and operated at the project site for a period of three Months, i.e., from September 2008 to November 2008. The following parameters were recorded and measured: temperature at 2 m and 10 m level, barometric pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall. However, the past decade meteorological data from the Safdarjang Observatory, the nearest India Meteorological Department (IMD) observatory, which is about 20 km from the project area, has been collected for
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background purposes. The comparison between IMD meteorological data and on-site meteorological data of the study area has been made. 3.4.2 Climatological Data The latest meteorological data from the nearest IMD station at New Delhi (Safdarganj) is processed and in this report the meteorological data for the period 1993 2002 has been discussed, which may be representative of the climatic conditions for the project site in general. The observatory records of the meteorological parameters have been recorded twice in a day at 08:30 and 17:30 hrs IST (Indian Standard Time). This data is used for comparison with observed data at the project site. The monthly mean values of the various meteorological parameters for the period of 1993-2002 are presented in Table 3.8. A brief description of the data related to the temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, barometric pressure, wind pattern, cloud cover and occurrence of inversions and other weather phenomena are described in the following paragraphs. Table 3.9 represents meteorological parameters for the year 2000 to 2005 of Safdarjang Observatory. 3.4.2.1 Rainfall Normal rainfall is received during monsoon month i.e. June to September. The average rainfall, annual rainfall is 788.7 mm on the basis of Table no. 3.8. The rainiest month is August and the driest month is November. 3.4.2.2 Temperature The monthly mean values of temperature for past decade (1993-2002) are presented in Table3.8. The extreme lowest temperature recorded was as 2.1C on January 1998 and the highest was 46.5C on May 1998. The annual mean of maximum and minimum temperature was 41.4C and 5.3 C, respectively. 3.4.2.3 Wind Speed Analysis of wind records during 1993 2002 shows that the winds are generally light to moderate in this area. It can be seen that the annual mean wind speed varies from 3.9 to 9.4 Km/h. The strongest winds are observed during the months of May June i.e. Summer Season and the weakest during October November.
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Draft Rapid Environmental Impact M-001 Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Rev. No.: Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Issue Date: 17-07-2008 Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL
Page No. 13 of 68
Doc. No. CW-CM-9545-C-O-
Table-3.8: Climatologically Table as per Data of Safdarjang Observatory (1993-2002)

AIR TEMPERATURE Extreme RAIN FALL Mean Wind No. of Heaviest Date & Speed Rainy Rain Fall Year Days in 24 Hrs. mm 61.4 33.7 18.7 37.7 60.0 97.8 125.7 159.9 126.8 Kmph 6.7 7.2 8.02 7.9 9.4 8.9 7.6 8.0 6.6
Mean
Monthly Date Month Highest in the Lowest in Date and total Highest and Lowest Month the Month Year Year C C C C mm I 21.6 5.3 28.3 28.01.94 2.1 20.01.98 26.0 JAN II I 26.0 9.1 33.9 17.02.93 2.3 04.02.99 19.1 FEB II I 31.3 13.7 38.2 31.03.99 9.4 04.03.95 12.3 MAR II I 39.0 19.3 43.0 30.04.93 12.5 02.04.96 10.9 APR II I 41.1 23.5 46.5 29.05.98 19.4 08.05.96 40.8 MAY II I 41.4 26.2 46.2 09.06.94 20.0 19.06.98 109.8 JUN II I 39.4 26.3 41.3 08.07.95 23.6 16.07.96 148.3 JUL II I 36.0 25.9 38.7 21.08,02 22.4 24.08.96 230.9 AUG II SEP I 36.3 23.7 38.3 20.09.01 19.8 30.09.94 131.5
1.8 1.5 1.3 0.8 2.7 5.5 7.8 9.4 4.9
9.01.95 11.02.00 30.03.95 03.04.97 02.05.02 25.06.96 08.07.93 14.08.01 13.09.02
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Draft Rapid Environmental Impact M-001 Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Rev. No.: Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Issue Date: 17-07-2008 Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL
Page No. 14 of 68
AIR TEMPERATURE Mean Extreme
RAIN FALL Mean Wind Speed
Heaviest No. of Date Monthly Rainy Rain Date & Highest in Lowest in the Date and Month Highest Lowest and total Days Fall in Year the Month Month Year 24 Hrs. Year C II OCT I II NOV I II DEC I II 24.4 5.9 29.0 09.12.00 2.3 11.12.9 9.0 6 0.6 25.6 10.12.97 29.5 11.2 36.1 03.11.01 5.7 30.11.9 3.0 6 0.2 14.4 08.11.98 34.7 17.8 38.0 06.10.02 12.3 31.10.9 16.9 4 1.1 27.0 18.10.98 C C C mm mm
Kmph
3.9
4.2
5.19
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Doc. No. CW-CM-9545-C-OM-001 Rev. No.: 1 Issue Date: 06/04/2009 Page No. 15 of 68
Table 3.9 :- Meteorological Data from Safdarjang Observatory ( 2000-2005 )

Mean of Daily Maximum Temperature (Deg. C.) Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Jan. 20.0 19.7 20.7 17.6 18.6 20.1 Feb. 21.8 25.3 23.9 23.0 25.3 23.2 March 29.3 30.4 30.7 29.4 33.4 30.4 April 38.0 35.9 38.3 37.6 38.1 36.3 May 40.1 38.8 40.9 39.7 39.0 39.5 June 36.9 35.7 39.2 40.1 37.7 40.3 July 33.8 34.7 39.4 34.2 38.0 34.2 Aug. 34.3 35.2 34.6 33.7 33.7 35.7 Sep. 34.4 36.3 32.5 32.7 35.3 33.9 Oct. 34.7 34.2 33.3 32.9 31.3 33.2 Nov. 29.1 29.4 28.2 28.3 28.6 29.0 Dec. 24.4 23.6 24.1 20.9 23.2 22.7
Mean of Daily Minimum Temperature (Deg. C.) Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Jan. 8.0 6.7 7.3 6.5 8.3 7.7 Feb. 9.1 9.8 9.9 11.0 10.4 10.8 March 14.5 15.0 15.9 15.5 17.2 17.1 April 22.3 21.1 22.4 22.0 23.0 20.4 May 28.1 26.0 26.7 25.3 26.0 24.8 June 27.3 26.5 28.5 28.8 26.7 28.1 July 26.5 27.8 30.5 26.2 28.4 27.1 Aug. 26.8 26.9 27.2 26.8 26.2 27.3 Sep. 25.2 24.8 23.7 25.2 25.1 25.1 Oct. 20.2 19.9 19.8 18.2 19.0 18.8 Nov. 13.7 12.7 13.1 11.7 12.8 12.2 Dec. 7.1 8.9 8.6 9.8 9.4 6.0
Monthly Mean Relative Humidity at 0830 Hrs. IST (%) Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Jan. 87.0 88.0 88.0 93.0 92.0 87.0 Feb. 82.0 80.0 81.0 86.0 84.0 81.0 March 67.0 65.0 63.0 65.0 63.0 76.0 April 47.0 61.0 43.0 45.0 48.0 39.0 May 52.0 61.0 47.0 38.0 53.0 39.0 June 69.0 77.0 61.0 57.0 66.0 50.0 July 84.0 81.0 54.0 85.0 65.0 82.0 Aug. 79.0 76.0 82.0 85.0 84.0 69.0 Sep. 71.0 65.0 85.0 84.0 68.0 81.0 Oct. 70.0 76.0 77.0 73.0 81.0 70.0 Nov. 77.0 71.0 77.0 75.0 77.0 71.0 Dec. 79.0 86.0 84.0 88.0 84.0 79.0
Monthly Mean Relative Humidity at 1730 Hrs. IST (%) Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Jan. 63.0 61.0 55.0 68.0 71.0 55.0 Feb. 47.0 39.0 45.0 50.0 40.0 48.0 March 34.0 36.0 34.0 35.0 26.0 39.0 April 24.0 37.0 22.0 21.0 29.0 17.0 May 33.0 37.0 29.0 22.0 31.0 21.0 June 60.0 63.0 41.0 42.0 45.0 37.0 July 71.0 69.0 41.0 70.0 50.0 70.0 Aug. 70.0 62.0 70.0 74.0 72.0 55.0 Sep. 56.0 47.0 68.0 68.0 47.0 65.0 Oct. 46.0 48.0 53.0 44.0 53.0 43.0 Nov. 52.0 53.0 55.0 46.0 50.0 42.0 Dec. 55.0 67.0 65.0 70.0 58.0 48.0
Monthly Total of Rainfall (mm) Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Jan. 32.8 14.6 20.7 38.5 16.1 3.4 Feb. 60.3 14.7 16.8 27.9 Nil 47.6 March 21.6 5.2 2.6 5.0 Nil 34.6 April 1.0 36.3 0.6 0.9 67.5 4.5 May 15.6 77.9 129.3 6.0 37.7 4.2 June 129.4 128.3 48.4 164.2 72.5 69.2 July 295.8 129.7 7.2 632.2 13.8 193.9 Aug. 151.4 233.1 115.2 156.2 274.7 132.0 Sep. 27.2 47.4 202.6 100.2 3.0 231.6 Oct. Nil 6.6 1.0 Nil 89.0 Nil Nov. 1.4 Trace Trace Trace Nil 0.5 Dec. Nil Nil 16.8 30.2 Nil Nil
Monthly Mean Wind Speed (KMPH) Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Jan. 7.2 7.6 3.4 5.7 6.6 6.9 Feb. 6.7 7.7 7.0 7.3 8.9 8.0 March 6.3 7.5 7.2 7.9 9.6 6.7 April 7.9 8.0 7.3 8.4 8.3 8.7 May 12.3 9.5 8.5 8.5 11.8 7.2 June 8.0 7.0 8.0 8.6 8.3 9.1 July 7.1 8.0 14.2 6.2 10.0 7.1 Aug. 8.0 9.8 6.8 6.2 7.1 10.8 Sep. 7.4 5.0 5.8 5.1 7.2 5.3 Oct. 3.4 0.8 3.9 4.1 3.2 4.1 Nov. 4.3 1.9 4.3 5.4 3.6 5.6 Dec. 5.2 3.6 4.3 5.7 6.0 5.3
Monthly Mean Atmospheric Pressure at 0830 Hrs. IST (hPA) Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Jan. 991.1 990.9 992.1 994.2 991.9 991.8 Feb. 989.3 988.6 992.8 990.5 990.2 990.5 March 986.2 987.1 987.2 987.8 986.1 987.5 April 980.7 983.9 982.4 983.3 981.7 985.1 May 978.3 978.2 977.3 979.4 978.4 980.1 June 975.6 975.2 976.1 974.1 976.6 974.7 July 974.8 975.4 975.1 976.3 975.5 975.3 Aug. 977.3 978.1 977.5 977.7 976.8 976.5 Sep. 981.6 982.2 982.8 981.3 982.8 981.2 Oct. 985.5 986.3 987.3 987.9 989.2 987.8 Nov. 990.1 991.1 990.9 991.3 991.6 990.7 Dec. 991.9 994.0 991.8 993.3 992.2 992.1
Monthly Mean Atmoshperic Pressure at 1730 Hrs. IST (hPA) Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Jan. 988.8 988.8 990.1 992.1 989.7 989.8 Feb. 987.2 986.4 990.1 988.3 987.9 988.5 March 983.3 984.2 984.4 984.9 983.1 984.8 April 976.9 980.4 978.7 980.1 979.9 981.7 May 973.7 974.0 973.3 975.8 974.9 976.6 June 972.2 971.9 972.3 970.2 973.1 971.3 July 972.0 972.7 971.6 973.3 972.2 972.6 Aug. 974.6 974.9 974.5 974.9 974.1 973.9 Sep. 978.4 978.8 980.1 978.4 979.6 978.1 Oct. 982.4 982.9 984.3 984.7 986.3 984.8 Nov. 987.1 988.2 987.8 988.4 988.8 987.9 Dec. 989.4 991.6 989.4 991.0 989.9 989.7
Fig : 3.3 Wind Rose Diagrams for 08.30 Hrs. at Safdarjung, New Delhi
Fig: 3.4 Wind Rose Diagrams for 17.30 Hrs. at Safdarjung, New Delhi
3.4.3 Meteorological Observation at Proposed Site A fully instrumented continuous recording meteorological observatory was established and operated within the project site, from September 2008 November 2008. The following parameters are being measured: Temperature at 2 m and 10 m level, Relative humidity, Wind speed and direction Rainfall. The brief details of instruments, parameter and frequency are presented in Table 3.10. Table 3.10: Instruments, Parameters and Frequency of Meteorological Monitoring at Site
S.N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Parameters Wind Speed Wind Direction Ambient Temperature at Two Heights 2m & 10m Solar Radiation Max. & Min Temperature Humidity Atmospheric Pressure Rainfall Storm Instruments Frequency
Automatic Weather station (Envirotech WM 251)
Continuous Automatic hourly Average
Wet & Dry Bulb Thermometer Hygrometer Aneroid Barometer Rain Gauge Visual observation
Daily at 08:30 & 17:30 IST Daily at 08:30 & 17:30 IST Daily at 08:30 & 17:30 IST Daily Daily
The meteorological data recorded at site is given in Table3.11. Table 3.11: Recorded Meteorological Data at Site (September 2008 to November 2008)
Temperature, C Month Relative Humidity, % Rainfall Rainy Days Monthly Mean Atm Pressure, hPA At 08:30 At 17:30 Wind Speed, Km/Hr Average 6.9 5.4 4.3
Monthly average
Total Rainfall, mm
Mean
Min
Max
Min
Max
Sep. Oct. Nov.
20.6 13.2 10.3
36.5 35.1 32.2
28.3 25.6 19.4
45.5 22.0 30.0
99.9 94.0 98.0
70.6 61.1 63.1
4 0 0
213 0.0 0.0
981.2 987.8 988.1
978.1 984.8 982.1
2.1 0.0 0.0
13.5 10.5 8.5
The analysis of the field observation is given below:
Max
Min
3.4.3.1 Ambient Temperature The minimum, maximum and average temperature recorded at the site is 10.30C, 36.50C and 270C respectively. 3.4.3.2 Relative Humidity The minimum, maximum and average relative humidity is 22.0 %, 99.9 % and 64.9 %respectively. 3.4.3.3 Barometric Pressure The maximum atm pressure is 988.1 and 984.8 hPA at 08:30hrs and 17.30hrs respectively. 3.4.3.4 Rainfall The total rainfall for the study period has been recorded as 213.0 mm. Maximum numbers of Rainy days occur in September. 3.4.3.5 Wind Speed Analysis of hourly wind speed shows that the winds are generally light to moderate in this area. The monthly average wind speed varies from 4.3 to 6.9 Km/hr respectively. 3.4.3.6 Wind Pattern The windrose diagram for a season has been drawn on the basis of hourly wind speed and direction data. The dominant direction is west. The seasonal windrose diagram is presented in Fig 3.5.
Figure 3.5: Windrose diagram for the post monsoon season
3.5
AIR ENVIRONMENT
3.5.1 General Description The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at four locations within the 10 km radius around the proposed site of the power project. The purpose of the estimation of background pollutant concentration is to assess the impact of the proposed power project on the ambient air quality within the region based on the activities of the proposed power plant. The parameters chosen for assessment of air quality are Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The Main objective of AAQ monitoring is to observe the existing AAQ condition. 3.5.2 Monitoring stations The monitoring stations were identified on the basis of the followings: a. b. Prevailing Meteorology in the upwind and downwind direction as well as to represent the cross sectional scenario. Results of Mathematical air dispersion screening model, to determine the likely direction and distance of maximum impact due to the proposed power project. Factors like approach road, security and availability of electricity etc.
c.
The four sampling stations for monitoring ambient air quality have been selected on the basis of the aforesaid points .The details of these locations are given in Table 3.11 and shown in Figure 3.6. Table 3.12: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations within the Study Area
Station Code Location Location w.r. to site Distanc Direction e (K.M) 2.0 NW 3.5 4.0 2.5 N S SE Description
AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4
Chawala Tajpur Khurd Palam Vihar. Bijwasan
Residential Area Residential Rural Area Residential Area Industrial Area
2838'30" 7655'29"
7657'30"
770' Jainpur Lakshmi Vihar Mungashpur Shiv Enclave Ghasipura Block A Dairy Colony Najafgarh Park Nangli Sakrawar Raghubir EnclaveMasudabad
772'30''
775'
2837'30"
Mohan Garden
Gopalnagar Vijay Park Chetan Vihar N A J A F G A R H Gopal Park Krishan Vihar Premnagar
Drain
Dindarpur Roshan Vihar

Shyam Vihar
Betajsta Enclave Durga Vihar Shyam Enclave Paprawat 2835' Kharkhari Jatmal Kharkhari Nahar
Goela Khurd
Bhagwati Garden Anupnagar Gulabi Park Sahyog Vihar DWARKA Madhu Vihar Bindapur Bharat Vihar Dabri Matyala Kakraula Sagarpur Sector 4 Mahavir Enclave Sector 14 Sector 2 Nala Nasirpur Sectorn5a d Ga Sector 13 Sector 12 Manglapuri D W A R K A Sadhnagar Nala Sector 11 a Sector 17 Gand Palam Sector 6 Purannagar Palam R S Sector 7 Najaf Sector 18 garh Sector 5 Dra
Jhuggi Jhonpri colony Salatpur Niwada Majra Khadar JANAKPURI Dayalsar Colony
2838'30" 777'29"
2837'30"
AQ4
Tajpur Khurd
in
Ambar Hai Sector 9 Sector 8 Palam R S Sector 20 Pchanpur Sector 23 Sector 21 Sector 22 Bagrola
Rajnagar
2835'
Premnagar Pindwala Kalan Kharkhari Raund Hasanpur
Qutab Vihar
AQ2
Reola Khanpur Chhawla
Indira Gandhi International Airport Mehramnagar Nangal Dairy
Proposed Site
PF Dhul Siras
Cremation Ground Daulatpur
Kanganheri Cremation Ground Bamnauli Isapur Khera
rth
Chhawla Camp
er n
Ra il
wa y
Pindwala Khurd
Nangal Dewat
Bharthal
10KM Rangpuri 2832'30" Samalka

8 NH
2832'30"
Asalatpur Khadar Cremation Ground Shikarpur
BIJWASAN
Gummanhera
Jainpur
Cremation Ground
Cremation Ground Badosra Raghopur Bajghera
AQ1
Chaumuha
No
Kapashera
Rajokri PF
Dense Babul
Cremation Ground
Jhatikra
Dr
ai
o nN
.8
Na
ga j af
rh
ai n Dr
Cremation Ground Babupur Muhammadheri Daulatabad
Dundahera
UD YO
Rajokri
Panwala Khusropur
AQ3
Daulat Nasirabad Overhead Tank Overhead Tank
Mulahera
VI
HA R
2830'
2830'
er n
Ra il
Kherki Majra Dhankot
wa y
Tikampur
rth No
Sirhaul
Overhead Tank
GURGAON Dhanwanpur Madanpuri

GURGAON
Sikandarpur Ghos Chakarpur Overhead Tank
Gurgaon Masani Chandarnagar
Basai 2827'30" 7655'29" LEGEND National Highway Road Drain/distrubutary Trailway District Boundary Air Monitoring Locations
Jyoti Park Shivajinagar 2827'30" 777'29"
7657'30"
770'
772'30''
775'
Figure 3.6: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
3.5.3 Sampling Period, Frequency and Parameter Calibrated Respirable Dust Samplers were used for the sampling of SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx. Ambient air sampling for RPM, SPM, SO2 and NOx was performed continuously for 24 hours to determine 24-hour average concentrations. The sampling frequency was twice in a week. The sampling was performed at a height of 3.5 m (approximately) from the ground level. Standard methods specified under "National Ambient Air Quality Standards" notification G.S.R. 176(E) were adopted for sampling and analysis. 3.5.4 Sampling and Analytical Procedure Respirable Particulate Matter and Suspended Particulate Matter Calibrated 'Respirable Dust Samplers' with Whatman GF/A microfibre filter paper (size: 8 X 10) was used for the collection of RPM. A known volume of ambient air is passed through the cyclone to the initially preprocessed filter paper. The centrifugal force in cyclone acts on particulate matter to separate them into two parts and collected as followings: a. Particles <10 size (Respirable): GF/A Filter Paper b. Particles >10 size (Non Respirable): Cyclone Cup The differences in final and initial weight of filter paper and cyclone cup are used in estimation of particulate matter. The mass of particulates collected on the GF filter, divided by the volume of sampled air, gives the concentration of RPM. The total mass of dust, i.e., the sum of masses of particulates collected on the filter and in the cyclone cup, divided by the volume of sampled air gives the concentration of SPM. The results are expressed in g/m3. Sulphur Dioxide Sampling and analysis of ambient SO2 was performed by adopting the 'Improved West and Gaeke Method'. The ambient air, drawn through the draft created by the RDS, is passed through an impinger, containing a known volume of absorbing solution of sodium tetrachloromercurate, at a pre determined and measured flow rate of 1 liter/minute (lpm). SO2 in ambient air reacts with the tetrachloromercurate to form a stable complex, dichlorosulphito mercurate. On reacting with formaldehyde and p-rosaniline hydrochloride, the sulphite ion forms an intensely coloured compound, prosaniline methyle sulphonic acid. The intensity of the colour developed is estimated by spectrophotometer at 560 nm wave length. The measured OD is used to determine the concentration of SO2 from the calibration curve already prepared against known concentrations of sulphite ion. The mass of SO 2 in the absorbing reagent, divided by the volume of sampled air provides the concentration of SO2, which is expressed as g/m3.
Nitrogen Oxides Sampling and analysis of ambient NOx was performed by adopting the 'Jacob Hochheister Modified (Na arsenite)' method. Ambient air is drawn through an impinger at a pre determined flow rate of 1 ppm. The impinger contains known volume of absorbing solution of sodium arsenite and sodium hydroxide. Oxides of nitrogen react with the absorbing reagent to form a stable solution of sodium nitrite. The nitrate ion produced during the sampling is estimated colorimetrically, after reacting with phosphoric acid, sulphanilamide and naphthyl ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDA), using spectrophotometer at 540 nm wavelength. The measured OD is used to determine the concentration of NOx from the calibration curve already prepared against known concentrations of nitrite ion. The mass of NOx in the absorbing reagent, divided by the volume of sampled air provides the concentration of NOx, which is expressed as g/m3. 3.5.5 Air Quality Standards Table 3.13: National Ambient Air Quality Standards
TimeConcentration in ambient air Method of measurement weighted Industrial Residential, Sensitive average Areas Rural & Areas other Areas Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Annual 80 g/m3 60 g/m3 15 g/m3 - Improved West and Geake Average* Method - Ultraviolet Fluorescence 24 120 g/m3 80 g/m3 30 g/m3 hours** Oxides of Annual 80 g/m3 60 g/m3 15 g/m3 - Jacob & Hochheiser Nitrogen as Average* Modified (N O2) (Na-Arsenite) Method 3 3 3 24 120 g/m 80 g/m 30 g/m - Gas Phase hours** Chemiluminescence Suspended Particulate Annual 360 g/m3 140 g/m3 70 g/m3 - High Volume Sampling, Matter (SPM) Average* (Average flow rate not less than 1.1 m3/minute). 3 3 24 500 g/m 200 g/m 100 hours** g/m3 Respirable Particulate Annual 120 g/m3 60 g/m3 50 g/m3 - Respirable particulate Matter (RPM) (size Average* matter sampler less than 10 microns) 24 150 g/m3 100 g/m3 75 g/m3 hours** Pollutants
3.5.6 Observation Respirable Particulate Matter The summary of observations made during the three months at the four locations is presented in Table 3.14.The minimum, maximum and average RPM concentrations during the study period in the four locations are 67 g/m3, 162 g/m3 and 126.2 g/m3 respectively. Table 3.14: Ambient Air Quality Status with respect to Respirable Particulate Matters
Location Name Chawala Tajpur Khurd Palam Vihar. Bijvasan Code AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 Concentration, g/m3 Min Max 130 141 120 132 67 151 132 162
Avg 135 126 98 147
98 percentile 141 131 150 160
The concentration of RPM at all stations was found to be higher than the National Ambient Quality Standards (100 g/m3) for residential except Palam Vihar. Suspended Particulate Matter The summary of observations made during the three months at the four locations is presented in Table 3.15. The minimum, maximum and average SPM concentrations during the study period in the four locations have been recorded as 230 g/m3, 329 g/m3 and 291.47 g/m3, respectively. Table 3.15: Ambient Air Quality Status with respects to Suspended Particulate Matter Location Name Code Chawala Tajpur Khurd Palam Vihar. Bijvasan AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 Concentration, Max 290 329 326 321 g/m3 Avg 296 304 256 309
Min 274 280 230 297
98 percentile 317 328 305 321
The concentration of SPM at all stations was found to be significantly higher than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (200 g/m3) for residential. Sulphur Dioxide The summary of observations made during the 3 months at the four locations is presented in Table 3.16. The minimum, maximum and average SPM
concentrations during the study period in the four locations are 7 g/m 3, 15 g/m3 and 9.1 g/m3 respectively. Table 3.16: Ambient Air Quality Status with respect to Sulphur Dioxide Location Name Code Chawala Tajpur Khurd Palam Vihar. Bijvasan AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 Concentration, g/m3 Min Max Avg 7 12 9.0 8 12 9.0 7 10 8 7 15 11
98 percentile 9 12 15 14
The concentration of SO2 at all locations is found to be well below the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (80 g/m3) for residential. Nitrogen Oxides The summary of observations made during the 3 months at the four locations is presented in Table 3.17. The minimum, maximum and average SPM concentrations during the study period in the four locations are 22 g/m 3, 39 g/m3 and 29 g/m3 respectively. Table 3.17: Ambient Air Quality Status with respect to Nitrogen Oxides Location Name Chawala Tajpur Khurd Palam Vihar. Bijvasan Code AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 Concentration, Min Max 24 39 23 30 22 33 27 30 g/m3 Avg 32.0 27.0 28.0 29.0
98 percentile 38 30 32 29
The concentration of NOx at all locations is found to be well below the limit of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (80 g/m3) for residential. 3.5.7 Conclusion The concentrations of RPM, SPM, in the area are significantly higher than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for commercial and residential area. The concentrations of SO2 and NOx are within the limit of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for commercial and residential areas. Detail of Air quality status of the study area is given below: -
Variation of RPM with respect to different locations

