Agricultural Energy and Electrification Laboratory

Date

: March 25th, 2010

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH PLANE WALLS

By :
Gita Pujasari
F14080088

DEPARTEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
2010

I. INTRODUCTION
A heat transfer situation in which time is not a factor is designed as steady state. The
consideration of heat transfer where time is not considered affords some simplification in the
analysis. The governing equation for steady state conduction with internal generation is (Welty,
1978 and Holman, 1989)

V2T +

= 0 (1)

Where :
VT : temperature gradient in vector form
q

: heat flow vector

: thermal conductivity vector

which is known as the Poisson equation, and for steady state conduction without internal
generation of heat, the Laplace equation applies :
V2T = 0 ...(2)
Both of the above equation apply to an isotropic medium, that is, one whose properties do not
vary with direction, physical properties are also presumed independent of temperature.
The initial consideration is one dimensional steady state conduction without internal
generation of energy. As just discussed. The Laplace equation applies to this case. A general
form of Laplace equation in one dimension is:

= 0 ..(3)

Where
x

: critical geometry in the direction of heat transfer, m

: temperature gradient a long x axis
: 0, 1, or 2 in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate

respectively

Plane Walls
In the case of he plane wall as shown in figure 1, equation (3) with i = 0 applies.
The equation and boundary conditions to be satisfied are
To
TL
L

Figure 1. Steady-state conduction in a plane wall.

= 0(4)
T(x) = T(0) = T0

at x = 0

T(x) = T(L) = TL

at x = L

Where
To

: temperature at x = 0, K

TL

: temperature at x = L, K

Equation (4) may be separated and integrated twice to yield

T(x) = c1x + c2 (5)
And the constants of integration c1 and c2 evaluated, by applying the boundary equation, to be

c1 =

and c2 = T0

When c1 and c2 are substituted into equation (5), the final expression for the temperature profile
becomes

T(x) =
T(x) =

.(6)

According to equation (6), the temperature variation in a plane wall under the condition specified
is linear as shown in Figure 1.
The Fourier rate equation may be used to determined heat flux of heat flow rate in this
case. The equation is repeated below, in scalar form in reference

qx =

...(7)

where
qx : heat flux, W/m2
A : cross section area, m2
k : thermal conductivity, W/m K
Since, in the steady- state case, q, is constant, this equation may be separated and integrated
directly as

giving

..(8)

Alternately, the temperature gradient dT/dx could been evaluated from equation (6) and
substituted into equation (7) to achieve the identical result. These two alternate means of
evaluating heat flux, either by direct integration of the Fourier rate equation or by- solving for
temperature and substituting the temperature gradient expression into the rate equation, are both
employed in subsequent examples. One approach may be simpler than another in certain case,
but no general statement can be made in this regard.

The quantity kA/L, in equation (8), is the thermal conductance for a flat plate or wall.
The reciprocal of this quantity, L/kA, is designated the thermal resistance.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. To asses the characteristic of the steady state heat transfer through the plane wall

2. To determine the rate of steady state heat transfer through the plane wall
III.MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS
Material are plane walls made out of alumunumb. The setup of the experiment is
illustrated in fig 2 comprises of Hybrid Recorder Yokogawa DR 130, a water bath at 100 0C and
thermocouples. Eleven observation point are inserted into the alumunumb block and the distance
between two observation points are 0.01 m
Water bath
Water 100oC
Hybrid Recorder

Aluminum
Block as
Plane wall
Observation
Point

Fig. 2. Experimental set up for heat transfer through a plane wall.

IV. METHODS
1. Record the initial temperature at the observation point located as described in Fig
2
2. Pour boiling water at 100 0C into the water both until the water surface reaches

the height of the alumunium plane wall. Maintain the water at a constant temperature.
3. Record the temperature developed at the observation point in the interval of two
minutes

V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Result from experiment

The experimental data :

No

x/t

T0

T1

75.3

45

79.7

81.2

83.2

85.1

10

86.9

12

88.4

14

90

16

90.7

10

18

92.5

11

20

94.4

12

22

96.1

13

24

96.1

14

26

95.7

15

28

96.1

16

30

96.2

17

32

96

18

34

96

T2
35.

