Tenses PRESENTS I (dont) work He works Do you work?

(does) Im (not) working Present Hes working continuos Are you working? I have (not) worked Present He has worked perfect Have you worked? Present simple I worked He didnt work Did you work? You were working Past I wasnt working continuos Were you working? Past simple Past perfect I had (not) worked He had worked Had you worked? -Habitos -Afirmaciones de hechos ciertos -Situacion transitoria -Situacion que sucede mientras se habla -Situacin que empieza en pasado y continua o repercute al presente. -Already, yet, since, for, just PASTS -Hechos del pasado -Acciones repetidas del past -When, ago, then, in 2006 -Accion de un momento determinado del pasado -Accion interrumpida por otra. -While, as -Acciones del pasado que sucedieron con anterioridad a otra accin o momento. FUTURES -Acciones espontneas -Predicciones de generales -Planes -Predicciones basadas en la evidencia -Planes muy cercanos donde se suele especificar lugar y/o momento. -Acciones que estaran en curso un momento del futuro -Acciones que habrn concluido en algun momento especifico del future. -By the end, by the time -I walk to school every day -The sun rises in the east -Were staying in a hotel -Its raining again! -Ive lost my mobile, so I cant get in touch with them

-What time did they arrive? -He walked to work for years -Were watching a film at 11pm. -He was ironing when I arrived.

-When we got home, hed already left.

I will work Will He wont work Will you work? Going to Im going to work + He isnt going to infinitive Are you going to? Im (not) working Present Hes working continuos Are you working? I wont be waiting Future He will be waiting continuos Will you be waiting? I wont have waited Future He will have waited perfect Will you have waited?

-The pone is ringing.-Ill answer it. -It will be hot this summer. -Im going to study at university. -Its cloudy.Its going to rain -Tomorrow! Were playing golf.

-Ill be watching de match and Janes will be having dinner with her friends. -By the time Im 21, Ill have left home.

*Para un HABITO del pasado tambien se puede usar would + inf: - When I was little, I would play here all day long. Be used to + ing estar acostumbrado a Get used to + ing acostumbrarse a Used to + INF yo solia

Relative pronouns That, which, when, where, who, whose Defining relative clauses (sin comas)especificativas (necesarias) that SI se usa Shes the teacher Shes the teacher who gave interesting lessons. Hes the person Hes the person whose achievement I admire the most. El pronombre se puede omitir cuando su funcion es CD y nunca sujeto. Ej. Thats the film (which) we saw. Non-defining relative clauses (con comas)explicativas (complementan) that NUNCA Jaimes sister, whos a teacher, is called Pillar. Ahora no se puede omitir el pronombre nunca porque siempre actua de sujeto. Modal verbs Modals of obligation: Must + INF ; have to + INF. Modals of no-obligation: neednt + INF ; dont have to + INF. Modals of necessity: need to + INF Modals of prohibition: musnt + INF Modals of recomendation: ought to + INF ; should/shouldnt + INF Modals of ability and permission: can, could, be able to = be allowed to + INF Can presente I cant hear you. Could pasado I couldnt drive last week. Be able to otros tiempos Soon Peter will be able to speak Spanish fluently. Modals of possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, cant May, might, could posibilidad en el presente o el futuro Cant pensamos que algo es imposible Must pensamos que algo es seguro Modals + perfect infinitives Cant have + PP imposibilidad en el pasado Could have + PP algo que podra haber sucedido en el pasado, aunque ya sea tarde Could/may/might have + PP algo que ha podido suceder en el pasado Must have + PP deduccin lgica sobre algo del pasado Should have + PP opinin sobre algo pasado, aunque sea tarde Shouldnt have + PP arrepentimiento o critica sobre algo del pasado

Linkers Linker of contrast AUNQUE: although (medio) / Though (principio) + ORACION A PESAR DE: despite the fact that (medio) / In spite of the fact that (principio) + ORACION A PESAR DE: despite / in spite of + NOMBRE/PRONOMBRE/ GERUNDIO Linkers of purpose PARA: to/in order to/so as to + INFINITIVO PARA (frase negative): in order not to/so as not to + INFINITIVO to en negative NUNCA PARA: so/so that + can/cant/could/will/wont/wouldnt Linkers of reason PORQUE: as/because/since + ORACION PORQUE: because of + NOMBRE/SINTAGMA NOMINAL

Linker of result TANTO QUE: so + adj + that + ORACION TAN QUE: so + adv + that + ORACION TAN QUE: such + a(n) + adj + nombre singular + that + ORACION Reported speech Estilo directo Present simple Present continuos Present perfect Past simple Will Can Must Estilo indirecto Past simple Past continuos Past perfect Past perfect Would Could Had to Estilo directo Here This These Now Next week Today Tonight Tomorrow Yesterday Last week Estilo indirecto There That Those Then The following week That day That night The following day The day before The week before

Ej. We cant stay in here tonight He said that they couldnt stay in there that night. ORDENES: tell + verbo + complement + (not) to INF PETICIONES: ask + verbo + complement + (not) to INF Ej. Drop the knife! The detective told (ordered) him to drop the knife Ej. Dont touch anything! The detective told us not to touch anything. Ej. Please can you explain? The lawyer asked the judge to explain. PREGUNTA (who, ): When will you finish the book? He asked (her) when she would finish the book. PREGUNTA: Do you recognize the suspect? He asked (her) if/whether she recognized the suspect. *agree, promise, refuse, offer verbo + to INF ; Im sorry I was rudeShe apologizes for being rude. *con complemento ask, tell, order, invite, advise, encourage The passive CD A: Millions of people will celebrate Buy Nothing Day. P: Buy Nothing Day will be celebrated by millions of people. CD y CI A: Somebody sent us this advert P: This advert was sent to us. P: We were sent this advert. Have/get something done Im getting my hair cut He had the room painted

Conditionals Conditional 1 grade If + present simple will + infinitive If you dont eat the right foods, you wont perform as well. -Futuros posibles o probables, y hacer promesas o advertencies. Conditional 2 grade If + past simple would + infinitive If I were you, Id take up. -Situaciones hipoteticas en el presente y en el future. Conditional 3 grade If + past perfect would have + infinitive If they had eaten the right food, the probably would have performed better. -Hechos hipotticos del pasado. Gerund and infinitive Gerund Admit advise avoid cant help cant imagine cant stand complete consider discuss dislike dont mind enjoy finish give up imagine keep mention mind miss practice recommend regret report resist risk suggest Infinitive Afford agree appear arrange ask attempt beg choose dare decide demand deserve expect fail hesitate hope intend learn manage mean need offer prepare pretend promise refuse seem threaten wait want wish