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 AQ1 AQ2 Location AQ3 AQ4
concentration in ug/m3
Min Max Avg
Figure 3.7: Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to Respirable Particulate Matter
Variation of SPM with respect to different locations
concentration in ug/m3
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 AQ1 AQ2 Location AQ3 AQ4 Min Max Avg
Figure 3.8: Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to Suspended Particulate Matter
Variation of Sulphur Dioxide with respect to different locations

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 AQ1 AQ2 Location AQ3 AQ4
Concentration in , ug/m3
Min Max Avg
Figure 3.9: Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to SO2
Variation of Nitrogen Dioxide with respect to different locations

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 AQ1 AQ2 Location AQ3 AQ4
Concentration in ug/m3
Min Max Avg
Figure 3.10: Variation in Ambient Air Quality Status with Respect to NOx
3.6
HEAT POLLUTION Main heat generation from implementation of this project shall take place due to the boiler. The boiler is going to be completely insulated and the temperature would be maintained at 60C. the steam would be passed through the cooling system wherein the temperature would be reduced to 40C. By the time the water would reach the central monitoring basin, the temperature would reach to normal. All the effluents would pass through a Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) to facilitate monitoring of flow and important parameters including the temperature. All the effluents emanating from plant will conform to the regulatory standards of Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) and Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), therefore the aquatic balance of the site shall not be altered or affected in any way.
3.7. HYDROLOGY 3.7.1 Introduction Proposed site is located in the southwestern part of Delhi, on old alluvial plains. Hydrology is characterized by the proximity of the Najafgarh Drain, and constitutes an important source of ground water recharge. In the study area clay and kankar formation exists in the top layer to the depth of 4 m below the ground level. This layer of clay followed by kankar and silt to the depth of 68 m below ground level. The thickness of the alluvium is about 300 m in the area and potential aquifers can be found at depths of 240 m below ground level. There is natural surface storm water drain close to the proposed site. This carries the discharge to the Najafgarh Drain .The Waste Water is normally carried away by the sewer lines, which exist near the project site. 3.7.2 Surface Water Surface Water contributes to over 86 % of study areas drinking water. Yamuna provides the major share of this water. Other sources of the drinking water supply to Delhi include the Himalayan rivers though different interstate arrangements and sub-surface sources like Ranny wells and tube wells. Table 3.18 Quantity of Surface Water
Source Yamuna Bharka Storage Ganga Surface Water Sub Total Ranny Wells/Tube Wells Total Raw water Total Quantity(MGD) 210 200 100 510 81 591
Source: Delhi Urban Environment & Infrastructure Improvement Project
3.7.3 Drainage Pattern The study area consists of Najafgarh Drain, which is the largest of all drains in the National Capital Territory and carries a total flow of over 2000 MLD. The drainage pattern of the study area is linear and radial. Najafgarh Drain enters Delhi from the South Western side. Two main drains open in Najafgarh Drain i.e. Palam Drain and Mung Ashpur in study area. Najafgarh Drain covers a length of 40 km. before joining Yamuna River. 3.7.4 Ground Water Hydrology Levels of Ground Water in pre monsoon varies from 10 to 20 m below ground level and in, post monsoon <5m below ground level. (Source: CGWB) 3.7.4.1 Hydrological setting in the Study Area The existence of tappable aquifers is the combined effect of the topography, litho logy and soil types. The study area is under lined by older alluvium comprising of clay; silt, varying thickness of sand and associated kankar. Aquifers in the study area are generally of two types: shallow aquifers and deep aquifers. 3.7.4.2 Shallow Aquifers As study area comprises of the Najafgarh drain, shallow aquifers are continuously recharged by it and lie between the depths of 5-25 m. These shallow aquifers are unconfined or semi-confined. Shallow aquifers are contaminated by the seepage of polluted water of drains and are generally not fit for drinking purposes. During pre-monsoon season, in some part of study area, shallow aquifers become dry due to lack of recharge. 3.7.4.3 Deep Aquifers Deep aquifers lie between the depths of 100 to 150 m below ground level in the study area under confined conditions and are tapped by deep bore wells for domestic and industrial purposes. Water tables are sub-parallel to land surface and more or less follow the topographic slopes. 3.7.5.4 Recharging Of Ground Water Aquifers The main source of recharge of ground water aquifers is rainfall infiltration, the other source being seepage from the drains.
3.8 WATER QUALITY 3.8.1 Selection of Sampling Locations The assessment of present status of water quality within the study area was conducted by collecting water from surface water and ground water sources during September 2008 to November 2008. The sampling locations have been identified on the basis of their importance. Three surface water and six ground water locations were selected from which samples were collected every month. The locations of sampling stations of ground water, surface water, and wastewater are shown in Figure3.11 and 3.12. Details of sampling locations, their distance and direction from the proposed plant site are presented in Table-3.19 and Table 3.20. Table 3.19: Ground Water Quality Sampling Location of the Study Area Station Location w.r.t.Site Description
Code Station Name Distance (k.m.) 2.0 3.5 4.0 5.5 2.5 5.5 Direction
GWQ1 GWQ2 GWQ3 GWQ4 GWQ5 GWQ6
Chawala Village Qutub Vihar Palam Vihar Samalka Pochanpuri Dundanheri
N-W N S E N-E S-E
Ground water Ground water Ground water Ground water Ground water Ground water
Table 3.20: Surface Water Quality Sampling Location of the Study Area
Station Code Station Name Location w. r. t. Site Distance Direction (k.m.) 3.0 4.5 8.0 NW SW N Description
SWQ1 SWQ2 SWQ3
Upstream of Najafgarh Drain Down Stream of Najafgarh drain Treated Sewage Effluent Dwarka
Wastewater Wastewater Wastewater
3.8.2 Methodology And Results The samples were analyzed for selected physicochemical parameters to establish the existing water quality of the study area. Samples were collected, preserved and analyzed as per methods given in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, AWWA and WPCF 2000). The samples were analyzed for pH, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, sulphate, nitrates, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, silica, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD and Phenolic Compounds. The samples for bacteriological quality of water analysis was collected in the sterilized bottles and samples were analyzed for bacteriological quality of water for total coliforms on a monthly basis. The samples were analyzed for As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr+6, Total Chromium, Cu, Zn, Se and Fe by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 3.8.2.1 Ground Water Quality
The physico-chemical analysis of groundwater samples is given in Table-3.21 A and 3.21B for 3 consecutive months from September 2008 to November 2008 for six locations. Few parameters in some locations have been found to be more than the limits prescribed by CPCB. As the current status of water quality is already beyond the limits set by CPCB therefore appropriate control measures shall be taken so that the water quality does not worsen due to the implementation of this project. The locations where the parameters are exceeding limits are given in the table below:-
Sl. No. 1. Sl. No. 1. 2. Sl. No. 1. 2. SL No. 1. 2. SL No. 1. 2. SL No. 1. 2. Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Sl. No.
Parameter
Prescribed Limit 5 Prescribed Limit 500 200 Prescribed Limit 500 200 Prescribed Limit 500 200 Prescribed Limit 500 200 Prescribed Limit 500 200 Prescribed Limits 500 200 250 Prescribed Limits
Protocol
GWQ1 Chawala Village September October November 15 14 12 GWQ2 : Qutub Vihar September October November 830 800 820 350 320 300 GWQ3 : Palam Vihar September October November 800 810 820 312 324 300
Zn, mg/l Parameter TDS, mg/l Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l Parameter TDS, mg/l Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l Parameter TDS, mg/l Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l Parameter TDS, mg/l Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l Parameter TDS, mg/l Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l Parameter
APHA Protocol IS: 10500 IS: 10500 Protocol IS: 10500 IS: 10500 Protocol IS: 10500 IS: 10500 Protocol IS: 10500 IS: 10500 Protocol IS: 10500 IS: 10500 Protocol
GWQ4 : Samalaka September October November 770 775 778 350 320 300 GWQ5 : Pochanpuri September October November 600 626 610 350 320 300 GWQ6 : Dundanheri September October November 770 750 765 290 298 295 SWQ1: Up Stream of Najafgarh Drain September October November 935 1004 996 310 320 340 269 255 248 SWQ2 Down Stream of Najafgarh Drain September 1140 365 228 October 1004 320 255 November 1010 316 260
TDS, mg/l Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l Cl, mg/l Parameter
IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 Protocol
1. 2. 3. Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
TDS, mg/l Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l Cl, mg/l Parameter
500 200 250 Prescribed Limits 500 200 300 250 75 30
IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 Protocol
SWQ3 Treated Sewage Effluent Dwarka September 1435 470 476 421 300 165 October 1430 480 470 430 305 160 November 1468 458 476 420 310 162
TDS, mg/l Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l Cl, mg/l Ca, as CaCO3 mg/l Mg, as CaCO3 mg/l
IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 APHA APHA
The following mitigation measures shall be practiced: All the trade effluents will be either recycled or transferred to the Central Monitoring Basin through pipelines. Tanks for effluents will be provided with impermeable lining. In cooling water system, a minimum of three cycle of concentration will be practiced. Wastage and spillage of water shall be avoided. From the Central Monitoring Basin, pipelines will be provided for irrigation of afforested areas. Use of raw/process waste for irrigation shall be strictly prohibited. Sewage from toilets and washrooms will be pumped to the sewage treatment plant for further process. After the implementation of these measures he impact on the water quality shall be insignificant.
2838'30" 7655'29"
7657'30"
770' Jainpur
772'30''
775'
2837'30"
Lakshmi Vihar Shiv Enclave Block A Najafgarh Park

Raghubir Enclave
Mungashpur
Gopalnagar Vijay Park Chetan Vihar N A J A F G A R H Krishan Vihar Gopal Park
Ghasipura Bhagwati Dairy Colony Nangli Sakrawar Dayalsar Colony Garden Gulabi Park Masudabad
DWARKA Drain Kakraula
Mohan Garden
Jhuggi Jhonpri colony Niwada Majra
Salatpur Khadar
2838'30" 777'29"
2837'30"
JANAKPURI
Bharat Vihar Sector 14

Sector 13 Sector 17
Najaf garh Drain
Bindapur Matyala Madhu Vihar

Sector 4 Sectorn5a Nala d Ga Sector 12
Nala
Sahyog Vihar
Anupnagar Dabri
Dindarpur Roshan Vihar Shyam Vihar Shyam Enclave Goela Khurd
Mahavir Sagarpur Enclave Sector 2 Nasirpur Manglapuri Sadhnagar Palam

Purannagar
Betajsta Enclave Durga Vihar
D W A R K A
a Gand
Sector 11
Sector 6
2835'
Kharkhari Kharkhari Nahar Jatmal
Paprawat
Sector 18
Sector 5
Ambar Hai
Sector 7
Palam R S
Premnagar Pindwala Kalan Kharkhari Pindwala Raund Khurd Cremation Hasanpur

Ground
Tajpur Khurd Qutab Vihar Reola Khanpur
Sector 9
Rajnagar Palam R S Bagrola
2835'
Sector 8
GW1
Chhawla
GW2
GW5
Pchanpur
Sector 20
Sector 21 Sector 22
Sector Proposed Site 23

PF
Indira Gandhi International Airport
Mehramnagar
Daulatpur
Kanganheri
Cremation Ground Bamnauli Isapur Khera Cremation Ground Cremation Ground Badosra Raghopur Cremation Ground Babupur Muhammadheri
Chaumuha
rth
Chhawla Camp
ern
Ra ilw ay
Dhul Siras
Bharthal
No
Nangal Dairy Nangal Dewat 10KM
2832'30"
Asalatpur Khadar
Cremation Ground
Rangpuri
2832'30"
NH 8
BIJWASAN
GW4
Samalka
Gummanhera
Jainpur
Shikarpur
Bajghera Kapashera
Dense Babul
Cremation Ground
Jhatikra
ain Dr
GW6
Dundahera
UD YO G
Rajokri PF
rain
o.8
rh ga jaf Na
Rajokri
VI HA R
Panwala Khusropur
2830'
Daulatabad Kherki Majra Dhankot

ail wa y
GW3
ern R
Daulat Nasirabad
Overhead Tank Overhead Tank
Mulahera
MARUTI UDYOG Sirhaul

Overhead Tank
2830'
Udyog Vihar
Overhead Tank
Tikampur
Bhumgarh GURGAON RS Gurgaon Masani GURGAON
rth
GURGAON Dhanwanpur Madanpuri

Basai 2827'30" 7655'29" LEGEND National Highway Road Drain/distrubutary Trailway District Boundary Ground Water Sampling Locations

Overhead Tank
No
Chandarnagar

772'30'' 775' 2827'30" 777'29"
7657'30"
770'
Figure-3.11: Ground Water Sampling Location
Draft Rapid Environmental Impact M-001 Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Rev. No.: 1 Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Issue Date: 06/04/2009 Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL
Page No. 37 of 68
Table 3.21A: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water

Sl. Parameter No. 1 pH 2 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 3 Temperature ( C) 4 Conductivity, umho/cm 5 TSS, mg/l 6 TDS, mg/l 7 Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 8 Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 9 BOD, mg/l 10 COD, mg/l 11 NO3, mg/l 12 PO4, mg/l 13 Cl, mg/l 14 SO4, mg/l 15 Na, mg/l 16 K, mg/l 17 Ca as CaCO3, mg/l 18 Mg as CaCO3, mg/l
0
Prescribed Protocol Limit 6.5-8.5 500 200 300 45 250 200 75 30 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 APHA APHA IS: 10500 IS: 10500
GWQ1 Chawala Village
GWQ2: Qutub Vihar
GWQ3: Palam Vihar
September October November September October November September October November 8 .2 4.8 21 600 <4 376 150 92 <2 <4 0.80 0.6 100 10 85 16 50 42 8.0 5.1 23 610 <4 392 145 80 <2 <4 0.7 0.5 110 9 84 15 45 35 7.8 5.5 24 605 <4 380 140 85 <2 <4 0.9 0.30 100 9 83 10 45 40 8.4 5.8 22 1260 <4 830 350 280 <2 <4 2.5 0.5 95 110 130 20 150 130 8.0 7.5 22 1050 <4 800 320 221 <2 <4 2.4 0.4 100 95 120 19 111 110 8.2 7.4 21 1120 <4 820 300 235 <2 <4 2.0 0.5 110 90 110 20 115 120 7.4 5.0 21 1280 <4 800 312 270 <2 <4 2.1 0.5 95 110 130 20 146 124 7.8 5.3 20 1150 <4 810 324 280 <2 <4 2.0 0.4 100 95 120 19 145 125 7.1 6.0 21 1190 <4 820 300 260 <2 <4 1.9 0.5 110 90 110 20 140 120
Page No. 38 of 68
Sl. Parameter No. 19 Silica, mg/l 20 O & G, mg/l 21 Phenolic Compound, mg/l 22 As, mg/l 23 Hg, mg/l 24 Pb, mg/l 25 Cd, mg/l 26 Cr , mg/l 27 Cu, mg/l 28 Zn, mg/l 29 Se, mg/l 30 Fe, mg/l 31 MPN/100ml 32 Total Coliform/100 ml
+6
Prescribed Protocol Limit 0.001 0.05 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 0.05 5 0.01 0.3 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA -
GWQ1 Chawala Village
GWQ2: Qutub Vihar
GWQ3: Palam Vihar
September October November September October November September October November BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 15 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 BDL <0.01 14 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 BDL <0.01 12 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT
Page No. 39 of 68
Table3.21B: Physico- Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water

Sl. No. 1 pH 2 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 3 Temperature( C) 4 Conductivity, mhos/cm 5 TSS, mg/l 6 TDS, mg/l 7 Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 8 Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 9 BOD, mg/l 10 COD, mg/l 11 NO3, mg/l 12 PO4, mg/l 13 Cl, mg/l 14 SO4, mg/l 15 Na, mg/l 16 K, mg/l 17 Ca as CaCO3, mg/l 18 Mg as CaCO3, mg/l
0
Parameter
Prescribed Protocol Limit 6.5-8.5 500 200 300 45 250 200 75 30 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 APHA APHA IS: 10500 IS: 10500
GWQ4: Samalaka September October 8.0 6.9 21 1100 <4 770 350 270 <2 <4 2.6 0.4 95 80 130 20 140 130 7.5 7.5 22 1050 <4 775 320 251 <2 <4 2.2 0.3 100 83 120 19 141 110
GWQ5 : Pochanpuri
GWQ6 : Dundanheri
November September October 7.1 7.4 22 1210 <4 778 300 255 <2 <4 2.0 0.6 110 85 110 20 135 120 8.4 5.9 21 1020 <4 600 350 238 <2 <4 0.8 0.3 40 70 90 20 128 110 8.0 7.5 21 962 <4 626 320 238 <2 <4 0.9 0.4 35 73 85 19 124 108
November September October November 8.2 7.4 20 938 <4 610 300 227 <2 <4 0.8 0.2 37 75 87 20 121 106 7.8 5.7 21 1180 <4 770 290 221 <2 <4 1.0 0.52 88 140 140 16 152 69 8.0 5.8 24 1160 <4 758 298 210 <2 <4 1.2 0.45 85 135 130 18 140 70 8.1 6.0 22 1168 <4 765 295 216 <2 <4 1.01 0.51 86 139 125 20 145 71
Page No. 40 of 68
Sl. No.
Parameter
Prescribed Protocol Limit 0.001 0.05 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 0.05 5 0.01 0.3 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 IS: 10500 APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA -
GWQ4: Samalaka September October BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT
GWQ5 : Pochanpuri
GWQ6 : Dundanheri
November September October BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT
November September October November BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT BDL BDL <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 ABSENT ABSENT
19 Silica, mg/l 20 O & G, mg/l 21 Phenolic Compound, mg/l 22 As, mg/l 23 Hg, mg/l 24 Pb, mg/l 25 Cd, mg/l 26 Cr , mg/l 27 Cu, mg/l 28 Zn, mg/l 29 Se, mg/l 30 Fe, mg/l 31 MPN/100ml 32 Total Coliform/100 ml
+6
3.8.2.2 Surface Water Quality Physico chemical characteristics of surface water samples, that were collected from four sources in every month, have been presented in Table 3.22A and 3.22 B.
2838'30" 7655'29"
7657'30"
770'
772'30''
775'
Jainpur
Shiv Enclave Ghasipura Block A Dairy Colony Najafgarh Park Nangli Sakrawar
2837'30"
Lakshmi Vihar Mungashpur
Mohan Garden
Jhuggi Jhonpri colony Niwada Majra
2835'
Bhagwati Dayalsar Colony Garden Anupnagar Raghubir EnclaveMasudabad Gulabi Park Sahyog Vihar DWARKA Gopalnagar Vijay Park Madhu Vihar Bindapur Chetan Vihar N A J A F G A R H Drain Bharat Vihar Dabri Matyala Kakraula Krishan Vihar Sagarpur Sector 4 Mahavir Gopal Park Enclave Sector 14 Dindarpur Sector 2 Nala Sectorn5a d Nasirpur Ga Roshan Vihar Shyam Vihar Sector 13 Sector 12 Manglapuri D W A R K A Betajsta Enclave Sadhnagar la Durga Vihar Sector 11 a Na Sector 17 Gand Shyam Enclave Palam Sector 6 Paprawat Purannagar Palam R S Sector 7 Goela Khurd Najafgarh Sector 18 Sector 5 Kharkhari Nahar Drain
SW3
Salatpur Khadar JANAKPURI
2838'30" 777'29"
2837'30"
Kharkhari Jatmal
Premnagar Pindwala Kalan Kharkhari Raund Hasanpur
Ambar Hai Tajpur Khurd
Sector 9 8 Palam R S Sector

Bagrola
Rajnagar
Shumbran Lines Shekhawati Lines
2835'
Qutab Vihar
Reola Khanpur
SW1
Pchanpur
Maude Lines
Sector 20
Sector 21
Sector 23 Sector 22
Chhawla
Daulatpur
Kanganheri
Cremation Ground
rth
Cremation Ground
ern
Chhawla Camp
Dhul Siras
No
Ra
ilw ay
Pindwala Khurd
Proposed Site
PF
Indira Gandhi Mehramnagar International Nangal Dairy Airport Nangal Dewat

Rangpuri 2832'30"
Bharthal
10KM
2832'30"
Bamnauli
Isapur Khera
Gummanhera
Jainpur
Cremation Ground
Cremation Ground Badosra
BIJWASAN
Samalka Kapashera
Dundahera
UD YO G
NH
SW2
Raghopur
Bajghera
Rajokri PF
Dense Babul
Cremation Ground
Jhatikra
ain Dr
Dr
ai
o nN
.8
ja Na
fga
rh
Cremation Ground Babupur
Chaumuha
Panwala Khusropur
Mulahera Daulat Nasirabad Overhead Tank
VI HA R
Rajokri
2830'
Muhammadheri
Daulatabad
ilw ay
2830'
MARUTI UDYOG Sirhaul

