Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. In developing a system of transfer pricing for any particular situation, which of the following circumstantial <
Answer
factors need not be considered?
>
(a) Existence of competitive market (b) Sourcing constraint
(c) Movability constraint (d) Quantum of transfers
(e) Capacity level of selling division.
(1 mark)
2. The most fundamental responsibility center affected by the use of market-based transfer prices is <
Answer
(a) Revenue center (b) Cost center (c) Profit center >
(d) Investment center (e) Production center.
(1 mark)
3. A budget manual, which enhances the operation of a budgeting system, is most likely to include <
Answer
(a) Budgeted training policies of employees >
(b) Distribution instructions for budget schedules
(c) Budgeted hiring policies of employees
(d) Documentation of the accounting system
(e) Company policies regarding the authorization of transactions.
(1 mark)
4. Which of the following statements is false in respect of full cost pricing and contribution margin pricing? <
Answer
(a) They can not be considered competing to each other >
(b) In both the methods, the selling prices proposed must be only tentative and they are always subject to
adjustments
(c) Fixed costs are important in both the pricing models
(d) In both the methods, a normal mark-up on total costs is made and the volume of production is taken
into consideration
(e) They represent to a certain degree, cost plus pricing.
(1 mark)
5. ABC Ltd. is preparing its cash budget for the year 2005-06. An extract from its sales budget for the same <
Answer
year shows the following sales values:
>
March 2005 Rs.1,20,000
April 2005 Rs.1,40,000
May 2005 Rs.1,10,000
June 2005 Rs.1,30,000
40% of its sales are expected to be for cash. Of its credit sales, 50%
are expected to pay in the month after the month of sales and 50% are expected to pay in the second month
after the month of sales.
The value of sales receipts to be shown in the cash budget for May 2005 is
(a) Rs.1,85,000 (b) Rs.1,33,000 (c) Rs.1,30,000 (d) Rs.1,22,000 (e) Rs.1,10,000.
(1 mark)
6. Consider the following costs per unit of production of a company: <
Answer
Direct material Rs.10 >
(a) Only (I) above (b) Both (II) and (III) above
(c) Both (I) and (III) above (d) Both (III) and (IV) above
(e) All (I), (II), (III) and (IV) above.
(1 mark)
43. The data, equipment and computer programs that are used to develop information for managerial use is <
Answer
known as
>
(a) Management by exception (b) Management by objective
(c) Management control (d) Management information system
(e) Value chain analysis.
(1 mark)
44. Which of the following is/are the characteristic(s) of a corporate management? <
Answer
I. The corporate management is responsible for strategic planning and overall financial monitoring of the >
firm
II. The corporate management is responsible for executing various tasks within the framework of plans,
programs and schedules
III. The corporate management translates corporate strategy into programs
IV. The corporate management is concerned with tasks such as budget formulation, decision on routine
capital expenditures, choice of product improvement etc.
(a) Only (I) above (b) Only (II) above (c) Only (III) above
(d) Only (IV) above (e) Both (III) and (IV) above.
(1 mark)
45. Which of the following is not an assumption of McGregor’s Theory Y? <
Answer
(a) Man will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which he is committed >
(b) The average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility
(c) The average human being does not inherently dislike work
(d) Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievements
(e) The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in the solution
of organizational problems is narrowly distributed in the population.
(1 mark)
46. Which of the following variances is of least significance from a behavioral control perspective? <
Answer
(a) Unfavorable material quantity variance amounting to 20% of the quantity allowed for the output >
attained
(b) Unfavorable labor efficiency variance amounting to 10% more than the budgeted hours for the output
attained
(c) Favorable labor rate variance resulting from an inability to hire experienced workers to replace retiring
workers
(d) Favorable material price variance obtained by purchasing raw material from a new vendor
(e) Fixed overhead volume variance resulting from management’s decision midway through the fiscal year
to reduce its budgeted output by 20%.
(1 mark)
47. The contribution approach to pricing makes a basic distinction between <
Answer
I. Relevant and irrelevant costs >
II. Past and future costs
III. Fixed and variable costs
IV. Manufacturing and non-manufacturing costs
(a) Only (I) above (b) Only (II) above (c) Only (III) above
(d) Only (IV) above (e) Both (I) and (III) above.
(1 mark)
48. The most common measure of performance of investment center is <
Answer
(a) Margin of safety (b) Sales margin (c) Return on investment >
(d) Return on equity (e) Capital turnover.
(1 mark)
49. When a company charges a price that customer is willing to pay i.e. the customer decides the price of the <
Answer
product and the costs will be used as per the required profits, then such pricing strategy is called as
>
(a) Predatory pricing (b) Discriminatory pricing
(c) Target pricing (d) Full cost pricing (e) Back flush pricing.
(1 mark)
50. Which of the following statements about activity-based costing (ABC) is false? <
Answer
(a) ABC appeals to managers because costs are assigned according to well-measured and understood >
activities
(b) ABC creates another layer of product costing activities in addition to those required to perform
volume-based product costing
(c) ABC usually reduces the costs assigned to high-volume products
(d) ABC usually increases the costs assigned to low-volume and complex products
(e) ABC is well suited to the new manufacturing environment.
(1 mark)
51. An example of a profit center is the <
Answer
(a) Painting department (b) Sales department >
(c) Company-owned restaurant in a fast-food chain (d) Reservation department
(e) Maintenance department.
(1 mark)
52. In an imperfect market, the pricing strategy to maximize volume is <
Answer
(a) Full cost pricing (b) Return on investment based pricing >
(c) Back flush pricing (d) Any price above marginal cost
(e) Skimming price.
(1 mark)
53. Which of the following statements is true? <
Answer
(a) Under a standard costing system, the costs of every product planned to be worked on during the period >
can be computed at the end of the period
(b) Under a standard costing system, the costs of every product planned to be worked on during the period
can be computed at the mid-point of the period
(c) Under a standard costing system, the costs of every product planned to be worked on during the period
can be computed at the beginning of the period
(d) Under a standard costing system, the costs of every product planned to be worked on during the period
can be computed at the time when actual capacity is equivalent to particular capacity
(e) Under a standard costing system, the costs of every product planned to be worked on during the period
can be computed at any time after 6 months during the period.
(1 mark)
54. Jaya Ltd. manufactures 2 products – Jaya and Sasi.The information relating to two products during the <
Answer
month of December 2004 is stated below:
>
Particulars Jaya Sasi
Units produced 1600 units 250 units
Standard production time per unit 1 hour 6 hours The actual man hours
during the month are 3,500 and the budgeted hours during the year are 45,600.
The Efficiency ratio is
(a) 88.57% (b) 86.11% (c) 82.63% (d) 84.88 % (e) 83.11%.
(1 mark)
55. NK Ltd. manufactures two products - N and K, using the same equipment and similar processes. The <
Answer
following are the production data for the month ending December 31, 2004:
>
Particulars N K
Production (units) 20,000 7,500
Direct labor hours per unit 2 4
Machine hours per unit 1.5 2
Number of set-ups in the month 40 160
Number of orders handled in the month 30 120 Total production overheads
recovered for the month has been analyzed as follows:
Particulars Rs.
Relating to machine activity 4,50,000
Relating to production run set-ups 40,000
Relating to handling of orders 90,000
5,80,000 The production overheads to be absorbed by each
unit of the products N and K, using activity based costing approach, are
(a) Rs.16.30 and Rs.33.87 respectively (b) Rs.16.30 and Rs.29.00 respectively
(c) Rs.14.50 and Rs.27.00 respectively (d) Rs.16.50 and Rs.33.87 respectively
(e) Rs.16.50 and Rs.29.00 respectively.
(2 marks)
56. The budget manager of Dhananjay Ltd. has estimated the following costs for Product A for the accounting <
Answer
year 2005-06:
>
Direct material cost – Rs.12 per unit
Direct labor cost – Rs.8 per hour
Direct labor hours – 1.5 hours per unit
Overhead expenses have been estimated in the following volume of production units:
40,000 units 65,000 units
Production units
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Indirect materials 1,20,000 1,95,000
Indirect labor 2,00,000 3,25,000
Inspection 1,30,000 1,80,000
Maintenance 1,60,000 2,35,000
Supervision 1,44,000 1,44,000
Depreciation on plant & machinery 80,000 80,000
Administrative expenses 60,000 60,000
Selling & distribution expenses 1,70,000 2,45,000 The normal production of the
company is 60,000 units.
The budgeted cost per unit at the level of 55,000 units of Product A is
(a) Rs.40.00 (b) Rs.42.00 (c) Rs.40.71 (d) Rs.47.71 (e) Rs.45.71.
(2 marks)
57. Ostrich Ltd. has furnished the following data for the month of December 2004: <
Answer
Particulars Budget Actual >
71. The data relating to Mehar Ltd. for the month of December 2004 are as follows: <
Answer
Output (units) 6,500 >
Wages paid for 16,250 hours Rs. 48,750
Material 4,000 kg Rs. 34,000
Variances:
Variances Rs.
Labor rate 1,875 (A)
Labor efficiency 1,275 (F)
Labor idle time 700 (A)
Material price 1,850 (F)
Material usage 1,200 (F) The standard prime cost per unit is
(a) Rs. 13.00 (b) Rs. 12.73 (c) Rs. 7.30 (d) Rs. 7.50 (e) Rs. 5.70.
