CYCLE-2

EXPERIMENT-5

FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS USING PLL

Aim: To study PLL characteristics and to use PLL as frequency multiplier. Components and Equipments Required: ICs 4046 and 4528, resistors, capacitors, connecting board, power supply, signal generator, potentiometer and CRO. Theory: The basic PLL block consists of a phase detector, a low pass filter, an error amplifier, VCO. If an input voltage of frequency fS is applied to PLL, phase detector compares the frequency and phase of the incoming signal to that of the output Vo of VCO. If two signals differ in frequency/phase, a voltage is generated. According to this error VCO output is changed, thus maintains the lock. Circuit Diagram:
R 1
1 M

R 2
1 0 0 k

F r e q u e n c y 1 3 1 4 3 9

+ 5 V 1 6

2 . 2

u f

n d

4 0 4 6
1 1 6 7 5

P L L
8

8 k

1 n

n d

n d

+ 5 V

6 f o / 1 0 0 1 4 7 8

1 0

1 6 1 f o = f r e q u e n c y * 1 0 0

I C
9

4 5 1 8
1 5

n d

Features of IC 4046: 1) Wide voltage range:3V to 18V. 2) VCO frequency:1.3 MHz 3) High VCO linearity: typically 1% 4) Low frequency drift:0.06%/degree C 5) Low dynamic power consumption:70uW at Fo=10kHz Features of IC 4518: 1) Supply Voltage Range:3V to 16V 2) Noise Immunity:45% typically. 3) Diode protection for all inputs. 4) Low input capacitance:5pF 5) Counting rate is around 6MHz. Procedure: 1) Before wiring the circuit, check all the components using multimeter and IC tester. 2) Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram. 3) Vary the input frequency with input voltage around 5-8V and note down the output frequency which is 100 times the corresponding input frequency. Tabular Column: Input frequency in Hz 10 50 75 100 Output period in seconds Output frequency in Hz

Result: The PLL characteristics are studied and PLL is used as frequency multiplier.

EXPERIMENT-6

FREQUENCY MODULATION USING IC 8038

Aim: Design and conduct a suitable experiment to generate an FM wave using IC 8038.Find the modulation index and the bandwidth of operation Br and display the waveforms. Components and Equipments Required: IC 8038, resistors, capacitors, function generators, power supply and CRO. Pin diagram: Please include the pin diagrams for all the ICs Theory: The IC 8038 waveform generator is a monolithic integrated circuit capable of producing high accuracy sine, square, triangular, sawtooth and pulse waveforms with a minimum of external pulse components. The frequency of the waveform generator is direct function of the dc voltage at the terminal (measured form V+). By altering this voltage, frequency modulation is performed. For small deviations (ex: 10%) the modulating signal can be applied directly to pin 8, merely providing dc de-coupling with a capacitor. An external resistor between pins 7 and 8 is not necessary but it can be used to increase input impedance from about 8k. (Pins 7 and 8 connected together), to about (R+8kW). The sine wave output has relative high output impedance (1k typical). The circuit may use a simple op-amp follower to provide buffering, gain and amplitude adjustment. For large FM deviations or for frequency sweeping, the modulating signal is applied between the positive supply voltage and pin 8. In this way the entire bias for the current sources is created by the modulating and a very large (ex: 1000:1) sweep range is created (f=0 at Vsweep=0). Care must be taken, however. To regulate the supply voltage; in this configuration the charge current is no longer a function of the supply voltage(yet the trigger thresholds still are) and thus the frequency becomes dependent on the supply voltage. The potential on pin 8 may be swept down from V+ by (7/3 Vsupply 2V). The IC 8038 is fabricated with advanced monolithic technology, using Schottky barrier diodes and thin film resistors, and the output is stable over a wide range of temperature and supply variations. Features: 1) Low-frequency drift with temperature. 2) Simultaneous sine, square and triangular wave outputs. 3) Low distortion sine wave output.

4) 5) 6) 7)

High linearity triangle wave output. Wide operating frequency range 0.001Hz to 300 kHz. High level outputs-TTL to 28V. Easy to use-just a handful of extension components required

Circuit Diagram:

+ 1 0 V ( V + ) R 1
5 . 6 5 . 6 k

R 4

R L
4 . 7 k

C 1 2 V ( p - p )
V 1 0 . 2 2 u f

4 8 7
6 . 8 k

6 9

I C
1 0
0 . 0 0 2

8 0 3 8
1 1 1 2

3 2

1 k H z
G

m ( t )
n d

t r i a n g u l a r w a v e s i n e w a v e

C 2
u f

R 6
8 2 k

- 1 0 V

Design: Fc=25 kHz, R1=R2=R Fc= 0.3/RC Let C=0.02mF, then R=6k. Take R=5.6k. For fc=4v pk-pk Fcmax=? Fcmin=? Frequency deviation(fd)= (fcmax-fcmin)/2 Mod. Index=fd/fm BW=2(fd + fm) From the Bessel function table for BW=2 *n * fm Where n= no of sidebands the determined value of mod. Index