Overhead Tank
Udyog Vihar Overhead Tank
e rn
Ra
Tikampur
rth No
Overhead Tank
GURGAON
Sikandarpur Ghos
Dhanwanpur Madanpuri
Basai 2827'30" 7655'29" LEGEND National Highway Road Drain/distrubutary Trailway District Boundary Surface Water Sampling Locations Jyoti Park
Gurgaon Masani
GURGAON
Chakarpur
Overhead Tank
Chandarnagar
Shivajinagar 7657'30" 770' 772'30'' 775' 2827'30" 777'29"
Figure 3.12: Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations
Page No. 42 of 68
Table 3.22A: Surface Water Quality

Sl. No. Parameter Prescribed Protocol Limit SWQ1 - Up Stream of Najafgarh Drain SWQ2 Down Stream of Najafgarh Drain
September
October
November
September
October
November
1. pH 2. Temperature( C) 3. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 4. Conductivity, mhos/cm 5. TSS, mg/l 6. TDS, mg/l 7. Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 8. Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 9. BOD, mg/l 10. COD, mg/l 11. NO3, mg/l 12. PO4, mg/l 13. Cl, mg/l 14. SO4, mg/l 15. Na, mg/l 16. K, mg/l 17. Ca as CaCO3, mg/l
0
6.5-8.5 500 200 300 45 250 200 75
IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 APHA APHA APHA
8.2 19 Nil 1448 14 935 310 210 31 62 0.88 12 269 79 220 30 157
8.4 21 Nil 1530 18 1004 320 210 31 62 1.0 14 255 70 210 30 170
7.9 24 0.2 1520 20 996 340 200 36 60 1.2 15 248 60 200 30 185
7.4 20 1 1750 16 1140 365 310 26 60 0.23 14 228 70 235 26 212
7.8 21 1.2 1540 18 1004 320 210 31 62 1.0 14 255 70 210 30 170
7.8 23 1.1 1590 28 1010 316 214 32 62 1.5 10 260 68 212 30 170
Page No. 43 of 68
Sl. No.
Parameter
Prescribed Protocol Limit
SWQ1 - Up Stream of Najafgarh Drain
SWQ2 Down Stream of Najafgarh Drain
September
October
November
September
October
November
18. Mg as CaCO3, mg/l 19. Silica, mg/l 20. O & G, mg/l 21. Phenolic Compound, mg/l 22. As, mg/l 23. Hg, mg/l 24. Pb, mg/l 25. Cd, mg/l 26. Cr , mg/l 27. Total Chromium, mg/l 28. Cu, mg/l 29. Zn, mg/l 30. Se, mg/l 31. Fe, mg/l 32. Total Coliform (MPN/100ml.)
+6
30 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.01 <0.05 0.05 5 0.01 0.3 0.01
APHA IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA
53 0.02 Nil <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ND <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 47200
40 0.02 Nil <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ND <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 48000
35 0.02 Nil <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ND <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 48600
98 0.03 Nil <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ND <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 50000
40 ND Nil <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ND <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 49000
44 ND Nil <0.001 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ND <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 49500
Page No. 44 of 68
Table 3.22B: Surface Water Quality
Sl. No.
Parameter
Prescribed Limit
Protocol
SWQ3 Treated Sewage Effluent Dwarka September October November
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
pH Temperature( C) Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l Conductivity, mhos/cm TSS, mg/l TDS, mg/l Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l BOD, mg/l
0
6.5-8.5 500 200 300 45 250 200 -
IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 APHA APHA
7.7 21 0.6 2207 44 1435 470 476 99 177 0.55 18 421 1.6 4 290 28
7.6 22 0.5 2207 40 1430 480 470 92 160 0.8 20 430 1.4 5 270 30
7.6 24 0.6 2195 46 1468 458 476 108 162 1.0 18 420 1.1 8 250 28
10. COD, mg/l 11. NO3, mg/l 12. PO4, mg/l 13. Cl, mg/l 14. Ammonical Nitrogen 15. SO4, mg/l 16. Na , mg/l 17. K , mg/l
Page No. 45 of 68
Sl. No.
Parameter
Prescribed Limit
Protocol
SWQ3 Treated Sewage Effluent Dwarka September October November
18. Ca as CaCO3, mg/l 19. Mg as CaCO3, mg/l 20. Silica, mg/l 21. O & G, mg/l 22. Phenolic Compound, mg/l 23. As, mg/l 24. Hg, mg/l 25. Pb, mg/l 26. Cd, mg/l 27. Cr , mg/l 28. Total Chromium, mg/l 29. Cu, mg/l 30. Zn, mg/l 31. Se, mg/l 32. Fe, mg/l 33. Total Coliform (MPN/100ml)
+6
75 30 0.001 0.05 0.001 0.05 0.01 <0.05 0.05 5 0.01 0.3 0.01
APHA APHA IS:3025 IS:3025 IS:3025 APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA APHA
312 164 0.05 2 <4 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ND <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 37160
300 170 0.05 3 <4 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ND <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 62000
290 186 0.05 2 <4 <0.005 <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ND <0.01 <0.01 <0.005 <0.01 48000
3.9 ECOLOGY 3.9.1 Environmental Scenario of 10 km radius The general study area of proposed power plant comprises mostly southwestern part of Delhi, and Gurgaon of Haryana. The study area is dominated by rural, urban and commercial activities. It includes some agricultural areas, where chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used. 3.9.2 Environmental conditions in the Core Study Area Physiography: Study area consists of agricultural land, settlement area, forest area and wasteland. Proposed plant is situated near the Najafgarh drain. The study area lies in a subtropical deciduous type of vegetation. Climatology: The study area enjoys sub-tropical climatic conditions with four seasons, pre-monsoon (March to May), monsoon (June to August), post monsoon season (September to November) and winter season (December to February). Soil: The soils of the study area are mostly loamy sand with subordinate amount of medium texture soils. 3.9.3 Terrestrial Ecology The contents of this subsection are based primarily on reconnaissance survey carried out. 3.9.4 Objectives of Ecological Studies The study was undertaken with a view to understand the status of ecosystem along the following line: To assess nature and distribution of the vegetation in the area. To assess the frequency, frequency class, relative frequency, abundance, density, diversity index. To evaluate the dominant species of plant and animal. To list the endangered species (both flora and fauna). To mark the wetlands and other ecologically sensitive areas such as national parks/ sanctuaries To asses the effect of construction and operation of the project on existing ecology To recognize the diversity indices of the terrestrial and aquatic communities.
To Asses the spawning and feeling habits of aquatic species with respect to time and location. 3.9.5 Flora Delhi has 111 sq. km of forest cover and 40 sq. km. of tree cover against the geographical area of 1483 sq. km, representing only 10.2% of total land area of the city. The green cover is not uniformly distributed in Delhi as some parts have considerable greenery than the others. The New Delhi and South Districts are much greener compared to other Districts. The forest area in South West Delhi is 30.09 sq. km against the geographical area of 420.54 sq. km, representing 7.16% of forest cover. There are 3city forests being developed and managed in South West Delhi by Forest Department. These are - Nasirpur City Forest, Mitraon City Forest, and Ghumenhera City Forests. There are MP green areas also in the project area which represents as protected forest under DDA and L&DO. The flora of Delhi comprises nearly 1,000 species of flowering plants belonging to some 120 families. Sixty per cent of the species are either indigenous or naturalized and the remaining introduced. More than 50 percent of the indigenous flora represents the tropical species. Nearly eight percent is from tropical Africa less than 50 percent from the New World, and two per cent from the temperate region. As a consequence of urbanization, much of the naturally existing vegetation has been cleared over the years. The city level forests, the Ridge, the protected and reserved forests have surviving pockets of natural vegetation in Delhi. The other open spaces are an admixture of indigenous and exotic species project. The field investigation of the post monsoon season shows the dominance of members of Dalbergia sisso, Mangnifera indica, Butea monosperma, Ficus racemosa, Cynadon ductylon, Acacia catechu and Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica are commonly observed. Grasses like Adhatoda, Bougainvillea spp. within the study area. Agricultural area near the proposed plant has nursery where large variety of plants sapling like Bougainvillea, Moneyplant, Jasmine and varieties of flowers are noticed. The lists of tree species observed in the project area are given in Table 3.23 and Table 3.24. Among the citys residential area, the ones in the area are amply dotted with trees and shrubs. The area is covered by roadside plantations, private and public gardens as well as plantations done by the institutions and housing colonies. Mainly Three Types of Ecosystem Exist in study area.
Agro Ecosystem: The main crops were rice, wheat, millet, maize and sugarcane. Vegetables are grown in small patches. The major agricultural crops are Mustard (Brassica juncea), wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), and millets (Sorghum vulgare). A number of leguminous crops were grown for crop rotation purpose such as moong (Phaseolus mungo), masoor (Lens culnaris), Arhar (Cajanus cajan), Gram (Cicer arietinum), and pea (Pisum sativum). Grassland Ecosystem: Mostly covered by congress grass and doob. List of shrubs/grass specie are given in Table 3.24. Groves The presence of groves in the study area has been noticed. These groves are mainly of Psidium guava, Citrus auvaulium, Mangnifera indica. The trees grown under social forestry mainly consists of Mangifera indica, Terminilia catapa, Citrus auvaulium, Pisidium guava and other local species of economic importance Manmade Plantation Ecosystem: This has been developed by the State Forest Department and industries. Babul, Neem, Shisham, Jamun, were the main species, planted under afforestation programmes.
Table 3.23: Lists of tree species observed in the project area Tree specie Scientific Name Acacia nilotica Acacia catechu Azadirachta indica Cassia Fistula Eugenia jambolana Ficus religiosa Ficus racemosa Kigelia pinnata Bauhinia purpurea Erythrina indica Albizzia lebbeck Morus Alba Jacaranda imosfolia Salmalia malabarica Eucalyptus Dalbergia sissoo Mimusops elengi Bombax ceiba Ficus benghalensis Zizyphus jujube Aegle Marmalos Butea monosperma Mangnifera indica Cordia mixa Madhuca letifolia Phoenix sylvestri Acer saccharinum Common Name Babool Khair Neem Amaltas Jamun Peepal Fig tree Sausage tree kachnar Indian coral tree Siris Shatoot Jacaranda Silk cotton Eucalyptus Shisham (Indian Rosewood) Maulsiri Semal (Tree cotton) Banyan tree (Bargad) Ber Bel Dhak Mango Bahalphal Mahua Phoenix ( Khajoor) Silver oak
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Table 3.24: Lists of Shrubs and grasses observed in the project area
Shrubs/Grasses Scientific Name Abutilon indicum Achryranthes aspera Adhatoda vasica Antherum muricatum Boughainvillaea spp. Cassia tora Chenopodium albus Imperata cylindrica Nerium odorum Opuntia dillenii Saccharum spontaneum Zizyphus nummularia Calotropis procera Capparis sepiaria C.deciduas Croton sparaiflorus Cenchrus ciliaris Eragrostis poaeioides Cyandon dactylon Common Name Pathaka Puthkanda Bansa,Basuti Gandhara Bougainvillea Panwar Bathu Siru Kaner Nagphani Kans Malha Kapok tree
S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
3.9.6 Ecological Sampling : Methods adopted for the study The vegetation sampling was carried out by using least count quadrate method and transacts cutting across different habitats. The general Ecological survey was conducted within 10 km radius around the proposed plant. The transact data was useful to describe general vegetation pattern over large area and quadrants are useful for quantification, density and abundance of the vegetation in the study area. The survey was carried out having these points in view: Reconnaissance survey Generation of primary data to understand baseline ecological status of floral and faunal elements, sensitive habitats and rare species Identification of plants and animals. Identify the dominants species.
3.9.7 Site Selection Criteria Six ecological stations were selected (three terrestrial and three aquatic) Considering the following points: 1. 2. 3. 4. Location of different industries, with respect to prominent wind direction. Natural vegetation in the study area. Parks, sanctuaries in the study area. Lakes and water bodies, canal, river, ponds etc.
Keeping in view the above parameters three terrestrial ecological sampling stations were selected which is given in Table- 3.25. Table 3.25: Terrestrial Ecological Sampling Locations
Station code TE-1 TE-2 TE-3 Location Direction w.r.t. Plant site N NW SE Distance w.r.t. Plant site 3.5 2.0 2.5 Description of sampling location Agriculture Land Agriculture Land Agriculture Land
Tajpur Khurd Chawala Bijwassan
At each station, the studies were carried out by selecting 10 quadrants. A summary of observations made at the three ecological stations is as follows The data of field sampling at three locations is presented in Tables . Ecological Sampling at TE1 (Tajpur khurd): Butea monosperma and dalbergia sissoo was found to be the most dominant species, followed by Cynadon ductylon, Albezzia lebbeck, Magnifera indica, Adhatoda Vasica, and Boughain villaea was found very common in the study area. Density and diversity index of different species observed during the studies are given in Table 3.26. The overall species diversity index was computed as 1.303. Table 3.26: Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index of Different Species at Tajpur Khurd(TE1)
S. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Name of Species
Butea monosperma Magnifera indica Bombax ceiba Zizyphus jujube Aegle marmalos Cynadon ductylon Ficus religiosa Albezzia lebbeck Eugenia jumbolana
Total No. of Species (n)

65 40 35 45 18 49 24 45 38
Density
6.5 4 3.5 4.5 1.8 4.9 2.4 4.5 3.8
Abundance
0.65 0.57 0.50 0.56 0.30 0.54 0.30 0.56 0.54
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Adhatoda Vasica Acacia catechu Azadirachta indica Casssia Fistola Erythrine Indica Salmali malabarika Bauhinia purpurea Dalbergia sisso Madhuca Letifolia Antharum muricatum Cenchrus ciliaris Boughain villaea capparis sepiaria Acacia catechu
76 21 42 20 47 41 20 59 21 19 13 81 20 10
7.6 2.1 4.2 2 4.7 4.1 2 5.9 2.1 1.9 1.3 8.1 2 1
0.76 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.59 0.41 0.22 0.74 0.23 0.21 0.22 0.90 0.25 0.14
Total No. of Species Species Diversity Index
849 1.303
Ecological Sampling at TE2 (Chawla): Acacia nilotica was found to be the most dominant species, followed by Azadirachta Indica, Boughainvillaea and Jacaranda Imosfolia, was found very common in the study area. Density and diversity index of different species observed during the studies are given in Table 3.27. The overall species diversity index was computed as 1.251. Table 3.27: Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index of Different Species at Chawla (TE2) S. No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Name of Species
Acacia nilotica Ficus racemosa kigela pinnata Azadirachta Indica Morus alba Jacaranda Imosfolia Acacia katechu Butea monosperma Mimusops elengi Magnifera Indica Bombax ceiba Eucalyptus Phoenix sylvestri Opuntii dillenii C. Deciduous Croton sparciflorus Eragrotis poaeioides Boughainvillaea Cassia tora
Total No.of Density Abundance Species (n)

57 43 38 57 39 44 40 43 43 32 11 25 11 21 22 8 6 75 40 5.7 4.3 3.8 5.7 3.9 4.4 4 4.3 4.3 3.2 1.1 2.5 1.1 2.1 2.2 0.8 0.6 7.5 4 0.71 0.48 0.48 0.71 0.56 0.88 0.57 0.48 0.72 0.53 0.18 0.36 0.28 0.42 0.55 0.27 0.12 0.75 0.57
20 21
Abutilon Indicum Acer sacharinum
19 10
1.9 1
0.32 0.17
684 1.251
Ecological Sampling at TE3 (Bijwasan): Ficus Racemosa was found to be the most dominant species, followed by Ficus Benghalensis and Cordia mixa was found very common in the study area. Density and diversity index of different species observed during the studies are given in Table 3.28. The overall species diversity index was computed as 1.21 Table 3.28: Density, Abundance and Species Diversity Index ofDifferent Species at Bijwasan(TE3)
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Name of Species Azadirachta Indica Ficus Racemosa Bombax Ceiba Bauhinia purpura
Ficus Benghalensis Madhuca Letifolia Cordia mixa Sacchaum spontanium Achryranthes aspera Adhatoda vasica Chenopodium albus Imperata Cylindrica Nerium odorum Cacotropis procera Zizyphus nummalaria Acacia catechu Antherum muricatum
Total No. of Species (n)

31 47 26 19 41 22 37 24 27 22 21 16 28 24 29 21 15
Density
3.1 4.7 2.6 1.9 4.1 2.2 3.7 2.4 2.7 2.2 2.1 1.6 2.8 2.4 2.9 2.1 1.5
Abundance
0.39 0.78 0.43 0.24 0.51 0.31 0.46 0.30 0.39 0.28 0.42 0.23 0.40 0.34 0.41 0.42 0.38
450 1.21
Fauna : There is no unique faunal community within the core and buffer zone of the project area, except most common ones like toad, frog, crow, sparrow and myna etc. Fauna Domestic The domestic animals are mainly mammals. The domestic animals present in study area are listed in Table 3.29
Table 3.29: List of Domestic Fauna Observed in the Study Area

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Zoological Name Bos indicus Bubalus indicus Cains familieris Capra hircus Equus cabilus Equus hermionus Felis domesticus Sus cristatus Common Name Cow Buffalo Dog Goat Horse Ass Cat Pig Schedule
Presdystis entellus
Monkey
Wild Animal Since the natural forest is minimal, the wild life does not offer a wide spectrum of species. Wild animals are not seen due to absence of natural dense forest. Some reptiles and amphibians can also be seen with a number of bird species. A list of birds, reptiles, amphibians and rodents based on information gathered from the study is presented in Table-3.30 Table-3.30: List of Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians ad Rodents observed in the Study Area
Sl. Scientific Name No Birds 1. Cucculus micropterus 2. Columba livia 3. Corvus splendens 4. Eudynomys scolopacea 5. Pycnonotus barbatus 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Ploceus philippinus Pavo cristatus Polyplectron bicalearaturn Streptopelia chinensis Passer domesticus Psittacula krameri Acridotheres tristis Ocyceros birostis Prinia hodgosonii Common Name Schedule
Indian Cuckoo Rock Pigeon House Crow Asian Koel Bulbul Baya Weaver Peafowl Peacock pheasants Spotted Dove Sparrow Parrot Myna Indian Grey Hornbill Grey-breasted Prinia Purpla Heron Indian Pea Fowl Common Kingfisher Garden lizard House lizards
IV IV V IV
I I IV
15. Adrea purpurea 16. Pavo Cristatus 17. Alcedo atthis Reptiles 1. Calotes versicolor 2. Hemidactylus sp.
3.
Chamaeleon zeylanicus
chameleon
Amphibian 1 Bufo malanostidus 2 Rana tigrina 3 Rhacophorus bimaculatus Rodent 1 Mus muscatus 2 Rattus rattus 3 Bandicota indica 4 Fumambulus pennanti
Toad Frog Tree Frog Mouse House rat Bandicoot rat Indian palm Squirrel
Wildlife Sanctuary/National Park No wildlife sanctuary or national park exists within a radius of 15 kms of the site of the Project. Endangered Species With reference to the list of endangered species prepared by Botanical Survey of India (BSI) and Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, none of the species present in the study area belonged to the 'endangered' category. Aquatic Ecology Baseline studies of ecology of different water bodies are stressed towards the evaluation of water quality. Any changes in the natural water quality of water in streams, rivers, and ponds are best reflected in changes in the natural flora and fauna. The biological species (Fishes, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton etc.) specific for a particular environmental condition are the best indicators of environmental quality. Information on the impact of environmental stress on the community structure serves as inexpensive and efficient early warning and control system to check the effectiveness of the measures to prevent damage to a particular ecosystem. Phytoplankton and Zooplankton are indicators of environmental stress. The quality and quantity of such biological species in a particular environment largely depends on various physio-chemical characteristics of water such a pH, conductivity, nutrients, BOD, alkalinity etc. Diversity is an index to measure the level of pollution. With increasing levels of pollution, diversity of plankton decreases. The higher the value of diversity, the higher is the stability to resist the adverse environmental factors.
3.9.10.1 Aquatic Ecology Findings The water samples from Najafgarh Drain Upstream, Najafgarh Drain down stream and Treated Sewage Effluent at Dwarka STP were collected to examine the aquatic ecosystem of study area. The Table 3.31 shows station with distance of direction. Table 3.31: Aquatic Ecological Sampling Locations Station Code AQ E1 AQ E2 AQ E3 Name of Station Najafgarh Drain, up stream Najafgarh Drain Downstream Treated Sewage Effluent at Dwarka STP Distance and Direction Km 3.0 N 4.5 SW 8.0 N
3.9.10.2 Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis The qualitative analysis of water samples from Najafgarh Drain shows different aquatic communities of phytoplankton & zooplankton. The name of observed genera of phytoplankton are given in Table 3.32. The quantitative examination of water samples shows that Vassilinaria sp. are the most populated phytoplankton species at location AQ E-1& AQ E-2 and zooplankton is Brachionus bipentata. The name of observed genera of Zooplankton are given in Table 3.33. Table 3.32: Phytoplankton Status of Aquatic Ecological Stations
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7 Najafgarh Drain,Upstream Vallisnneria spiralis Hydrilla verticillata Potamogeton scripus Potamogeton pectinatus Zanichelia palustris Anabena mucicola Phacus caudatum Najafgarh Drain,Downstrem Vallisnneria spiralis Hydrilla verticillata Potamogeton scripus Potamogeton pectinatus Zanichelia palustris Anabena mucicola Phacus caudatum Treated Sewage Effluent Vallisnneria spiralis Hydrilla verticillata Potamogeton scripus Potamogeton pectinatus Zanichelia palustris Anabena mucicola Phacus caudatum
Table 3.33: Zooplankton Status of location Aquatic Ecological Stations

S.No. 1 2 3 4 Najafgarh Drain,Upstream Brachionus bipentata Daphnia simili Alona Bosmina Najafgarh Drain,Downstrem Brachionus bipentata Daphnia simili Alona Bosmina Treated Sewage Effluent Brachionus bipentata Daphnia simili Alona Bosmina
3.9.11 Rare and Endangered Species During the study area no any endangered species of flora and fauna were found with respect to Red Book of Botanical Survey of India and Wild life (Protection) Act 1972. 3.9.12 Ecological Sensitive Areas There are no major ecologically sensitive areas within the study area of 10 km from the plant site. There are no migratory routes for birds and animals.
2838'30" 7655'29"
7657'30"
770'
772'30''
775'
Jainpur Lakshmi Mungashpur Vihar Shiv Enclave Ghasipura Dairy Colony Block A Najafgarh Nangli Park Gopalnagar Sakrawar Vijay Park Chetan Vihar N A J A F G A R H Drain
Krishan Vihar Park Premnagar
2837'30"
Mohan Garden
2835'
Kanganheri
AE2
Camp
No rth ern R
Hasanpur
Bharat Vihar Matyala Dabri Kakraula Sagarpur Mahavir Sector 4 Enclave Dindarpur Gopal SectorN5 Sector 2 Sector 14 ala a Nasirpur and G Sector 13 Roshan Vihar Sector 12 Manglapuri Shyam Vihar D W A R K A Betajsta la a Na Durga ViharEnclave Sector 11 Sadhnagar Shyam Gand Enclave Sector 17 Palam Sector 6 Paprawat Purannagar Palam R S Shumbran Goela Khurd Najafgarh Sector 7 Drain Sector 18 Sector 5 Lines Kharkhari 2835' Kharkhari Rajnagar Shekhawati Ambar Hai Nahar TE1 Jatmal Sector 9 Palam R S Lines Tajpur Khurd Sector 8 Maude Lines Sector 20 Bagrola Qutab Vihar Premnagar TE2 Sector 21 Indira Gandhi Pindwala Reola International Mehramnagar Kalan AE1 Pchanpur Sector 22 Chhawla Khanpur Airport Kharkhari Nangal Dairy Sector 23 Raund Pindwala PF Khurd Nangal Dewat Dhul Siras Chhawla
Cremation Ground Daulatpur
ail wa y
Bhagwati Garden Anupnagar Gulabi Park Sahyog Vihar DWARKA Madhu Vihar Bindapur
AE3
Jhuggi Jhonpri colony Salatpur Niwada Majra Khadar JANAKPURI Dayalsar Colony
2838'30" 777'29"
2837'30"
Proposed Site
10KM Rangpuri Samalka Kapashera

