INTRODUCTION

NATIONAL STATISTIC SYSTEM ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (SENCYT)

The Secretariat of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation (SeCyT) is the body that deals in all
matters related to the layout and implementation of the national scientific and technological policy, the
coordination of the activities that are carried out in this area, the assessment and control of the
administration and the promotion and publication of these activities.

The scientific and technological area comprises institutions, human resources, scientific equipment and
devices, through which the scientific and technological knowledge is generated and flows. The activities
carried out can be classified as: scientific and technological research and development, human resources
training in science and technology, broadcast of science and technology, technological innovation, services
and transference of science and technology, among the main ones. The measurement of these activities and
of the necessary resources to carry them out generates information that should be properly organized and
coordinated. This is the task that this Secretariat deals with in order to present a useful instrument when
making decisions that concern the design of science and technology policies for Argentina.

The systemic organization of the National Statistical Information started back in 1968. In that year Law Nº
17622, regulated by Decree 3110/70 that created the National Statistical System (SEN), was sanctioned,
depending on the National Institute of Statistic and Censuses (INDEC), originating several subsystems
(Provincial, Municipal Statistical Systems, etc.).

Twenty years later, the National Statistical System on Science and Technology (SENCYT) was created as
part of SEN. SENCYT is a set of rules, principles, methods and activities, methodologically related to each
other that make it possible to monitor the structure of the National Technological Scientific Area and its
dynamics by means of the measurement (periodic or permanent, whichever the case may be) of the
resources and activities in science, technology and technological innovation, as well as of other aspects
linked to them (See diagram Nº 1).

7
SENCYT began to work with continuity in September 1993 with Decree Nº 1831. This Decree fixed the
minimum obligations assigned to SeCyT, as regards compilation and production of statistical information.
SeCyT is thus responsible for the processing of information about national public and private expenditures in
science and technology, the scientific and technical human resources of the country as well as all subsidies
and public loans granted for the realization of the scientific and technological activities within the national
territory, in order to obtain indicators that make it possible to evaluate the present and future of the Argentine
scientific and technological activities.

In the year 2001, as from the promulgation of the Frame Law Nº 25467 of Science, Technology and
Innovation (20/9/2001), the Secretariat receives the beneficent effects of its general legal frame that
structures, impels and promotes the activities related to conforming and maintaining upgraded the systems
of information and statistics of the National System of Science, Technology and Innovation, pointing out, the
compulsiveness of the organizations and public institutions that carry out scientific and technological
activities to provide SeCyT, in due time, with the information it requests, as long as it that does not affect the
agreements of confidentiality that may exist. On the other hand, the mentioned Law establishes the need to
obtain the appropriate indicators for the evaluation of the whole System.

8
DIAGRAM Nº 1. - National Statistical System on Science and Technology

CNEA

Ministry of
National Agency for
S&T Promotion
INA Federal
Planning,
Secretariat of Science, Public
Technology and INPRES Investment and
Productive Innovation Services

Ministry of CONICET COORDINATION

Education, SEGEMAR
SeCyT
Science and
Technology National universities
ANLIS
Ministry of
Health
NATIONAL OTHERS
Private universities
STATISTICAL SYSTEM INSTITUTIONS
ON S&T
CITEFA

Province S&T provincial

Ministry of
governments institutions IGM
Defence

OTHERS
INSTITUTIONS

Private non-profit INTA

institutions
Ministry of
INTI Economy and
Production

INIDEP
Business enterprises

DNA / IAA Ministry of

INDEC INTERNATIONAL Foreign Affairs,
(SEN) NETWORKS Int. Trade and
Worship
CONAE

9
MAIN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS RELATED TO SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
• APN: National Parks Service
• Others:
- INAPL: National Institute of Anthropology and Latin American Thought

CABINET HEADQUARTERS
• INAP: National Office of Public Administration

MINISTRY OF FEDERAL PLANNING, PUBLIC INVESTMENT AND SERVICES

• CNEA: National Atomic Energy Commission

• INA: National Water Institute
• INPRES: National Institute for Seismic Prevention
• SEGEMAR: Argentine Geological and Mining Survey

MINISTRY OF DEFENCE
• CITEFA: Institute of Scientific and Technological Research for Defence
• IGM: Military Geographic Institute
• INMAE: National Institute of Air and Space Medicine
• SHN: Navy Hydrographic Office
• SMN: National Meteorological Service
• SNID: Navy Research and Development Service

MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND PRODUCTION

• INIDEP: National Institute for Fishery Research and Development

• INTA: National Institute for Agricultural Technology

10
• INTI: National Institute for Industrial Technology
• Others:
- INPI: National Institute for Industrial Property
- ANP: National Patent Office
- INV: National Institute of Vitiviniculture
- INDEC: National Institute of Statistics and Censuses

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• SeCyT: Secretariat of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation
- ANPCyT: National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion
- CONICET: National Council on Scientific and Technical Research

MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND WORSHIP

• CONAE: National Commission on Space Activities

• DNA: National Office of the Antarctics
- IAA: Argentine Antarctic Institute
• Others:
- IHCP: National Institute of Patagonian Continental Ice

MINISTRY OF HEALTH
• ANLIS: “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán” National Administration of Health Laboratories and Institutes
• Others:
- CENARESO: National Center for Social Reeducation
- CIN: Center for Neurobiological Research
- CNCV: Vector Control National Coordination
- “Prof. Dr. J.P. Garraham” Paediatric Hospital
- INAME: National Institute for Medicine
- ANMAT: National Administration for Medicine, Food and Medical Technology

11
PROVINCES AND BUENOS AIRES CITY GOVERNMENTS
• ACC: Cordoba Science Agency
• CIC: Province of Buenos Aires Scientific Research Commission
• CFI: Federal Investment Council

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
• RICYT: Science and Technology Indicators Network – Latin American and Inter American
• ISI: Institute for Scientific Information
• OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
• UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

12
 SURVEY METHODOLOGY

The operation named SURVEY OF ORGANIZATIONS THAT CARRY OUT SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES takes place annually since 1994, fulfilling Decree Nº 1831/93.