(2 marks)
72. The costs incurred to ensure that materials, products and services meet quality standards are known as <
Answer
(a) Quality costs (b) Prevention costs >
(c) Appraisal costs (d) External failure costs (e) Standard costs.
(1 mark)
73. A set of concepts and tools applied for getting all the employees focused on continuous improvement in the <
Answer
eyes of the customers is popularly known as
>
(a) Quality control (b) Cost control
(c) Customer orientation (d) Self management (e) Total quality management.
(1 mark)
74. Consider the following details pertaining to Yamha Ltd. for the month of December 2004: <
Answer
Particulars Rs. >
Sales 40,000
Direct materials 17,500
Direct labor 10,000
Variable overheads 5,000
Capital employed 25,000 The return on investment in December 2004 is 12.5%. In the
month of January 2005 it is expected that the volume of sales increases by 15%, the selling price increases
by 2% and there is a reduction of all the costs by 2%. The return on investment for the month of January
2005 will
(a) Increase by 12.5% (b) Increase by 92.16%
(c) Decrease by 92.16% (d) Decrease by 24.02% (e) Increase by 24.02%.
(2 marks)
Suggested Answers
Management Accounting II (152) – January 2005
1. Answer : (c) < TOP >
Reason : No single method of transfer pricing is applicable across the board. In developing a system of transfer
pricing for any particular situation, the factors needed to be considered are existence of competitive
market (a), Sourcing constraint (b), Quantum of transfer (d), and Capacity level of selling division (e).
Movability constraint (c) i.e. movement of the product from department to department is not a factor
having relation to transfer pricing in any way. Hence (c) is not considered.
Reason : Transfer prices are often used by profit centers and investment centers. Profit centers are the most
fundamental of these two centers because the investment centers are responsible not only for the
revenues and costs but also for invested capital. Answer (a) is incorrect because a revenue center is
responsible only for revenue generation, not cost control or profitability.Answer (b) is incorrect because
transfer prices are not used in a cost center.Answer (d) is not correct because an investment center is not
as fundamental as a profit center.Answer (e) is not correct because a production center may be a cost
center, a profit center or even an investment center. Transfer prices are not used in a cost center.
Transfer prices are used to compute profitability but a cost center is responsible only for cost control.
Reason : A budget manual describes how a budget is to be prepared. Items usually included in a budget manual
are a planning calendar and distribution instructions for all budget schedules. Distribution instructions
are important because, once a schedule is prepared, other departments within the organization will use
the schedule to prepare their own budgets. Without distribution instructions, someone who needs a
particular schedule may be overlooked.Answer (a) is incorrect because the accounting manual includes
a chart of accounts. Answer (c) is incorrect because employee hiring policies are not needed for budget
preparation. They are already available in the personnel manual. Answer (d) is incorrect because
software documentation is not needed in the budget preparation process. Answer (e) is incorrect
because the authorization of transactions is not necessary for budget preparation purposes.
Reason : When we look into the relationship between full cost and contribution margin pricing we can conclude
that although the full cost pricing and contribution margin based approach for pricing are considered
distinctively different approaches, by and large , they represent to a certain degree, cost plus pricing.
Hence statement (e) is true. They are considered complementary to each other but not competing.
Hence statement (a) is true. In both the pricing models fixed costs are considered important. Hence
option (c) is true. In both the methods, the selling prices proposed must be only be tentative and they are
always subjective. Hence statement (b) is also true. However, Full cost pricing makes a normal mark up
on total costs and it does not take volume of production into consideration. On the other hand
contribution margin approach to pricing is concerned about cost. Hence statement (d) which states that
Contribution margin method also makes a normal markup on total costs is false.
Reason :Variance cost per unit = Rs.10 + Rs.12 + Rs.12 + Rs.10 = Rs.44
Fixed cost = Rs.8 × 1,000 units + Rs.10 × 1,000 units
= Rs.8,000 + Rs.10,000
= Rs.18,000
Cost of 1,250 units = 1,250 units × Rs.44 + Rs.18,000
= Rs.55,000 + Rs.18,000
= Rs.73,000
Reason : Cost of goods manufactured is equal to all manufacturing costs incurred during the period, plus
beginning work-in-process, minus ending work-in-process. A cost of goods manufactured budget is
therefore based on materials, direct labor, factory overhead, and work-in-process.
Answer (a) is incorrect because both beginning and ending work-in-process must be included. Answer
(c) and (d) are incorrect because finished goods are excluded. They are the end product of the
manufacturing process. Answer (e) is incorrect because work-in-process inventories must be included.
Reason : A production budget is based on sales forecasts, in units, with adjustments for beginning and ending
inventories. It is used to plan when items will be produced. After the production budget has been
completed, it is used to prepare materials purchases, direct labor, and factory overhead budgets.