NH 8
2832'30"
Cremation Ground
Bharthal Bamnauli TE3 Isapur Khera

BIJWASAN
2832'30"
Gummanhera
Jainpur
Cremation Ground
Cremation Ground Badosra
Bajghera Raghopur
Rajokri PF Rajokri
Dense Babul
Cremation Ground
Jhatikra
rain
ain Dr
.8 No
Na
D rh ga jaf
Cremation Ground
2830'
Babupur Panwala Alawardi Khusropur Muhammadheri Sarai Daulatabad

No rth ern R
Chaumuha Palam Vihar Daulat Nasirabad
Dundahera U
DY OG
Mulahera MARUTI UDYOG
VI HA
Overhead Tank
2830'
Udyog Vihar
Overhead Tank
Tikampur
ail wa y
Bhumgarh GURGAON RS
Overhead Tank
Sirhaul Overhead Sikandarpur Ghos Tank GURGAON Chakarpur Overhead Tank
Dhanwanpur Madanpuri Basai

2827'30" 7655'29" LEGEND National Highway Road Drain/distrubutary Trailway District Boundary Terrestrial Ecological Locations Aquatic Ecological Locations 7657'30" 770'
Gurgaon Masani
GURGAON
Chandarnagar

772'30'' 775' 2827'30" 777'29"
Figure 3.13: Ecological Monitoring Stations
3.10
NOISE
Noise is one of the most undesirable and unwanted sounds. It is, therefore, necessary to measure both the quality as well as the quantity of environment noise in and around the power plant.
3.10.1 Effects of Noise Noise has an adverse effect on human beings and their environment, including land, structures, and domestic animals. Noise can also disturb natural wildlife and ecological systems. Almost all noise problems involve three basic elements, viz, the noise source, the transmission path and the receptor. In environmental noise, one is usually concerned with sound propagation through air. Sound as a disturbance propagating through air, is a wave-propagating phenomenon. Sound propagation from a source to a receptor depends upon the properties of the atmosphere and the presence of any object in the transmission path. Sound undergoes absorption, reflection etc. during assessment of noise impact is the effect of wave divergence. Environmental noise can have several effects varying from hearing loss to annoyance. Sufficiently loud noise may Cause hearing loss or health damage; Interfere with work tasks, specially those involving concentration of mind; Interfere with speech communication; Affect inter-room privacy; Interfere with sleep; and Cause annoyance. The damage risk criteria for hearing, enforced by the U.S Occupational Safety and Health Administration and established to reduce hearing loss, are as follows:Sl No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Maximum allowable duration / hours 8 6 4 3 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.25 Noise level , dBA ( Slow Response ) 90 92 95 97 100 102 105 110 115
Any community noise exposure comparable to those shown above is clearly unacceptable and constitutes a community health hazard. In community noise exposure, annoyance and physiological damage can occur at much lower noise levels.
3.10.2 Ambient Noise Standards

Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) has notified the noise standards vide gazette notification dated February 14, 2000 for different zones under the Environment Protection Act (1986). These standards are given in Table 3.34. Table 3.34: Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise
Area Code A B C D Category of Area Industrial Area Commercial Area Residential Area Silence Zone Noise dB(A) Leq Daytime* Nighttime* 75 70 65 55 55 45 50 40
Note: 1. Daytime is from 6.00am to 10.00pm and Nighttime is from 10.00pm to 6.00a m. 2. Silence zone is defined as area up to 100 meters around premises of hospitals, educational institutions and courts. Use of vehicle horns, loud speakers and bursting of crackers are banned in these zones
3.10.3 Sampling Locations A preliminary reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. The noise survey was conducted during the month of September 2008 to November 2008 to assess the background noise levels in different zones. viz. industrial, commercial, residential and silence zones as per the Gazzette Notification (S.O. 123(E)) of MoEF dated February 14, 2000 on ambient air quality standards in respect of noise. Sampling locations for noise are confined to the residential area. 10 sampling locations were selected for the sampling of noise. The sampling locations are shown in Figure 3.14 and also given in Table 3.35.
Table 3.35 Noise Level Monitoring Stations in the Study Area

Station Code Station Name Location w.r.t.Site Distance Direction (k.m.) 4.5 N 4.0 2.5 4.0 2.5 5.5 3.5 7.5 4.5 7.5 S E W NE SE SW NW NE NW Description
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10
Dwarka Sec.-18 Palam Vihar Bijwassan Kanganhari Pochanpuri Dundanhera Raghupur Khiria Shabad Muhamidpur Goela Khurd
Commercial Area (near market) Residential Area Industrial Area Residential Area Residential Area Residential Area Sensitive Area (near school) Residential Area Residential Area Residential Area
3.10.4 Results and Discussion The noise data compiled on noise levels is given in Table 3.36 and 3.37 for post monsoon season. It can be seen that the hourly noise levels range between 43.2 and 67.9 dB (A) during daytime and 33.9 to 50.6 dB (A) during nighttime.
Table 3.36: Hourly Leq Noise Level in the Study Area (Post Monsoon) during Daytime
Time 06 -07 07 -08 08 -09 09-10 10 -11 11-12 12-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 N1 62 58.4 57.2 56.9 56.7 56 55.9 55.6 54.9 54.7 53.1 50.8 48.7 46.7 45.7 44.8 N2 55.3 54.8 52.7 52.6 52.6 50.8 50.4 50.3 50.3 50.1 49.6 49.4 48.2 47.6 46.8 45.6 N3 67.9 67.8 67.6 66.4 65.5 65.2 64.7 64.7 64.5 62.8 61.9 60.5 60.2 58.4 57.9 56.5 N4 53.4 51.6 51.4 51.2 50.7 50.6 50.2 49.6 49.6 49.5 47.8 47.6 46.7 46.7 46.2 46.1 N5 53.4 52.6 51.6 51.2 50.2 50.1 49.7 49.5 49.3 49.1 48.7 48.6 48.6 45.7 44.5 43.8 N6 57.8 56.3 56.1 55.4 55.2 55.1 54.2 54.1 53.4 52.8 52.3 51.2 49.8 49.6 48.2 47.8 N7 52.4 51.1 50.8 50.1 49.6 48.6 48.4 47.9 47.8 47.3 46.8 46.8 46.5 46.2 46 45.7 N8 54.2 53.8 53.2 52.4 52.1 51.4 50.8 50.6 50.4 49.8 49.6 48.7 48.7 48.6 45.4 43.2 N9 54.5 54.1 53.5 52.7 52.4 52.4 51.8 51.7 51.3 51.2 50.8 49.9 49.3 49.1 48.9 47.5 N10 54.2 53.8 53.2 52.2 52.1 52.1 51.5 51.3 51.1 50.8 50.3 49.6 48.9 48.7 48.6 47.1
Table 3.37: Hourly Leq Noise Level in the Study Area (Post Monsoon) during Nightime
Time 10-11 11-12 12-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 N1 43.1 42.3 42.3 40.8 40.5 40.1 38.6 33.9 N2 45.2 44.7 44.6 42.5 41.2 40.8 40.3 40.3 N3 50.6 50.4 49.9 48.2 47.5 47.2 42.8 41.9 N4 44.9 44.2 43.6 42.5 41.8 39.7 39.1 38.4 N5 41.2 40.6 40.3 39.4 39.4 39.4 38.7 38.4 N6 46.9 46.8 45.2 44.6 43.6 41.2 41.2 40.6 N7 44.2 44.2 43.7 42.8 42.3 41.8 41.3 38.9 N8 43.2 42.3 42.1 40.1 40.1 39.4 38.7 38.4 N9 46.8 45.8 45.2 44.6 44.2 43.7 43.2 42.5 N10 46.3 45.2 44.8 44.3 43.8 43.2 42.9 42.1
Average Max Min Leq
49.15 62 33.9 56.4
47.78 55.3 40.3 52.7
57.96 67.9 41.9 67.6
46.80 53.4 38.4 50.0
46.00 53.4 38.4 51.5
49.98 57.8 40.6 55.0
46.30 52.4 38.9 48.2
46.97 54.2 38.4 52.2
49.05 54.5 42.5 51.7
48.67 54.2 42.1 51.5
2838'30" 7655'29"
7657'30"
770'
772'30''
775'
Jainpur Lakshmi Vihar Shiv Enclave Block A Mungashpur

Ghasipura Dairy Colony Mohan Garden Jhuggi Jhonpri colony Salatpur Niwada Majra Khadar JANAKPURI Dayalsar Colony
2837'30"
2838'30" 777'29"
2837'30"
Najafgarh Park
Nangli Sakrawar
Raghubir EnclaveMasudabad
Gopalnagar Vijay Park Drain Chetan Vihar N A J A F G A R H Krishan Vihar Gopal Park Dindarpur Roshan Vihar Shyam Vihar Betajsta Enclave Shyam Durga Vihar Khairia Enclave N10 Paprawat Goela Khurd
2835'
Kharkhari Kharkhari Nahar Jatmal
N8
Bhagwati Garden Anupnagar Gulabi Park Sahyog Vihar DWARKA Madhu Vihar Bindapur Bharat Vihar Dabri Matyala Kakraula Sagarpur Sector 4 Mahavir Enclave Sector 14 Sector 2 Nasirpur Sectorn5a Nala d Ga Sector 13 Sector 12 Manglapuri D W A R K A Sadhnagar ala Sector 11 Sector 17 da N Ga n Palam Sector 6 Purannagar Palam R S Sector 7 Najaf Sector 18 garh Sector 5 Drain
N1
Tajpur Khurd Qutab Vihar
Rajnagar Ambar Hai Sector 9 Sector 8 Palam R S Sector 20 Sector 21 Sector 23 Sector 22 Bagrola
2835'
Premnagar Pindwala Kalan

Kharkhari Raund Hasanpur
N5
Pohanpuri PF
Indira Gandhi International Airport Mehramnagar
Reola Khanpur
Chhawla
Daulatpur
Kanganheri
Cremation Ground
No rth ern
Cremation Ground
N4
Chhawla Camp
Dhul Siras
Ra ilw ay
Pindwala Khurd
Proposed Site
Bamnauli Isapur Khera
N9
10KM
Nangal Dairy Nangal Dewat
Shahabad Muhamidpur
Bharthal
2832'30"
N3
BIJWASAN Samalka
Rangpuri 2832'30"
8 NH
Gummanhera
Jainpur
Cremation Ground
Cremation Ground
Badosra Raghopur
Bajghera
N7 N6 N2
Palam Vihar Chaumuha
Kapashera
Rajokri PF
Dense Babul
Cremation Ground
Jhatikra
ain Dr
.8 No
r ga jaf Na
rain hD
Cremation Ground Babupur

Muhammadheri
DundaheraUD Mulahera Daulat Nasirabad Overhead Tank
2830'
Panwala Khusropur Alawardi Sarai
YO G
Rajokri
VI HA R
2830'
Daulatabad Kherki Majra Dhankot

Ra ilw ay
Tikampur
Bhumgarh GURGAON RS Gurgaon Masani GURGAON
Overhead Tank
Sirhaul
Overhead Tank
No rth ern
GURGAON
Sikandarpur Ghos Chakarpur Overhead Tank
Dhanwanpur Madanpuri Basai

2827'30" 7655'29" LEGEND National Highway Road Drain/distrubutary Trailway District Boundary Noise Monitoiring Locations 7657'30" 770'
Chandarnagar

772'30'' 775' 2827'30" 777'29"
Figure 3.14: Noise Level Monitoring station
3.11 DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC Information about demographic and socio-economic profile was collected from the District Census data, Town Directory and Census Report 2001 (Delhi and Gurgoan). The census data available for different blocks, talukas and towns have been analyzed with respect to demographic profile, community structure, educational facilities, occupational structure and infrastructure facilities. Towns and villages with their major portions falling within the study area have been considered fully in the study, whereas those with their minor portions within the study area have not been considered from the study.
3.11.1 Demographic Profile of the Study Area Based on 2001 Census Data of Population Socio-economic profile of the project has been compiled from latest census data (Primary Census Abstract, 2001). Only Southwest district of Delhi and Gurgoan district of Haryana have taken into account in this chapter for detailed socio-economic analysis where Tehsil has been taken as the minimum administrative unit. Administrative Set-up
The administrative set-up of the project will cover three Tehsil of South-West district of Delhi and one Tehsil of Gurgoan district of Haryana . Details of project affected area is given below
Sl.No. 1
District Delhi
2 Population
Gurgoan
Tehsil Najafgarh Delhi Cantonment. Vasant Vihar Gurgoan
There are 68 villages and some urban areas falling under the study area, i.e., within the radius of 10 km from the project site. Out of these, 19 villages are in Gurgoan tehsil of Gurgoan district and 49 in Najafgarh tehsil of South-West district. As per census 2001, the total population of the study area was 2167442. The population of 19 villages falling under Gurgoan tehsil was 83120, and that of 49 villages under Najafgarh tehsil was 30447. out of2167442 persons 113567 is rural population and 2053875 is urban population. The total population of Gurgoan district is 1660289 and total population Southwest district of Delhi is 1755041, indicating thereby that 24% of Gurgoan population and all the population of Southwest district of Delhi fall within the study area.
The no. of households in the study area is 430873. The average family size in the study area is approximately 5 persons per house. Social structure In 2001, schedule caste and schedule tribe population within the study area was 13.52% and 0.00%, respectively, of the total population.
SL NO. 1 2 3 4 5 Particulars Population Male Population Female Population Schedule Caste Schedule Tribe Total Numbers Percentage
2167442
1182777 984665 289015 0 54 46 13.52 0
Source- Census-2001
Literacy The literacy rate in the study area is better in comparison to national average. In 2001, the number of literate persons is 1383014 and the overall literacy rate in the study area was 63.80% in which 64.80%(896089) male are literate and 35.20%(486925) female are literate.
3.11.2 Socio-economic Profile of the Study Area Based on 2001Census Record A. Occupational structure The occupational structure of the population in the study area has been studied with reference to main workers, marginal workers and non-workers.
B. Marginal Workers
The marginal workers are those workers who are engaged in some work for a period less than six months during the reference year prior to the census survey. C. Non-Workers The non-workers include those engaged in unpaid household duties, students, retired persons, dependants, beggars etc. Occupational structure of the Study Area based on 2001 census data is given below.
Sl No. 1
Particulars Main Worker Cultivators Agricultural labours Household industries Other workers
Total Numbers 673203 12546 2445 13987 644225
Percentage (Population) 30 1.86 0.36 2.03 95.69
2 3
Marginal Worker Non Worker
39559 1364743
1.72 68
Census Report-2001 The occupational structure of the study area is presented in Figure- 3.15.
Occupational Structure
30 Main Worker Marginal Worker 1.72 68 Non Worker
. Figure 3.15: The Occupational Structure of the Study Area
3.11.3 Availability of Infrastructure Facilities & Amenities A review of infrastructure facilities available in the study area has been done on the basis of the information given in Village directory and Town Directory 2001, Delhi and Gurgoan. The study area has a good level of infrastructure facilities and amenities like education, health, drinking water, electrification, and transport and communication network. Educational Facilities The study area has one University. Some villages have schools at primary, middle, and matriculation levels. But there are some villages, which have no such of facilities. All towns of the affected area have school at primary, middle and matriculation level (Census and town directory-2001) Medical Facilities The medical facilities within the study area are given below. Two medical college situated within 20 Km of study area and 5790 hospital beds are available within the study area (Town Directory Delhi and Gurgoan-2001) Besides that the following hospitals attached with medical colleges run by government are located within NCT of Delhi: ( Census and Town Directory-2001) All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Lok Nayak Jaiprakash Hospital. Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital Shrimati Sucheta Kripalani Hospital Shrimati Kalawati Hospital. Other hospitals of national importance located within Delhi are as follows: Safdar Jung Hospital Rammanohar Lohia Hospital Deen Dayal Hospital Ganga Ram Hospital Moolchand Hospital Batra Hospital Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
There are many other hospitals specializing in different branches of Medical Science. There are numerous smaller hospitals and clinics maintained and operated under government and private sectors. Power Supply All the villages and towns both in Delhi and Gurgoan district within study area having available electricity facilities ( Town Directory-2001) Post and Telegraph Telephonic facilities are available in all villages and town of the study area . All the towns and some villages in the study area are having post office. (Village directory-2001) Transport and Communication
Communication and transportation facilities are good within study area.Bijwasan Railway station is situated 4 km south of the project site. Project site is well connected with Bijwasan-Najafgarh road. Indira Gandhi International Airport is situated within 8 Km of project site
3.11.4 Conclusion The urban area falling under the radius of study area has all the necessary civic and other amenities, however the villages have inadequate civic and other amenities.
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4.0 IMPACTS Prediction of impacts is the most important step of environmental impact assessment. Predictions are superimposed over baseline environmental status to derive ultimate environmental scenario. The impact of the proposed gas based power plant under construction and operation have been considered and discussed in this chapter. Both beneficial (positive) and adverse (negative) impacts on various components of environment due to proposed power plant are identified, based on the nature of the various activities associated with construction and operation of the gas-based power plants. 4.1 LAND ENVIRONMENT
4.1.1 Sources of Impact In general, one or more of the following activities impart adverse impact on land environment. Handling of solid raw materials, where from fugitive solid may deteriorate the soil characteristics Handling and disposal of solid wastes, which may deteriorate soil characteristics and change the physical features and drainage, etc. Disposal of liquid wastes on land thereby deteriorating soil quality Disposal of miscellaneous used/ damaged materials and garbage may have negative impact on aesthetic value. Extraction of land fills material, thereby changing the drainage pattern. An analysis of the project proposal for the above-mentioned causes of impact is as follows: Natural gas will be used as fuel for operating the proposed power project. Use of solid raw material is limited to water treatment chemicals. Generation of solid waste is limited to sludge collected in the centrifuges associated with the clarifier in the water pretreatment and the effluent treatment plants. The sludge will be taken to the solid disposal area, where it will be mixed with compost and shall be used as fertilizer for further use. Liquid waste will be collected in sumps, pumped to the ETP and treated effluent will be discharged through nearby nallah into downstream of Najafgarh drain. The process does not involve handling of materials resulting into generation of garbage.
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4.1.2 Prediction of Impacts The impacts of the proposed facilities during construction and operation phase are as follows: The landfill and excavation activities during construction phase will be limited within 20 Hectares of land possessed by PPCL. Thus, there is no impact on topography. During construction phase some construction waste material will be generated. However, it will be used for landfill and will have no impact on the land environment. As natural gas shall be used as main fuel, which will be handled through pipelines, no impact on land environment is envisaged during raw material handling. No hazardous or toxic solid waste will be generated. Sludge from water pretreatment and clarifier contains normal constituents of water mixed with calcium hydroxide sludge. The disposal of sludge through dumper trucks at a specified location has been envisaged As the plant will be located within boundary walls, no impact due to change in land use is envisaged. 4.2 AIR QUALITY
4.2.1 Impacts During Construction Phase The particulate matter will be the main pollutant due to the excavations, handling and transport of earth and construction material etc. at site. The other pollutants will be NOx due to the construction activities like operation of construction equipment and traffic movement. Since the construction activities is a temporary activity and hence the increase in particulate matter and NOx will be for short duration and its impact will be felt close to the construction site only. Outside the boundary of project activities, the Impacts would be marginal or insignificant. 4.2.2 Impacts During Operation Phase Since the proposed power plant is gas based and natural gas will be used as fuel for proposed activity, the generation of gaseous pollutants will be less. The suspended particulate matter and sulphur di-oxide will not be emitted from CCPP. The main undesirable product of combustion from gas-based power plants is NOx, which is of primary concern as the other pollutants will be traces. Hence only the impact of NOx is assessed for the proposed plant, Air Dispersion Mathematical Model was run for the pollutant, oxides of Nitrogen (NOx).
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The air dispersion model used is Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3), Version 02035 developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), released on 02/04/2002 and recommended by Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF). For the modeling purpose NOx is considered for the POINT source emission. The details of stack and emissions for the proposed thermal power project are presented in Table4.1. Table 4.1: Stack and Emission Characteristics for Pragati-II Combined Cycle Power Project (Considered maximum capacity of 800 MW)
Parameter Stack Height No. of Stack Stack Diameter Flue Gas Exit Velocity Flue Gas Exit Temperature Mass flow rate for each stack Emission rate NOx at 50ppm. Unit Meter No. Meter m/sec K Kg/ Sec g/sec 70 2 6.5 20 373 648 32.4
4.2.3 Emission Standards Oxides of Nitrogen NOx emission limits for naphtha or gas based GT power plants for new units are as follows :
Total Generation Capacity of GT 400 MW or more 100 MW and more but less than 400 MW Less than 100 MW All plants burning gas in conventional boilers Fuel Natural Gas Naptha Natural Gas Naptha Natural Gas Naphtha Gas 50 100 75 100 100 100 100 Emission Limit, ppm ( v/v)
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4.2.4 Meteorological Data The hourly micro-meteorological data were recorded near the site for 13 Weeks (September, 2008 to November, 2008) using a microprocessor based automatic weather monitoring system (WM251). These site-specific hourly meteorological data like wind direction, wind speed, ambient temperatures have been used for dispersion modeling. 4.2.5 Application of ISCT3 Model The impact of stack emission on the ground level concentration (GLC) of NOx in the ambient air has been predicted through Industrial Source Complex Short Term Model (Version 02035). Mixing Depth The site-specific mixing depth data are not available. Therefore, in the present study the hourly daytime mixing depth has been derived on the basis of the data presented in a CPCB publication Spatial Distribution of Hourly Mixing Depth over Indian Region. The post-monsoon season data has been used. The hourly mixing depth considered for the dispersion modeling is presented in Table 4.2. Table 4.2: Mixing Depth Considered for Dispersion Modeling (Post-Monsoon)
Time Period, Hr. 20:00 - 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 Mixing Depth (m) 0 50 100 200 300 800 1000 1500 1500 1500 1500 1200 600 600
4.2.5.1
Presentation of Results
For the short-term stimulations, the concentrations were estimated around 324 receptors to obtain an optimum description of variations in concentrations over the site in 625 sq. km. covering 16 directions for the monitoring period. For each time scale, i.e. for 24 hours (short term) the model computes the 50 highest concentrations observed during the period over all measurement
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points. The first 10 maximum 24 hourly concentrations predicted for NOx for post monsoon season are presented in Table-4.3 The 24 hours, maximum predicted ground level concentrations (GLCs) for NOx is 46.19 g/m3 respectively and these were observed in the SWS direction at distance of 1 km. Table 4.3: First 10 Maximum 24 Hourly Short Term Incremental Concentration (post monsoon) Rank Concentration Distance (Km) ( g/m3 ) NOx 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 7.19 6.84 6.78 6.25 6.16 5.24 5.21 4.47 4.44 4.28 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 SWS SWS S WNW W SW SSW SSW SWW SSW Direction
4.2.5.2
Resultant Concentrations after Commissioning of the Project
The resultant concentration after super imposing the predicted values on the maximum baseline concentrations predicts the commissioning of the proposed power plant on the GLC of NOx recorded during the study period irrespective to the direction and distance of the monitoring location. The cumulative ground level concentrations (baseline + increment) after commissioning of the proposed project are presented in Table - 4.4. The ground level concentration predicted at the current ambient air quality monitoring stations, is presented in Table 4.5 The estimated cumulative GLCs for NOx after commissioning of the thermal power project are found to be within the ambient air quality standards prescribed by DPCB for industrial areas.
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Table 4.4: Resultant Maximum Ground Level Concentration after Commissioning of the Project at 50ppm concentration
Pollutant Maximum AAQ Concentration recorded during study period ( g/m3) 39 Maximum Incremental Concentration due to the Proposed Power Project ( g/m3) 7.19 Resultant Concentration ( g/m3)
NOx
46.19
Table 4.5: Resultant Maximum Ground Level Concentration after Commissioning of the Project at the Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Maximum AAQ Concentration recorded during study period ( g/m3) NOX 30 39 30 33 Maximum Incremental Concentration due to the Proposed Power Project ( g/m3) NOX 3.76 1.95 4.15 4.34 Resultant Concentration ( g/m3) NOX 33.76 40.95 34.15 37.34
Station
Bijwasan Chawla Tajpur khurd Palam vihar
Judging by the results, it can be concluded that the NOx generated shall be within the limits prescribed by DPCB. As natural gas shall be used as fuel, the flue gases shall contain minimal amount of particulate matter, therefore the impact due to emission of these particles will be insignificant. The flue gases shall also be free from SO2. For effective dispersion of the NOx as well as other pollutants, two stacks of 70 meters height are proposed. 4.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT 4.3.1 Impacts During Construction Phase The requirement of water for Construction purpose will be met through borewells/ treated sewage from Dwarka Sewage Treatment Plant. 4.3.2 Impacts During Operation Phase The requirement of water for Operation purpose will be met through Dwarka STP after appropriate treatment and water for potable purpose from Delhi Jal Board. The quantity of makeup water required for the plant is around 2000 m3/hr. Thus there is no negative impact on water resources in the study area. The principle sources of wastewater from proposed power plant combined cycle processes are:
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Boiler blow down Floor washing Sanitary wastewater from toilet and canteen waste water etc. Cooling tower blow down
Wastewater generated from above mentioned units would be treated in the respective local treatment system and recycled. Wastewater from boiler blow down will be collected and sent to Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) for monitoring. Closed cycle cooling system will be adopted for cooling tower. Oily waste will be treated using oil separators and then led to CMB. Sanitary waste will be treated in proposed sewage treatment plant. The effluent generated in the plant will be collected in lined RCC tanks and pumped to the effluent treatment plant through pipes. Thus, no impact on ground water system due to seepage of contaminated effluents into the aquifer is envisaged. During dry months, part of the treated effluent will be utilized for irrigation of green belt and afforested area within the premises. Waste water generation in m3/hr from the proposed facilities is given below:Process Cooling tower blow down Power cycle Blow down DM plant wastewater RO wastewater Qty of Waste Water (m3/hr.) 800 15 5 10 830
Final effluent stream discharge from CMB
Solid waste from ETP would be disposed off using dumper trucks. Plant effluents shall be disposed from Central Monitoring Basin to the final disposal point through MS pipe. The characteristics of various water and wastewater streams, computed from the process parameters, are presented in table 4.6. Table 4.6: Characteristics of Water & Waste Water Streams
(All values, except flow and pH, are expressed as mg/l) Characteristics of Stream No. Sl. No. Parameters Process Cooling Source water water after Tower Characteristi Lime Blow cs softening Down 2000 7.3 1745 7.8 800 7.6 Boiler Blow down 15 9.3 Final Effluent stream Discharge from CMB 830 7.7
1 2
Flow rate m3/hr pH
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Draft Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL Conductivity, 2205.7 umhos /cm Temperature 22 DO 0.6 TSS, mg/l 41 1425 TDS, mg/l Alkalinity as 477 CaCO3, mg/l BOD, mg/l 39 COD, mg/l 113.7 NO3, mg/l PO4, mg/l Cl, mg/l SO4, mg/l Na, mg/l K, mg/l Ca, as Ca mg/l Mg,as Mg mg/l Silica, mg/l O & G, mg/l Phenolic Compound, mg/l As, mg/l Hg, mg/l Pb, mg/l Cd, mg/l Cr , mg/l Total Chromium, mg/l Cu, mg/l Zn, mg/l Se, mg/l Fe, mg/l
+6
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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1900 36 0.8 18 1132 265 12 86 0.87 14.30 27 6.8 286 29 162 12 0.02 1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 BDL 0.40
3892 40 0.8 128 2169 542 12 186 8 8 468 18 492 76 310 27 0.05 2 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1 BDL 0.5
52 60 0.4 45 39 BDL BDL BDL BDL 9 BDL BDL 13 1 BDL BDL 0.04 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
3860 23 0.8 62.1 2260 481 12.0 182 8 52 8 18 492 72 284 2 0.05 2 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.1 BDL 0.5
0.87 14.34 27 6.7 268 29 305 162 0.05 2.3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 BDL 0.40
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4.3.3 Prediction of Impacts 4.3.3.1 Compliance with standards Wastewater generated would be treated in the respective local treatment system and recycled. Wastewater from boiler blow down will be collected and sent to Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) for monitoring. Closed cycle cooling system will be adopted for cooling tower. Oily waste will be treated using oil separators and then led to CMB. The effluent generated in the plant will be collected in lined RCC tanks and pumped to the effluent treatment plant through pipes. Thus, no impact on ground water system due to seepage of contaminated effluents into the aquifer is envisaged. During dry months, part of the treated effluent will be utilized for irrigation of green belt and afforested area within the premises. The concentration of toxic substances in the treated wastewater will be well within the limits specified standards for Discharge of Effluents by the CPCB. Cyanides, arsenic, chromium, total chromium or other heavy metals will be below detection limit. Total suspended solid, pH will be maintained at levels well within the specified range. Concentration of oil and grease, Oil & grease, Copper (total), Iron (total) Zinc, Chromium (total), Phosphate will also within the specified limit. 4.3.3.2 Impacts due to water withdrawal
Raw water requirements of the plants will be met through treated sewage. As fresh water sources will not be tapped, therefore, there will be no impact on ground water and fresh water system. Table 4.7: Final discharge of effluents
SL No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Parameters Liquid Waste Discharge Limit 6.5-8.5 100 20.0 1.0 1.0 Concentration, mg/l Proposed 7.7 62.1 2 0.1 0.5
PH Suspended solids Oil & Grease Zinc Iron ( Total)
Characteristics of Effluents will be within the prescribed limits of MoEF, DPCC.
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4.4
NOISE ENVIRONMENT
4.4.1 Impact during Construction Phase The major noise generating sources during the construction phase are construction equipment like, dozer, trucks, scrappers, concrete mixers, cranes, generators, pumps, compressors, rock drills, pneumatic tools, vibrators etc. The operation of these equipment will generate noise ranging between 75 90 dB (A). The predicted noise level due to operation of such equipment at a distance of 0.5km from the source is 40.2 dB(A). The hourly Leq level recorded during field studied at a distance of 0.5 km ranges between 38.4 and 67.9 dB (A) during daytime and 38.4 to 49.9 dB (A) during nighttime., due to masking effect, no increase in the ambient noise levels during construction phase is envisaged. 4.4.2 Impact during Operational Phase
4.4.2.1 Noise Sources The main noise generating sources in power plant are Gas Turbine, steam turbine, Boiler feed pumps, Air compressors, Cooling towers, CW pumps. Intermittent noise is generated due to operation of diesel generator 4.4.2.2 Impact on Noise Level
Any industrial complex in general consists of several sources of noise in clusters or single. This clusters/single source may be housed in buildings of different dimensions made of different materials or installed in open or under sheds. The material of construction implies different attenuation co-efficient. In order to predict ambient noise levels due to the proposed power plant the noise modeling has been done. For computing the noise levels at various distances with respect to the plant site, noise levels are predicted by a userfriendly model the details of which are elaborated below. 4.4.2.3 Model for Sound Wave Propagation During Operation For an approximate estimation of dispersion of noise in the ambient air from the point source, a standard mathematical model for sound wave propagation is used. The noise generated by equipment decrease with increase distance from the source due to wave divergence. An additional decrease in sound pressure level with distance from the source is expected due to atmospheric effect or its interaction with objects in the transmission path. For hemispherical sound wave propagation through homogenous loss free medium, one can estimate noise levels at various locations, due to different sources using model based on first principles, as per the following equation:
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Lp2=Lp1- 20Log(r2 / r1) AE AM Where,
(1)
Sound Lp2 and L p1 are the Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) at points located at a distances of r2 and r1 from the source. AE & AM are attenuations due to Environmental conditions (E) and Machine correction (M). The combined effect of all the sources can be determined at various locations by the following equation. Lp(total)= 10Log (10 (Lpa)/10 + 10(Lpa)/10 + 10 (Lpa)/10 +. . .) (2)
Where Lpa, Lpb, Lpc are noise pressure levels at a point due to different sources. 4.4.2.3 Machine Correction (AM)
The background noise level, when the machine is not in operation should be determined at one or more locations while conducting the test. The readings at each location, with the machine in operation should exceed the background levels by at least 10 dB in each pressure level of interest. If the difference is less than 10 dB, correction should be applied. If the difference between the measured sound and the background sound in any sound pressure level is less than 3 dB a valid measurement of the machine cannot be made. In order to reduce background noise to acceptable levels, it may be necessary to acoustically treat the equipment. 4.4.2.4 Environmental Correction (AE)
The equivalent sound pressure level can be calculated from the measured sound pressure level (Leq measured) averaged over the measurement surface area S and from corrections K1 and K2 and is given by ; (Leq measured) = (Leq measured) - K1 - K2 Where, K1 = Factor for the background noise correction. The correction was not applied in this modeling exercise, as it was not possible to measure the background noise levels by putting off machines. Hence it was considered as zero. Environmental correction (3)
K2 =
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4.4.2.5
Model Details
Based on the above equation user-friendly model has been developed. The details of the model are as follows: 1. Maximum number of sources is limited to 200; 2. Predicted Noise levels at any distance specified from the source; 3. Model is designed to take topography or flat terrain; 4. Co-ordinates of the sources in meters; 5. Maximum and Minimum levels are calculated by the model; 6. Output of the model in the form of isopleths; and 7. Environmental attenuation factors and machine corrections have not been incorporated in the model but corrections are made for the measured L eq levels. 4.4.2.6 Input for the model
The noise level for various equipments are given in Table 4.8 the values mentioned are at 1 m distance from the source. Table 4.8: Likely Noise Levels In Pragati CCPP II
Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 Source Name Diesel generator* Cooling Water Pump Boiler feed Pump Cooling Tower Noise Level (dBA) 75 90 90 85
Note: *After acoustic enclosure 4.4.2.7 Presentation of Results Ambient Noise Levels The ambient noise levels have been predicted with design value for Pragati II CCPP. The predicted noise levels at the boundary of the plant in different directions are given in Table 4.9. There will not be any significant impact on the adjacent area due to masking effect.
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Table 4.9: Predicted Noise Levels