The surveys performed throughout these years include information from the organizations devoted to
science and technology activities from different environments: state organizations, public and private
universities, non-profit organizations and companies. The answers were requested at the maximum
institutional level; this way, for example, the National Council on Scientific and Technical Research
(CONICET) is responsible for all its performing units; the National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA)
is responsible for all their experimental stations; the companies, on the other hand, are responsible for their
establishments and headquarters settled within the national territory. All organizations participating in the
survey are guaranteed the confidential treatment of the individual information dealt with.

The coverage of the survey reached the complete universe of the public organisms and that of the public and
private universities. In the case of the non-profit organizations, a representative sample of the total
population was consulted. For the companies an estimate was carried out, in this opportunity, based on the
upgrading of the values corresponding to the year 2005, using as index the variation in the Gross Domestic
Investment in Machinery and Equipment, supplemented with the results from the National Survey to
Companies on Innovation, Research and Development and Technologies of the Information and of the
Communications that SeCyT carried out together with INDEC in the year 2005.

A questionnaire was sent to all the organizations requesting people appointed as coordinators to complete it
and then send it by mail, fax or electronic mail. From the answers received we proceeded, first, to an
analysis of consistency and coherence of the information in the individual forms; later on, this pre-processed
information was included in the general data base.

It is important to point out that in the fourteen years analyzed, the same survey methodology was applied
with similar instruments to gather information. As a consequence the results obtained throughout this period
are basically comparable.
13
In the particular case of the calculation of the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) people working in science
and technology activities, special coefficients were used depending on the organization with which to convert
the number of taken full- or part-time positions in a number of FTE people. This is shown in the following
chart:

Institution
Private non-
Occupation Government Public Private Business
profit
body university university enterprise
institutions
FT Researchers 1 1 0.77 0.77 1 1
PT Researchers 2 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
FT Fellowship holders 1 1 0.77 0.77 1 1
PT Fellowship holders 2 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Technicians 1 1 1 1 1
Support staff 1 1 1 1 1
1 FT: Full-time
2 PT: Part-time

Note: For example, to calculate the number of FTE Researchers in universities the following mathematical
expression is used: No. Researcher (FTE) = No. FT Researcher x 0.77 + No. PT Researcher x 0.25

The criteria for the application of the mentioned coefficients appear in the recommendations for data
processing in human resources of S&T dealt with in the Frascati Manual. In this manual, the use of
coefficients is recommended for the effective dedication to research up to a 0.90 for the FT positions. This
approach, developed on the basis of studies on the labor activities of researchers, establishes that 100% of
the activity of the FT researcher is distributed up to 90% in tasks of pure or effective research and from a
10% to tasks related to S&T corresponding to teaching, training, dissemination, technology transference, etc.
In our example of university researchers we took the figure 0.77 as coefficient after performing studies

14
referring to time dedication for the research in FT positions. This figure represents the average time
dedication of the FTE researcher, with FT position, in an Argentine university.

In the case of some researchers, research fellowship holders, technicians and support staff that belong to
more than one institution, the position is assigned to only one of the institutions in order to avoid duplications.

In the present publication the monetary values are expressed in millions of current pesos. For its
comparison, it is important to point out that the rate of the American dollar (yearly average) during 2002 was
considered of 3.21 pesos, for 2003 of 2.95 pesos, for 2004 of 2.94 pesos, for 2005 of 2.92 pesos and for
2006 of 3.08 pesos.

The statistical information included in the present publication can be found in the Web page of this
Secretariat in Internet under the heading of S&T Indicators.

http://www.secyt.gov.ar

15
 CHAPTER I
___________________________________________
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D

16
 Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D, 2002-2006

Millions current pesos

3 500

3 000

2 500

2 000

1 500

1 000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

GERD Annual
GERD/GDP
Year (millions current variation
(%)
pesos) (%)

2002 1 215.5 + 6.5 0.39

2003 1 541.7 + 26.8 0.41
2004 1 958.7 + 27.0 0.44
2005 2 451.0 +25.1 0.46
2006 3 237.0 +32.1 0.49

17
 Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D by performing sector, 2002-2006
Million current pesos

3 500

3 000

2 500

2 000

1 500

1 000

500

0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Government Public Higher Education Private Higher Education

Business enterprises Private non-profit

18
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D by type of costs, 2006
Percentage share in national total

Land and buildings

2%
Instruments and Other capital
equipment expenditures
7% 2%

Other current
expenditures
5%

Goods and
services
15%
Labour costs
69%

19
 Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D by source of funds, 2006
Percentage share in national total

Private Non-Profit
2%
Funds from abroad
Private Higher
1%
Education
Provincial 1%
government
3%
Central government
41%
Public Higher
Education
23%

Business
enterprises
29%

20
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and type of R&D, 2006
Millions current pesos

1 000

800

600

400

200

0
Government Business Public Higher Private non- Private Higher
enterprises Education profit Education

Basic Research Applied Research Experimental Development

21
 Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D by field of science, 2006
Percentage share in national total

Others
Humanities 2%
6%
Engineering and
Social sciences technology
7% 38%

Medical sciences
14%

Natural sciences
16%
Agricultural sciences
17%

22
 Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D by socio-economic objective, 2006

