Construction of Shallow Foundations: General requirements(IS1904-1986)

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Shallow vs. Deep Foundations

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Construction of Shallow Foundations:..

Usually the more economical option As a general rule, consider deep foundations only when shallow foundations do not give satisfactory design Types of Shallow foundations
Spread footings (square, circular, rectangular) Combined Footings Continuous (strip) Footings Mat or Raft Foundations

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Combined/Strap Footing

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Mat (or Raft) Foundation

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Excavation, Layout and Foundation

Excavation is a process of making trenches by digging up of earth for the construction of foundations and basements. Excavation is done by the Backhoe (JCB) on the hourly basis After the excavation the surface is leveled called surface dressing Layout is done on the PCC poured over leveled surface. Column and foundation (raft ) steel is then laid as per drawings.
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Points to take care: layout should be checked properly. Check any difference between architectural and structural drawings regarding location of column. After excavation check the stability of temporary structures built near the excavated ground. Before laying raft reinforcement, shuttering wall which is mainly brick wall should be built and should be filled with soil on other side. Check the direction of chair bars in the raft

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EXCAVATION

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LAYOUT

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Construction Methods
Excavation; Backhoe followed by handwork
o Neat excavation-no formwork used o Formed footing

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FOUNDATIONS
Isolated footings Strip footings Combined footings

Grade of concrete--- M25. Clear Cover--- 50 mm.

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Carrefour Shopping Center

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Depth and location of foundation

Depth and location of foundation depends on 1. Zone of significant volume changes in clayey soils. 2. Adjacent structures and property lines. 3. Ground water 4. Underground defects (root holes, cavities by burrowing animals etc.) 5. Zone of frost action 6. Maximum depth of scour 7. Filled up ground, ditch, pond, excavation etc.

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Depth and location of foundation

The following considerations are necessary for deciding the location and depth of foundation As per IS:1904-1986, minimum depth of foundation shall be 0.50 m. Foundation shall be placed below the zone of the frost heave Topsoil or organic material Peat and Muck Unconsolidated material such as waste dump

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Depth and location of foundation

Zone of significant volume changes in soil : Clays having high plasticity shrink and swell considerably upon drying and wetting respectively (expansive soil). Volume change is greatest near ground. Decreases with increasing depth. Volume changes usually insignificant below a depth from 1.5-3.0 m and does not occur below volume changes. No tree should grow to a large size shall be planted within 8 m of foundations of buildings in such type of clayey soils (IS 1904)

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Depth and location of foundation Adjacent structures and property lines.

Structures may be damaged by the construction of new foundations, as a result of vibrations, undermining by excavation or lowering of the water table. After new foundations have been constructed, the (new) loads they place on the soil may cause settlement of previously existing structures as a result of new stress pattern in the surrounding soil.

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14. Spacing Between Existing and New Foundation

The deeper the new foundation and the nearer to the existing it is located, the greater the damage is likely to be. The minimum horizontal spacing between existing and new footings shall be equal to the width of the wider one. While the adoption of such provision shall help minimizing damage to adjacent foundation, an analysis of bearing capacity and settlement shall be carried out to have an appreciation of the effect on the adjacent existing foundation.

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Loads on foundation
Dead Load : Refers to the overall weight of the structure. Includes weight of the materials permanently attached to the structure (such as flooring) and fixed service equipment (such as air conditioning) Live load : Refers to the weight of the applied bodied that are not permanent parts of the structure. Applied to the structure during part of its useful life (e.g. people, warehouse goods). Specified by code. Wind loads : Acts on all exposed parts of the structure. Calculated using building codes. Earthquake Forces : Building code is consulted.

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15. LOADS ON FOUNDATIONS

15.1.3 Foundations shall be proportioned for the following combination of loads: a) Dead load + live load, and b) Dead load + live load + wind load or seismic load.

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 15.1.4 Dead load also includes the weight of column/wall, footings,foundations, the overlying fill but excludes the weight of the displaced soil 15.1.6 Where wind or seismic load is less than 25 percent of that due to dead and live loads, it may be neglected in design and first combination of load shall be compared with the safe bearing load to satisfy allowable bearing pressure.

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 15.1.7 Where wind or seismic load is more than 25 percent of that due to dead and live loads, foundations may be so proportioned that the pressure due to combination of load ( that is, dead + live+ wind load ) does not exceed the safe bearing capacity by more than 25%. When seismic forces are considered, the safe bearing capacity shall be increased as specified in IS : 1893-(2002)-Part1. In non-cohesive soils, analysis for liquefaction and settlement under earthquake shall also be made.
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6.3.5.2 Increase in allowable pressure in soils When earthquake forces are included, the allowable bearing pressure in soils shall be increased as per Table 1, depending upon type of foundation of the structure and the type of soil.

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1. The allowable bearing pressure shall be determined in accordance with IS 6403 or IS 1888. 2. If any increase in bearing pressure has already been permitted for forces other than seismic forces, the total increase in allowable bearing pressure when seismic force is also included shall not exceed the limits specified above.
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17. STABILITY AGAINST OVERTURNING AND SLIDING

17.1.1. Sliding - The factor of safety against sliding of structures which resist lateral forces (such as retaining walls) shall be not less than 1.5 when dead load, live load and earth pressures are considered together with wind load or seismic forces. When dead load, live load and earth pressure only are considered, the factor of safety shall be not less than l.75

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 17.2. Overturning - The factor of safety for shallow foundation against overturning shall be not less than 1.5 when dead load, live load and earth pressures are considered together with wind load or seismic forces When dead load, live load and earth pressures only are considered, the factor of safety shall be not less than 2
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