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Distance (m) 100 200 300 400 500 750 1000 1500 2000 Noise level dB (A) 60.2 52.4 48.3 45.1 40.2 35.6 30.8 23.9 20.0
Industrial Noise Standards The OSHA has recommended permissible noise exposure limit for Industrial worker which is based on 90 dB (A) for 8 hours exposure a day with 5 dB (A) trading rates. The limits are given in Table 4.10. Table 4.10: Permissible Exposure Noise Limits
Total time of exposure per day in hours 8 6 4 3 2 1 1/4 Noise level in dB(A) 90 92 95 97 100 105 110 115
Work Zone Noise Levels The protective measures need to be provided to the operators and workers working near the high noise generating machinery. As per Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards, the maximum allowable noise level for the workers is 90 dB (A) for 8 hours exposure a day. Therefore, adequate protective measures in the form of ear muffs/ear plugs to the workers working in high noise areas need to be provided. In addition reduction in noise levels in the high noise machinery areas could be achieved by adoption of suitable preventive measures such as use of enclosures with suitable absorption material, etc. Further, in addition to the plant noise control measures, adequate green belt will be provided to diffuse the noise.
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4.5
ECOLOGY
4.5.1 Terrestrial Ecology The impact of proposed plants on vegetation in the study area may occur through following ways: 4.5.1.1 Impact during Construction Phase As the study area is devoid of natural forests, the overall impacts on terrestrial ecosystem (e.g. loss of flora and fauna) will be negligible. The site and area around the site will experience some increase in pollution of SPM. Deposition of fugitive dust on pubescent leaves of nearby vegetation may lead to temporary reduction of photosynthesis. Such impacts would, however, be confined mostly to the construction phase and would also be regulated and minimized through adoption of control measures such as paving and surface treatment, water sprinkling. 4.5.1.2 Impact during Operation Phase There is only one major gaseous pollutant NOx. As DLN burners shall be incorporated to reduce the formation of NOx, long-term incremental ground level concentration of NOx in the study area due to plant operation will be very low. Thus, impact of the emissions on terrestrial ecosystems is likely to be insignificant. Thus, no significant changes from present circumstances are envisaged. 4.5.2 Aquatic Ecology
4.5.2.1 Impact during Construction Phase The runoff from construction area will be discharged through a catchments pit, settling pond, thereby reducing suspended solids in stream water runoff and reduction in possibilities of sedimentation at river/water bed. 4.5.2.2 Impacts during Operation Phase Pragati II CCPP will draw any water from Dwarka STP, so there is no impact on natural water body. Further, as the project will have a close cycle cooling system with cooling towers and clarified water as make up to the cooling system, there will be no thermal impact on aquatic ecosystem due to operation of the project. Secondly all the effluent will be treated before discharge into the drain joining Yamuna River. 4.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
4.6.1 Demography The non-workers in the study area constitute about 68 % of the total population, which indicates the availability of sizeable manpower required for the construction activity. Manpower requirement for operating the facilities has been estimated as 480 persons. During the construction phase, the peak labour force requirement is estimated as approximate 1300 persons, who will
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be available from local labour force. Thus, any impact on demographic profile of the area through influx of job seekers is insignificant. Commissioning of power plant will result in considerable growth of service sector and will also generate new industrial and business opportunities in the area. As the power plant and its ancillary facilities would act as an active nucleus for new industries and business activities is likely to increase. As the land has been earmarked for locating the utility as per MOM issued by DDA vide letter No F.1 (62)plg./Dwk./Pt.IV/398, no impact on land use pattern is envisaged. No impact on people from surrounding area through loss of land or shifting of dwelling units is involved. Operation of the proposed power plant will ensure assured supply of power to the tune of 800 MW and will reduce the demand supply gap. Thus, the proposed project will have significant positive impact on the social environment. 4.6.2 Land Use Pattern The proposed facilities will be located within the land, which is under PPCL possession. As the land has been earmarked for locating the facilities, no impact on land use pattern is envisaged. Further, no impact on people from surrounding area through loss of land or shifting of dwelling units is involved. 4.6.3 Transport & Communication Raw water will be drawn through pipeline. Natural gas, the same will be made available through pipeline from fuel supplier. Manpower requirement for operating the facilities is low. Thus, there will not be any impact on transport and communication system. Telephonic communication system is available around the project area. 4.6.4 Social Impacts At present Delhi is facing severe power crisis due to demand and supply gap. This demand and supply gap is expected to increase further. Operation of the proposed power plant will ensure assured supply of power to the tune of 800 MW and will reduce the demand supply gap. This will also reduce the frequency of power cuts. Thus, the proposed project will have significant positive impact on the social environment. 4.6.5 Other Socio-Economic Factors Due to its low employment potential the proposed project will have no impact on other socio economic factors like prices of essential commodity, occupational pattern, health & educational facilities, transport and communication net work etc.
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5.0 5.1 OBJECTIVE
RISK ASSESSMENT
The objective of carrying out Risk Assessment Study for proposed Pragati-II power project is to study the risks involving hazardous materials and their consequences. In this endeavour, the study objectives are outlined here under. RA will include a number of steps: Hazard Identification Release Assessment Exposure Assessment Consequence Assessment Risk Estimation 5.1.1 Hazard Identification and Visualization of MCA Scenarios a) To identify major hazards relating to fire, explosion and toxic release due to failure of pipeline/ containment. b) To visualize the Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) scenarios. c) To assess the consequences of these accidents. d) To study past accident information in order to visualize worst accident situations. 5.1.2 Analysis of MCA Scenarios To analyse and quantify primary and secondary effects and damage potential of identified MCA scenarios with recourse to mathematical and analytical models. 5.1.3 Consequence Analysis To study the nature of exposures and consequences of MCA scenarios and characterization of risk levels on-site and off-site population and environment. The scope of work for the study includes the following aspects: a) Detailed study of engineering information, diagrams, and lay out plans for the plants as well as chlorine storage facility. b) Identification of chemical and process hazards.
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c) Preliminary identification of hazardous section of the plant and storages with resources to Fire-Explosion and Toxicity Index (FETI). d) Past accident data analysis to identify possible worst accident scenarios. e) Visualization of Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) scenarios. f) Analysis of identified MCA scenarios and quantification of primary and secondary effects with recourse to mathematical models pertaining to cases of: i. ii. iii. Toxic Dispersions Heat Radiations Vapour Cloud Explosion
g) Determination of damage criteria for heat radiation, pressure wave and toxic concentration levels with respect to health criteria, dose-response relations and vulnerability models. h) Study of on-site and off-site population characteristics. i) Characterization of risk analysis through study of nature of exposures, pathways and consequences of MCA scenarios and presentation of results in terms of damage distances. 5.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
5.2.1 Introduction A classical definition of hazard states that hazard is in fact the characteristic of plant that presents potential for initiating or propagating an unplanned event/sequence of events, which can be termed as an accident. Hazard identification involves knowing how a chemical is likely to behave in process, storage and transport. Identification of hazards in industries is of primary significance in the analysis, quantification and cost effective control of accidents involving chemicals. The type, quantity, location and conditions of release of a toxic or flammable substance have to be identified in order to estimate its damaging effects, the area involved, and the possible precautionary measures required to be taken. In the proposed project, hazard identification during storage and transport are relevant. 5.2.2 Hazard potential The criteria, which could be employed for preliminary evaluation for hazard potential, are: Potential for uncontrolled exothermic reactions. Potential for loss from containment. Potential for possible ignition sources.
MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 5.0 RISK ASSESSMENT
Apart from the chemical and process characteristics of the material, the size and layout of the plant and equipment need specific consideration in order to assess the hazard potential. Similarly, natural calamities such as floods, earthquakes etc. cannot be ignored, in the same way as domino or secondary effects of accidents occurring in the surroundings cannot be totally disregarded. The following two tools have been employed for hazard identification in the study: The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989, as amended to date. Relative ranking technique, viz. Fire Explosion and Toxicity Index (FETI). 5.2.3 Classification of major hazardous substances Hazardous substances may be classified into three main classes: Flammable substances, unstable substances and Toxic substances. Flammable substances require identification with air for their hazard to be realized. Under certain circumstances the vapours arising from flammable substances when mixed with air may be explosive, especially in confined spaces. However, if present in sufficient quantity such clouds may explode in open air also. Unstable substances are liquids or solids, which may decompose with such violence so as to give rise to blast waves. Finally toxic substances are dangerous and cause substantial damage to life when released into the atmosphere. The rating for a large number of chemicals based on flammability, reactivity and toxicity have been given in NFPA codes 49 and 325 M. Protocols for identification of chemical hazards based on various hazardous properties of chemicals that are employed together with their hazardous characteristics are also listed. 5.2.4 Fire, explosion and toxicity index (FETI) approach Amongst the various hazard indices, the Dow chemical Companys Fire and Explosion Index is the most widely used hazard index. This hazard index is commonly known as the Dows Index or F & EI. It is a number, which indicates damage potential due to the fire, and explosion of a particular unit and comparison is based on numerical value that represents the relative level of significance of each hazard. FETI is primarily designed for operation involving storage, handling and processing of flammable, combustible and reactive materials, and involves objective evaluation of the realistic fire, explosion, toxicity and reactivity potential of process and/or storage units. It can also be used for analysing pipeline networks, boiler installations and certain elements of power plants. The quantitative methodology relies on the analysis based on historic loss
data, the energy potential of the chemical under study and the extent to which loss prevention measures are already applied. The various factors involved in the calculation of this index are: Material factor General Process Hazard Special Process Hazard The Material Factor (MF) is a measure of the energy potential of the most hazardous material or mixture of materials present in the unit in sufficient quality to actually present a hazard. The MF is a number in the range from 1 to 40 and is determined using flammability and reactivity properties. The solid cargo proposed to be handled at the terminal has not been classified under hazardous material category. As per the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) the flammable, toxicity and reactivity ratings for NG are given in Table-5.1. Table 5.1: Ranking of Chemical Hazards of NG as per NFPA Classification
Flammability Hazard (Nf)-4 Are those materials which rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature, or which are readily dispersed in air and which will burn readily Are those materials which in themselves are normally stable even under fire exposure conditions, and which are not reactive with water Materials, which on exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury, even if no treatment is given
Reactivity Hazard (Nr)-0
Health Hazard (Nh)-1
5.2.4.1
Fire & Explosion Index (FEI): The FEI value for each chemical is calculated from material factor, general process hazard and special process hazard values. The degree of hazard potential is identified based on the numerical value of FEI as per the criteria given below: FEI Range 0 65 65 95 95 & Above Degree of Hazard Light Moderate Severe
5.2.4.2
Toxicity Index (TI): The toxicity index is primarily based on the index figures for health hazards established by the NFPA in codes NFPA 704, NFPA 49 and NFPA 325m. The
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NFPA figures are translated into a toxicity factor, in accordance to the following criteria:NFPA Index Figure 0 1 2 3 4 Toxicity 0 50 125 250 325
In addition, the toxicity factor has to be corrected for the Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) value of the toxic substance by adding a penalty, which is assigned according to the following criteria: MAC, ppm <5 5 50 > 50 5.2.4.3 Classification of Hazard Categories: By comparing the indices FEI and TI, the unit in question is classified into one of the following three categories established for the purpose. Category FEI TI Light < 65 <6 Moderate 65-95 6-10 Severe >95 >10 Certain basic minimum preventive and recommended for the three hazard categories. 5.2.4.4 Results of FETI: protective measures are Penalty 125 75 50
The various materials handled in the plant and their properties are listed in Table 5.2. The vulnerable storage and process facilities identified within the complex are NG and Chlorine as given at Table-5.2 based on GOI rules, 1989. The vulnerability of various units is listed in Table 5.3. Table 5.2: Properties of Materials Employed
Name of Chemicals Natural Gas Toxicity (TLV) 375 mg/m3 1 ppm (3 mg/m3) Flammability Flammable Reactivity NG does not explode or burn. Reactive to combustible substances (hydrocarbons, alcohol, turpentine, hydrogen, ammonia and finely divided metals)
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Chlorine
Non-flammable
Sulphuric Acid Hydrated Lime
1 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 (dust)
Non-flammable Noncombustible
Incompatible to organic chlorates, carbides, metals etc. Reacts violently with phosphorous, maleic anhydride, nitro-alkanes.
Table 5.3: Vulnerable Units of proposed 800 MW Pragati-II CCPP Project Sl. No. 1. 2. 5.3 Storage & Process Units NG Pipeline Chlorine Tonners Severe or Moderate Hazard Category Based on FEI TI Yes No No Yes
MAXIMUM CREDIBLE ACCIDENT (MCA) ANALYSIS
5.3.1 Introduction Hazardous substances may be released as a result of failures or catastrophe, causing possible damage to the surrounding area. This chapter deals with the question of how the consequences of the released of such substances and the damage to the surrounding area can be determined by means of models. It is intended to give an insight into how the physical effects resulting from the release of hazardous substances can be calculated by means of models and how vulnerability models can be used to translate the physical effects in terms of injuries and damage to exposed population and environment. 5.3.2 Factors Influencing the Use of Physical Effect Model In order to calculate the physical effects of the incidental release of hazardous substances the following steps must be carried out in succession: Determine the form in which the hazardous substance occurs- gas condensed to liquid or as a liquid at equilibrium with vapour. Determine the way in which the release takes place. Determine the outflow volume (as a function of time) of the gas, vapour/liquid in the event of liquid outflow determine the evaporation from the pool of liquid formed. Dispersion of the released gas or the vapour, which has formed into the atmosphere.
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In the case of flammable substances, the heat radiation is calculated for the poor fire and in the event of an explosive gas cloud; the peak over pressure resulting from the explosion is calculated. Visualization of MCA scenarios A Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) can be characterized as an accident with a maximum damage potential, which is believed to be probable. MCA analysis does not include quantification of the probability of occurrence of an accident. Moreover, since it is not possible to indicate exactly a level of probability that is still believed to be credible, the selection of MCA is somewhat arbitrary. In practice, the selection of accident scenarios representative for a MCA-Analysis is done on the basis of engineering judgment and expertise in the field of risk analysis studies, especially accident analysis. As an initial step in this study, a selection has been made for the storage units and activities, which are believed to represent the highest level of risk for the surroundings in terms of damage distances. For this selection the following factors have been taken into account. Type of compound viz. flammable or toxic. Quantity of material present in a unit. Storage conditions such as temperature, pressure, etc. Following steps are employed for visualization of MCA scenarios: Chemical inventory analysis Analysis of past accidents of similar nature to establish credibility to identified scenarios. Short-listing of MCA scenarios. 5.3.4 Chemical Inventory Analysis Storage of identified hazardous substances relevant to MCA is limited to chlorine, which will be stored in toners. The minimum quantities of chlorine storage have been screened based on GOI rules, 1989. The chemical inventory has been short listed and prioritised on the basis of hazard potential assessed by FETI. 5.3.5 Identification of Chemical Release and Accident Scenarios: The effects of the accidental release of a chlorine or natural gas depend upon a large number of factors viz. type and quantity of released material, meteorological conditions, location and presence or otherwise of an ignition
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source. The accident scenarios can be divided into the following categories according to the mode of release, physical effects and the resulting damages: a. Flammable gas release b. Toxic gas release 5.3.6 Past Accident Data Analysis Analysis of past accidents provides a wealth of information and valuable clues in support of possible modes of occurrence of hazards and their effects and consequences. Extensive coverage of past accident information could be obtained from established computerized data banks and literature databases. A close scrutiny of past accident information reveals the mode of accidents are from storage, transportation and process operations. 5.3.7 Short Listing of MCA Scenarios Based on the hazard identification and comparing the nature and occurrence of hazards with that from the past accident information analysis, a final short list of plant storage units have been made. The credible accident scenarios short-listed for all these storage units are: Toxic gas release (chlorine gas) Vapour cloud explosion (NG release due to pipeline failure) 5.3.8 Atmospheric Stability One of the most important characteristics of atmosphere is its stability, which directly influences the ability of atmosphere to disperse pollutants. In most dispersion problems, the relevant atmosphere layer is that nearest to the ground, varying in thickness from several hundred feet to a few thousand meters. Variations in both thermal and mechanical turbulence and in wind velocity are greatest in the layer in contact with the surface. Turbulence induced by buoyant forces in the atmosphere is closely related to the vertical temperature structure. Pasquill has defined six stability classes ranging from A (Extremely unstable) to F (Moderately stable). Surface wind intensity of solar radiation (day time insulation) and nighttime sky cover has been identified as prime factors defining these stability categories. Table-5.4 indicates the various Pasquill stability categories.
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Table 5.4: Pasquill stability Classes