Millions current
SOCIO-ECONOMIC OBJECTIVE
pesos %

TOTAL 3 237.0 100.0

1- Exploration and exploitation of the Earth 108.8 3.4
2- Infrastructure and general planning of land use 70.6 2.2
3- Control and care of the environment 134.3 4.1
4- Protection and improvement of human health 439.8 13.6
5- Production, distribution and rational utilisation of energy 94.7 2.9
6- Agricultural production and technology 633.6 19.6
7- Industrial production and technology 864.2 26.7
8- Social structures and relationships 210.8 6.5
9- Exploration and exploitation of space 112.1 3.5
10- Research financed from General University Funds (GUF) 136.3 4.2
11- Non-oriented research 272.4 8.4
12- Other civil research 123.2 3.8
13- Defence 36.2 1.1

23
 CHAPTER II
___________________________________________
R&D PERSONNEL

24
 R&D Personnel, 2002-2006
Full-time equivalent

50 000

45 000

40 000

35 000

30 000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Of which: Researchers and fellowship

R&D Personnel
holders
Annual Annual
Per thousand
Year FTE variation FTE variation
labour force
(%) (%)
2002 37 413 - 0.1 26 083 + 1.7 1.76
2003 39 393 + 5.3 27 367 + 4.9 1.81
2004 42 454 + 7.8 29 471 + 7.7 1.91
2005 45 361 + 6.8 31 868 + 8.1 2.10
2006 49 359 + 8.8 35 040 + 10.0 2.21

25
 R&D Personnel by occupation, 2002-2006
Percentage share in national total (based on full-time equivalent)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Researchers Fellowship Technicians Support
Holders Staff

2002 2006

26
 R&D Personnel by sector of employment, 2006
Percentage share in national total (based on full-time equivalent)

Private Higher Private non-profit

Education 2%
3%

Business enterprises
16%

Government
47%

Public Higher Education

32%

27
 R&D Personnel by sector of employment and occupation, 2006
Percentage share in national total (based on headcount)

100

80

60

40

20

0
Government Public Higher Private Higher Business Private non-profit
Education Education enterprises

Full-time researchers Part-time researchers Full-time fellowship holders

Part-time fellowship holders Technicians Support Staff

28
 Researchers by field of science, 31 December 2006
Percentage share in national total (based on headcount)

Humanities
Natural sciences
9%
27%
Social sciences
19%

Engineering and
Agricultural technology
sciences 18%
13% Medical sciences
14%

29
 Fellowship holders by field of science, 31 December 2006
Percentage share in national total (based on headcount)

Humanities
7% Natural sciences
Social sciences 36%
18%

Agricultural
sciences
9%

Engineering and
Medical sciences
technology
11%
19%

30
 Researchers and fellowship holders by socio-economic objective, 31 December 2006
Based on headcount

Researchers Fellowship holders

SOCIO-ECONOMIC OBJECTIVE
Headcount % Headcount %
TOTAL 42 729 100.0 10 808 100.0
1- Exploration and exploitation of the Earth 1 589 3.7 552 5.1
2- Infrastructure and general planning of land use 1 455 3.4 259 2.4
3- Control and care of the environment 1 958 4.6 518 4.8
4- Protection and improvement of human health 6 588 15.4 1 713 15.8
5- Production, distribution and rational utilisation of energy 930 2.2 228 2.1
6- Agricultural production and technology 6 805 15.9 1 651 15.3
7- Industrial production and technology 6 650 15.7 1 496 13.8
8- Social structures and relationships 5 100 11.9 1 609 14.9
9- Exploration and exploitation of space 557 1.3 168 1.6
10- Non-oriented research 6 111 14.3 1 159 10.7
11- Other civil research 4 757 11.1 1 444 13.4
12- Defence 229 0.5 11 0.1

31
 CHAPTER III
___________________________________________
RESEARCHERS BY GENDER AND AGE CLASS

32
 Full-time researchers and fellowship holders by age class, 2002-2006
Based on headcount

Average annual Percentage share in

Headcount
variation (%) national total (%)

AGE CLASS 2006 2002-2006 2002 2006

TOTAL 33 353 + 7.5 100.0 100.0

Under 30 years 5 919 + 18.0 11.7 17.8
30-39 years 8 582 + 6.3 27.0 25.7
40-49 years 8 682 + 3.6 30.4 26.0
50-59 years 6 798 + 6.5 21.2 20.4
60-69 years 2 943 + 11.3 7.6 8.8
70 years and more 429 - 4.5 2.1 1.3

33
 Age pyramid of full-time researchers and fellowship holders
by gender and age class, 31 December 2006
Headcount

> 69 years 281 148

60 - 69 years 1 818 1 125

50 - 59 years 3 773 3 025

40 - 49 years 4 410 4 272

30 - 39 years 4 130 4 452

< 30 years 2 696 3 223

5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000

Male Female

34
 Full-time researchers by gender and sector of employment, 31 December 2006

Male Female
Researchers
SECTOR OF EMPLOYMENT Headcount Headcount % Headcount %

TOTAL 24 970 13 523 54.2 11 447 45.8

Government 8 960 5 397 60.2 3 563 39.8
Public Higher Education 12 074 5 383 44.6 6 691 55.4
Private Higher Education 490 335 68.4 155 31.6
Business enterprises 3 143 2 263 72.0 880 28.0
Private non-profit 303 145 47.9 158 52.1

Full-time fellowship holders by gender and sector of employment, 31 December 2006

Fellowship Male Female

holders
SECTOR OF EMPLOYMENT Headcount Headcount % Headcount %

TOTAL 8 383 3 585 42.8 4 798 57.2

Government 5 696 2 436 42.8 3 260 57.2
Public Higher Education 1 889 752 39.8 1 137 60.2
Private Higher Education 151 65 43.0 86 57.0
Business enterprises 524 283 54.0 241 46.0
Private non-profit 123 49 39.8 74 60.2