Answer (a) is incorrect because a production budget is usually prepared in terms of units of output
rather than costs. Answers (c) and (d) are incorrect because the direct labor and materials purchases
budgets are prepared after the production budget. Answer (e) is incorrect because the production budget
is not summarization of discretionary costs.
Reason : A fixed budget is not prepared for a range, rather it is used unaltered during the budget period. It is
prepared for a particular activity level and it does not change with actual activity level being higher or
lower than the budgeted activity level.
Reason : Management performance should ideally be evaluated only on the basis of those factors controllable by
the manager. Manager may control revenues, costs or investments in resources. A well designed
responsibility accounting system establishes responsibility centers within the organization. However,
controllability is not an absolute basis for establishment of responsibility. More than one manager may
be able to influence a cost and responsibility may be assigned on the basis of knowledge about the
incurrence of a cost rather than the ability to control it. Management by objective (MBO) is a related
concept. It is a behavioral, communication-oriented, responsibility approach to employee self-direction.
Under MBO, a manager and his/her subordinates agree upon objectives and the means of attaining
them. The plans that result are reflected in responsibility accounting and in the budgeting process.
Reason : A budget is a means of control because it sets standard guidelines with which actual performance can be
compared. The feedback provided by comparison of actual and budgeted performance reveals whether a
manager has used company assets efficiently. If a budget is to be used for control purposes, however,
the accounting system must be designed to produce information required for the control process.
Further, the budgeting and accounting system must be related to the organizational structure. So that
variances will be assigned to the proper individuals.Option (a) is incorrect because the company should
already be using forecasting procedures if the budget is being used as a planning tool.Option (b) is not
correct because a budget director and committee are needed even if a budget is to be used only for
planning.Options (c) and (d) are incorrect because daily reporting is usually not necessary.
Reason :
Cash sales for March 2005(Rs.4,85,000 x 0.5) Rs.2,42,500
Cash flows for the credit sales in the month of January 2005
Rs.39,375
(Rs.3,15,000 x 0.5 x 0.25)
Cash flows for the credit sales in the month of February 2005
Rs.1,48,750
(Rs.4,25,000x 0.5 x 0.7)
Rs.4,30,625
Total commission payable to salesmen = Rs.4,30,625 x 4% = Rs.17,225
14. Answer : (c) < TOP >
Reason :
Cash inflows in the month of:
March 2005
– Rs.1,50,000 × 10% + 1,50,000 × 90% ×40%
= Rs.15,000 + Rs.54,000 = Rs. 69,000
Credit sales in February 2005 = Rs.1,35,000 × 90% × 30% = Rs. 36,450
Credit sales in January 2005 = Rs.1,20,000 × 90% × 25% = Rs. 27,000
Credit sales in December 2004 = Rs.1,00,000 × 90% × 5% = Rs. 4,500
Rs.1,36,950
15. Answer : (a) < TOP >
Reason :
Cash disbursement =
Cost of goods sold –Increase in accounts payable – Decrease in stock
= 75% of sales – Rs.28,000 – Rs.52,000
= Rs.7,50,000 – Rs.80,000
= Rs.6,70,000.
16. Answer : (c) < TOP >
Reason : In case of zero based budget, each manager is asked to prepare his own requirement of funds beginning
from scratch, ignoring the past and he has to justify the requirements mentioned by him. Hence the
main idea behind zero based budget is to challenge the existence of every budgetary unit and every
budget period.
17. Answer : (b) < TOP >
Reason : Top-to-bottom budget is also known as imposed budget. In this type of budget, the budgeted quantities
are obtained from the top level managers and then communicated downward to lower level managers.
Lower level managers do not participate in this type of budget. Hence the answer is (b). In participative
budget, estimations of lower level managers are coordinated and communicated upward to the top level
to the top level managers. Zero-based budgeting is a method of budget review and evaluation that
requires all projects and programs to justify all resources. Manpower budget will take an overall view of
the organizations needs for manpower for all areas of activity for a period of years. Master budget is a
budget which is prepared from and summarizes the functional budgets.
18. Answer : (e) < TOP >
Reason :
Capacity 50% 60% 80%
Production (units) 5,000 6,000 8,000
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Material 50 51 52.50
Labor 15 15 15.00
Variable overheads
Factory 9 9 9.00
Administrative 5 5 5.00
79 80 81.50
Total variable cost 3,95,00 4,80,00 6,52,000
0 0
Fixed overheads
Factory 30,000 30,000 30,000
Administrative 25,000 25,000 25,000
4,50,00 5,35,00 7,07,000
0 0
Sale price per unit 100 98 95
Sales value 5,00,00 5,88,00 7,60,000
0 0
Profit 50,000 53,000 53,000
Profit per unit 10.00 8.83 6.63
19. Answer : (c) < TOP >
Reason : Revenue of Rs. 24,00,000 reflects a unit selling price of Rs. 16 (Rs.24,00,00÷1,50,000 games). The
contribution margin is Rs.6.50 per game (Rs. 9,75,000÷1,50,000 games). Thus, unit variable cost is
Rs.9.50 (Rs.16-Rs.6.50). Increasing sales will result in an increased contribution margin of Rs. 1,95,000
(30,000 x Rs. 6.50). Assuming no additional fixed costs, net income will increases to Rs. 4,20,000 (Rs.