55.

2
40.

3
61.

1
46.

2
64.

5
50.

7
67.

9
54.

5
70.

4
58.

5
72.

1
60.

7
75.

9
63.

9
66.

77
79.

2
68.

2
81.

7
70.

1
83.

8
73.

6
84.

4
75.

6
85.

1
76.

4
86.

6
77.

2
86.

9
78.

8
87.

7
79.

1
87.

7
80.

T3
29.6
36.1
42.5
46.9
50.6
54.5
57.4
60.6
63
65.6
67.8
70.3
72.2
74
75.3
76.4
77.5
78.1

T4
28.
4
34.
1
40.
3
44.
9
48.
7
52.
8
55.
9
59.
3
62
64.
7
67
69.
7
71.
6
73.
7
75.
1
77.
3
77.
6
78.

T5

T6

27.2

26

31.8

28.5

37.6

32.8

41.9

36.6

45.7

40.2

49.8

44.4

52.9

47.5

56.4

51.3

59.1

54.1

62

57.2

64.4

59.7

66.9

62.3

69

64.4

71.1

66.9

72.6

68.8

73.9

70

75.3

71.7

76.2

76.8

T7
25.

T8
25.

5
26.

4
26.

8
29.

2
28.

7
32.

5
31.

8
36.

3
34.

1
40.

4
38.

2
43.

4
41.

4
47.

6
45.

1
50.

3
48.

1
53.

4
51.

3
55.

6
54.

9
58.

3
57

6
60.

59.

9
63.

3
61.

4
65.

9
63.

3
66.

8
65.

8
68.

4
67.

6
69.

3
68.

T9

T10

25.3

83

26

86.3

27.8 89.6
30.2 91.5
33.1 92.9
36.9 94.3
39.9 95.1
43.7 95.2
46.7 95.2
50

97.6

52.6 98.9
55.3 99.5
57.5 99.5
60.1 99.6
62

99.6

63.8 99.6
65.6 99.6
67

99.5

19

36

98.3

20

38

21

40

-156.1

22

42

262.9

23

44

24

46

25

48

26

50

27

52

61.1

28

54

76.5

29

56

73

30

58

73.1

31

60

73.5

88

409.7

3
81.

87.

2
80.

3
88.

6
82.

8
89.

8
83.

5
89.

6
84.

9
89.

3
84.

7
89.

3
84.

6
89.

3
84.

6
89.

4
84.

9
89.

8
84.

6
84.

90
90.
2
80.
1

8
84.
9
85

79.5
78.9
81.1
82
82.8
82.9
82.9
82.9
83.5
83.2
83.5
83.4
83.6

4
79.
5
79.
5
81.
3
82.
2
83
83.
4
83.
6
83.
7
84
84.
1
84.
3
84.
3
84.
5

77.5

74.2

77.3

74

79.5

76.5

80.5

77.5

81.3

78.5

81.5

79.1

81.9

79.6

81.9

79.7

82.3

80

82.3

80.1

82.6

80.5

82.5

80.2

82.8

80.6

9
71.

7
70.

3
71.

2
70.

4
73.

5
72.

8
74.

75
76.
4
76.

1
75.
4
76
76.

2
77.

5
76.

4
77.

8
77
77.

8
78.

2
77.

5
77.

78.
3

71.2 99.6
72.5 99.6
73.8 99.6

74.9 99.5
75.1 99.6
75.4 99.5

7
77.

68.5 99.5

74.5 99.6

8
77.

78

68.4 99.5

75.6 99.5
75.9 99.6
75.8 99.6
76.1 99.5

The calculation data :

No x/t
1
0
2

10

12

T0
83
86.
3
89.
6
91.
5
92.
9
94.
3
95.