35
 CHAPTER IV
___________________________________________
RESEARCHERS AND FELLOWSHIP HOLDERS
BY LEVEL OF UNIVERSITY GRADUATION

36
Full- and part-time positions by level of graduation and gender, 31 December 2006

Researchers

Total Male Female

LEVEL OF
Headcount Headcount % Headcount %
GRADUATION
TOTAL 42 729 21 709 100.0 21 020 100.0
Bachelor 25 300 12 787 58.9 12 513 59.5
Master 4 705 2 270 10.5 2 435 11.6
Doctorate 11 273 5 934 27.3 5 339 25.4
Others * 1 451 718 3.3 733 3.5

Fellowship holders

Total Male Female

LEVEL OF
Headcount Headcount % Headcount %
GRADUATION
TOTAL 10 808 4 818 100.0 5 990 100.0
Bachelor 8 805 3 943 81.8 4 862 81.2
Master 329 154 3.2 175 2.9
Doctorate 649 263 5.5 386 6.4
Others * 1 025 458 9.5 567 9.5

* University teachers, non-university tertiary level degrees and others degrees not included above.

37
 Full- and part-time positions of researchers and fellowship holders
by level of graduation and sector of employment, 31 December 2006
Percentage share in national total (based on headcount)

Researchers Fellowship holders

Government
Bachelor
Public Higher
Education Master

Private Higher Doctorate

Education
Others *
Business
enterprises

Private non-prof

100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100

* University teachers, non-university tertiary level degrees and others degrees not included elsewhere.

38
 CHAPTER V
___________________________________________
R&D PROJECTS

39
 Number of projects by field of science, 2002-2006

FIELDS OF SCIENCE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

TOTAL (*) 15 601 16 769 18 918 20 241 20 795

1- Natural sciences 3 411 3 524 3 824 4 342 3 894

2- Engineering and technology 4 604 4 848 5 414 6 105 6 524

3- Medical sciences 2 252 2 552 3 165 3 206 3 245

4- Agricultural sciences 1 482 1 773 1 977 1 913 2 187

5- Social sciences 1 915 1 979 2 613 2 676 2 663

6- Humanities 1 569 1 629 1 423 1 504 1 699

7- Others 368 464 502 495 583

(*) Refer to all projects developed by national and provincial institutions, public and private Higher Education, business enterprises
and private non-profit institutions. Total number at the end of reference year (31 December).

40
 Number of R&D projects by socio-economic objective, 2002-2006

SOCIO-ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

TOTAL (*) 15 601 16 769 18 918 20 241 20 795

1- Exploration and exploitation of the Earth 579 535 605 682 712

2- Infrastructure and general planning of land use 263 315 427 451 558

3- Control and care of the environment 721 776 977 1 091 1 100

4- Protection and improvement of human health 2 289 2 580 3 159 3 519 3 587

5- Production, distribution and rational utilisation of energy 286 323 282 372 370

6- Agricultural production and technology 1 774 1 981 2 062 2 143 2 454

7- Industrial production and technology 4 123 4 240 4 686 4 970 5 336

8- Social structures and relationships 1 143 1 167 1 431 1 997 2 056

9- Exploration and exploitation of space 41 38 86 161 135

10- Non-oriented research 3 196 3 481 3 082 3 437 2 914

11- Other civil research 1 115 1 256 1 998 1 331 1 502

12- Defence 71 77 123 87 71

(*) Refer to all projects developed by national and provincial institutions, public and private Higher Education, business
enterprises and private non-profit institutions. Total number at the end of reference year (31 December).

41
 Projects by type of R&D, 31 December 2006
Percentage share in national total

Experimental
development Basic research
20% 29%

Applied research
51%

42
 CHAPTER VI
___________________________________________
OUTPUT OF SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

43
 Applications for Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) by type of rights, 2002-2006

(2001=100)
220

Industrial designs
180

140
Patents

100 Utility models

60
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS
Utility Industrial Varieties
Patents Trademarks
models designs of plants
2002 4 861 295 855 42 846 n.a.
2003 4 557 329 1 112 81 171 n.a.
2004 4 602 352 1 198 76 485 n.a.
2005 5 269 368 1 553 78 353 n.a.
2006 5 617 257 1 586 79 226 n.a.

Sources: National Institute for Industrial Property (INPI) and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

44
 Domestic IPRs applications by type of rights, 2002 and 2006
Percentage share of resident applicants in national total

100

75

50

25

0
Patents Utility models Industrial designs Trademarks

2002 2006

Sources: National Institute for Industrial Property (INPI) and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

46
 Applications for patents and utility models by field of study, 2005
Percentage share in total national applications

Agricultural
Social sciences
sciences
Medical 2%
3%
sciences
15% Engineering and
technology
42%

Natural sciences
38%

Source: National Institute for Industrial Property (INPI).

47
 IPRs granted in Argentina by type of rights, 2002-2006

(2001=100)
600
Utility models
500
Varieties of plants
400

300

200 Patents
Trademarks

100 Industrial designs

0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

NUMBER OF IPRs GRANTED

Utility Industrial Varieties of
Patents Trademarks
models designs plants
2002 911 56 911 52 688 49
2003 1 367 79 1 112 56 294 92
2004 840 100 1 111 38 408 203
2005 1 798 235 1 414 56 734 142
2006 2 922 301 1 511 74 649 177

Sources: National Institute for Industrial Property (INPI), Direction of Registration of Varieties of the Secretariat of Agriculture,
Livestock, Fishing and Food (SAGPyA) of the Ministry of Economy and Production and World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO).

