where :T nb= bond strength of embedded reinforcement = average bond stress per unit area of bar surfaced b= diameter

of reinforcementl d= embedded length (development length)The tensile force at the bar cross section is : s2bfd41T = where :T = tensile force at bar cross sectiond b= diameter of reinforcementf s= stress of barThe two variables above must be in static horizontal equilibrium, as follows : ( )s2bdb fd41ld = So the development length is derived as : =4fdl sbd 23.3 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH 23.3.1 GENERAL Development length is defined as minimum length of bar in which the bar stress can increase from zero to the yield strength . If the distance is less than the development length the bar will pull out the concrete. The development length is a function of yield stress , bar diameter and average bond stress at surrounding concrete . 23.3.2 BASIC DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

ACI code uses the concept of development length rather than average bond stress. The average bondstress is determined based on the test result and function of the concrete compressive strength .Empirically the average bond stress is calculated, as follows : 2bc inlb800d'f5.9 = [23.5] where :

= average bond stress per unit area of bar surfacef c= concrete compressive strengthd b= diameter of reinforcementor can be simply written as : c'fk= [23.6] Rewritten the above condition we can obtain the basic development length , as follows : ( )ybdbfAld= ( )ybdbcfAld'fk= =cyb1db'ffAkl [23.7]23.3.3 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF TENSION BAR A. Original Development Length The basic development length of tension bar is : TABLE23.1 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF TENSION BAR SI psi +=btrcybddKc'f16f15dl += Btrcybd dKc'f40f3dl 5.2dKc5.1btr + The transverse reinforcement index is defined as : TABLE 23.2KTR SI psi sn260fAKyttrtr=sn1500fAKyttrtr =where :Ktr = transverse reinforcement indexA tr = area of transverse reinforcement through thelongitudinal bar being developed fyt = yield strength of transverse reinforcement K tr can be used conservatively = 0.

http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 23 - 4 B. , , , & c Factor The factor is bar location factor determined, as follows : T ABLE 23.3 B

AR L OCATION F ACTOR LOCATION Horizontal reinforcement placed more than 12 (300 mm) fresh concrete 1.3Other Reinforcement 1.0 The factor is coating factor determined, as follows : T ABLE 23.4 C OATING F ACTOR COATING Epoxy coated bar with cover less than 3d b / clear spacing less than 6d b 1.5All epoxy coated bar 1.2Uncoated reinforcement 1.0 The product of must not exceed 1.7. The factor is bar size factor determined, as follows : T ABLE 23.5 B AR S IZE F ACTOR BAR SIZE < 20 mm 0.8> 25 mm 1.0 The

c factor is spacing / cover dimension factor determined as the smaller of : Distance from center of bar to the nearest concrete surface. 0.5 of center to center spacing of the bar being developed. C. Simplified Development Length For the design purpose the simplified development length formula is often used, as follows : T ABLE 23.6 S IMPLIFIED D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH OF T ENSION B AR PSI U NIT CASE NO. 6(DEFORMED BAR)> NO. 7 Clear spacing of developed bar> d b , stirrup not less than thecode minimum requirementClear spacing of developed bar> 2d b , clear cover > d b cybd 'f25fdl = cybd 'f20fdl = Other cybd 'f50f3dl = cybd 'f40f3dl = The development length l d must be greater than 12 inch.

http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 23 - 5T ABLE 23.7 S IMPLIFIED D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH OF T ENSION B AR SI U NIT CASE NO. 6(DEFORMED BAR)> NO. 7 Clear spacing of developed bar> d b , stirrup not less than thecode minimum requirementClear spacing of developed bar> 2d b , clear cover > d b cybd 'f25f12dl = cybd 'f20f12dl = Other cybd 'f25f18dl = cybd 'f20f18dl = The development length l d must be greater than 300 mm. 23.3.4 D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH OF C OMPRESSION B AR