T1
82.23

T2
81.46

T3
80.69

T4
79.92

T5
79.15

T6
78.38

T7
77.61

T8
76.84

T9
76.07

T10
75.3

85.64

84.98

84.32

83.66

83

82.34

81.68

81.02

80.36

79.7

88.76

87.92

87.08

86.24

85.4

84.56

83.72

82.88

82.04

81.2

90.67

89.84

89.01

88.18

87.35

86.52

85.69

84.86

84.03

83.2

92.12

91.34

90.56

89.78

89

88.22

87.44

86.66

85.88

85.1

93.56

92.82

92.08

91.34

90.6

89.86

89.12

88.38

87.64

86.9

94.43

93.76

93.09

92.42

91.75

91.08

90.41

89.74

89.07

88.4

14

16

10

18

11

20

12

22

13

24

14

26

15

28

16

30

17

32

18

34

19

36

20

38

21

40

22

42

23

44

24

46

25

48

26

50

1
95.
2
95.
2
97.
6
98.
9
99.
5
99.
5
99.
6
99.
6
99.
6
99.
6
99.
5
99.
5
99.
5
99.
6

94.68

94.16

93.64

93.12

92.6

92.08

91.56

91.04

90.52

90

94.75

94.3

93.85

93.4

92.95

92.5

92.05

91.6

91.15

90.7

97.09

96.58

96.07

95.56

95.05

94.54

94.03

93.52

93.01

92.5

98.45

98

97.55

97.1

96.65

96.2

95.75

95.3

94.85

94.4

99.16

98.82

98.48

98.14

97.8

97.46

97.12

96.78

96.44

96.1

99.16

98.82

98.48

98.14

97.8

97.46

97.12

96.78

96.44

96.1

99.21

98.82

98.43

98.04

97.65

97.26

96.87

96.48

96.09

95.7

99.25

98.9

98.55

98.2

97.85

97.5

97.15

96.8

96.45

96.1

99.26

98.92

98.58

98.24

97.9

97.56

97.22

96.88

96.54

96.2

99.24

98.88

98.52

98.16

97.8

97.44

97.08

96.72

96.36

96

99.15

98.8

98.45

98.1

97.75

97.4

97.05

96.7

96.35

96

99.38

99.26

99.14

99.02

98.9

98.78

98.66

98.54

98.42

98.3

89.55

79.6

69.65

59.7

49.75

39.8

29.85

19.9

9.95

-79.39

104.9

130.5
3
246.5

74.03

48.46

22.89

-2.68

-28.25

-53.82

99.

115.9

132.2

148.5

164.9

181.2

197.5

213.9

6
230.2

6
99.

89.64

79.68

69.72

59.76

49.8

39.84

29.88

19.92

9.96

130.6

161.6

192.6

223.6

254.6

285.6

316.6

347.6

378.6

89.55

79.6

69.65

59.7

49.75

39.8

29.85

19.9

9.95

89.64

79.68

69.72

59.76

49.8

39.84

29.88

19.92

9.96

6
99.
6
99.
5
99.
6

156.1
262.9

409.7

27

52

28

54

29

56

30

58

31

60

99.
5
99.
5
99.
6
99.
6
99.
5

95.66

91.82

87.98

84.14

80.3

76.46

72.62

68.78

64.94

61.1

97.2

94.9

92.6

90.3

88

85.7

83.4

81.1

78.8

76.5

96.94

94.28

91.62

88.96

86.3

83.64

80.98

78.32

75.66

73

96.95

94.3

91.65

89

86.35

83.7

81.05

78.4

75.75

73.1

96.9

94.3

91.7

89.1

86.5

83.9

81.3

78.7

76.1

73.5

Sample of The Calculation :

The data when t = 2 minutes
T0 TL
x
L

T(x) = T0 -

T(0) = 86.3 -

T(0.01) = 86.3 -

T(0.02) = 86.3 -

T(0.03) = 86.3 -

T(0.04) = 86.3 -

T(0.05) = 86.3 -

T(0.06) = 86.3 -

T(0.07) = 86.3 -

T(0.08) = 86.3 -

T(0.09) = 86.3 -

T(0.10) = 86.3 -

Table of heat flow value

86 .3 79 .7
0.1

x 0.00 = 86.3 W

86 .3 79 .7
0.1
86 .3 79 .7
0.1
86 .3 79 .7
0.1
86 .3 79 .7
0.1
86 .3 79 .7
0.1
86 .3 79 .7
0.1
86 .3 79 .7
0.1
86 .3 79 .7
0.1
86 .3 79 .7
0.1
86 .3 79 .7
0.1

x 0.01 = 85.64 W
x 0.02 = 84.98 W
x 0.03 = 84.32 W
x 0.04 = 83.66 W
x 0.05 = 83 W
x 0.06 = 82.34 W
x 0.07 = 81.68 W
x 0.08 = 81.02 W
x 0.09 = 80.36 W
x 0.10 = 79.7 W