48
 Domestic ownership of IPRs granted in Argentina by type of rights, 2002 and 2006
Percentage share of residents in national total

100

75

50

25

0
Patents Utility models Industrial Trademarks Varieties of
designs plants

2002 2006

Sources: National Institute for Industrial Property (INPI), Direction of Registration of Varieties of the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock,
Fishing and Food (SAGPyA) of the Ministry of Economy and Production, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

49
 Patenting in Argentina, 2002-2006
Others indicators based on patent applications, according to OECD methodology

INDICATORS 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Dependency ratio 5.77 4.75 4.85 4.00 4,51

Self-sufficiency ratio 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.20 0,18
Inventiveness coefficient 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.28 0,27

Sources: National Institute for Intellectual Property (INPI); OECD.

References: OECD DEFINITIONS

Dependency ratio: Number of patent applications owned by non residents / Number of patent applications owned by residents.
Self-sufficiency ratio: Number of patent applications owned by residents / Total number of patent applications.
Inventiveness coefficient: Number of patent applications owned by residents per ten thousand habitants.

50
 Publications and articles in S&T journals, 2002-2006

Monographs, tesis and others

Articles in foreign S&T journals

Articles in others national S&T journals

Articles in S&T journals edited by the institutions

S&T books

S&T journals edited by the institutions

0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000

2002 2006

PUBLICATIONS 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

S&T books 1 536 1 706 1 657 2 165 2.776

S&T journals edited by the institutions 548 843 881 876 851
Articles in S&T journals edited by the institutions 2 618 3 579 5 100 6 604 6.661
Articles in others national S&T journals 5 256 6 013 6 677 8 560 8.375
Articles in foreign S&T journals 9 040 8 286 8 741 11 105 11.294
Monographs, thesis and others 16 336 17 991 13 095 23 375 25.922
Source: Argentine Center of Scientific and Technological Information (CAICYT) from ISI Web of Science data.

51
 Production of Argentina according to Science Citation Index (SCI)
by type of publication, 2002-2006

PUBLICATIONS 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Total 5 584 5 646 5 499 5 698 5 935
Article 4 661 4 555 4 576 4 865 5 089
Meeting abstract 643 779 603 494 435
Review 113 101 138 139 202
Letter 82 88 82 92 72
Editorial material 66 93 73 79 100
Correction 8 16 12 12 21
News Item 1 2 11 14 10
Biographical-item 9 11 3 2 3
Software review -- -- 1 -- --
Book review 1 1 -- 1 2
Reprint -- -- -- -- 1

Source: Argentine Center of Scientific and Technological Information (CAICYT) from ISI Web of Science data.

52
 SCI records for Argentina by field of study, 2002-2006

FIELDS OF STUDY 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Physics, chemistry and earth sciences 2 057 1 983 2 048 1 956 2 199
Life sciences 1 978 1 928 2 055 1 591 2 103
Agriculture, biology and environment 1 366 1 363 1 425 1 189 1 753
Clinical medicine 1 395 1 567 1 335 1 058 1 284
Engineering, computing and technology 474 533 450 349 578
Social and behavioural sciences 147 141 168 151 192
Multidisciplinary sciences 32 37 39 33 46
Instruments 42 43 51 7 50
Arts and humanities 1 2 6 5 6
Not specified 87 57 71 128 0
Note: Articles assigned to several fields are counted as one full article to each field.
Source: Argentine Center of Scientific and Technological Information (CAICYT) from ISI Web of Science data.

53
 CHAPTER VII
___________________________________________
INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIONS

54
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D in selected countries, 2006 or last year available
As a percentage of GDP

Paraguay (2004) 0,08

Nicaragua (2002) 0,09
Peru (2004) 0,16
Colombia (2001) 0,17
Uruguay (2002) 0,22
Panama (2004) 0,24
Bolivia (2002) 0,26
Mexico (2004) 0,41
Argentina (2006) 0,49
Chile (2004) 0,70
Portugal (2003) 0,74
Brazil (2004) 0,91
Italy (2004) 1,10
Spain (2005) 1,12
Australia (2004) 1,77
Canada (2006) 1,95
France (2005) 2,13
Germany (2005) 2,51
United States (2004) 2,68
Japan (2004) 3,18

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5

Sources: SECYT, OECD and RICYT.

55
 Researchers in selected countries, 2006 or last year available
Per thousand labour force

Paraguay (2004) 0,2

Panama (2004) 0,2
Colombia (2004) 0,3
Bolivia (2002) 0,3
Mexico (2004) 0,8
Brazil (2004) 0,9
Uruguay (2002) 1,0
Argentina* (2006) 2,2
Chile (2004) 2,4
Italy (2004) 3,0
Portugal (2005) 3,9
Spain (2005) 5,3
Germany (2005) 6,5
Canada (2002) 6,8
France (2004) 7,3
Australia (2004) 7,9
United States (2002) 9,1
Japan (2004) 10,2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

* For Argentina labour force data are based on Current Households Survey (EPH).
Sources: SECYT, OECD and RICYT.

56
 Researchers, GERD and GERD per researcher in selected countries, 2006 or last year available
By descending order of researchers

GERD GERD PER RESEARCHER

1
RESEARCHERS
COUNTRY YEAR
FTE Millions current Millions current
USD USD (PPP)
USD USD (PPP)

United States 2002 1 334 628 276 260 276 260 206 994 206 994
Japan 2004 677 206 145 728 118 026 215 190 174 284
Germany 2005 268 100 71 013 61 712 264 875 230 183
France 2004 200 064 45 696 40 363 228 407 201 750
Canada 2002 112 624 14 255 18 452 126 572 163 837
Spain 2005 109 753 13 328 13 208 121 436 120 343
Brazil 2004 84 979 5 329 13 775 62 710 162 099
Australia 2004 81 704 11 200 11 590 137 080 141 854
Italy 2004 71 012 18 608 17 920 258 401 248 847
Argentina 2006 35 040 1 051 2 737 29 994 78 105
Mexico 2004 34 485 2 853 4 205 82 732 121 937
Chile 2003 7 085 507 1 117 71 616 157 657

PPP: Purchasing Power Parities.