The development length for compression bar is shorter than in the tension bar , because there is noconcrete cracking occurs.The development length of compression bar is : T ABLE 23.8 D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH OF C OMPRESSION B AR psi SI bycbyd df0003.0'fdf02.0l = bycbyd df044.0'f4dfl = The development length of compression bar l d must be greater than 8 inch / 200 mm. 23.3.5 D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH OF B UNDLED B AR The development length of bundled bar either in tension or compression is greater than development length of single bar , because the bundled bar reduce the surface area surrounding concrete . T ABLE 23.9 D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH OF B UNDLED B AR 3 BUNDLED 4 BUNDLED d

l2.1 d l33.1 l d is calculated based on the equivalent single bar area having the same area of bundled bar. 23.3.6 D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH OF W ELDED W IRE F ABRIC The development length of plain welded wire fabric in tension is : = cwywd 'fsfA27.0l [23.8] where :A w = cross section area of wire http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 23 - 6 s w = spacing of wiref y = yield strength of wire (psi)f c = concrete compressive strength (psi) The development length must be greater than 6 inch or (s w + 2 inch). 23.3.7 D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH OF W EB R EINFORCEMENT The following figure shows the development length of double U stirrup, as follows : F IGURE

23.1 D OUBLE U S TIRRUP If the development length above can not fit the depth of the member, the development length can be extended to full depth of member. 23.4 STANDARD HOOK 23.4.1 G ENERAL When the insufficient length can not be provided to develop a bar then the bar needed to beanchorage. Two type of standard hooks can be used which is 90 o hook and 180 o hook . 23.4.2 E MBEDMENT L ENGTH OF H OOK The hook development length is obtained from the basic development length for standard hook l hb multiplied with factor .The basic development length for standard hook is : T ABLE 23.10 B ASIC D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH OF S TANDARD H OOK psi SI cbhb 'fd1200l =

cbhb 'fd100l = http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 23 - 7 The hook development length then calculated as follows : hbdh ll = [23.9] where :l dh = hook development length = multiplier factorl hb = basic development length of standard hookThe following is the multiplier factor , as follows : T ABLE 23.11 M ULTIPLIER F ACTOR OF H OOK D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH CONDITION f y different from 400 MPa / 60000 psi 400f y = 60000f y = For 90 o hook cover not less than 2No. 11 bar and smaller cover not less than 2.5 7.0 = No. 11 bar and smaller stirrup spacing less than 3d b 8.0

= Light weight concrete 3.1 = Epoxy coating 2.1 = 23.4.3 90 O H OOK AND 180 O H OOK The figure below is the standard hook for 90 o hook and 180 o hook. F IGURE 23.2 S TANDARD H OOK The diameter of the bend of hook is : T ABLE 23.12 B END D IAMETER OF H OOK NO. 3 8 NO. 9, 10, 11 NO. 14 & 18 b d6D = b d8D = b d10D = http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 23 - 8 The figure below is the hook for No. 3 bar stirrup. F

IGURE 23.3 H OOK FOR S TIRRUP N O . 3 The diameter of the bend of stirrup is : T ABLE 23.13 B END D IAMETER OF S TIRRUP NO. 3 5 NO. 6 8 b d4D = b d6D = 23.5 DEVELOPMENT OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT & CUT OFF POINT 23.5.1 G ENERAL Flexural reinforcement has different treatment of development length. The flexural reinforcement in onespan may designed due to different value of bending moment so the reinforcement is different.We have to determine the location where the bar can be cut and the development length from the pointof maximum moment. 23.5.2 D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH OF F LEXURAL R EINFORCEMENT A. General The flexural reinforcements are designed using the maximum bending moment value such as atmid span (positive moment) and at support (negative moment). To ensure the full development theflexural reinforcement must be extended at least development length l d from the point of maximum bending moment

. B. Rules of Positive Moment Reinforcement The followings are the rules of the development length of flexural reinforcement for positive moment, asfollows : The reinforcement must be extended at least development length l d from the point of maximum bending moment . http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 23 - 9 In simple beam structure , at least 1 / 3 of positive moment reinforcement must be extended at least 6 inch into support without bending. In continuous beam , at least of positive moment reinforcement must be extended at least 6 inch into support without bending. Interior continuous beam without closed stirrup , at least o f p o s i t i v e m o m e n t reinforcement shall be spliced with spliced class A . C. Rules of Negative Moment Reinforcement The followings are the rules of the development length of flexural reinforcement for negative moment,as follows : The reinforcement must be extended at least development length l d from the point of maximum bending moment . Negative moment reinforcement must be

anchored to the supporting column or member . At least 1 / 3 of total reinforcement for negative moment must be extended beyond the inflection point > d or 12 db or 1/16 of clear span the larger value is taken. http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 23 - 10 23.5.3 B AR C UT O FF P OINT A. General The critical location of the flexural reinforcement is where there is rapid drop in the bending moment such as inflection point (zero moment) . To ensure the full development length the flexuralreinforcement must be extended beyond the inflection point with a distance 12d b or d which is greater . B. Rules for All Reinforcements The followings are the rules of the bar cut off for all reinforcements, as follows : Bars must be extended d or 12 d b beyond the theoretical flexural cut off points except atsupport / end of cantilever. Bars must be extended l d from the theoretical flexural cut off point of adjacent bar . 23.5.4 S KETCH OF F LEXURAL D EVELOPMENT L