No

TL

T0

q/A

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

75.3
79.7
81.2
83.2
85.1
86.9
88.4
90
90.7
92.5
94.4
96.1
96.1
95.7
96.1
96.2
96
96
98.3
-156.1

83
86.3
89.6
91.5
92.9
94.3
95.1
95.2
95.2
97.6
98.9
99.5
99.5
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.6
99.5
99.5
99.5
99.6

22

262.9

99.6

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

99.6
409.7

99.6

61.1
76.5
73
73.1
73.5

99.5
99.6
99.5
99.5
99.6
99.6
99.5

19250
16500
21000
20750
19500
18500
16750
13000
11250
12750
11250
8500
8500
9750
8750
8500
9000
8750
3000
248750
639250
408250
249000
775250
248750
249000
96000
57500
66500
66250
65000

Sample of Calculation
The data when t = 7 minutes, t = 10 minutes and t = 30 minutes
qx
k
= (To TL )
A
L

K aluminum = 250 W/m K

t=7

q x 250
=
(95 .1 88 .4) = 16750 w / m 2
A
0.1

t = 14

q x 250
=
(99.6 95.7) = 9750 w / m 2
A
0.1

t = 30

q x 250
=
(99 .6 73 .1) = 66250 w / m 2
A
0.1

Graph of Time and Temperature from experiment

Graph of Time and Temperature from calculation

Graph of Time and Heat Flux

VI. DISCUSSION
Acording to the First Law of Thermodynamics, heat transfer changes the internal energy
of both systems involved. As described by the second law of thermodynamics or the Claudius
statement, heat transfer always occurs from a higher-temperature object to a cooler-temperature
one.
In this experiment we will know the characteristic of the steady state heat transfer
through the plane wall and determine the rate of steady heat transfer through the plane wall.
Therere three principles of the heat transfer, they are : conduction, convection, and radiation. In
this experiment, we should discus about conduction heat transfer. The heat transfer
conduction,

by

occurs via collisions between atoms and molecules in the substance and the

subsequent transfer of kinetic energy. When one end of a metal rod is at a higher temperature,
then energy will be transferred down the rod toward the colder end because the higher speed
particles will collide with the slower ones with a net transfer of energy to the slower ones. For
heat transfer between two plane surfaces, such as heat loss through the wall of a house, the rate
of conduction heat transfer is directly propoetional to the temperature gradient and the cross
sectional area of the path, as the Fourier-Biot Law.
As a result of the experiment, we could see the difference of the temperature in the
different wallas (plane wall). In table 1, we could see the temperature of the wall that near from
the water has the highest temperature (T10), the temperature also increas by the time goes down.
But when the time showed at 20th minute, the machine got error and changes the temperature of
the water that showed. This is could happend because the thermo couple that not in suitable
condition. So, its effect to other walls temperature, mostly in the relation of the temperature with

the time. In table two, we calculate the value Tx when the wallx using To (temperature when x =
11) and TL (temperature when x = 10). The point which nearest the water, have the highest
temperature, so that the point which far from the water, have the lowest temperature. It caused by
conduction heat transfer through plane walls.
The result from the experiment and the calculations is different, because in the
experiment there the error by the human error, the error of the machine, temperature water that
not stady, and the air condition.
VII.

CONCLUSION

From the tables and graphic, we could see that the point which nearest the water, have
the highest temperature, and the point that far from the water, have the lowest temperature.
The differences result between experiment and calculation caused by human error, temperature
of water is not stabile and environment factor

VIII. REFERENCES
Holman, J.P. 1997. Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill Book Co., Singapore
Welty, J.R. 1978. Engineering Heat Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. USA.
Zemansky, Mark W.1957. Heat and Thermodynamic. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc. New York.