1. Include researchers (scientifics and engineers) and fellowship holders.

Sources: SECYT, OECD and RICYT.

57
 Comparative data on number of IPRs granted and percentage granted to residents
in selected countries, 2006 or last year available

Industrial New Varieties

Patents Utility Models Trademarks
Designs of Plants
2005 2002 2002 2005 2002

Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %

Germany 52 318 48.4 17 188 82.9 65 068 80.5 58 573 81.7 254 90.6
Argentina (1) 2 922 17.5 301 89.0 1 511 61.3 74 649 69.7 177 75.7
Australia (2) 12 739 9.2 n.a. n.a. 3 842 60.2 40 103 52.8 286 44.4
Brazil (2) 7 047 57.7 358 94.4 n.a. n.a. 17 867 72.1 96 84.4
Canada (3) 13 060 8.6 n.a. n.a. 2 178 22.9 30 754 48.6 228 14.9
Chile (4) 607 8.6 16 43.8 152 5.3 20 522 65.9 24 25.0
Spain 32 833 7.9 2 943 94.6 3 327 68.3 54 985 83.2 n.a. n.a.
United States (5) 169 035 51.1 n.a. n.a. 15 451 60.4 131 780 81.0 1 510 57.2
France 49 731 6.5 n.a. n.a. 82 299 76.0 8 508 n.a. 246 91.1
Italy (6 40 640 2.7 3 177 58.6 3 177 58.4 8 830 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Japan 124 192 90.6 7 793 79.8 31 503 93.8 95 455 83.1 1 321 78.3
Mexico 6 838 2.4 87 82.8 1 301 33.8 68 698 64.4 1 100.0

n.a.: Data not available.

1. 2006.
2. Patents data are for 2004.
3. Patents and trademarks data are for 2004
4. Patents data are for 2004, utility models data are for 2001 and industrial designs data are for 2000.
5. Patents data are for 2003.
6. Utility models and industrial designs data are for 2000.
Sources: INPI, RICYT and WIPO.

58
 Number of S&T articles published in selected countries, 1990-2003

Science Citation Index

(SCI Search) PASCAL
Change Change
1990 2003 1990-2003 1990 2003 1990-2003
(%) (%)
United States 248 647 348 225 40 156 979 154 246 -2
Canada 30 963 43 272 40 19 419 22 862 18
Spain 10 724 29 634 176 7 947 16 655 110
Brazil 3 885 16 324 320 2 393 7 402 209
Mexico 1 705 6 602 287 1 246 3 414 174
Argentina 2 343 5 640 141 1 535 2 440 59
Portugal 951 5 000 426 699 2 989 328
Chile 1 220 2 972 144 569 1 268 123
Venezuela 519 1 235 138 316 531 68
Uruguay 107 418 291 74 223 201

Source: RICYT.

59
 CHAPTER VIII
___________________________________________
OTHER GENERAL INDICATORS

60
 Total population by rural and urban areas and
total labour force by gender, National Population Census 1960-2001
Thousand persons

Total of which: Total of which:

Labour
Population Urban Rural Men Women
Force
Habitants % Habitants % Number % Number %
1960 20 013 (1) 14 758 73.7 5 252 26.3 7 424 5 809 78.2 1 615 21.8
1970 23 364 (2) 18 797 78.4 5 165 21.6 9 011 6 722 74.6 2 288 25.4
1980 27 949 (1) 23 192 83.0 4 754 17.0 9 989 7 249 72.6 2 739 27.4
1991 32 615 28 436 87.2 4 179 12.8 13 202 8 423 63.8 4 778 36.2
2001 36 260 32 380 89.3 3 879 10.7 15 264 9 025 59.1 6 238 40.9
1. Excluding the Antarctic sector, Malvinas Islands and South Atlantic Islands.
2. Estimates from INDEC (1989), Estudios Nº15, “Estimaciones y proyecciones de población 1950-2025”.

Source: Demography analysis of the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC),

Gross Domestic Product (GDP), market prices, 2002-2006

Millions current pesos
GDP
2002 312 580
2003 375 909
2004 447 643
2005 531 939
2006 654 413

Source: Direction of National Accounts, Ministry of Economy and Production.

61
 Exports and imports of Argentina, 2002-2006
Millions USD

50 000
45 000
40 000
35 000
30 000
25 000
20 000
15 000
10 000
5 000
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Exports Imports

62
 Exports and imports of Argentina by main products, 2006
Percentage share in national total

Exports Imports

Others Mineral Others

20% products 15%
Mineral Machinery
Chemicals 19% products and electrical
6% 7% materials
30%
Manufacture
s of metals
Transport 7%
Vegetable
equipment
products
10% Oils and Plastics and
Live 14% Transport
fats Food rubber Chemicals
animals equipment
8% 15% 7% 16%
8% 18%

