Logarithms can be defined as the exponent power to which a base must be raised to yield a given number.

Logarithms, invented in the 17th century by John Napier and Joost Burgi, were used to minimise the time needed when multiply numbers with many digits. This method was perfected in the 19th century when calculators and computers were invented. Logarithms were used very similarly to how they are used today but were a more difficult method to grasp for many people despite its use. Throughout this assessment we are trying to find 3 specific rules that can be applied to simplify logarithms using (x) and (y). Once the formulas are found, we are testing them on different types of numbers such as decimals, beautiful numbers and fractions both positive and negative to see in what ways the formulas perform and how successful the formulas are. Table 1 Expression log(2) + log(3) log(6) log(3) + log(7) log(21) log(4) + log(20) log(80) log(0.2) + log(11) log(2.2) log(0.3) + log (0.4) log (0.12) Value 0.7782 0.7782 1.3222 1.3222 1.9031 1.9031 0.3424 0.3424 -0.9208 -0.9208

A clear pattern is seen throughout this table, being, that log plus another log can be simplified by multiplying the number is front of one log (x) by the number in front of the second log being (y).

log x log y log xy

Table 1 Expansion Expression log (-12) + log (-20) log (240) log (-8) + log (3) log (-24) log (5/3) + log (-7/6) log (-135/18) log (-6/8) + log (-33/8) log (99/32) log (2/95) + log (9/58) log (9/2755) log (7.92) + log (18.35) log (145.332) log (43.29) + log (3) log (129.87) log (-2.67) + log (8.47) log (-22.61) Value math error 2.3802 math error math error math error math error math error 0.4090 -2.4859 -2.4859 2.1624 2.1624 2.1135 2.1135 math error math error Procedure neg. x neg. pos. neg. x pos. neg. pos. fraction x neg. fraction neg. fraction neg. fraction x neg. fraction pos. Fraction pos. fraction x pos. fraction pos. fraction pos. decimal x pos. decimal pos. decimal pos. decimal x pos. whole pos. decimal neg. decimal x pos. decimal neg. decimal

log (-5.76) + log (-32.11) log (184.95) log (pi) + log (sin 1) log (0.05) log (pi) + log (sin-1 -1) log (-282.74) log (-pi) + log (sin-1 -1) log (282.740) log (3082) + log (78032) log (240494624) log (-1893) + (67903) log (-128540379) log (-98379) + (-8375) log (823924125) log (pi) + log (1.96) log (6.1575) log (sin-1-1) + (6/8) log (-67.5) log (-32960) + log (-4.53) log (149308.8)

math error 2.2671 -1.2610 -1.2610 math error math error math error 2.4514 8.3811 8.3811 math error math error math error 8.9159 0.7894 0.7894 math error math error math error 5.1741

neg. decimal x neg. decimal pos. decimal pos. pi x pos. sin pos. decimal pos. pi x neg. sin neg. decimal neg. pi x neg. sin pos. decimal pos. large no. x pos. large no. pos. large no. neg. large no. x pos. large no neg. large no. neg. large no. x neg. large no. pos. large no. different types of numbers
pos. different types of numbers

different types of numbers

neg. different types of numbers

different types of numbers

pos. different types of numbers

The equation log (x) + log (y) = log (xy) has scopes and limitations. The scope includes numbers such as whole numbers, fractions, decimals, beautiful numbers and large numbers. These numbers only work though with the equation if they are positive, hence why log (-8) + log (3), which equals to, when using the equation, log (-24), created an error. If the numbers after the log are either both positive (equalling a positive number) or both negative (again equalling a positive number) the equation will work. Therefore the limitations of this equation are when the 2 numbers in front of the logs are not either both equal or both negative. Table 2 Expression log(12) log(3) log(4) log(50) log(2) log(25) log(7) log(5) log(1.4) log(3) log(4) log (0.75) Value 0.6021 0.6021 1.3979 1.3979 0.1461 0.1461 -0.1249 -0.1249

Similarly to table 1, where log (x) + log (y) = log (xy), another pattern can be seen. This time, the table asks to subtract log (x) from log (y). This time dividing the number in front of the 1 st log (x) by the number in front of the 2nd log being (y), simplifies the problem.

log x log y log x / y

Table 2 Expansion Expression log (-54) - log (6) log (-9) log (-40) log (-8) log (5) log (2/9) log (71/90) log (20/71) log (8/35) log (-1/3) log (-24/35) log (-4/19) (-8/34) log (17/9) log (3.49) log (7.88) log (0.44) log (-33.27) log (8.51) log (-3.91) log (-11.87) log (-39.37) log (0.30) log (sin 1) log (pi) log (0.01) log (sin-1 -1) log (pi) log (-28.6479) log (sin -1) log (-pi) log (0.01) log (1123850) log (3458) log (325) log (-6866127) log (8769) log (-783) log (-1283345) log (-991) log (1295) log (38298) log (6.78) log (5648.67) log (-pi) log (23.74) log (-0.13) log (-3/7) (sin -1) log (24.5567) Value math error math error math error 0.6990 -0.5502 -0.5502 math error math error 0.2762 0.2762 -0.3565 -0.3565 math error math error math error -0.5229 -2 -2 math error math error math error -2 2.5119 2.5119 math error math error math error 3.1123 3.7519 3.7519 math error math error math error 1.3902 Procedure neg. / pos. neg. neg. / neg. pos. pos. fraction / pos. fraction pos. fraction pos. fraction / neg. fraction neg. fraction neg. fraction / neg. fraction pos. fraction pos. decimal / pos. decimal pos. decimal neg. decimal / pos. decimal neg. decimal neg. decimal / neg. decimal pos. decimal pos. sin / pos. pi pos. decimal neg. sin / pos. pi neg. decimal neg. sin / neg. pi pos. decimal pos. large no. / pos. large no. pos. large no. neg. large no. / pos. large no. neg. large no. neg. large no. / neg. large no. pos. large no. different types of numbers
pos. different types of numbers