2,25,000 originally reported + Rs. 1,95,000).
20. Answer : (e) < TOP >
Reason :
Material usage variance = Standard rate (Actual quantity ~ Standard quantity)
Material A = Rs.10 (2,050 kg ~ 1,000 units × 2kg) = Rs.10 × 50 kg =
Rs.500 (Adverse)
Material B = Rs.20 (2,980 kg ~ 1,000 units × 3 kg) = Rs.20 × 20 kg
= Rs.400
(Favorable)
Material usage variance Rs.100 (Adverse)
21. Answer : (e) < TOP >
Reason :Sub-standard materials, Pilferage of materials, Non-standard material mixture, Wastage due to inefficient
mixture are causes of material usage variance. However purchasing non-standard lots lead to reduction
in quantity discount which is a cause for material price variance.
< TOP >
22. Answer : (a)
Reason : Fixed overhead volume variance =
Budgeted fixed overheads cost ~ Applied fixed overheads cost
Rs.2,400
×13,000 units
12,000 units
= Rs.2,400 ~
= Rs.2,400 ~ Rs.2,600
= Rs.200 (favorable)
Other options (b), (c), (d) and (e) are not correct.
< TOP >
23. Answer : (e)
Rs.12,000
12,000
= = Re.1
Variable overhead cost variance
= Actual variable overhead costs – Standard variable overhead cost per unit ×
Actual output
= Rs.12,800 – Rs.1 × 12,500 units
= Rs.12,800 – Rs.12,500 = Rs.300 (Adverse)
According to normal costing, direct costs are traced, while indirect costs are allocated to the output. So the correct
answer is (b).
Particulars A B
Stock as on December 01, 2004 70 80
Add: Purchases during the month of December 2004 1,600 2,400
1,670 2,480
Less: Stock as on December 31, 2004 10 100
Material consumed during the month of December 2004 1,660 2,380
Total material consumption = 1,660 + 2,380 = 4,040 kg.
Standard cost:
Quantity (kg.) Price (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
A 1,600 4 6,400
B 2,400 3 7,200
4,000
Loss: 600
Output 3,400 13,600
Standard yield =
Actual standard output 85 kg.
×Actual input = × 4,040kg.= 3,434kg.
Standard input 100 kg.
Material yield variance = Standard rate of output (Actual yield – Standard yield) =
Rs.13,600
×(3,400 kg.-3,434 kg.)
3,400
= Rs.136 (Adverse)
26. Answer : (b) < TOP >
Operational information generated through the processing of data obtained from internal sources is
required for the lower management level. Other information like control information, formal
information, informal information and strategic information are not required in the lower level
management. Therefore (b) is correct.
28. Answer : (d) < TOP >
Reason :
Material – Rs.2.00
Labor – Rs.3.00
* Variable overhead Rs.4.50
** Fixed overhead Rs.4.50
Cost per unit Rs.14.00
* Increase in overhead from 15,000 to
25,000 units is Rs.45,000.
Therefore, Rs.4.50 per unit or Rs.9 per hour (Rs.45,000 ÷ 10,000)
** Total overhead at 25,000 units is Rs.2,02,500, of which Rs.1,12,500 must be variable (i.e.25,000 ×
Rs.4.50). Remainder of Rs.90,000 must be fixed.
Budget for overhead is Rs.90,000 + Rs.9 per hour or
Rs.90,000 + Rs.4.50 per unit
Overhead efficiency variance = Budget 10,700 hours ∼ budget at 22,000 units.
= (10,700 × Rs.9 + Rs.90,000) ∼ (22,000 × Rs.4.50 + Rs.90,000)
= Rs.1,86,300 ∼ Rs.1,89,000
= Rs.2,700 (F)
Overhead capacity variance = Budget at 22,000 units ∼ overhead applied
= (22,000 × Rs.4.50 + Rs.90,000) ∼ (22,000 × Rs.9)
= Rs.1,89,000 ∼ Rs.1,98,000
= Rs.9,000 (F)
30. Answer : (d) < TOP >
Reason :
Degree of
Completed stock: Units Overheads
completion
From opening work-in-progress 250 40 % 100
Closing work-in-progress 450 20 % 90
Current production 950 100 % 950
Total 1,140
Budgeted rate per kg = Rs.180
No. of direct labor hours per kg = 3
Budgeted rate per hour = Rs.60
Standard hours for actual production = 1,140 x 3 = 3,420 hours
Fixed overhead efficiency variance = (Standard hours for actual production – Actual hours) x budgeted
rate per hour = ( 3,420 hours – 3,300 hours ) x Rs.60
= Rs.7,200 (F)
31. Answer : (a) < TOP >
Reason : Materials handling cost per part is Rs.0.12 (Rs. 7,20,000÷60,00,000), cost per setup is Rs. 420 (Rs.