63
 Exports from Argentina by product, 2002-2006
(Common Customs Tariff Nomenclature of MERCOSUR)
Millions USD
COMMON NOMENCLATURE
EXPORTS
OF MERCOSUR
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
TOTAL 25 453.5 29 138.3 34 135.7 39 722.6 45 902.2
Live animals 1 591.6 1 929.8 2 514.8 3 028.5 3 630.6
Vegetable products 4 213.2 5 160.0 5 493.4 6 449.7 6 296.7
Oils and fats 2 083.8 2 831.5 3 155.6 3 290.7 3 888.3
Food 3 900.1 4 805.4 5 442.7 5 948.0 7 029.7
Mineral products 4 973.3 5 633.1 6 581.6 7 636.8 8 735.3
Chemicals 1 463.5 1 675.2 2 146.9 2 453.8 2 801.7
Plastics and rubber 807.0 855.9 1 128.0 1 403.3 1 528.0
Hides and skins 759.2 793.6 939.4 949.4 1 036.2
Wood and charcoal 141.2 197.0 277.1 278.5 318.5
Paper 332.9 388.9 483.6 494.9 581.1
Textile materials 383.2 377.5 462.8 486.6 492.0
Footwear, umbrellas and others 13.2 18.7 21.4 30.4 34.0
Non-metallic mineral manufactures 94.2 102.0 124.5 144.4 166.1
Manufactures of metals 1 593.8 1 545.6 1 706.7 2 318.7 2 475.6
Machinery and electrical materials 937.5 861.0 1 057.8 1 324.1 1 560.2
Transport equipment 1 712.2 1 631.6 2 102.5 2 987.8 4 382.0
Photographic and optical instruments 86.7 83.3 127.5 168.0 184.7
Others1 366.9 350.2 369.4 329.0 761.5
1. Exclude special transactions.
Source: National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC).

64
 Imports to Argentina by product, 2002-2006
(Common Customs Tariff Nomenclature of MERCOSUR)
Millions USD

COMMON NOMENCLATURE IMPORTS

OF MERCOSUR 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
TOTAL 8 928.5 13 756.6 22 207.1 28 438.5 33 914.9
Life animals 56.3 111.9 103.6 116.0 119.1
Vegetal products 182.0 266.1 387.6 402.7 418.4
Oils and fats 17.9 33.2 39.9 36.0 35.0
Food 216.9 248.2 307.7 364.3 426.0
Mineral products 627.6 733.8 1 251.2 1 951.9 2 232.8
Chemicals 2 513.7 3 270.2 4 232.8 4 644.7 5 336.5
Plastics and rubber 750.3 1 235.2 1 639.7 2 073.3 2 324.5
Hides and skins 35.4 41.4 71.7 84.4 118.4
Wood and charcoal 43.4 76.2 111.7 123.1 146.6
Paper 365.8 482.4 663.4 802.5 872.3
Textile materials 253.1 611.9 761.3 911.5 1 067.4
Footwear, umbrellas and others 30.0 100.5 155.0 196.7 260.2
Non-metallic mineral manufactures 89.0 142.6 207.9 254.9 331.2
Manufactures of metals 590.7 809.9 1 462.9 1 987.2 2 315.9
Machinery and electrical materials 1 878.7 3 377.8 6 361.1 8 508.3 10 449.4
Transport equipment 950.6 1 669.8 3 615.6 4 867.5 6 042.3
Photographic and optical instruments 213.1 353.8 517.0 672.9 831.7
Others1 114.0 191.7 317.0 440.6 587.2
1. Exclude special transactions.
Source: National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INDEC).
65
 Manufacturing trade by technological intensity, 2001-2006
(International Standard Industrial Classification ISIC Rev.3)
High-tech Millions USD

2006

High-tech
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

Medium-low- Medium-high- 2006

2005
tech 2004
2003
2002
2001
2006
2005
tech

2004
2003
2002
2001
2006
Low-tech

2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
-20000 -10000 0 10000 20000

Import Export

66
 Manufacturing trade by industry and technological intensity, 2002-2006
(International Standard Industrial Classification ISIC Rev.3)
Millions USD

High-technology manufacturing

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Manufacturing sectors
Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports
Total 1 741.1 670.3 2 653.5 716.7 4 896.6 721.2 6 065.7 811.4 7 246.0 1 188.0
Aerospace 185.1 80.5 74.2 175.4 509.7 26.0 462.4 50.7 602.6 259.6
Pharmaceuticals 930.2 376.2 1 182.8 368.3 1 384.8 463.9 1 425.2 472.3 1 623.1 573.4
Computers, office machinery 193.1 40.9 474.0 21.0 748.8 20.7 1 005.7 23.6 1 185.4 26.9
Electronics, communications 219.9 89.1 572.7 70.7 1 742.9 86.2 2 509.4 100.0 3 016.4 145.0
Scientific instruments 212.8 83.6 349.8 81.3 510.4 124.4 663.0 164.8 818.5 183.1

Medium-high-technology manufacturing
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Manufacturing sectors
Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports
Total 3 846.2 3 784.0 6 077.1 3 851.0 9 928.5 5 146.2 12 721.1 6 607.1 15 440.0 8 157.3
Electrical machinery 372.0 162.2 519.8 146.5 832.0 189.2 1 084.9 241.1 1 454.4 279.3
Motor vehicles 704.4 1 574.3 1 481.4 1 419.5 3 001.0 2 037.1 4 088.0 2 862.6 5 069.1 3 994.5
Chemicals excl. pharm. 1 925.8 1 557.4 2 645.9 1 809.2 3 604.0 2 342.9 4 204.7 2 764.5 4 742.6 3 006.0
Other transport equipment 28.9 15.4 39.0 11.5 91.6 15.8 203.4 23.3 328.0 31.0
Non-electrical machinery 815.1 474.7 1 391.0 464.3 2 399.9 561.2 3 139.9 715.6 3 845.9 846.5

67
Medium-low-technology manufacturing

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Manufacturing sectors
Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports
Total 1 565.9 6 239.0 2 198.2 6 946.8 3 535.6 7 935.8 4 883.4 9 377.3 5 664.3 10 387.6

Petroleum refineries & products 440.7 4 220.9 485.3 4 931.7 930.2 5 678.0 1 430.3 6 284.0 1 631.8 6 936.9