Surface wind speed (m/s) Strong Day Time Insulation Moderate Slight Night-time Insulations Thin overcast or > 4/8 low clouds E E D D D <3/8 cloud
<2 23 35 56 >6
A A-B B C C
A-B C C D D
B C C D C
F F E D D
A Extremely unstable B Moderately unstable C Slightly unstable
D Neutral E Slightly stable F Moderately stable
When the atmosphere is unstable and wind speeds are moderate or high/gusty, rapid dispersion of pollutants will occur. Under these conditions, air concentrations will be moderate or low and the material will be disposed rapidly. When the atmosphere is stable and wind speed is low dispersion of material will be limited or low. 5.3.9 Modes of failure The different modes of failures leading to release of toxic or flammable gases, considered for identifying the MCA scenarios and for analysing their consequences, have been described in Table 5.5. Table 5.5: General mechanism for loss of containment
Sl. No. 1. Loss of Containment Flange/Gasket Leaks Probable Cause Incorrect gasket Incorrect installation Remarks
2.
Weld failure
Incorrect use of design code Incorrect use of design material Incorrect weld procedure
3.
Pipe overstress causing fracture
Error in stress analysis Improper pipe material Inappropriate design code Extremes temp differentials
Pipe stress would most likely cause a flange leak unless there exists a combination of cause
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Draft Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL Sl. No. Loss of Containment Probable Cause Incorrect supports
Remarks
Lack of inspection during erection etc.
4.
Over pressure in the pipe causing fracture
Incorrect setting of RV of BD pressures. Incorrect RV size Relief valve simmering hydrating/icing etc. and
Careful attention needed for Hydrocarbons and free water
5.
Failure of pipe due to corrosion or erosion Leaking valve to atmosphere
CO2/H2O corrosion.
6.
Gland failure Packing failure Sprinkle/plug cork blow out Operators failure etc.
7.
Valve failure
body
Catastrophic valve body / bonnet failure etc.
8.
Instrument/ connection
Bourdon tube failure Level glass failure Blow-out of plugged connection Failure of instrument connection
9.
Over pressure
Inadequate relief Fire impingement
5.3.10 Failure frequency The prediction of failure frequencies is a difficult task. There are theoretical methods like fault tree or event tree, which can be applied to work out a specific failure scenario. A set of typical failure frequency data is presented in Table 5.6.
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Table 5.6: Some Typical Failure Frequency Data

Item Process pressure vessel failure Pressurized storage vessel failure Full bore vessel connection failure (dia in mm) <= 25 mm 40 mm 50 mm 80 mm 100 mm >= 150 mm Full bore process pipeline failure Dia < 50 mm 50 mm >= Dia <= 150 mm Dia >= 150 mm Failure frequency (Per million per year) 3 1 30 10 7.5 5 4 3 0.3* 0.09* 0.03*
Failure frequency expressed in per million meter per years 5.4 DAMAGE / RISK CRITERIA
5.4.1 General Natural gas is highly inflammable and explosive and its release can cause jet fire as well as explosion. Similarly, chlorine gas is highly toxic to exposure, and the scenario may develop due to leakage valve bodies, corroded pipe line, snapping of pipe line etc. In case of partial failure of pressurized pipelines, natural gas will be released in the form of jet and will lead to jet fire when in contact with naked flame or hot material. Explosion may also occur due to release of natural gas through leakage. This will cause damage mainly to property. 5.4.2 Thermal radiation Thermal radiation due to jet flame may cause various degrees of burn on human bodies. Also its effect on inanimate objects like equipment, piping, building and other objects need to be evaluated. The damage effects due to thermal radiation intensity are elaborated in Table-5.7 and Table-5.8. Table 5.7: Damage Due To Incident Thermal Radiation Intensity
Incident Thermal Radiation Intensity, KW/M2 37.5 32.0 Type of Damage
Can cause heavy damage to process equipment, piping, building etc. Maximum flux level for thermally protected tanks.
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12.5 8.0 4.5 1.6 0.7
Minimum energy required for piloted ignition of wood. Maximum heat flux for uninsulated tanks. Sufficient to cause pain to personnel if unable to reach cover within 20 sec. (First Degree Burn). Will cause no discomfort to long exposure. Equivalent to solar radiation.
Table 5.8: Physiological Effects Of Threshold Thermal Doses

Dose Threshold, KJ/M2 375 250 125 65 Effect 3 Degree Burn 2nd Degree Burn 1st Degree Burn Threshold of pain, no reddening/blistering of skin.
rd
1st Degree Burn: Involve only epidermis, blister may occur; example sunburn. nd 2 Degree Burn: Involve whole of epidermis over the area of burn plus some portion of dermis. rd 3 Degree Burn: Involve whole of epidermis and dermis; subcutaneous tissues may also be damaged. 5.4.3 Blast overpressure As mentioned earlier, release of natural gas through leakage may also cause explosion leading to blast over-pressure. Damage effects of explosion overpressure are given in Table 5.9. Table 5.9: Damage Effects Due To Blast Overpressure
Overpressure (Bar)(g) 0.3 0.17 0.10 0.03 0.01 Damage Type Major damage to structure Eardrum rupture Repairable damage Glass breakage Cracking of windows
5.4.4 Toxic exposure Also another damaging effect may occur due to exposure to toxic gas chlorine. The physiological response of human bodies due to exposure to chlorine is started in Table-5.10.
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Table 5.10: Physiological Response to Chlorine Concentration

Concentration equal to Physiological Response or greater than ppm Slight symptom after several hours. Odour detectable Maximum allowable for exposure of 0.5 to 1 hr. Least amount causing immediate irritation to throat. Cause coughing Dangerous in about 30 minutes Lethal concentration for 50% of population after minutes exposure Fatal in 30 min or less Fatal in 10 minutes 30 1.0 3.0 3.5 4 10 15 30 40 60 500 1000 1800 mg/m3 3.0 9.0 10.0 12 30 45 87 116 174 1450 2900 5200
5.5
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
5.5.1 Selected failure cases The mode adopted for consequence analysis is first to select the probable failure scenarios. The selected failure scenarios are indicated in Table-5.11. Table 5.11: List of failure cases
S.N. 1. 2. Failure Scenarios Likely Consequences
50 and 100 mm holes in natural gas Thermal radiation and blast pipelines overpressure Chlorine tonner nozzle failure Toxic Effect
Consequence analysis of selected failure cases have been done to evaluate and identify possible consequences as well as to incorporate suitable measures in the design, construction and operational phases to prevent and mitigate such failure events. 5.5.2 Blast Overpressure due to Formation Holes in NG Pipelines Natural gas shall be supplied to the project through an underground 300 NB pipeline from Fuel supplier. Possibility of failure of such large diameter pipeline is very low. Formation of 50 mm and 100 mm dia holes in the pipeline has been assumed for computation of risk. Due to formation of hole, natural gas shall come out and disperse in downwind direction. In such case, jet fire,
flash fire/explosion may occur. Explosion may occur if the gas comes in contact with ignition sources within the LFL limit. The over pressure distances for discharges through 50 mm and 100 mm holes at different wind velocities and atmospheric stability classes are given in Table 5.12. Table 5.12: Hazard distances to over pressure due to explosion
Stability Class Case I : Hole Dia 50 mm 1. F 3. D 5. D Case II : Hole Dia 100 mm 1. F 3. D 5. D Wind velocity, m/s Hazard distance, m for overpressure of 0.1 bar 0.03 bar 0.01 bar 36 11 6 78 29 22 121 35 21 259 98 74 362 105 64 778 294 224
It is evident that even for a 100 mm dia hole in natural gas line the repairable damage shall occur upto a distance of 78 metres and glass breakage shall be limited to 259 metres. 5.5.3 Chlorine tonner nozzle failure Chlorine cylinders shall be stored in a room provided with chlorine leak detector, alarm and an exhaust fan along with scrubber system to absorb chlorine in case of any leakage. Hence, the system is full proof. However, dispersion modelling has been done assuming leakage of chlorine from outlet nozzle after the isolation valves and an out door release. Following parameters are chosen: Nozzle size 6 mm Chlorine Cylinder contents 900 Kg. Averaging period 3 minutes Rate of release (calculated) 0.042 Kg/sec. Down wind distance for ground level concentration of chlorine of different hazard concentrations due to dispersion at various wind velocities and atmospheric stability conditions are given in Table-5.13. Table 5.13: Hazard distances to chlorine due to chlorine cylinder outlet nozzle failure
Wind Velocity m/s 1 2 Stability Class F F Hazard distances (m) to GLC of chlorine at concentration of 500 ppm 50 ppm 30 ppm 10 ppm 26 126 204 499 23 120 182 409
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3 4
D D
17 10
45 29
56 36
98 61
From the table, it may be concluded that lethal concentration of chlorine of 500 ppm for the worst scenario of wind speed 2 m/sec. and atmospheric stability class of F may extend upto a distance of 23 metres and remain confined near the source only. Vulnerable concentration of 50 ppm can reach upto a distance of 120 metres which may extend battery limit of the plant. However, throat irritation may be perceived at a distance of 409 metres from source.
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Doc. No. CW-EN-9545-C-ER-001 Rev. No.: 1 Issue Date: 06-04-2009 Page No. 1 of 15
6.0 6.1
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY / HAZARDS
6.1.1 Objective Large industries in general and power plants in particular where multifarious activities are involved during operation and maintenance, the men, materials and machines are the basic inputs. Along with the boons, the industrialization has brought several problems like occupational health and safety. The industrial planner, therefore, has to properly plan and take the steps to minimize the impacts of industrialization to ensure appropriate occupational health and safety, including fire. All these activities again may be classified under construction, erection, operation and maintenance. During construction as well as operation phase, workers are subjected to various types of occupational hazards. In most of the cases, injuries are results to unsafe working practices, reluctance to use proper protective clothing and personal protective clothing and personal protective appliances, improper house keeping, improper guarding of machinery, improper working environment, e.g. poor ventilation and lighting, noise etc, and above all lack of awareness of the employees and workers. Occupational health needs attention during construction, erection, operation and maintenance phases. However, the problems likely to be encountered during different phases vary in magnitude and variety. Management of occupational safety / hazards involves three stages: Identification of potential hazards. Quantifying extents of hazards. Controlling the hazards. 6.1.2 Identification of Potential Hazards People at work during construction/operation phase can encounter four basic classes of environmental stresses: i] Chemical : Exposure to fumes, dusts, vapours, liquid etc. : Noise, vibration, heat, light, ionising radiations etc. : Insects, mites, yeasts, hormones, bacteria, viruses etc. : Man-machine interaction e.g. body position in relation to task on machine. Out of the above four, biological stress is less common in power industry.
ii] Physical iii] Biological iv] Ergonomic
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6.1.3 Quantifying Extent of Hazards Measurement of physical and chemical factors and their duration is related to acceptability and likelihood of injury or disease, if hazard is allowed to continue. Considering exposure of workers to chemicals, two broad options may be presented. Zero exposure an ideal approach. Permit certain level of exposure. To achieve zero exposure to all chemicals in work place is not a practical proposition. OSHA has prescribed safe permissible limits of exposure to gases and fumes for various chemicals as TLV, STEL etc. In the proposed plant, workers may be exposed to fumes of acid or contact of the acid and sodium hydroxide solution, which are used in water treatment. They may also get into contact with exposure to chlorine (used in Water Pretreatment Plant and Cooling Tower as Biocide) during accidental leakage only. The ergonomic factor i.e. man machine interrelation is, by far, the most common factor for minor to major injury/accident. Such accidents occur due to: a) Unsafe mechanical or physical condition of the machine or unsafe handling of the machine e.g. Improperly/inadequately guarded machineries particularly moving machineries. Defective machinery (rough, slippery, sharp, inferior). Unsafe dress or apparel (lack of or defective gloves, aprons, shoes, respirators, loose clothing etc.). Improper illumination, improper ventilation, noise etc. Bad housekeeping. b) Unsafe Act Unsafe act is violation of commonly accepted safe procedure, which causes the selected accident. Examples of unsafe acts are Operating without authority, failure to secure or warn. Working at unsafe speeds (too slow, too fast, throwing materials etc.) Making safety devices inoperative (removing, misadjusting, disconnecting). Using unsafe equipment or using equipment unsafely, using hands instead of equipment.
Taking unsafe position or posture (standing or working under suspended loads, lift with back bent). Working on moving equipment e.g. cleaning, adjusting, oiling etc. Failure to use proper personal protective equipment etc. c) Unsafe Person Factors The unsafe person factor is the mental or bodily characteristic, which permits or occasions the selected unsafe acts. Following are the examples of unsafe personal factors Improper attitude (disregard of instructions, failure to understand instructions, nervousness, excitement, etc.). Lack of knowledge or skill (unaware of safe practice, unskilled etc.). Physical or mental defects (defective eye sight or hearing, epilepsy, fatigue, intoxication, weak heart etc.) All the above factors cause various types of injuries, disablement or even death. Common accidents during construction phase are i] Fall from height. ii] Struck by falling, moving, sliding objects. iii] Caught in machine. iv] Fall on same level/slip. v] Contact with electric current, electrocution. vi] Cuts. vii] Crushed feet or toes. viii] Finger crushed by hammer or machine. ix] Loss of eyesight due to contact with weld spark or other foreign material. x] Damage due to radiation etc. Accidents due to ergonomic cause during operational phase are same as those described for construction phase. However, nature of equipment /machine employed during construction/erection and operation are different. 6.1.4 Hazard Control After assessment of nature and quantum of occupational hazards arising from physical, environmental and ergonomic causes, the next step shall be to control such hazards. a) Occupational hazards in operational stage can be controlled by: Taking due care in design, layout, procurement of machines, equipment, spare parts. Adopting safe working procedure for operation and maintenance, and use of proper tools.
MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 6.0 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
Maintaining safe and comfortable working environment and good housekeeping. Ensuring safety awareness among employees by imparting regular training and other safety incentive programmes. Avoidance of human errors by proper supervision. Personal protection. b) Occupational hazards during construction phase can also be controlled in the same manner e.g. Adopting safe working practices for excavation, construction of buildings, foundation of equipment etc. Erection of machinery using cranes forklifts of proper capacity using experienced crane operators under supervision of qualified and experienced supervisors. PPCL want to get this job done by experienced consultants and contractors of proven capability. Maintaining safe working environment and proper housekeeping. Ensuring safety awareness amongst workmen. Proper supervision of jobs by experienced engineers and supervisors for avoidance of human errors. Use of proper personal protective equipment for different jobs e.g. Hand shields and eye goggles for welding. Safety belts for jobs at height. Use of helmets, safety shoes, etc. Adherence to statutory rules and regulations regarding workers safety, electricity connections, etc. Adoption of safety work permit and authorisation for various types of work e.g. hot work, cold work, excavation, use of electricity, radiography permit etc. to avoid any unsafe act. c) Personal Protection This is one of the most important aspects of safety in plants both during construction and operation phases. Personal protective equipment includes protective clothing, shields and respiratory devices. They create a barrier against work place hazards. These protective equipment enable employees to handle hazardous materials and also work in hazardous environment safety for a short duration, if need arises. NIOSH and OSHA have published a list of approved protective equipment and clothing, a few of which are Helmets, Gum boots and safety shoes, Rubber/Plastic gloves, Aprons, Dangry, Eye goggles, Face shields,
Ear plugs, High Temp./ Fire Suits, Safety Belt, Respiratory equipment like gas masks (chlorine), breathing apparatus, etc. The above types of personal protective equipment will be kept in sufficient numbers at suitable places. Construction workers shall use suitable personal protective equipment for conducting all work safely. d) Safety Organisation Managements policy towards maintaining safety is materialised through a well-organised Safety Organisation. The safety department shall be headed by a well trained safety officer who will be assisted by 2-3 safety supervisors. The safety officer and safety supervisors shall ensure safety inside the premises. The jobs of safety department are: To promote safety awareness among officers and employees by Imparting regular training. Installing/displaying safety caution boards and safety posters mentioning Dos & Donts at different vulnerable locations. Arranging safety & housekeeping competition etc. To procure and maintain personal protective equipment in good working condition. Help in issuing safety permits for different jobs. The proposed project will have a safety officer who will carry out the above jobs. Training shall be imparted for Safe working and maintenance practices. Use of proper tools and tackles. Use of personal protective equipment. Handling emergency situation. During construction period the principal contractors shall have a safety officer who will ensure safety of construction workers. He will ensure Use of proper tools & tackles by workers. Use of safe and proper working procedure and practices. Use of personal protective equipment. Proper housekeeping. Observance of statutory rules and regulations. Proper supervision to avoid human errors. Safety Officer shall have close liaison with safety officers of principal contractors for maintenance of safety during construction stage.
Finally, it may be said that all efforts shall be made to avoid accidents during construction as well as operation stage as the management is committed to safety & health of workmen and employees, which is a key word for productivity. 6.1.5 On site Security & Safety Measures The site will have necessary security arrangements to prevent entry of unauthorized personnel and for proper control of hazardous materials on site. To ensure that the local inhabitants are not exposed to these hazards, the site will be secured by boundary wall and manned at entry points. There will be a special emphasis on safe handling of material, and safety in welding and fabrication activities. All the employees as well as contracted labour will be trained in safety aspects related to their job. All the personnel will be provided with safety appliance such as face shields, helmets safety goggles, safety shoes, hand gloves etc. as per the job requirement. 6.1.6 House Keeping Better house keeping can improve the working conditions. The following measures shall be practiced at the proposed power plant. Regular cleaning of shop floors with service water. Keeping all de-dusting systems in perfect working conditions to avoid dust accumulation inside and outside the plant. Avoid dumping of wastes, damaged equipment and items anywhere inside the plant affecting aesthetics and increasing risk of fire and other hazards. Keeping ventilation systems of premises in perfect working condition to avoid ingress of dust inside the pressurized room. Keeping air conditioning plants in perfect running conditions for control/ instrumentation rooms. Regular moistening of roads by spraying water during construction as well as operation and maintenance to avoid dust generation from vehicle movement. Maintaining hygienic conditions in areas like canteens, near drinking water sources and toilets. Maintaining green belt along the plant boundaries to suppress noise, fugitive dust and to improve the aesthetics.
Developing a positive outlook in the employees for improving the working place, both in plant and office or laboratory clean and well maintained.
6.1.7 Safety Awareness among Workers/Employees All workers/employees will be trained and retrained. The training of personnel of safety and fire departments will be comprehensive and exhaustive and safety-training programme for workers shall be conducted periodically a) Safety Training Programme for Employees Training programmes in safety and accident prevention will be organized at all levels of employees with a view to familiarize them with the general safety rules, safety procedures in various operational activities and to update their knowledge in safety and accident prevention, industrial hygiene and emergency equipment. These training programmes will be conducted periodically in a planned manner to refresh their knowledge. A suggested list of training courses is given in Table-6.1 and the names of some of the institutions offering courses on Industrial Safety are furnished in Table-6.2. Table 6.1: Suggested List of Training Courses
1. Fire Fighting 2. Industrial Safety 3. Health & Hygiene General Extinguishing fire with water using fire hydrant support Fire extinguishers, their usage and maintenance Use of fire protective equipment Fire drill Dos and Donts on fire prevention and control Modern concept of industrial safety Human side of industrial safety Hazard detection and analysis Control of hazard Use and maintenance of personnel protective clothing/ equipment Industrial hygiene Training on first aid Casualty evacuation Health hazards from heat, noise and suspended particulate matter
Table 6.2: Institutions Offering Courses on Industrial Safety