3,15,000 ÷750), machining cost per hour is Rs. 18 (Rs. 5,40,000÷30,000), and quality cost per batch is
Rs.450 (Rs.2,25,000 ÷ 500). Hence, total manufacturing overhead applied = [(5 parts per unit x 20,000
units x Rs.0.12) + (4 batches x 2 setups per batch x Rs. 420)+ (4 batches x 80 machine hours per batch
x Rs.18)+(4 batches x Rs. 450)] = Rs. 12,000 + Rs. 3,360 + Rs.5,760 + Rs.1,800 = Rs.22,920. The total
unit cost is Rs. 6.296[Rs. 5.15 prime cost + (Rs.22,920÷20,000 units)overhead] or Rs.6.30.
33. Answer : (e) < TOP >
Reason : Management by Exception is a system of identification and communication that signals the managers
when his attention is needed. The system remains silent when attention of a manager is not required.
The manager can devote attention only to those areas those require managerial attention. And its prime
area of attention is large unfavorable variances.
37. Answer : (d) < TOP >
Reason : Standard costing system does not assume that production workers have the best knowledge to reduce
costs that is why it specifies the standards to be achieved. It can be used for cost control and the
standards are set assuming stability in the current manufacturing process i.e. there will not be any
change in the manufacturing process for short run with an objective of meeting performance standards.
It motivates employees to try to reach targets established.
38. Answer : (c) < TOP >
Reason : A value added activity contributes to customer satisfaction or meets a need of the entity. A non-value
adding activity does not make such a contribution. It can be eliminated, reduced or redesigned without
impairing quantity, quality or responsiveness of the product or service desired by customers or entity.
For example, raw materials storage may be greatly reduced or eliminated in just-in-time (JIT)
production system without affecting the customer value. All the other activities result into some value
addition except Product inspection operations which can either be eliminated or reduced through
proper production controls.
39. Answer :(a) < TOP >
Reason : Value Chain analysis starts with customers as the ultimate aim. The fist stage of Value Chain is thus
research, development and engineering.
40. Answer :(c) < TOP >
Reason : Product design is an earlier stage in a product's life cycle. Providing the product to customer is a
production activity. Under target costing, all the requirements of the entire product life cycle are
identified and recognized during the design and engineering stage. So, design and engineering stage is
extremely important in reducing costs.
41. Answer : (d) < TOP >
Reason : The master budget variance is the difference between the master budget and actual results, the same as
the difference between total costs at actual prices and actual inputs, which are actual results, and the
master budget. The difference between the flexible budget and master budget is the activity-level
variance. The difference between the actual result and flexible budget is the flexible-budget variance.
42. Answer : (e) < TOP >
Reason : Operating management is mainly concerned with the production. Therefore, information relating to
production are important to the operating management. Therefore, all the information relating to
production, mentioned in (I), (II), (III) and (IV) are important to the operating management.
Reason : The data, equipment and computer programs that are used to develop information for managerial use is
called Management Information System (MIS). Other options (a), (b), (c) and (e) are not correct.
Reason : The three distinguishable levels of management in an organization consists of – corporate management,
executive management, and operating management. The corporate management, consisting of board of
directors, chief executive and functional heads is responsible for strategic planning and overall financial
monitoring of the firm. Executive management consists of managers responsible for certain product
groups or markets. They are entrusted with the responsibility to translate corporate strategy into
program and are concerned with tasks such as budget formulation, decision on routine capital
expenditures, choice of product improvement etc. The operating management is represented by
executives entrusted with specific operational tasks and are responsible for executing various tasks
within the framework of plans, programs, and schedules. Hence only (a) is the responsibility of
corporate management.
45. Answer : (e) < TOP >
Reason : According to McGregor’s Theory Y, the capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination,
ingenuity and creativity in the solution of organizational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in
the population. Hence the answer is (e). The other assumptions of Theory Y are: External control and
threat of punishment are not the only means of bringing about effort towards organizational objectives.
Man will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which he is committed.
The average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility.
The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. The average human
being does not inherently dislikes work. Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards
associated with their achievements e.g. the satisfaction of ego and self-actualisation needs can be direct
products of efforts directed towards organizational objectives.
46. Answer : (e) < TOP >
Reason : Most variances are of significance to someone who is responsible for that variance. However, a fixed
overhead volume variance is often not the responsibility of anyone other than top management. The
fixed overhead volume variance equals the difference between budgeted fixed overhead and the amount
applied (standard rate x standard input allowed for the actual output). It can be caused by economic
downturns, labor strike, bad weather, or a change in planned output. Thus, a fixed overhead volume
variance resulting from a top management decision to reduce output has fewer behavioral implications
than other variances. Answer (a) is incorrect because an unfavorable materials quantity variance affects
production management and possibly the purchasing function. It may indicate an inefficient use of
materials or the use of poor quality materials. Answer (b) is incorrect because an unfavorable labor
efficiency variance reflects upon production workers who have used too many hours. Answer (c) is
incorrect because a favorable labor rate variance related to hiring is a concern of the personnel function.
The favorable rate variance might be more than offset by an unfavorable labor efficiency variance or a
materials quantity variance (if waste occurred). Answer (d) is incorrect because the purchasing function
is responsible for a favorable materials price variance.
47. Answer : (e) < TOP >
Reason : The costs relevant to pricing using the contribution margin approach are variable costs. i.e. here it
considers relevant cost ( ignoring irrelevant costs by differentiating relevant and irrelevant costs) and
also between fixed and variable cost. Therefore (e) is correct.
48. Answer : (c) < TOP >
Reason : Return on investment is the most common measure of performance of investment hence (c) is the correct
answer. Margin of safety, sales margin, return on equity, capital turnover are only the parts of performance of
investment measure.
49. Answer : (c) < TOP >
Reason : Target Pricing is Pricing Strategy used in case of perfect markets. Under this strategy the products are
priced according to the customer’s willingness to pay.
50. Answer : (b) < TOP >
Reason : Regarding ABC a.ABC appeals to managers because costs are assigned according to well-measured and
understood activities.
c. ABC usually reduces the costs assigned to high-volume products.
d.ABC usually increases the costs assigned to low-volume, complex products.
e.ABC is well suited to the new manufacturing environment.
These are true except (b) i.e. ABC creates another layer of product costing activities in addition to
those required to perform volume-based product costing, this is false.
51. Answer : (c) < TOP >
Reason : For a company-owned restaurant in a fast food chain, both cost and profit can be traced, therefore it is
an example of profit center.
52. Answer : (d) < TOP >
Reason :In an imperfect market the pricing strategy to maximize volume would be any price above marginal cost
because in such a case any material contribution towards recovery of fixed cost is good enough rather
than not having any contribution at all.
53. Answer : (c) < TOP >
Reason : A standard costing system allows for the costs to be computed at the beginning of the period.
54. Answer : (a) < TOP >
Reason :
Standard hours for actual production
3,100 hours
×100
3, 500 hours
= = 88.57%.
55. Answer : (a) < TOP >
Reason :
Activity Based costing (ABC)
Machine hours (MH)
Product N (20,000 units × 1.5 hours) 30,000 hours
Product K (7,500 units × 2 hour) 15,000 hours
45,000 hours
Using ABC, the overhead costs are absorbed
according to the cost drivers:
Machine hour driven costs = Rs.4,50,000 ÷ 45,000MH
= Rs.10 per machine hour
Set-up driven costs = (Rs.40,000 ÷ 200) = Rs.200 per set-up
Order driven cost = Rs.90,000 ÷ 150 = Rs.600 per order
Overhead costs:
Product N Product K
Particulars
Rs. Rs.
Machine-driven cost:
3,00,000 1,50,000
(30,000 hours × Rs.10) (15,000 hours × Rs.10)
Set-up costs:
8,000 32,000
(40 × Rs.200) (160 × Rs.200)
Order-handling costs:
18,000 72,000
(30 × Rs.600) (120 × Rs.600)
3,26,000 2,54,000
Units produced 20,000 7,500
Overhead cost per unit Rs.16.30 Rs.33.87
Reason :
Budget for the year 2005-06
Production volume – 55,000 units
Variable cost Fixed Total
Particulars Per unit Total costs Costs
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Workings:
Segregation of semi-variable cost into fixed and variable components.
Inspection:
Rs.1,80,000 − Rs.1,30,000 Rs.50,000
65,000 units − 40,000 units 25,000 units
Variable cost = = = Rs.2
Fixed cost = Total costs – Variable costs = Rs.1,30,000 – 40,000 units × Rs.2
= Rs.1,30,000 – Rs.80,000 = Rs.50,000
In the same way, it can be determined the fixed and variable components in semi-variable or semi-fixed costs.