different types of numbers

neg. different types of numbers

different types of numbers

pos. different types of numbers

As seen in the above table, the equation log (x) log (y) = log (x/y) has many scopes but also some limitations. The scope, very similar to the last equation included numbers such as whole numbers, fractions, decimals, beautiful numbers, large numbers and a combination of different types of numbers. Types of numbers such as these though only work when the product is positive, meaning that log (x) and log (y) either both have to be positive or both negative to create a positive log (x/y). Reasons for math errors include when the (x/y) equates to a negative or in the initial part of the equation, log (x) log (y) if one or both of them is a negative, the equation wont work until you divide (x/y).

Table 3 Expression 4 log2 log24 5 log6 log65 log4 log41/2 2/5 log7 log72/5 Value 1.2041 1.2041 3.8908 3.8908 0.3010 0.3010 0.3380 0.3380

The above table shows a pattern that when the (x) term before the log is raised to the power by the number after the log (y) (log (x y)), it is equal to (x) log (y). This is demonstrated in the equation below.

x log y log x y
Table 3 Expansion Expression -3 log (7) log (7-3) -8 log (-6) log (-6-8) 3/11 log (7/25) log (7/253/11) -4/9 log (2/7) log (2/7-4/9) 6/13 log (-4/5) log (-4/56/13) -4/17 log (-9/29) log (-9/29-4/17) 7.33 log (3.71) log (3.717.33) -13.85 log (9.99) log (9.99-13.85) 5.29 log (-21.83) log (-21.835.29) -15.77 log (-8.19) log (-8.19-15.77) pi log (sin 1) log (sin 1pi) sin -1 log (pi) log (pi sin-1) sin 1 log (-pi) log (-pi sin 1) -pi log (sin -1) log (sin -1 pi) Value -2.5353 -2.5353 math error -6.2252 -0.1508 -0.1508 0.2418 0.2418 math error -0.0447 math error 0.1196 4.1735 4.1735 -13.8440 -13.8440 math error math error math error math error -5.5234 -5.5234 0.0087 0.0087 math error -1.7581 math error 5.5234 Procedure neg. x log pos. pos. power of neg. neg. x log neg. neg. power of neg. pos. fraction x log pos. fraction pos. power of pos. neg. fraction x log pos. fraction pos. power of neg pos. fraction x log neg. fraction neg. power of pos. neg. fraction x log neg. fraction neg. power of neg. pos. decimal x log pos. decimal pos. power of pos. neg. decimal x log pos. decimal pos. power of neg. pos. decimal x log. neg. decimal neg. power of pos. neg. decimal x log. neg. decimal neg. power of neg. pos. pi x log. pos. sin pos. power of pos. neg. sin x log pos. pi pos. power of neg. pos. sin x log neg. pi neg. power of pos. neg. pi x log neg. sin neg. power of neg.

35748 log (84739) log (8473935748) -73849 log (3304) log (3304-73849) 9674 log (-28495) log (-284959674) -93747 log (-7458) log (-7458-93747) pi log (87394) log (87394 pi) sin -1 log (1.28) log (1.28 sin -1) sin 1 log (-3/7) log (-3/7 sin 1) -pi log (-18) log (-18 pi)

176169.1230 math error -259877.5878 math error math error math error math error math error 15.5241 15.5241 0.0175 1.0043 math error math error math error 1.1388

pos. large no x log pos. large no pos. power of pos. neg. large no x log pos. large no pos. power of neg. pos. large no x log neg. large no neg. power of pos. neg. large no x log neg. large no neg. power of neg. different types of numbers pos. different types of numbers different types of numbers neg. different types of numbers different types of numbers neg. different types of numbers different types of numbers pos. different types of numbers

The equation x log y = log xy includes both scopes and limitations. The scope is slightly smaller than the scopes of the other equations yet it is still quite substantial. The scope includes whole numbers, fractions, decimals, beautiful numbers, large numbers and a combination of different types of numbers but only if both the numbers are negative or both are positive, though, negative numbers do not work in the initial part of the equation being the x log y. Negative numbers do though work if both the numbers are negative but only once you raise thee negative number to the negative power. Also, raising a negative number to a negative decimal also doesnt work therefore is a limitation. Finally raising numbers or large numbers to large numbers also doesnt work creating a limitation.

The graph shoes that when x < 1 the y is negative. this is proven as the line does not touch the x axis as it will never equal x=0 but it does come infinitesimally close. When x > 1 the y axis is positive, therefore it is impossible to have a negative (as seen when log cannot be multiplied or divided by a negative) because it can not touch not cross the line. To improve the assessment, more guidance on graphs could be used and a further validity is needed to prove the equations further. If done, it can be seen that the equations have more uses, scopes and limitations,