ENGTH A. General This section shows the flexural development sketch of positive moment reinforcement and negativemoment reinforcement based on the all rules at previous section. B. Positive Moment Reinforcement The figure below shows the flexural development length of positive moment reinforcement. F IGURE 23.4 F LEXURAL D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH P OSITIVE M OMENT R EINFORCEMENT http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 23 - 11 C. Negative Moment Reinforcement The figure below shows the flexural development length of negative moment reinforcement. F IGURE 23.5 F LEXURAL D EVELOPMENT L ENGTH N EGATIVE M OMENT R EINFORCEMENT 23.6 SPLICE OF REINFORCEMENTS 23.6.1 G ENERAL The bars are produced in standard length so sometime it is needed to be spliced. The splice of thereinforcement must ensure that it can develop yield stress along the splice length.There are three types of splice, as follows : Lap Splice , lapping of two bars with determined splice length (< bar No. 11).

Mechanical Connecting , splice of reinforcement using the connector / coupler. Welding , splice by weld the two reinforcements (> bar No. 11). 23.6.2 L AP S PLICE OF T ENSION B AR There are two types of lap splice of tension bar according to ACI code, as follows : Class A . Class B .The splice length of splice class A is :"12l0.1l ds = [23.10] where :l s = splice lengthl d = development length http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 23 - 12 The splice length of splice class B is :"12l3.1l ds = [23.11] where :l s = splice lengthl d = development lengthThe following table shows the conditions of tension lap splice, as follows : T ABLE 23.14 T ENSION L

AP S PLICE MAXIMUM % OF SPLICED BARAs PROVIDED / As REQUIRED50% 100% 2Class A Class B< 2 Class A Class B 23.6.3 L AP S PLICE OF C OMPRESSION B AR The lap splice of compression bar is : T ABLE 23.15 C OMPRESSION L AP S PLICE f y psi SI 60000 psi / 400 MPa bys df0005.0l bys df07.0l > 60000 psi / 400 MPa ) bys d24f0009.0l ) bys d24f13.0l 23.7 DETAIL OF REINFORCEMENTS 23.7.1 G ENERAL The most important thing in the reinforced concrete structure is the reinforcement detail. After thereinforced concrete member is analyzed and designed a structural engineer must make a reinforcement detail, splice of reinforcement, bar bending schedule

because the engineer is theonly person who knows the location of critical section of the member, these information then used bythe contractor when they build the structure. 23.7.2 S PACING L IMITS A. General For ensure the workability of the concrete the spacing of the reinforcement must be limited so thespacing is not o small compared to the size of the coarse aggregate. B. Minimum Spacing Minimum clear spacing of between bars is :"1d b [23.12] http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 23 - 13 where :d b = diameter of barMinimum clear spacing of bar more than one layers is :"1 [23.13] Minimum clear spacing of longitudinal reinforcement in compression member with tied and spiraltransverse reinforcement is : () "5.1"1d5.11 b [23.13] where :d b = diameter of bar C. Maximum Spacing Maximum spacing between bars must not spaced greater than :"18h3 f [23.14] where :h f = slab thickness 23.7.3 E ND S PAN OF C ONTINUOUS B

EAM The figure below shows the typical detail of reinforcement for end span in continuous reinforcedconcrete structure. F IGURE 23.6 E ND S PAN OF C ONTINUOUS B EAM http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.com/ syaiful_ashari@yahoo.com 23 - 14 23.7.4 I NTERIOR S PAN OF C ONTINUOUS B EAM The figure below shows the typical detail of reinforcement for interior span in continuous reinforcedconcrete structure. F IGURE 23.7 I NTERIOR S PAN OF C ONTINUOUS B EAM 23.7.5 C OLUMN The figure below shows the typical detail of reinforcement for column. F IGURE 23.8 C OLUMN