Asian Workers Development Institute Sector-6, Rourekela-769 002, Orissa Diploma in Industrial Safety Regional Labour Institute Sarvodaya Nagar Kanpur-208 005 Diploma in Industrial Safety Atul Products Limited Atul-396 020 Diploma in Industrial Safety Courses in Environmental Science & Engineering Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Tech. Powai, Mumbai-400 076 Tel. 5141421 (Extn. 3251) Central Labour Institute Sion, Mumbai-400 022 Diploma in Industrial Safety Garware Institute of Career Education and Development University of Bombay Vidyanagari, Kalina, Santacruz (East) Mumbai-110 098 Gandhi Labour Institute Ahmedabad-380 052 Diploma in Industrial Safety National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Nehru Marg Nagpur-440 020 Gujarat Safety Council Institute of Engineers (India) Building Race Course Circle Vadodara-390 007 Diploma in Industrial Safety Indian Institute of Social Welfare & Business Management Koltaka-700 073 Diploma in Industrial Safety Regional Labour Institute TTTI Post, Tharamani Madras-600 113 Diploma in Industrial Safety Institution of Industrial Safety Professional of India , Bharatiya Bhavan, 17th Road, Khar, Mumbai-400 052 Diploma in Industrial Safety Regional Labour Institute Lake Town, Pattipukur Kolkata-700 089 Diploma in Industrial Safety Industrial Safety and Health Association C/o Dy. Chief Inspector of Factories 3694, Shankar Bhavan Adarsh Nagar, Pune-411 037 Diploma in Industrial Safety
b) Training Methodology Training in industrial safety shall be imparted to all employees. The training shall include the following: i. Preventive measures ii. Protective measures iii. Corrective measures in case of malfunctions Training programme will be conducted using audio-visual aids, practical demonstration, etc. to make it more effective and interesting. These programmes will be supplemented with case studies, group discussions, etc. The course material will be selected as per the requirements and need of each level of employees. c) Mode of Training ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) Lectures Seminar and workshops Mock drills Distribution and practice of safety instructions Safety quiz contests/competitions for individuals as also for groups. Display of the safety posters and safety slogans at convenient and conspicuous places. Explanation of instructions (in Hindi and English) about the possible hazards involved in handling of chemicals and methods to deal with such hazards failing which, possible emergency situations are likely to arise. Developing safety instructions/booklets or manuals for every job and ensuring practice of these instructions by the workers. Making the workers know about the: Physical and health hazards arising from the exposure of handling of substances. Measures taken to ensure safety and control of physical and health hazards. Measures taken by workers to ensure safe handling, loading, unloading, storage and transportation of hazardous substances, Use of personal protective equipments Signs and symptoms likely to be manifested on exposure of the hazardous substances and to whom to report Measures to be taken in case of any spillage or leakage First Aid Training First aid training programmes will be conducted for all employees with the help of qualified medical and para-medical staff. This programme may be conducted in batches. The programme will include basic firstMANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 6.0 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
ix) x)
d)
aid techniques for burn treatment and procedure for artificial respiration. This programme will be repeated periodically to refresh knowledge. e) Public Awareness Programmes Public awareness programmes are necessary for taking timely actions by the neighbouring population/inhabitants in the event of major emergencies, which may affect them. The awareness programmes will be conducted in close coordination with civil authorities and local area f) Safety Circle Safety circles will be constituted in each area of work in order to fully develop the capabilities of the employees in identification of hazards and to improve awareness on occupational health and safety. The circle will normally meet every week for about an hour. To create safety awareness, safety films would be shown to workers and leaflets etc. would be distributed. Some precautionary and remedial measures recommended to prevent fire are: Compartmentalization of cable galleries, use of proper sealing techniques of cable passages and crevices in all directions would help in localizing and identifying the area of occurrence of fire as well as ensure effective automatic and manual fire fighting operations. Safety arrangements for handling the use of hydrogen are to be made. Providing fire stops for cable shafts could check spread of fire in horizontal direction. Reliable and dependable type of fire detection system with proper zoning and interlocks for alarms are effective protection methods. Housekeeping of high standard helps in eliminating the causes of fire. 6.1.8 Accident Reporting Whenever accidents or dangerous events occur, such incidents will be reported as notified in the sections 88 and 88A of Factories Act 1948, amended from time to time and also as per the schedule 6 of the MSIHC Rules, 1989. 6.1.9 Safety Review Check List Checklist is one of the most useful tools for hazard identification. Checklists will be prepared and used to ensure that nothing has been neglected. For checklists to be effective, it must be used and kept up to date.
6.1.10 Medical Facilities First few hours after an accident are very important for the injured persons to avoid fatalities. A well-equipped medical centre takes care of all the eventualities during these hours. Well-equipped medical centre can handle emergency resuscitation and treatment to stabilize the patient before transferring to a referral hospital identified for the purpose. a) First Aid Centre A list of items to be kept at first aid centre is given in Table-6.3. Medical Officer will review and add/delete the medicines/equipment required specific to the industry based on experience. Table 6.3: List of Items for First Aid Centre 1. 2. 3. 4. Sufficient dressing material Medicines special to the industry as recommended by the doctor. First aid box Emergency kit box a. Medical grade oxygen cylinders b. Burn sheets c. Rescue blankets d. Oxygen breathing kit e. Instant glucose f. Paramedic scissors g. Bandage scissors h. Forceps i. Suction unit j. Ring cutter k. Cervical collar (3 sizes) l. Eye pads m. Intravenous fluid n. Flexible bandages o. Pocket masks/eye-wash bottles p. Orthopaedic stretcher q. Artificial resuscitators r. Trauma medicines s. Portable respirators t. Ophthalmic solution u. Blood pressure equipment v. Gloves w. Portable lamps/torches
6.1.11 FIRE FIGHTING ARRANGEMENT Protective systems form an integral part of a disaster management planning. Protective system is an important device, which prevents destruction due to failure. Power plant should have various protective systems to meet all the
requirements of safety. These are briefly described in subsequent paragraphs. i. Fire Protection System A comprehensive fire detection and protection system is envisaged for the complete power station. This system shall generally conform to the recommendation of TAC (India)/ IS: 3034 & NFPA 850. Automatic high velocity water spray system for all transformers located in transformer yard and those of rating 10 MVA and above located within the boundary limits of plant, main and unit turbine oil tanks and purifier, lube oil piping (zoned) in turbine area etc. This system shall consist of purifier, lube oil piping (zoned) in turbine area etc. This system shall consist of detectors, deluge valves projector, valves, piping and instrumentation. Automatic medium velocity spray for cable vaults and cable galleries of main plant shall be consisting of smoke detectors, linear sensing cable detectors, deluge valves, isolation valves, piping instrumentation, etc. For protection of control room, equipment room, computer room and other electrical and electronic equipment rooms, suitable Halon substitutes such as INERGEN or ARGONITE system would be opted. Fire Hydrant system, covering the entire power station including all important auxiliaries and building in the plant area, is also envisaged. The system shall be complete with piping, valves, and instrumentation, hoses, nozzles, hose/stations etc. ii. Fire Detection and Alarm System A computerized analogue, addressable type early warning system shall be provided to cover the complete power plant. Following types of fire detection shall be employed. a. Ionization type smoke detection system b. Photo Electric type smoke detection system c. Combination of both ionisation and photoelectric smoke detection system. d. Linear heat sensing cable detector e. quartzoid bulb heat detection system Portable and mobile extinguishers, such as pressurized water type, carbon-oxide type, foam type, dry chemical powder type, will be located at strategic locations throughout the plant. Firewater pumps shall be installed in the pump house for hydrant and spray system and the same shall be driven by electric motor and diesel engines as per the regulations of approving (TAC) authority. The
firewater storage tank would normally be filled using CW blow down. However, a back up supply to fill this tank from raw water system will be provided. For the above firewater pumping station, automatic pressurization system consisting of jockey pumps and air compressors shall be provided. Complete Instrumentation and control system for the entire fire detection and protection system shall be provided for safe operation of complete system. iii. Fire Station A fire station with fire water tender shall be provided. iv. Protective equipment List and quantity of the safety equipment proposed is given in Table-6.4. Table 6.4: List of Safety Equipment Appliance Gas Mask Canister for gas mask Compressed air breathing apparatus PVC yellow hand gloves PVC white hand gloves PVC white gum boots Electrical hand gloves Asbestos hand gloves Asbestos blanket PVC apron PVC suit with hood (Acid and Alkali proof) Aluminated asbestos suit Dust respirator Face shield of different colour Goggles of different types Safety belt Safety helmet Leather hand gloves Chargeable hand set Ear muffs and ear plugs Smoke exhauster cum blower Asbestos suit
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
List of fire fighting equipment proposed for the power plant is given in the Table-6.5. These will be periodically inspected for their serviceability and adequacy. Table 6.5: Fire Fighting Safety Equipment Safety Equipment Gum boots Red colour jackets Hand gloves Blankets Respiratory equipment/breathing apparatus Helmets
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
6.1.12 SAFETY & EMERGENCY PLAN Safety of both men and material during construction and operation stages is of concern to industries. The preparedness of an industry for the occurrence of possible disasters is known as emergency plan. The disaster in power plant may occur due to leakage of hazardous chemicals like chlorine, collapse of structures and fire/explosion etc. Keeping in view the safety requirements during construction, operation and maintenance phases, and the gas based power plant would formulate safety policy with respect to the following requirements: To allocate sufficient resources to maintain safe and healthy conditions at work. To take steps to ensure that all known safety factors are taken into account in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of plants, machinery and equipment. To ensure that adequate safety instructions are given to all employees. To provide wherever necessary protective equipment, safety appliances and clothing, and to ensure their proper use. To inform employees about materials, equipment or processes used in their work, which are known to be potentially hazardous to health or safety. To keep all operations and methods of work under regular review for making necessary changes from the point of view of safety in the light of experience and up to date knowledge. To provide appropriate instruction, training, retraining and supervision in health and safety, first aid and to ensure that adequate awareness is given to these matters. To ensure proper implementation of fire prevention and an appropriate fire fighting service together with training facilities for personnel involved in this service.
To ensure that professional advice is made available wherever potentially hazardous situations exist or might arise. To organize collection, analysis and presentation of data on accident, sickness and incident involving personal injury or cause of sickness with a view to taking corrective, remedial and preventive action. To promote through the established machinery, joint consultation in health and safety matters to ensue effective participation by all employees. To publish/notify regulations, instructions and notices in the common language of employees. To prepare separate safety rules for each type of occupation/process involved in a power station. To ensure regular safety inspection by a competent person at suitable intervals of all buildings, equipment, work places and operations.
7.0 7.1 GENERAL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
Disaster is an undesirable happening of such magnitude and nature, which can adversely affect man, material and environment. Risk assessment forms an integral part of Disaster Management. Any major or a number of minor failures could lead to an accident taking a heavy toll of human life and affecting the production target considerably. Disaster management has assumed significant role due to modern complex nature of chemical & petrochemical operations. Disasters are major accidents, which cause wide spread disruption of human and commercial activities. Disaster can be defined as a sudden occurrence of such magnitude as to affect normal pattern of life in the plant and/or vicinity, causing extensive damage to life and property. Normally, the community absorbs common accidents, but disasters are major accidents and community cannot absorb within its own resources. Most of the disasters, natural or technological (man made) have sudden onset and give very short notice or no time to prevent the occurrence. Disaster is major emergency in works, which has the potential to cause serious injury or loss of life, both inside and outside the works. It would normally require the assistance of outside emergency services to handle it effectively. Although the emergency may be caused by a number of different factors, e.g. plant failure, human error, earthquake, vehicle crash or sabotage, it will normally manifest itself in three basic forms: fire, explosion or toxic release. It is therefore, necessary to ensure safety and reliability of any new plant, through a systematic study of industrial installations based on mathematical modelling to identify possible failures and prevent their occurrence before the disasters. 7.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF DMP In carrying out the preliminary Risk Analysis, the stress is given to Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) analysis and the resulting DMP include the following: Recommended elements of emergency planning like organization, communication, coordination, procedure, etc. On-Site Emergency Plan Off-site Emergency Plan Safety Review Check Plan Accident Reporting
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7.3
CAUSES OF DISASTER Disastrous incident could be a local one causing damage to plant, equipment and material only or additionally affecting the persons working in the plant/industry or if more serious, affecting the neighbouring environment including human population. The first two categories can be termed as Onsite Emergency and the last one as an Off-site Emergency. There are number of factors that can be considered as causes for disastrous situation or emergencies. The three main causes are given in subsequent paragraphs. A good process technology has to be engineered equally well following accepted standards in design, if the hazards are to be minimized. Improper sizing of plant and equipment, inadequate schemes, faulty choice of material of construction may lead to unsafe conditions. There are national standards available for such designs, but many a times, looking to the increased capital costs of the plants, designers in consultation with the owners cut the corners and the results are evident. Risk evaluation, Hazard analysis (HAZAN) and Hazard & operability (HAZOP) studies are modern tools, which should be emphasized and if necessary were made mandatory while engineering a project. The facilities in respect of the above requirements in developing countries are far from adequate. Even the quality of engineering needs improvement.
7.4
DISASTER CONTROL PHILOSOPHY The principal strategy of Disaster Management Plan of proposed project is prevention of the identified major hazards. And since these hazards can occur only in the event of loss of containment, one of the key objectives of technology selection, project engineering, construction, commissioning and operation is Total and Consistent Quality assurance. It is committed to this philosophy right from the conceptual stage of proposed project. The second control strategy adopted for potential emergencies is minimization of operation inventories of hazardous substances both in process plants as well as in storage limits of viability of continuous operation. And another control measure that will be adopted is early detection of any accidental leak and activation of as well structured, resourced and rehearsed Off -Site Emergency Plan to intercept the incident with speed and ensure safety to employees, operating plants, public and environment as a matter of priority.
7.5 DISASTER CONTROL PLAN 7.5.1 Design stage considerations From the analysis of the vulnerable zones the following actions are recommended for consideration during design stage:
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a)
Natural Gas All structures near the corridor of Natural Gas pipeline should be protected against the heat radiation damages. Weeds, long grass, deciduous shrubs and trees and any combustible material should be removed from these areas. Electrical equipments should only be installed in a safe area away from the gas station and pipe corridor. Lighting should be provided. Adequate fire fighting arrangements should be provided. Human movement near the gas station should be minimal & controlled.
B) Chlorine Storage 1. Chlorine installations should be sited at a sufficient distance (25 m minimum) from public roads or main railway lines to reduce the risk of damage to the chlorine installation in the event of an accident. Protective barriers should be installed wherever necessary. 2. The chlorine unloading area should be on reasonably level ground with adequate surrounding space providing good access from different directions. 3. Adequate lighting covering all escape routes should be provided and the provision of emergency lighting is advisable. 4. Automatic gas leak detectors must also be provided. 5. The chlorine pipeline in the area should be properly routed so as to minimize the risk of damage from collision by the tanker, other vehicle or mobile equipment. 6. All chlorine storages should be installed in a bund, which is impervious to liquid chlorine. The bund should be capable of taking the contents of the largest single storage with adequate free board and a sump. Sump should not be connected to a drain. It may be connected to an alkali scrubber to provided neutralization in an event of emergency. Provision should be included for removal of rain water over bund wall, not via drain or through valves in the bund. 7. As the leaks of liquid chlorine are potentially more dangerous than leaks of gaseous chlorine, the system needs to be so designed that sources of leakage of liquid are reduced to a minimum. A major contribution to this will be the avoidance of joints, which are continuously exposed to liquid chlorine. If it is unavoidable then in case of failure of liquid outlet from the tonner, it should be rotated by 180 deg. so that any leakage will only be gas.
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8. In an event of toxic release from the tonner all the people within 550 m of the prevailing wind direction should be advised to run perpendicular to the wind direction. 9. Adequate means must be provided for evacuation of the critical segment of the population to a safer place. 10. Maintenance personnel should equip with protective equipments to minimize the risk of exposure in case of an accident. 7.5.2 Equipment Plan Availability and easy access to the required equipment and facilities are of paramount importance during an emergency situation. Equipment plan needs arrangement of sufficient and proper appliances needed to combat any disaster after careful study of requirements including alarm and communication system as well as provision of vehicles for communication and relief measures. Efficient and adequate measures shall be provided within the premises to combat any emergency. Efficient fixed fire fighting arrangement as well as portable fire fighting and safety appliances shall be made available to take care of emergency condition.
Fire Hydrant and Monitors, Sprinkler System All fire prone and hazardous areas shall be provided with fire hydrants and monitors as per rules & guidelines. Automatic sprinkler system shall be provided for transformer bays and cable galleries connected with quartzoid bulbs and deluge valves. Water scrubbing arrangement shall also be provided for areas where chlorine will be handled e.g. chlorine tonner storage area etc. Hose boxes shall be provided at different places as per rules. CO2/ Inert Gas Extinguishing System A fixed CO2 /Inert Gas Extinguishing System with automatic and manual release will be provided for battery/UPS room, gas turbine enclosures, control room etc. The CO2/inert gas shall be supplied from cylinder batteries located adjacent to the area likely to be affected. Portable Fire Fighting Apparatus Fire Extinguishers of suitable type e.g. CO2 and DCP extinguishers shall be provided in the plants and shall be distributed in vulnerable areas. The extinguishers shall be checked/inspected at regular intervals for replenishment. Fire Services Personnel Fire service shall be manned by CISF Fire Personnel. Fire services department shall have adequate number of safety equipment for use during emergency. The list of safety appliances is as follows:
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Gas Mask Canisters Alkali Suit Asbestos Suit Fire Proximity Suit BA Set Electric Gloves (for 15000 volts) Hydraulic Tool Telephone Emergency Ladder, etc. Safety and Personal Protective Appliances Safety and personal protective appliances shall be provided in adequate numbers and shall be distributed in different sections according to requirement. A list of such appliances available in the plant is given in the Table 7.1. Table 7.1: List of Proposed Safety Equipment
Sl.No. Equipment GAS MASK 01. Carbon Monoxide 02. Chlorine BREATHING APPARATUS 01. Compressed Air 02. Air line respirator OTHERS 01. Pneupac Resuscitator 02. Combustible gas indicator/explosimeter 03. Gas Detector (Dragger Pump) 04. Safety Belts 05. Alkali/Acid Suit 06. Asbestos Suit 07. Hand Gloves etc. 08. Gum Boots 09. Safety Shoes 10. Eye Goggles Nos. Adequate Nos. - do - do - do - do - do - do - do - do - do - do - do - do - do -
Emergency Control Centre An emergency control centre shall be provided at a safe place from where Chief Emergency Co-ordinator shall function for ON-SITE emergency. The Emergency Control Centre (ECC) shall be provided with adequate personal protective equipment, alarm and communication network (Siren, local as well as P&T Telephone, Public Address system etc.), route map, fire hydrant and monitor layout, windrose chart, copy of detailed Disaster Management Plan (where names, telephone numbers of the response team members and their responsibilities are clearly written as well as names and telephone numbers of key personnel from outside agencies in Mutual Aid Scheme and district authorities, Fire Station, State Hospitals and doctors are provided), first aid kit,
MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 7.0 DMP
material safety data sheets of chemicals etc. The Disaster Management Manual shall also contain map of the factory & surrounding areas, evacuation routes, fire hydrant network and other important information. Assembly Point Assembly points shall be set up near to the likely hazardous event sites where pre-designated persons from the disaster response team should assemble and meet the Site Incident controller. This may be regarded as Site Incident Control Room where Incident Controller will receive instruction and furnish information to the Chief Emergency Co-ordinator. The site incident control room shall be provided with efficient communication system, adequate personal protective equipment, copy of Disaster Management Manual etc. Emergency Shelter Emergency shelter places shall be chosen sufficiently away from likely affected site. Employees who are not in the emergency management team shall be asked to take shelter. The place is chosen such that the employees taking shelter are not affected by fire, explosion and release of toxic gases. More than one emergency shelter shall be designated so that proper shelter point can be chosen depending on wind direction and other factors. Wind Socks Windsocks shall be provided on the top of tall buildings to indicate the wind direction. 7.5.3 Organisational Plan The Organization Plan is a systematic list of persons in the emergency management team and their functions before, during and after emergency. The disaster management organisation shall be capable of quick response at any time of the day or night to meet the emergency condition, both for ONSITE as well as OFF-SITE. The plan given a detailed chain of command, area of responsibility of each personnel involved in the plan, the information flow pattern to be followed and co-ordination activities required to tackle the emergency. The Disaster Management Organisation and functions proposed for an emergency situation is as follows:
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Chief Executive of the Plant (Chief Emergency Controller)
Plant Manager (Site Incident Controller) Admin. Officer (Coordinator Security, Traffic, Law & Order, Medical Aid, Welfare)
Maintenance Officer (Coordinator Maintenance & Materials)
Safety & Fire Officer (Coordinator - Fire & Safety)
During emergency personnel and facilities from existing IPGCL/PPCL Plants shall be also be summoned for combating disaster. It can be seen from Disaster Management Organization that Chief Emergency Coordinator shall take charge of the whole situation and shall guide the various coordinators to contain and control the incident. Various activities are to be carried out by predesignated key personnel (Coordinators) and their team in quickest possible time. The names, residential addresses and telephone numbers of key personnel shall be clearly written in Disaster Management Manual as well as widely circulated in ECC, different control rooms. It is to be noted that first few minutes after start of the incident is most vital in prevention of its escalation. 7.5.4 Action / Response Plan The action plans for tackling emergency include the following: Actions to be taken in pre-emergency period. Action during emergency/disaster. Actions to be taken in post disaster period. Pre-emergency Actions The proposed preventive and pre-emptive measures are as follows:Ensure implementation of Disaster Planning. Ensure that all drafted for emergency undergo regular training and are prepared for tackling emergency/disaster.
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Ensure that Mock Drills are performed under simulated emergency condition at regular intervals to assess the strength and weaknesses of the response team/plan. Ensure awareness among employees through regular training. Ensure good liaison with all agencies and industries in the neighbourhood for getting help if situation arises. Ensure adequate stock of safety, personal protective appliances in good working condition. Ensure awareness amongst public in the neighbouring areas. 7.6 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
7.6.1 General It will be seen from Risk Analysis of the proposed project that major emergency situation can arise mainly from release of chlorine and fire. The situation can be grave or minor depending on the scenario occurring causing the release of chlorine. Care should be taken for other release incidents of flammable/explosive material, which may pose threat to life of employees, and property of the organisation. A list of emergency response functions that are identified for large-scale release of chlorine is given as follows: Alarm, warning and signalling Communication Operations Fire and Safety Toxic Gas Spreading Protection Emergency Shelter Medical Services Transport services for handling injured persons and evacuation Welfare activities 7.6.2 Resource Planning Resource Planning needs to be done so that the functions mentioned above can be operated smoothly. Regular Mock drill and training are essential for proper and timely response. Since the large-scale release scenario can affect seriously the employees within the complex as well as the public, creation of awareness is must. The public should also be taught the actions to be taken to save themselves. 7.6.3 Medical Services The doctors in the nearby hospitals should be trained for treatment of personnel affected by chlorine gas leakage. Necessary apparatus and drugs should also be available in first aid post and in State Hospitals and also other
Nursing Homes nearby. Manager (HR-Welfare) should have good liaison with authorities of nearby hospitals and Nursing Homes as well as doctors outside so that help may be available when required. 7.6.4 Transport and Communication Ambulance Van shall be available under the command of Chief Engineer inside the factory as well as in the Hospitals. However, in case of disaster all the vehicles in transport department will also be used. In case of necessity vehicles from outside shall be requisitioned. 7.6.5 Safety Appliances As already mentioned Gas Masks, BA Set and Respirators, Fire Suits etc. are available in the plants. However, they will be checked at regular intervals and kept in good working order. 7.6.6 Operational Functions Detection of leakage and isolation from the source to prevent the leakage is the most important activity in the beginning. It may also be necessary to isolate the line or equipment by closing the isolation valves. The functional requirement may be one or more operators to close the valve manually in an area with high toxic concentration and possibility of expose to thermal radiation on the body. The personnel should wear gas masks, breathing apparatus, fire suits etc. The operating personnel should be fully drilled in proper and safe use of the safety appliances. Plant or section of the plant shall be shut down. Operator/Shift-in-charge should inform immediately to Fire & Safety Dept. as well as Plant Manager and General Manager who in turn will assess the situation. Emergency is to be declared and other actions are to be taken by them. Since chlorine is readily soluble in water, water scrubber should be immediately started on hearing chlorine leak detector alarm. If the leakage is inside chlorine tonner storage room closing of isolation valve shall be tried. For out door release or if the scrubber fails to work closing of isolation valve shall be tried at first with all precautionary measures. A water curtain may be prepared at downwind direction by the fire services to decrease the concentration of in air and its dispersion. Rescue of the personnel affected and evacuation of other employees to emergency shelter room may be needed. Emergency shelter shall be located at a safe place at up wind direction. Medical help may be necessary to the affected personnel. Coordinator (medical aid) and Transport Coordinator shall take proper care under guidance of Site Incident Controller.
7.6.7 Off-site Emergency It has been mentioned that OFF-SITE Emergency can only happen in case of leakage of chlorine only when people present in Bamnauli village and passing on the roads may feel throat irritation. The preparatory actions are as follows: a) Preparation of Disaster Management Organisation by District Administrations, after assessment of disaster potential in consultation with PPCL. b) Preparation of Disaster Management Manual which would include Potential hazards & likely effects Actions to be taken by different key personnel in the team. Names and telephone number of key personnel e.g. police station/officer, designated hospitals, fire brigade, etc. shall be written. First aid procedure etc. c) Meeting of the key personnel at regular intervals. d) Mock Drill. e) Creation of awareness.
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Doc. No. CW-EN-9545-C-ER-001 Rev. No.:1 Issue Date: 06/04/2009 Page No. 1 of 10
8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8.1 WATER ENVIRONMENT
8.1.1 Water Conservation/Recycle Raw water requirement for operation of the proposed facilities will be quantitatively met through treated sewage from Sewage Treatment Plant at Dwarka. Part of the re-circulating cooling water in the cooling water circuit will be passed through side stream filters to separate precipitated solids and recycled back. This will help in maintaining higher cycle of concentrations, resulting in saving of raw water. Service water requirements of the facilities are estimated as 35 m 3/hr. Service water, after use, shall be treated in tube settler and recycled back into the system. Sludge from lime softener and effluent from tube settler shall be further treated in thickener & centrifuge for separation of solids. Ground and surface water will not be used for any plant process. Portable water requirements will be met through Municipal water supply, and a separate tank shall be provided for this purpose. 8.1.2 Control Measures Wastewater generated from operation of the proposed facilities will not contain toxic chemicals. Main effluent streams emanating from the facilities are as follows: Cooling tower blow down, containing precipitated solids in suspended state and TDS Backwash from side stream filters, containing suspended solids. Backwash from gravity filters, containing suspended solids Plant washings containing suspended solids/TDS Effluent from centrifuge of lime softening unit, containing calcium salts in suspended state and TDS Boilers blow down from the power cycle, containing suspended solids and TDS. The control measures proposed for different effluent streams are as follows: Sludge from the lime softener will be taken to thickener and centrifuge for separation of solids.
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Service water, after use will be passed through tube settler and treated in thickener & centrifuge for solid separation. Sludge from the thickener will be taken to the centrifuge for separating solids in the form of sludge cake. Wastewater from boiler blow down and cooling tower blow down will directly enter the Central Monitoring Basin. Power cycle boiler blow down will be entered to the Central Monitoring Basin and mixed with cooling water blow down before disposal. 8.1.3 Mitigation Measures The following mitigation measures shall be practiced: All the trade effluents will be either recycled or transferred to the Central Monitoring Basin through pipelines. The liquid effluent from the project shall be utilized for the green belt development and afforestation purposes and only effluents confirming to the regulatory standards shall be discharged out of the plant premises into Najafgarh drain downstream. Tanks for effluents will be provided with impermeable lining. In cooling water system, a minimum of three cycle of concentration will be practiced. Wastage and spillage of water shall be avoided. From the Central Monitoring Basin, pipelines will be provided for irrigation of afforested areas. Use of raw/process waste for irrigation shall be strictly prohibited. Sewage from toilets and washrooms will be pumped to the sewage treatment plant for further process. 8.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT 8.2.1 Control Measures The only source of air pollution from the proposed operations is the discharge of gases from combustion of natural gas in the Gas Turbines. For control of NOx during combustion, Dry Low NOx (DLN) burners have been provided. The DLN burners shall effectively bring down NOx concentration in the flue gases to below 35 ppm level, which under uncontrolled conditions would be much higher. As natural gas shall be used as fuel, the flue gases shall be free from particulate matter. The flue gases shall also be almost free from SO 2. For effective dispersion of the NOx as well as other pollutants, two stacks of 70 meters height are proposed.
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8.2.2 Mitigation Measures A summary of the proposed mitigation measures to be followed during construction and operation of the proposed facilities is as follows: Generation of atmospheric dust during construction phase due to movement of vehicles and earthmovers as well as due to filling and leveling shall be controlled through spray of water. The afforestation plan shall be aimed to cover all the vacant areas near the boundary walls. NOx concentration in the flue gas shall be monitored regularly. 8.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 8.3.1 Generation of Solid Waste Solid wastes likely to be generated from the proposed project are as follows: Sludge from Lime Softening and Gravity Filters (Water Treatment) Solid waste from centrifuge of ETP. Debris from civil construction Defective materials, scraps and packing materials. Sludge from Lime Softening and Gravity Filters: Solid waste from these sources shall be due to : Turbidity in the raw water (treated sewage) and Precipitation of calcium as CaCO3, Wastewater from lime softening (clarifier) and gravity filter (filter backwash) shall be taken to the centrifuge, where the solid waste shall be removed. Total quantity of solid waste shall be removed as cake. The solid waste shall comprise mainly of calcium carbonate, with silica, organic matter, fine grits and dust, etc. which shall be separated during lime softening and filtration. Sludge from Effluent Treatment Solid waste generated in the clarifier shall be due to turbidity present in wastewater (about 20 ppm) and also due to insoluble matter present in alum. The solid waste shall be generated in the form of cake from the centrifuge, containing 40% solids and 60% water. Here also, the solid waste shall comprise mainly of calcium salts and atmospheric dust. Civil debris, defective materials, scraps etc. Solid wastes in the form of construction debris, defective materials, scraps and packing materials are not generated on continuous basis, and their quantity is uncertain.
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8.3.2 Disposal of Solid Wastes Sludge form water and wastewater treatment The maximum quantity of sludge likely to be generated from the water and wastewater treatment in the form of cake contains 40% solid. The sludge shall comprise mainly of calcium salts, with smaller quantities of silica, organic matter and dust/dirt. The sludge is to be taken to the compost fertilizer plant of MCD for disposal or any other location approved by MCD/ Delhi Govt. Here, it shall be mixed with compost fertilizer and dispatched to users for use as fertilizer. Organic matter present in the solid waste shall function as manure whereas calcium carbonate shall control acidity of the soil normally associated with use of chemical fertilizers. Defective Materials, Scrap and Packing Materials Defective materials, scrap and used packing materials shall be disposed through sale to contractors authorized by DPCC/MOEF. Civil Debris Civil debris, if generated during construction phase, shall be disposed within premises in low-lying areas as landfill material. 8.4 NOISE AND VIBRATION 8.4.1 Sources of Noise The main sources of noise generation in the proposed Pragati II CCPP are as follows: Air Inlet System, Gas Turbine Units, Steam Turbine Unit, Generators and Instrument Air Compressor / Service Compressor
The expected noise levels, at distance of 1 meter from these sources, are presented below:Sl. Source No. 1. Air Inlet System 2. Gas Turbines Noise Level (dBA) 85-90 85-90 Nature Continuous Continuous
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3. 4. 5. 6
Steam Turbine Generator Air compressor D.G. Set
87-90 80-50 90 85-90
Continuous Continuous Continuous Intermittent
Vendors of individual item shall ensure that the noise level at a horizontal distance of 1 meter and at a height of 1.5 meters from the equipment do not exceed the indicated levels 90 dB(A). Further, these equipments will be provided within acoustic walls/ enclosures. For the purpose of impact prediction, it is assumed that the minimum distance of noise sources within these walls will be 20 meters and that the noise level due to these equipment outside the walls will be below 70 dB(A). 8.4.2 Existing Scenario The main existing sources of noise in the area are vehicular traffic and other urban and commercial activities. Contribution of industrial activities towards existing noise level is negligible 8.4.3 Control/Mitigation Measures Adequate measures have been incorporated in the proposed plant for control of noise and vibration from the different equipment. This control of noise within the plants is through the provision of silencers, hoods, and acoustic walls to the noise generating equipment. Suppliers of GT Sets, Steam Turbines, Generator and Compressors shall ensure that the noise levels from these equipment do not exceed desirable noise level of 90 dB(A). For mitigation of noise, a proper green belt development program has been formulated, which would further attenuate noise to bring its level down within acceptable levels. The control rooms shall be provided with acoustic glass walls to protect the workers from higher noise level. As the operational staff shall remain within the control rooms for most of the time, they will be exposed to the higher noise levels for very short duration. During the visits to the areas of higher noise levels, the operational and maintenance personnel will use earplugs as a safety measure. Control of vibration shall be achieved by providing proper foundation and alignment to the vibration generating heavy equipment. Moving parts of equipment and earthmovers shall be properly maintained and lubricated to minimize the generation of noise. 8.5 HOUSE KEEPING Good housekeeping is also an important tool for preventing environmental deterioration and for operating the plants and pollution control system with optimum efficiency. Proper operation and maintenance of plants and pollution
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control systems, lubrication of moving parts of the equipment, cleanliness of the plants, etc. shall be observed to the extent possible. 8.6 TRANSPORT SYSTEM The main raw material, natural gas, will be received through pipeline. The fuel received from fuel supplier. 8.7 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN
8.7.1 Purpose Trees and plants are an essential component of healthy environment. In addition to maintaining the oxygen-carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere through photosynthesis, trees and plants control air and noise pollution control ,soil erosion, provide food and shelter to domestic and wild animals includes birds and insects, and improve the aesthetic values of the environment. In view of these, a green belt development and afforestation program is included in the project proposal. Under this a green belt will be provided around the proposed facilities to cover all the vacant areas. Vacant areas within the facilities will be covered with lawns and gardens. Although availability of land within the premises is limited, extreme care shall be taken to utilize all the available areas for afforestation. The utility of the green belt predominantly lies in its capacity to attenuate the effect of gases due to fugitive emissions and spillage. The main objectives of the proposed green belt development program are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. To control air pollution due to fugitive emissions and spillage. To attenuate noise generated by various machines. To attenuate the effect of accidental release of toxic gases To reduce the effect of fire and explosion To improve the general appearance and aesthetics of the area To provide food and habitat for wildlife To control soil erosion To obscure the proposed facilities from general view.
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8.7.2 Selection of Tree Species Plants possess a large surface area and their leaves exhibit an efficient pollutant trapping mechanism. The effectiveness of plants to control pollution depends upon the physiological, morphological traits such as leaf epidermis, size, leaf orientation, internal enzyme system, etc. Systematic screening of plants for their ability to tolerate pollutant need be undertaken. For pollution abatement purposes tree species would be fast growing, wind firm, unpalatable to animals, hardy and pollutants tolerant/resistant. The general approach for selection of species for green belt development is as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Potential for attenuation of fugitive emissions from leakage and spillage Potential for attenuation of noise Diversity of vegetation Introduction of local trees Introduction of trees attracting birds and animals so as to create a natural habitat
The following tree species are identified to be planted in the area: Plant Species Azardirachta indica Polyalthia longifolia Dalbergia sissoo Delonix regia Eucalyptus hybrid Accasia nilotica Accacia leucophloea Albizia lebbeck Prosopis juliflora Pongamia glabra Ficus religiosa Ficus bengalensis Morus alba Mangifera indica Syzygium cumini Terminalia belerica Vernacular Name Neem Ashok Shisham Gulmohar Safeda Kikar Babul Siras Kabuli kikar Karanj Pipal Bargad Shahatoot Aam Jamun Bahera Frequency Very Frequent Frequent Very frequent Frequent Very frequent Very frequent Frequent Frequent Frequent Frequent Frequent Frequent Very frequent Frequent Occasional Occasional Ethanobotanical Values Medicinal, Timber, Fuel Aesthetic/Recreational Timber,Fuel Aesthetic,Recreational Timber,Fuel Medicinal, Timber, Fuel Timber,Fuel Timber,Fuel Timber,Fuel Medicinal, Timber,Food Mythological,Timber Timber,Fuel Food,Timber Mythological,Timber,Fuel Food,Timber Medicinal,Timber
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For development of green belt in the area outside the premises, the important considerations to be taken in account are as follows1. 2. For future development, mono- culturing should be avoided and diversity in vegetation should be introduced Whenever areas under monoculture become available due to death and exploitation of trees, these should be utilized for diversified plantation. All employees shall be made aware of the significance and importance of green belt and afforestation
3.
8.7.3
Areas to be afforested 20m to 40m of land around the site has been allotted for green belt development. Sufficient amount of land has been assigned inside the premises for plantation as well. The schematic layout of the greenbelt development can be seen in the layout plan presented in figure 2.1 in chapter 2 of this report.
8.7.5 Manpower & Expertise For planning and undertaking the green belt and afforestation program, the services of an external expert agency/consultant / contractor shall be utilized. The expert shall survey the area extensively, prepare a detailed map existing flora and identify the species and the spots for plantation of different species. 8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME Regular monitoring of important and crucial environmental parameters is of paramount importance to assess the status of environment during plant operation. With the knowledge of existing baseline conditions, the monitoring programme can serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental conditions due to operation of the plant and suitable and adequate mitigatory steps could be taken in time to safeguard the environment. The post operational environmental monitoring programme recommended to be implemented at Pragati II CCPP is presented in Table 8.1. Table 8.1: Environmental Monitoring Programme
S. No. 1. Area of Monitoring Ambient Air Quality Noise Number of Sampling Stations. 4 Stations Frequency of Sampling Twice a week; 24 hourly Once in a year for 24 hours Parameters to be Analysed SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx. Ambient Equivalent continuous Sound Pressure Levels (Leq) at day and Night time.
2.
5 (two within plant premises and at plant boundary )
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Draft Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study of Proposed 800 MW Pragati II Combined Cycle Power Project at Bamnauli, Delhi of PPCL 3 4. Stack Emission Liquid Effluents All the Stacks Main Plant Effluents Fortnightly
SPM, SO2 and NOx pH, Temp, Cond., TSS, TDS, BOD, O&G, Phenolics Heavy Metals pH, TSS, BOD
Continuous Monthly Quarterly Monthly
Sanitary Effluents
8.9
INSTITUTIONAL SETUP FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
8.9.1 Institutional Setup at Pragati II CCPP Project An Environmental Management Group (EMG) shall be formed at site under Technical services. The group shall be headed by a Senior Executive and supported by executives/staffs and other infrastructural facilities. The responsibility of environmental; management of Pragati II CCPP shall lie with Environmental Management Groups at the project, which shall act as coordinator for environmental matters. This group shall also act as a nodal agency for various groups at project, regional headquarters and corporate level as well as outside agencies like Delhi Pollution Control Committee. The main functions of Env. Management Group at Project could be summarized as: Obtaining Consent order from DPCC Environmental Monitoring Analysis of environment data, reports, preparations and transmission of report of statutory authorities, etc. Compliance with guidelines and statutory requirements Coordination with statutory bodies, functional groups of the station. Interaction for evolving and implementation of modification programmes to improve the availability / efficiency of pollution control devices / systems Environmental Appraisal (Internal) and Environmental Audit. To strengthen the public images of the company in respect of social aspects and maintain good relationship with the community in the vicinity.
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8.9.2 Environmental Laboratory The project would have an analytical laboratory for regular monitoring of various environmental parameters. It is recommended that the laboratory would be equipped with the following equipment.
Ambient Air Quality Respirable Dust Sampler Stack monitoring Kit with Assessors Continuous NOx Analyzer for stack Meteorological Instruments Automatic Weather Station Noise Monitoring Sound level Meter Water Monitoring pH meter Conductivity meter Ion Analyzer for fluoride, cyanides DO Analyzer BOD Incubator COD distillation Unit Flame photometer Single pan balance Water distillation unit Electric oven Flow meter Microscope Quantity 5 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1
However, the project authorities may also undertake the monitoring through approved laboratories/ consultants.
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Doc. No. CW-EN-9545-C-ER-001 Rev. No.: 1 Issue Date: 06/04/2009 Page No. 1 of 4
9.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The proposed plant is located at Bamnauli village, southwest of Delhi. The site is approachable by Bijwasan-Najafgarh road, connected through NH-8. 9.1 Land Availability and Requirement The project is proposed to be located in about 20 hectares of land located near the Delhi Transco Limited in Bamnauli Village. On the east of Bamnauli village is Bharthal village. Bijwasan is located on the south east of Bamnauli. Dwarka subcity is located on north of the village. Border Security Force (BSF) Head Quarter at Chhawla is situated on the northwest of Bamnauli. 9.2 Fuel Requirement, Storage & Handling System Natural Gas has been considered as the basic fuel for this project. Its requirement shall be approximately 3.0 MSCMD, which shall be met by the fuel supplier. 9.3 Water Availability and Requirement Water requirements of the project will be met through treated sewage from Dwarka Sewage Treatment Plant of Delhi Jal Board (DJB). Treated sewage from the STP will be pumped to the proposed Raw Water Reservoir within the plant area. 9.4 Environment Impact Assessment Study In order to identify the impacts due to construction and operation of PPCL II, and draw an Environmental Management Plan, a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study has been undertaken through M/S Mantec Consultants Pvt. Limited, New Delhi. The environmental disciplines studied include land-use, demography and socio-economics, geology and soils, hydrology and water use, water quality, meteorology, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecology and noise. The study started in September 2008 and continued for 3 Months. 9.5 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
9.5.1 Land Use: The proposed site, comprising of 20 hactares of land, is in possession of project proponent and is without any human settlement. The proposed area where the plant is to be located has been presented in the vicinity map in figure 1.1 in chapter 1 of this report. .
9.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
9.5.2 Water Use and Hydrology: As PPCL -II will draw its entire water requirement from Dwarka STP concluding that there would be no adverse impact on water use and hydrology of the study area. 9.5.3 Demography and Socio-economics: There will be no displacements and no problems related to Rehabilitation and Resettlement. 9.5.4 Air Quality: The maximum predicted incremental ground level concentrations (GLCs) for NOx due to operation of PPCL-II of the project is 44.87g/m3 and these are predicted to occur in the West direction at distance of about 2 km. The maximum GLCs for SO2 and NOx after implementation of PPCL-II are estimated to be within the ambient air quality standards for rural and residential areas. 9.5.5 Soils: The impact of PPCL-II on the soil is envisaged to be negligible. 9.5.6 Water Quality: While developing the water system for the project, utmost care has been taken to maximize the recycle/ reuse of effluents and minimize effluent quantity. PPCL-II would have a recirculatory cooling system with cooling towers so there is no much effluent generated. Therefore, no thermal impact on the receiving water body is anticipated. The effluents from main plant (Boiler Blowdown and DM Plant Regeneration Waste) shall be fully treated and routed through a Central Monitoring Basin. Sanitary effluents from main plant and township will be treated in a sewage treatment plant. 9.5.7 Noise: The major noise generating sources during the construction phase are vehicular traffic, construction equipment like, dozer, scrapers, concrete mixers, cranes, generators, pumps, compressors, rock drills, pneumatic tools, vibrators etc. The operation of these equipments will generate noise ranging between 75 90 dB (A). The ambient noise level recorded during field study in the near by area located at a distance of 500 m from the main plant ranges between 38.767.9(A). The predicted noise level due to operation of such equipments at a distance of 0.5 km from the source is 40.2dB(A). However, workers within the construction area and plant area may be affected due to high noise levels. Adequate protective measures in the form of earmuffs / ear plugs/ masks shall be provided to such persons, which will minimise / eliminate such adverse impacts. In addition, reduction in noise levels shall also be achieved through built-in design requirements to produce
minimum noise, proper lay out design, adding the sound barriers, use of enclosures with suitable absorption material etc. Provision of green belt and afforestation will further help in reducing the noise levels. 9.5.8 Terrestrial Ecology: As no additional land is proposed to be acquired for PPCL-II, there will be no direct impacts on terrestrial ecology due to the project. The maximum ground level concentration of NO2 is found to be 44.87 g/m3. This is well within the Indian Standards for Ambient Air Quality. 9.6 Disaster Management Plan The EIA Report includes a Disaster Management Plan covering elements of emergency planning like organization, communication, coordination, procedure, accident reporting, safety review checklist, on-site emergency plan and off-site emergency plan. A Disaster Management Plan (DMP) for PPCL-I has already been prepared and implemented at PPCL for the existing units, specifying responsibilities at various levels to be discharged in case of an emergency. The DMP at site shall be strengthened suitably to include PPCLII units, based on recommendation of DMP included in EIA Report. Further, a separate study on Risk study is being taken up for PPCL-II. 9.7 Project Benefits The present proposed project would partially meet the power shortage of NCT, which is vital for economic growth as well as improving the quality of life. The improved power supply will reduce the dependence of general public and commercial establishments on DG Sets thereby reducing the noise pollution as well as air pollution at local levels In addition, construction and operation of the project would benefit local people with respect to the following:Increase in employment opportunity in skilled, semi-skilled and un-skilled categories. Increase in employment/ self employment avenues in service sector. Utilization of wastewater for power generation, will reduce the pollution load on Dwarka STP. 9.8 Environment Management Plan An Environment Management Plan for Construction and operation phases of the project has been prepared. An Environment Management Group (EMG) already exists at PPCL, which will be strengthened for implementation of proposed mitigation measures for PPCL-II.
9.9
Conclusions: Based on the above, it is concluded that the adverse environmental impacts due to construction and operation of PPCL, PPCL-II can be mitigated to an acceptable level by implementation of various mitigatory measures envisaged. The benefits of the project are much more significant than its environmental impacts.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

PRAGATI POWER CORPORATION LIMITED

Doc. No: CW-EN-9545-C-379-E-R-001

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8-15 11-15 13-15 14-15 5-10 8-10

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1.0 1.1 BACKGROUND

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1.3.2 Project at a Glance

- Water (Treated Sewage) i) j) Mode of operation Project Cost

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Distance from nearest Highway point to : the site

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Durga Vihar Shyam Enclave

Shyam Vihar Goela Khurd

Rajnagar Ambar Hai Sector 9 Sector 8 Palam R S

Jhatikra ain Dr Cremation rh fga aja N Ground .8 o

Palam Vihar Alawardi Sarai

Muhammadheri Daulatabad Kherki Majra Dhankot Tikampur

Sirhaul Overhead Tank

Sikandarpur Ghos Chakarpur