Groundwater Hydrology Thisd Edition David Keith Todd University of California, Berkeley and Todd Engincers Larry W. Mays Arizona State University ® WILEY John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Executive Editor Bill Zobrist Project Editor Jennifer Welter Senior Production Editor Valerie A. Vargas Marketing Manager Jennifer Powers Senior Designer Dawn L. Stanley New Media Editor Thomas Kulesa Cover Design David Levy Cover Image Photograph by Robert Morris, U.S. Geological Survey Production Management Services Argosy Publishing ‘This book was set in 10/12 Times by Argosy Publishing and printed and bound by Hamilton Printing. ‘The cover was printed by Phoenix Color Corporation. On the Cover: Comal Springs. The highly productive Edwards aquifer, the first aquifer to be desig- nated asa sole source aquifer under the Safe Drinking Water Act, isthe source of water for more than | million people in San Antonio, Texas, some military bases and small towns, and for south-central ‘Texas farmers and ranchers. The aquifer also supplies water to sustain threatened and endangered species habitat associated with natural springs in the region and supplies surface water to users down- stream from the major springs. These various uses ae in direct competition with ground-water devel- ‘opment and have created challenging issues of ground-water management inthe region. Photo and description from the USGS website: hup/watecusgs.gov/pubs/ciclcire1 186.html/gw_effect html isk id ma i pp: ‘Copyright 20050 John Wiley & Sons, Ine. Al sights reserved. [No prt ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored ina reuieval system, or wansmited in any form or by any ‘means, elecwoni, mechanical, photocopying, recording, seaming or otherwise, excep as pemited under Sec- tions 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior writen pemmission ofthe Pub- lisher or authorization trough payment ofthe appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, Requests tothe Publisher for pe mission shouldbe addressed tothe Permissions Department, John Wiley & Soas, In. 111 River Street, Hoboken, 1NJ 07030, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, E-mail: PERMREQ@ WILEY.COM. ‘To order books or for customer service plese cll 1(800}-CALL WILEY (225-5945) ISBN 0-471.05937-4 (lah) ISBN 0-471-45254-8 (WIE) Printed inthe United States of America 10987654321 In\ PREFACE to the 3rd Edition Water is essential for life on Barth, and the largest source of fresh water lies under the Earth's surface. Increased demands for water have stimulated efforts to further develop, and in many cases over develop, ‘our groundwater resources. In addition we have created pollution problems resulting from over develop- ‘ment of groundwater resources and the mismanagement of wastes. As a result investigations of the occur- rence and movement of groundwater have advanced, drilling equipment has improved, new models have been developed, techniques for managing groundwater have advanced, and research has extended our understanding of the resource. Intended Audience and Introduction ‘This book is intended for a groundwater hydrology course in civil and environmental engineering, geol- ogy, or hydrogeology. It is appropriate for either a one or two term course atthe junior, senior, or gradu- ate level ‘The first edition of this book by David K. Todd was published in 1959 and the second edition was published in 1980, This third edition of Groundwater Hydrology has the same purpose as the previous ‘wo editions, to present the fundamentals of groundwater hydrology in a manner understandable to those ‘most concerned with such knowledge. Few people specialize in the subject, yet, because groundwater is ‘a major natural resource, the subject becomes important for students and professionals in many fields: water supply, the environment, agriculture, economics, mining, and the law, to name only the obvious ‘ones. Although itis impossible to presenta subject fitted to such a diversity of students the common need is an understanding of the fundamental principles, methods, and problems in the groundwater field. ‘Thus, this book endeavors to make available a unified presentation of groundwater hydrology. Since the earlier editions of this book, the groundwater resource field has made tremendous strides, Awareness of the environment, concems and competition for water supplies, contamination of ground- ‘water, and enhanced regulation of water resources have all focused attention on the subject. As a result cducational programs, research funding, and professionals actively involved in developing and managing groundwater have grown dramatically. The National Ground Water Association together with journals such as Ground Water and Water Resources Research has been instrumental in advancing groundwater knowledge. ‘New to this edition ‘We have attempted to develop this book, not only as a stand-alone work, but in partnership withthe Inter- net to serve as a portal to the vast resources on groundwater hydrology that now exist on the Internet. Hopefully this book will help guide the student, the professional, and the researcher to the general doc- uments and other publications, program plans, field project details, software, and other information found on the Internet.