Reason : Std. hours for actual output = 2,40,000/ 1,200 x 25 = 5,000 hours
Expected output from actual input = 1,200/1,500 x 2,88,000 = 2,30,400 kg
Std. hours for expected output = 2,30,400/1,500 x 25 = 3,840 hours
Std. hours allowed for actual output ( 5,000 x Rs. 2) = Rs. 10,000
Std. hours allowed for expected output ( 3,840 x Rs. 2) = Rs. 7,680
Labour yield variance Rs. 2,320 (F)
Reason : Revised sale price is 78% (i.e, 100% - 22%) of original sale price.
Revised budgeted sales at original sale price
= Rs.39,00,000 / (1 - 0.22)= Rs.39,00,000 / (0.78) = Rs.50,00,000
The company would be able to achieve only 80% of the original budgeted sales.
Therefore, original sales at original sale price = Rs.50,00,000 / 0.80
=Rs.62,50,000
66. Answer : (a) < TOP >
Reason : Flexible budgets are budgets in which the expected results of operations at various levels of output are
determined. Fixed costs remain unchanged at each level of activity shown in a flexible budget, but
variable costs will vary for each activity level. Standard cost refers to the standard cost per unit of input
(such as material, labor, or overhead). Standard costs are used to determine the total budgeted cost for
an item of input at a specific level of activity. Performance reports and analysis of variances based on
actual results compared to a fixed or static budget are misleading, unless the actual results occur at the
activity level chosen for the fixed budget. Only statement (I) is true . Hence the correct answer is (a).
Reason : The standard cost of materials for 8,500 units is Rs.1,27,500 (i.e. 8,500 × Rs.15). Thus, no variance
arose with respect to materials. Because labor for 9,000 units was budgeted at Rs.81,000, the unit
labor cost is Rs.9. Thus, the labor budget for 8,500 units is Rs.76,500 and total labor variance is
Rs.1,275 (i.e. Rs.77,775 – Rs.76,500). Because the actual cost is greater than the budgeted amount,
Rs.1,275 variance is unfavorable. Given that the actual time per unit (45 minutes) was the same as
that budgeted, no labor efficiency variance was incurred. Hence, the entire Rs.1,275 unfavorable
variance must be attributable to labor rate variance.
69. Answer : (c) < TOP >
Reason :
Particulars Rs.
Variable cost:
Direct materials 60
Direct labor 40
Manufacturing overheads 20
Selling expenses 12
Distribution expenses 3
Total variable cost 135
Fixed cost:
Manufacturing overheads 1,50,000
Selling expenses 30,000
Administrative expenses 50,000
Distribution expenses 20,000
2,50,000
Total cost of 8,000 units = 8,000 units × Rs.135
+ Rs.2,50,000
= 10,80,000 + Rs.2,50,000 = Rs.13,30,000
Sales value = Rs. 13,30,000 × 1.25 = Rs. 16,62,500
(20% on sales = 25% on cost)
Standard wages =
Actual wages paid + favorable labor efficiency variance – adverse labor rate variance – adverse labor
idle time variance
Particulars Total Per unit
Standard material cost (34,000 + 1,850 + 1,200) 37,05 5.70
Standard wages (48,750+1,275 – 1,875 – 700) 0 7.30
47,45
0
Total 84,50 13.00
0
72. Answer : (c) < TOP >
Reason : The costs incurred to ensure that materials, products and services meet quality standards are known as
appraisal costs. These costs begin with the inspection of raw materials and parts from vendors. Further
inspection costs are incurred throughout the production process.
73. Answer : (e) < TOP >
Reason : Total quality management is often termed as a set of concepts and tools for getting all employees
focused on continuous improvement in the eyes of the customer. It is neither quality control (a) nor cost
control (b) Customer orientation is one of the core concepts of total quality management. TQM aims at
eliciting greater employee commitment through shared decision making and introduce various forms of
self management (d). This is one of the elements in TQM.
74. Answer : (b) < TOP >
Reason :
The budgeted increase
December Increase
Effect of
Particulars 2004 In sales
change Rs.
(Rs.) volume
Sales 40,000 46,000 46,000 ×102% = 46,920
Direct materials 17,500 20,125 20,125 × 98% = 19,722.5
Direct labor 10,000 11,500 11,500 × 98% = 11,270.0
Variable overheads 5,000 5,750 5,750 × 98% = 5,635.0
Fixed overheads* 4,375 4,375 4,375 ×98% = 4,287.5
Profit 3,125 6,005.0
Capital employed 25,000 25,000
Return on investment 12.5% 24.02% *Return on investment in
December 2003 is 12.5%. Hence profit is Rs.25,000 × 12.5% = Rs.3,125
Hence fixed overheads is sales–variable expenses–profit = Rs.40,000–Rs.32,500 – Rs.3,125 = Rs.4,375
24.02% −12.5%
12.5%
% increase in return on investment = = 92.16%
< TOP OF THE DOCUMENT >