ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

EXPERIMENT: 3
AIM: To study about three phase induction motor.

RATIONALE: CLASSIFICATION OF INDUCTION MOTORS: (A) REGARDING TO PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION (a) Synchronous motor Plain (b) Asynchronous motor Induction motor (i) Squirrel cage : Single Double (ii) Slip ring commutator motor (i) Series : Single phase Universal (ii) Compensated: Conductively Inductively (iii) Shunt: Simple Compensated (iv) Repulsion: Straight Compensated (v) Repulsion start induction (B) AS REGARD THE TYPE OF CURRENT: (i) Single phase (ii) Three phase REGARDING THEIR SPEED: (i) Constant speed (ii) Variable speed (iii) Adjustable speed (iv)

(C)

KALOL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, KALOL

ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

(D)

REGARDING THEIR STRUCTURAL FEATURE: (i) Open (ii) Enclosed (iii) Semi enclose (iv) Ventilated

GENERAL PRINCIPLE In ac motor the motor does not receive electric power by conduction but by induction in exactly the same way as the secondary of two winding of transformer receives its power from primary. In induction motor can be treated as a rotating transformer i.e. one in which primary is stationary but secondary is free to rotate. ADVANTAGE: 1. It has very simple and externally rugged almost unbreakable construction. 2. Its cost is low and very reliable. 3. It has sufficiently high efficiency. In normal condition no brushes are needed. Hence frictional losses are reduced. 4. It has reasonably good power factor. 5. It requires minimum maintenance. 6. It starts up from rest and no extra starting motor. Its starting arrangement is simple especially for squirrel cage motor. DISADVANTAGE: 1. It cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency. 2. Just like a D.C. shunt motor its speed decreases with increase in load. 3. Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of a D.C. shunt motor. CONSTRUCTION: In induction motor consists especially of two main parts: (a) Stator (b) Rotor (a) STATOR:

KALOL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, KALOL

ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

The stator of an induction motor is in principle the same as that of a synchronous motor or generator. It is made up of a number of stamping which are slotted to receive the winding. The stator carries three phase winding and it is wound for a definite number of poles the exact number of poles being determined by the requirement of the speed. Greater the no of poles, lesser the speed and vice verse. The stator winding when supplied with a three phase current produce a magnetic flux of constant value but with revolves at synchronous speed ( Ns = 120f /p) This showing magnetic flux induced an e.m.f. in the rotor by mutual induction. (b) ROTOR (i) Squirrel cage Motor employing this type of rotor are known as squirrel cage induction motor. (ii) Phase wound or vertical rotor Motor employing this type of rotor is variously known as phase wound or around rotor or as slip ring induction motor. SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR

Almost 90 % of induction motors are of this kind because this type of rotor has the simplest and most rugged construction and is almost in adjustable. The rotor consists of a cylindrical, conical laminated core with parallel slots for carrying the rotor conductor which it should be noted carefully are not wires but consists of heavy losses bars of copper, aluminum or alloys. One bar is placed in each slot rather the bars are inserted from the end when semi closed slots are used. The rotor bars are brazed or electrically welded or bolted to a two heavy and front short circuited end rings. This gives a construction what is precisely called as a squirrel cage. It should be noted that rotor bars are permanently short circuited on themselves hence it is not possible to add any external resistance in series with rotor circuit for starting purpose. In small motors another method of construction is used. It consists of placing of the entire rotor core in a mould and casting all the bars and end rings in one piece. The metal commonly known as which is used is alloy of aluminum.

KALOL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, KALOL

ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

Another form of rotor consists of a solid cylinder of steel without any conductor or slots at all. The motor operation depends upon the production of eddy current in the steel rotor. PHASE WOUND ROTOR This type of rotor is provided with three phase, double layer, distributed winding consisting of coil is used in alternator. The rotor is wound for as many poles as the no of stator poles and is always wound three phase.

The three phases are shorted internally. The other three terminals are brought out and connected to a three insulated slip rings mounted on the shaft with brushes resting on them. These brushes are further externally connected to three phase star connected rheostat. This makes the possible the introduction of additional resistance in the rotor circuit during the starting period for increasing the starting torque of the rotor and for changing its speed /torque/current characteristic. When running under no external condition the slip rings are automatically short circuited by means of a metal collar which is pushed along the shaft and connect all the rings together which sets the brushes automatically lifted from the slip ring to reduce the frictional losses and wear and tear. DIFFERENT PARTS OF INDUCTION MOTOR: FRAME It is made of closed grained alloy cast iron. STATOR AND ROTOR CORE Built from high quality low loss silicon steel laminations and flash enameled on both sides.

KALOL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, KALOL

ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

STATOR AND ROTOR WINDING Sowing moisture proof tropical insulation embodying mica and high quality varnish are carefully spaced for most effective air circulation and are rigidly braced to withstand centrifugal forces and any short circuit stresses. AIR GAP The stator bars are machined carefully to ensure uniformity air gap. SHAFT AND BEARINGS Ball and roller bearing are used to suit heavy duty trouble free running and enhanced service life. FANS Light aluminium fans are used for adequate circulation of cooling air and are securely keyed on to the rotor shaft. SLIP RINGS AND SLIP RINGS ENCLOSURE Slip rings are made of high quality phosphor bronze and are of moulded construction. WHY DOES THE ROTOR ROTATE? The reason why the rotor of an induction motor is set to rotation is as follows: When three phase stator winding are fed by a three phase supply then as seen from above a magnetic flux of constant magnitude but rotating at synchronous speed is set up. The flux passes through the air gap sweeps past the rotor conductor which is yet stationary. Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and stationary conductor an emf is induced in the later according to Faradays laws. E.m.f is the same as the supply frequency. Its magnitude is proportional to relative velocity between flux and conductor and its direction according to lenzs law is such that to oppose the very cause producing it. In this case the cause, which produces the rotor current, is the rotating flux of stator and the stationary rotor conductors. Hence to reduce the relative speed the rotor starts rotating in the same direction as that of flux and tries to catch up with the rotating flux.

KALOL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE, KALOL