Rubber and plastic products 406.8 320.1 675.7 340.8 882.2 444.1 1 087.3 594.6 1 295.0 715.0
Non-metallic mineral products 91.4 103.5 146.7 117.2 213.9 140.1 262.5 166.3 342.0 194.5
Shipbuilding 32.3 25.1 71.0 23.3 36.1 13.0 112.5 30.9 42.6 79.2
Ferrous metals 488.6 1 508.9 669.2 1 493.7 1 204.7 1 599.2 1 671.4 2 236.2 1 968.9 2 396.6
Fabricated metal products 106.1 60.5 150.3 40.1 268.5 61.4 319.3 65.3 384.0 65.4

Low-technology manufacturing

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Manufacturing sectors
Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports
Total 1 259.4 9 369.2 1 986.4 11 669.9 2 621.8 13 530.7 3 160.9 14 981.2 3 703.8 17 992.9
Wood and furniture 170.0 137.3 176.0 250.9 292.9 164.0 397.0 177.0 537.4 594.3
Paper printing 408.8 472.1 558.1 584.5 774.5 760.8 925.6 774.1 1 018.8 896.2
Food, beverages and tobacco 389.7 8 291.5 528.9 10 359.1 609.5 12 005.4 690.7 13 382.3 767.1 15 833.5
Textile and clothing 290.9 468.3 723.4 475.4 944.9 600.5 1 147.6 647.8 1 380.5 668.9
A-

68
ANNEX

BASIC DEFINITIONS OF THE ANNUAL SURVEY OF ORGANIZATIONS CARRYING OUT

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES

The following definitions are based on the methodology of the Frascati Manual of the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Secretariat of Science, Technology and
Productive Innovation (SeCyT).

Organization: for the present survey, it means the highest institutional level of each organization carrying
out S&T activities. It includes: public and private universities; national and provincial public institutions;
business enterprises and private non-profit institutions

Research and Experimental Development (R&D): it comprises creative work undertaken on a systematic
basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the
use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. The term R&D covers three activities: basic
research, applied research and experimental development.

Basic research: it is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge abouth
the underlying foundation of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in
view.

Applied research: is also original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. It is,
however, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective.

69
Experimental development: it is systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from research
and/or practical experience, and directed to producing new materials, products or devices, to installing new
processes, systems and services, or improving substantially those already produced or installed.

Research (scientist / technological personnel in R&D): the person working in the creation of new
knowledge, products, processes, methods and systems and the management of the pertaining projects. It
includes the senior personnel that develop planning and management activities of the scientific and technical
aspects of the researchers’ work.

Research scholarship holder: this is the person who carries out S&T activities under the supervision of a
researcher, usually with training purposes.

Technician: The person whose work requires knowledge and experience of a technical nature in one or in
several fields of the knowledge. They carry out their tasks under the supervision of an investigator. In
general, they are: laboratory assistants, draftsmen, engineers’ assistants, photographers, mechanical and
electrical technicians, programmers, etc.

Other support staff: the persons cooperating with support services to the S&T activities, such as of office
personnel, workers, etc. This category includes managers and administrators who deal with financial
problems, personnel, etc., whenever their activities are related to the S&T.

R&D projects: It is a coordinated set of specific scientific and technological tasks that partially or totally
involve R&D activities and that, from preexisting knowledge, makes it possible to reach an objective whose
characteristics have been previously established and/or to increase the knowledge.

Field of science: it corresponds to the science or disciplines in which people work or the scientific and
technological activities are developed.

Socio-economic objectives: they correspond to the economic application area of the S&T activity results.

70
TYPE OF INSTITUTIONS PERFOMING S&T ACTIVITIES IN ARGENTINA

National Council on Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET): it is a public institution recognized as
the most important multi-disciplinary institution for production and support to science and technology in the
country. It comprises more than 100 performing units, which hold: regional centers, institutes and national
laboratories.

Others public institutions: they correspond to the remaining institutions in the national and provincial public
administration which totally or partially carry out S&T activities (CNEA,CONAE, INTA, INTI, etc.).

Public universities: they are the institutions responsible for public high education. Professors carry out the
investigations with full or part time positions, usually as a complement of their teaching tasks. In the survey,
this group does not include CONICET researchers who develop within the physical location of the university.

Private universities: they are the institutions responsible for private high education. Research is also a
complement of the educational activity performed in these organizations.

Business enterprises: the firms fundamentally carry out applied research and experimental development
aimed to the production of goods. Their objectives are related not only to the creation of new products for the
market, but also to the decrease of costs, manufacture times and quality improving of those products
traditionally made with the purpose of increasing the sales and/or the benefits.

Non-profit private institutions: this group comprises, among others, associations, societies and
foundations that carry out some type of S&T activity. The objective of the research is not the profit. They fulfill
an important role performing technological services, such as the diffusion of S&T.

71
TECHNICALS ABREVIATIONS:

S&T: Science and Technology

FTE: Full-time equivalent
R&D: Research and Experimental Development
GERD: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D
FT: Full-time
PT: Part-time
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
PPP: Purchasing Power Parities
ISIC: International Standard Industrial Classification
SEN: National Statistical System
SENCYT: National Statistical System on Science and Technology
IPR: Intellectual Property Rights

ACRONYMS:

INDEC: National Institute of Statistics and Censuses

INPI: National Institute for Industrial Property
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization
RICyT: Science and Technology Indicators Network – Latin American and Inter American
ISI: Institute for Scientific Information
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
CAICYT: Argentine Center of Scientific and Technological Information

72
 Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología
Secretaría de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva
Av. Córdoba 831
(C1054AAH) Ciudad de Buenos Aires
REPUBLICA ARGENTINA
Phone/Fax: (54 11) 4311-0333
E-mail: releva@correo.secyt.gov.ar
Web site: www.secyt.gov.ar

73