Draw the normalized amplitude spectrum using Bessel function table Procedure: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Before wiring the circuit, check all the components using multimeter. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram. Apply +ve (+12V) voltage to the IC as Vcc. Observe the waveform at pin 9, 3 and 2 on CRO that is square, triangular and sine wave respectively. Measure sine wave amplitude and frequency. It will be the frequency of carrier wave. Switch on the function generator and apply modulating signal of Vm(p-p)=4V(pp) and frequency in the range of 1 kHz through RC circuit as shown. Observe FM wave output at pin 2. Draw output waveform and note down fmax and fmin. Calculate modulation index and transmission bandwidth Br.

Tabular Column: Vin(Volts) Input time period(seconds) FM output(volts) Frequency(Hz)

Waveforms:

Result: The designing of frequency modulation using IC 8038 and different frequency modulation waves has been verified.

EXPERIMENT-8

PRE-EMPHASIS
Aim: To realize a pre-emphasis circuit and draw its characteristics. Components and Equipments Required: Resistors, capacitor, breadboard, CRO, etc.

Theory: Pre-emphasis refers to a system process designed to increase, within a band of frequencies, the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other (usually lower) frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-tonoise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation distortion or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system. The frequency curve is decided by special time constants. The cutoff frequency can be calculated from that value. Pre-emphasis is commonly used in telecommunications, digital audio recording, record cutting, in FM broadcasting transmissions, and in displaying the spectrograms of speech signals. In high speed digital transmission, pre-emphasis is used to improve signal quality at the output of a data transmission. In transmitting signals at high data rates, the transmission medium may introduce distortions, so pre-emphasis is used to distort the transmitted signal to correct for this distortion. When done properly this produces a received signal which more closely resembles the original or desired signal, allowing the use of higher frequencies or producing fewer bit errors.

Circuit Diagram:

Formulae:

2r1C f2= 1 2r 2C Rf Gain = 1 + R1

Procedure: 1) Before wiring the circuit checks all the components. 2) Make the connection as shown in circuit diagram. 3) With suitable amplitude of i/p change the frequency of i/p and note down the o/p voltage 4) Plot the graph of gain v/s frequency. Result: The pre-emphasis characteristics studied and the graph of gain v/s frequency is plotted.

f 1 = 1`

DE-EMPHASIS
Aim: To realize a de-emphasis circuit and draw its characteristics.

Components: Resistors, capacitor, CRO, signal generator etc. Circuit Diagram:

Theory: De-emphasis is a system process designed to decrease, within a band of frequencies, the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other (usually lower) frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-tonoise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation differences or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system. It is the complement of pre-emphasis, and the whole system is called emphasis. The frequency curve (response) is decided by special time constants, from which one can calculate the cutoff frequency. Formulae:

2RC Rf Gain = 1 + R1
Procedure: 1) Before wiring the circuit checks all the components. 2) Make the connection as shown in circuit diagram. 3) With suitable amplitude of i/p change the frequency of i/p and note down the o/p voltage. 4) Plot the graph of gain v/s frequency.

f = 1`

Result: The de-emphasis characteristics are studied and the graph of gain v/s frequency is plotted.

EXPERIMENT 7

FREQUENCY DEMODULATION
Aim: To check frequency demodulation characteristics. Equipments and Apparatus Required: IC 565, resistors, capacitors, potentiometer, CRO, signal generator, DC power supply. Pin diagrams: include Features: Circuit Diagram:

+ 1 0 V
1 0 k 2 n f

8 F M i / p
R 1

1 0 7 o u t p u t
1 5 k 0 . 0 1 u f

4 . 7 k

I C

5 6 55
4

3 9
1 n f

- 1 0 V

Theory: Frequency demodulation or detection can be obtained directly by using the PLL circuit. When the centre frequency of the PLL is selected or designed at the FM carrier frequency, the filtered or output voltage in the circuit shown in figure, is obviously the desired demodulated voltage, that varies in magnitude in proportion to the signal frequency. PLL unit contains a phase comparator PC, amplifier, and VCO, PC, amplifier and VCO are only partially connected internally. If the signal feedback is not equal to the input sgnal the difference signal will change the value of signal feedback until it is equal to the input signal. The error signal is used to adjust the VCO frequency such that the instantaneous phase angle comes close to the incoming signal. At this point 2 signals are in sync. And PLL is locked to the incoming frequency.

Procedure: 1) Check the components before making circuit connections. 2) Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 3) Vary the 10k pot and note down the output frequency.

Result: