Minimally Invasive Surgical Oncology

Ronald Matteotti Stanley W. Ashley

(Editors)

Minimally Invasive Surgical Oncology

State-of-the-Art Cancer Management

Editors Ronald Matteotti, MD, FMH Surgical Oncologist/Minimally Invasive Surgeon 263 Osborn Street Philadelphia, PA 19128 USA ronald.matteotti@gmail.com

Stanley W. Ashley, MD, FACS Brigham and Womens Hospital/Harvard Med Chief, General Surgery Department of Surgery Francis St. 75 Boston, MA 02115 USA sashley@partners.org

ISBN 978-3-540-45018-4 e-ISBN 978-3-540-45021-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-45021-4 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922048 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: eStudioCalamar, Figueres/Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To our patients suffering from cancer: May new scientific discoveries, improved treatments and technologies contribute to a better quality of life. To my grandmother Margarethe Matteotti, my father Werner and Mary the greatest supporters in my life. We would like to express a special thank you to Stephanie Benko and Gabriele Schroeder from Springer Verlag who greatly supported this project along the way. Ronald Matteotti

Foreword I

The view of a pioneer in open approaches to Surgical Oncology It must seem surprising that an open surgery surgical dinosaur should be invited to write a foreword for this text on minimally invasive surgical oncology. I accepted with some trepidation, expecting to be faced with the unpleasant task of writing a critical foreword of a technical text. But the title misled me, this is not a technical treatise but a disease focused management text in which the technical issues of minimally invasive approaches are emphasized. Above all, the text is comprehensive; from history to surgical education, research, robotics, to immunological response. Organ specific summaries are all covered in great depth. The authorship is a whos whos of minimally invasive surgery and perhaps more importantly, a who will be a who, as the next generation develops these technical refinements. For me trying so long to focus on cancer management as a disease-based entity rather than a discipline-based entity it is most encouraging to see a text emphasizing technique but not neglecting important issues of underlying biology, evaluation and a synthesized approach to management. Having started my surgical career prior to the use of CT or MRI, I reflect how seamlessly we incorporated these techniques into patient management. I am encouraged that this will be similarly encompassed by the current generation of surgical oncologists. The trend is clear. They are courageous enough to address natural orifice surgery in oncology. Except for the increasing use of cesarean section as opposed to transvaginal delivery surgical procedures are progressively moving from large incisions to small incisions to natural orifice surgery. While debate will no doubt continue as to the relative importance of minimally invasive approaches over the more open approaches, it is clear to me that where applicable the avoidance of a large abdominal incision with its accompanying significant risk of subsequent incisional hernia, should be replaced with a minimally invasive approach. Whether the relevant merits of minimally invasive surgery change other issues of outcome should not be a debate. Minimally invasive surgery is a technique; it does not change the disease and one would hope would not change the discipline with which surgeons approach the appropriate operation regardless of the technique employed. This then makes it an oncologic text that allows support for a minimally invasive approach where appropriate. It is not surprising that the minimally invasive approach has not been extensively embraced in technically challenging procedures particularly those that require not only resection but subsequent reconstruction. In situations where the techniques by which tumors are removed, for example pancreaticoduodenectomy, is less of an issue than the consequences of the reconstruction; it is no surprise that minimally invasive

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approaches have not been embraced. Indeed, the choice of the minimally invasive approach in pancreatic surgery chooses the cases that are most amendable to success regardless of technical approach. We would all like to approach the easy case regardless of technique. Where minimally invasive approaches have most appeal is in the more challenging case, in the more challenging patient where the ability to perform by a minimally invasive approach has very significant benefits to the patient. An obvious example of this is in hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy in the morbidly obese where morbidity of the resection is often associated with the extensive abdominal incision when approached conventionally. Some MIS approaches still appear to me to be techniques looking for an indication. When asked how minimally invasive surgery has altered my approach to thyroid and parathyroid surgery, I do confess my incision is smaller and the patient goes home earlier. But I still use less pre- and intra-operative testing than most (at least when I control the plethora of tests often ordered) and my morbidity and success rate seems unchanged. We should welcome a text, which focuses on the technical aspects of minimally invasive surgery, but remains comprehensive and inclusive of disease management approaches which ultimately are the only way to improve overall outcome. I am cautiously optimistic that by the time I need my first procedure for malignancy minimally invasive techniques will be at such a level that I can contemplate the same outcome as I might from the open approach but with less pain, morbidity, and no need for an incisional hernia repair! I shall not need a hysterectomy; I will be pleased to have a distal pancreatectomy. But if you need to convert, convert early [1]. As for my thyroidectomy, a robot assisted thyroidectomy by the bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) is not for me [2]. A small neck incision cannot possibly make me look worse than I do now, and I do not want to risk lymphedema. In the meantime, given my secondary interest in sarcoma, it is hard to envision minimally invasive surgery dealing with a 15-kg retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma. So my timing is right; it will take a little longer to solve that problem with a minimalist approach. I congratulate the editors and their authors. Prof. Murray F. Brennan, M.D. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1225 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA

References
1. Jayaraman, S., Gonen, M., Brennan, M.F., DAngelica, M.I., DeMatteo, R.P., Fong, Y., et al.: Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy: evolution of a technique at a single institution. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 211(4), 503509 (2010) 2. Lee, K.E., Koo do, H., Kim, S.J., Lee, J., Park, K.S., Oh, S.K., et al.: Outcomes of 109 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent robotic total thyroidectomy with central node dissection via the bilateral axillo-breast approach. Surgery. 148(6), 12071213 (2010)

Foreword II

The view of a pioneer in Minimally Invasive Surgery There can be little doubt that the introduction of laparoscopic surgery in the mid 1980s has had a far reaching effect on surgical practice. In many ways, this development has to be categorized as disruptive as defined by Christensen in his book the Innovators Dilemma, because it has radically changed the way in which we, as clinical surgeons, manage and treat our patients. From the early years of cholecystectomy and appendectomy, the scope of laparoscopic surgery has expanded to the safe execution of major operations for life threatening disorders across all surgical specialties, imparting significant benefits primarily to the immediate outcome of patients and to surgical healthcare in general. The technology has continued to progress as has the surgical approaches exemplified by natural orifice and single incision laparoscopic surgery, in the quest for reduction of the traumatic insult to our patients. In some respects this progress has exceeded the expectations of the early pioneers with the advent of HDTV imaging systems and robotic surgery. To a very large extent, traditional open surgery now serves as a fall-back approach used whenever the minimally access approach proves difficult for whatever reason. This is as it should be, as surgical operations must never be considered as feats (the macho phenomenon) but simply as the appropriate means to cure or palliate patients for whom our profession exists to serve. The concerns that the laparoscopic approach by virtue of the positive capnoperitoneum somehow compromises the clinical outcome including cure rates of patients with cancer by enhancing the risks of wound recurrence and distant spread have been disproved by seminal studies including RCTs, such that we have now level I evidence on the equivalent cure rates between the open and the laparoscopic approach for cancer surgery, certainly for colon cancer. Paradoxically, the major expansion of the laparoscopic approach witnessed in the last 1015 years has been in surgery for solid cancers. It is timely therefore that all these significant advances are brought together for the benefit of practicing surgeons. In this respect the two Editors, Ronald Matteoti and Stanley Ashley, are to be complimented for recruiting leading contributors for Minimally Invasive Surgical Oncology which, in my view, achieves its objective in providing a state-of-the art account. It provides a wealth of information on all the topics which should be of considerable interest to both established surgical oncologists and residents. Appropriately in my opinion, the first 10 chapters deal with general issues and technological advances relevant to oncological practice and are followed by specific chapters on the laparoscopic treatment

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of the various solid cancers within the specialties of general surgery, endocrine surgery, gynecology, thoracic surgery, and urology. I know of no other reference textbook which covers the entire subject matter in such detail, and compliment the two Editors and all their Contributors for a seminal volume which has been long overdue. Prof Sir Alfred Cuschieri, FRSE Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, Wilson House, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee Medipark, Dundee, DD2 1FD, UK

Preface

Minimally Invasive Surgical Oncology: State-of-the-Art Cancer Management offers a unique compendium of the current knowledge and applied techniques in treating cancer with a minimally invasive approach. It is a comprehensive text trying to cover all fields in oncology where minimally invasive surgery is currently used. The book is divided into two sections. Section one covers general topics ranging from historical aspects of the field to research in oncology, covering topics like residency training and includes contributions special to oncology like immunology and changes in elderly patients. Section two is subdivided into 25 chapters, organ-based, covering all aspects of minimally invasive surgery in the cancer patient in a unique way. At the end of each chapter the reader will find a section about future trends and a quick reference guide to the specific topic and procedure. More so, the accompanying DVD offers tips and tricks by experts in the field explaining their surgical approach in a step-by-step fashion. The ever growing field of minimally invasive surgery in combination with a better understanding of the consequent immunological and pathophysiologic changes has led to applications of minimally invasive approaches to maximally invasive disease processes. Over almost 2 decades, this field has rapidly evolved and there is almost no disease process and organ which has not been addressed. Despite this, oncologic diseases have always been addressed with great reservation and, for a long time, it was thought that cure could only be safely achieved with traditional open surgery. When we first talked about the concept of the book we quickly realized that there is no existing book focused on the topic. All that was available were surgical atlases, case reports, and some randomized studies, particularly for covering colorectal malignancies. There was no clear guide of how to apply these techniques with maximal short- and long-term benefit to cancer patients. Our goal was to give the reader a better understanding of how the proven advantages of minimally invasive surgery could factor into an individualized surgical treatment plan, understanding that management of cancer is always multidisciplinary. Minimally Invasive Surgical Oncology: State-of-the-Art Cancer Management brings together the expertise of not only experts but true leaders and pioneers in the field. It provides clear explanations of all surgical procedures as outlined in the table of contents but is, by far, more than just another surgical atlas. Current nonsurgical therapies, future trends, and alternative procedures are discussed with a quick reference guide and a multimedia section. We hope that the unique structure of this book

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will particularly be helpful to those engaged in treating oncological patients, contribute to a wider acceptance of the application of minimally invasive techniques in malignancies and might open up new avenues for future research. Philadelphia, PA, USA Boston, MA, USA Ronald Matteotti Stanley W. Ashley

Quotes

The smaller the incision, the bigger the surgeons concern should be to do the right procedure for the right patient at the right time. 2010 Ronald Matteotti

The cleaner and gentler, the act of operation, the less pain the patient suffers, the smoother and quicker the convalescence, the more exquisite his healed wound, the happier his memory of the whole incident. 1920 Lord Moynihan

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Editors Biographies

Ronald S. Matteotti, MD, FMH Editor in Chief Surgical Oncologist/Minimally Invasive Surgeon 263 Osborn Street Philadelphia, PA 19128, USA Ronald Matteotti, MD is a graduate of Gymnasium Vaduz, Principality of Liechtenstein and Medical College University of Basel, Switzerland. He completed a residency in general surgery and thereafter joined the faculty of Kreisspital Mnnedorf, Faculty of Surgery, University of Zurich, Switzerland. In Zurich, he was responsible for building up a minimally invasive surgical unit. In 2003 he joined the research staff of Prof. Gagner at his Minimally Invasive Surgical Unit at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY and Weill-Cornell College of Medicine. After 2 years in research with Prof. Gagner he completed an advanced laparoscopy fellowship at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts as the first Karl Storz Surgical Innovation and Advanced Laparoscopy fellow. Realizing the tremendous opportunities in the USA he completed a second residency at University Hospital of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH. He moved on to Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, where he served as a fellow in surgical oncology. Dr Matteotti holds specialty certificates in general, gastrointestinal, and trauma surgery. His primary interest is hepatobiliary disease and gastrointestinal cancer, especially minimally invasive approaches to gastric and colo-rectal malignancies. His research founded at Mount Sinai Hospital and further at Fox Chase Cancer Center includes pathophysiological changes during laparoscopy in a sepsis model and currently novel targets to treat hepato-cellular cancer. He has multiple publications in the field of minimally invasive surgery and was the founding editor of the open access journal Annals of Surgical Innovation and Research where he currently is the editor in chief. He is a member of multiple professional societies especially SAGES Society of Gastrointestinal end Endoscopic Surgeons.
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Stanley W. Ashley, MD, FACS Coeditor-in-Chief Frank Sawyer Professor and Vice Chairman Department of Surgery Brigham and Womens Hospital/ Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA

Stanley W. Ashley, MD is a graduate of Oberlin College and Cornell University Medical College. He completed a residency in general surgery at Washington University in St. Louis and subsequently joined the faculty. He spent 7 years at UCLA before assuming his current position at Brigham and Womens Hospital/ Harvard Medical School in 1997. He is currently the Frank Sawyer Professor and Vice Chairman of the Department of Surgery. He is also Program Director of the General Surgery Residency and Chief of General Surgery for Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates. Dr. Ashley is a gastrointestinal surgeon whose primary interests are diseases of the pancreas and inflammatory bowel disease. His research, which has been funded by both the VA the NIH, has examined the pathophysiology of the small bowel and pancreas. He has more than 250 publications. He serves on numerous editorial boards, including the Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, Current Problems in Surgery, and ACS Surgery. He is currently a director of the American Board of Surgery and will serve as Vice Chair and then Chair from 2010 to 2012. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract.

Acknowledgements

For Sandra who stood at my side all this time. Ronald Matteotti To Stanley W. Ashley Who always supported this project as coeditor without any reservations, adding his invaluable input and experience. Ronald Matteotti To Michel Gagner and Jeffrey Ponsky Two pioneers, creative minds, thought leaders, and real friends. Without you two as mentors I would not be where I am right now and this book would never have been possible without your continued inspiration. Ronald Matteotti To Ronald Matteotti Without whose vision and effort this project would not have been possible. Stanley W. Ashley

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Contents

Part I 1

General Topics 3

Minimally Invasive Surgery The Pioneers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . George Berci and Masanobu Hagiike Evolution of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Its Impact on Surgical Residency Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adrian E. Park and Tommy H. Lee Laparoscopy and Research in Surgical Oncology: Current State of the Art and Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dominic King, Henry Lee, and Lord Ara Darzi Moral and Ethical Issues in Laparoscopy and Advanced Surgical Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richard M. Satava Robotic Applications in Surgical Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scott J. Belsley Laparoscopy and Malignancy General Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shigeru Tsunoda and Glyn G. Jamieson Laparoscopy and Immunology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael J. Grieco and Richard Larry Whelan Pneumoperitoneum and Its Effects on Malignancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alan T. Lefor and Atsushi Shimizu Laparoscopy in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael Ujiki and Nathaniel Soper Transluminal Surgery: Is There a Place for Oncological Procedures? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patricia Sylla and David W. Rattner

11

23

39

47

59

69

83

97

10

107

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Contents

Part II Special Topics: Cancer of the Esophagus and the Gastro-Esophageal Junction 11 Cancer of the Esophagus and the Gastroesophageal Junction: Two-Cavity Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Christopher R. Morse, Omar Awais, and James D. Luketich Cancer of the Esophagus and the Gastroesophageal Junction: Transhiatal Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lee Swanstrom and Michael Ujiki Special Topics: Cancer of the Stomach 149 125

12

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Part III 13

Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy LADG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutter Didier, O.A. Burckhardt, and Perretta Silvana Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy LATG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seigo Kitano, Norio Shiraishi, Koji Kawaguchi, and Kazuhiro Yasuda Endoluminal Procedures for Early Gastric Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brian J. Dunkin and Rohan Joseph Special Topics: Small Bowel

14

159

15

167

Part IV 16

Laparoscopic Management of Small Bowel Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miguel Burch, Brian Carmine, Daniel Mishkin, and Ronald Matteotti Special Topics: Cancer of the Colon and Rectum

183

Part V 17

Right Hemicolectomy and Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antonio M. Lacy Left Hemicolectomy and Sigmoid Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joel Leroy, Ronan Cahill, and Jacques Marescaux Laparoscopic Rectal Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rolv-Ole Lindsetmo and Conor P. Delaney Special Topics: Cancer of the Hepato-Biliary System

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18

219

19

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Part VI 20

General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jonathan P. Pearl and Jeffrey L. Ponsky Liver: Nonanatomical Resection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fumihiko Fujita, Susumu Eguchi, Yoshitsugu Tajima, and Takashi Kanematsu

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Contents

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22

Liver Anatomical Liver Resections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bruto Randone, Ronald Matteotti, and Brice Gayet Cancer of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . Andrew A. Gumbs, Angel M. Rodriguez-Rivera, and John P. Hoffman Special Topics: Spleen

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Part VII 24

Spleen: Hematological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eduardo M. Targarona, Carmen Balague, and Manuel Trias Special Topics: Endocrinology

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Part VIII 25

Cancer of the Thyroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prashant Sinha and William B. Inabnet Cancer of the Parathyroid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paolo Miccoli, Gabriele Materazzi, and Piero Berti Cancer of the Pancreas: Distal Resections and Staging of Pancreatic Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vivian E. Strong, Joshua Carson, and Peter J. Allen Cancer of the Pancreas: The Whipple Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael L. Kendrick Cancer of the Adrenal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ronald Matteotti, Luca Milone, Daniel Canter, and Michel Gagner Special Topics: Gynecology

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27

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28

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Part IX 30

Minimally Invasive Management of Gynecologic Malignancies . . . . . Farr Reza Nezhat, Jennifer Eun Sun Cho, Connie Liu, and Gabrielle Gossner Special Topics: Urology

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Part X 31

Cancer of the Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daniel J. Canter and Robert G. Uzzo Cancer of the Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gino J. Vricella and Lee E. Ponsky Cancer of the Urinary Bladder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kevin P. Asher and David S. Wang

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33

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Part XI 34

Special Topics: Pediatrics 501

Minimally Invasive Management of Pediatric Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arjun Khosla, Todd A. Ponsky, and Steven S. Rothenberg

Part XII Special Topics: Lung and Mediastinum 35 Minimally Invasive Management of Intra-Thoracic Malignancies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philip A. Linden 515

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Abbreviations

5-FU ABC ABMS ABVD AC ACC ACGME ACS ACTH ADEPT AESOP AGES AHPBA AJCC TNM AJCC/UICC AMES ANED AP APDS APR APUD ARR ASCRS ASGE ASIS ASMBS ASTRO ATA AWD BABA BCR-ABL bDFS BEACOPP BED BMI

5-Fluorouracil Argon Beam Coagulation American Board of Medical Specialties Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine Anesthesia Control Adrenocortical Carcinomas Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education American College of Surgeons Adreno Cortico Tropes Hormon Advanced Dundee Endoscopic Psychomotor Tester Animated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning Age, Tumor Grade, Extent, Size The American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association American Joint Committee on Cancer Tumor Node Metastasis American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer Age, Metastasis, Extent, Size Alive with No Evidence of Disease Anterior-Posterior Association of Program Directors in Surgery Abdominoperineal Resection Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation Aldosterone to Renin Ratio American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Anterior Superior Iliac Spine American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology Anterior Transabdominal Alive With Disease Bilateral Axillary-Breast Approach Breakpoint Cluster Region-Abelson Murine Leukemia biochemical Disease-Free Survival Bleomycin, Etoposide, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, Vincristin = Oncovine, Procarbazine, Prednisone Biologic Effective Dose Body Mass Index
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Abbreviations

BNS CA CAR CBC CBD CCD CCG CDR CEA CEM CHF CHOP CIS CLASICC CLASSIC CLL CML CO COG COLOR COST CP CRC CRM CRP CSF CT CVA CVP CVP CXR DC DCUE DOF DP DPAM DRE DTC DTH DVD DVT EBL EBRT ECOG EEG EGC

Bilateral Nerve Sparing Carbohydrate Antigen Compression Anastomosis System Complete Blood Count Common Bile Duct Charged Coupled Device Childrens Cancer Group Complimentary Determining Region Carcino-embryonic Antigen Confocal Endomicroscopy Chronic Heart Failure Cytoxan, Hydroxyrubicin (Adriamycin), Oncovin (Vincristine), Prednisone Carcinoma In Situ Conventional versus Laparoscopic-assisted Surgery in Colorectal Cancer Conventional versus Laparoscopic-assisted Surgery in Colorectal Cancer Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Converted to Open Childrens Oncology Group COlon Cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Pancreatic Cyst Colorectal Cancer Circumferential Resection Margin C-Reactive Protein Cerebrospinal Fluid Computerized Tomography Cerebrovascular Accident Central Venous Pressure Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisone Chest X-ray Descending Colon Dual-Channel Endoscope Degrees of Freedom Distal Pancreas Disseminated Peritoneal Adenomucinosis Digital Rectal Examination Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Digital Versatile Disc Deep Venous Thrombosis Estimated Blood Loss External Beam Radiotherapy Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Electroencephalogram Early Gastric Cancer

Abbreviations

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EGD EKG EMR EN ENT EORTC EPO ERCP ESD ESR EUS FACT-G FAP FC FDA FDG FDG-PET FDG-PET FIGO FLS FNA FTC FU FVC FvPTC GB GI GIA GIST GMCSF GOALS GOG GOO GU HAIC HALS HBV HCC hCG HCV HD HDTV HGD HIFU HIFU HL HLA-DR HMD HPT

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Electrocardiography Endoscopic Mucosal Resection Enucleation Ear, Nose & Throat European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Erythropoietin Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancretography Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Endoscopic Ultrasound Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Fellowship Council Food and Drug Administration Fluorodeoxyglucose Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography 18 F-fluorodeoxy Glucose Positron Emission Tomography International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery Fine-Needle Aspiration Follicular Thyroid Cancer Fluorouracil Forced Vital Capacity Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Cancer Gallbladder Gastrointestinal Gastro Intestinal Anastomosis Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Granulocyte-Macrophage-Colony-Stimulating-Factor Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills Gynecologic Oncology Group Gastric Outlet Obstruction Genitourinary Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy Hand-assisted Laparoscopic Surgery Hepatitis B Virus Hepatocellular Carcinoma Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hepatitis C Virus High Definition High-Definition TV High-Grade Dysplasia High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Hodgkins Lymphoma Human Leukocyte Antigen DR Head-Mounted Display Hyperparathyroidism

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Abbreviations

HPT-JT HPTN HRPT2 HU IC ICAM-1 ICG R15 ICSAD ICU IFN IGS IL IMA IMRT IMV INSS IPC IPMN IPSID iPTH IPTMT IRB IT ITP IVC JCOG JGCA JP JSES LAC LACR LADG LAK LAPG LAR LATG LAVH LC LCS LDH LDP LDS LED LEn LESS LESS LG LK LLL

Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumor Syndrome Hyperparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism 2 Hounsfield Unit Integrated Circuit Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Indocyanine Green Retention Rate at 15 min Imperial College Surgical Assessment Device Intensive Care Unit Interferon Image-Guided Surgery Interleukin Inferior Mesenteric Artery Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Inferior Mesenteric Vein International Neuroblastoma Staging System Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease Intact PTH Intrapapillary Tumor/Mucinous Tumor Institutional Review Board Insulation Tipped Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Inferior Vena Cava Japan Clinical Oncology Group Japanese Gastric Cancer Association JacksonPratt The Japanese Society of Endoscopic Surgery Laparoscopic-Assisted Colectomy Laparoscopic Colon Resection Laparoscopic-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy Lymphokine-Activated Killer Laparoscopic-Assisted Proximal Gastrectomy Low Anterior Resection Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy Laparoscopic Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Laparoscopic Ultrasonic Coagulation Shears Lactate Dehydrogenase Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy Laparoscopic Dissection Shears Light-Emitting Eiode Laparoscopic Enucleation Laparo-Endoscopic Single-Site Surgery Laparo Endoscopic Single Port Surgery Laparoscopic Gastrectomy Left Kidney Left Lower Lobectomy

Abbreviations

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LN LOS LPD LPNs LPS LRN LRP LS LTA LTE LUL MAC-1 MACC MACIS MALT MC MCT MEMS MEN MEN 1 MEN 2 MHC-II MI MIBG MIE MIRS MIS MISTELS MIST-VR MIT MIT MIVAT MMPs MN MR MRC CLASIC MRI MSI-H MTC mTOR MVP NCCN NCI NE NED NET

Lymph Node Length of Stay Laparoscopic Pancreaticoduodenectomy Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomies Lipo-Polysaccharide Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy Laparoscopic Splenectomy Lateral Transabdominal Laparoscopic Transhiatal Esophagectomy Left Upper Lobectomy Membrane-Activated Complex 1 Methotrexate, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, CCNU Metastases, Age, Completeness of Surgical Resection, Invasion, Size of the Primary Tumor Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tumor Mammary Cancer Cells Microwave Coagulation Therapy Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Multiple Endocrine Neoplasm Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 Major HistocompatibilityComplex-II Myocardial Infarction Metha-Ido-Benzo-Guanidine Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgery Minimally Invasive Surgery McGill Inanimate System for Training and Evaluation of Laparoscopic Skills Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer-virtual Reality Minimally Invasive Open Technique Minimally Invasive Open Thyroidectomy Minimally Invasive Video Assisted Thyroidectomy Matrix Metalloproteins Minnesota Magner Resonance Multicenter Randomized Comtrolled Trial of Conventional versus Laparoscopic-Assisted Magnetic Resonance Imaging High Microsatellite Instability Medullary Thyroid Cancer Surgery in Colorectal Cancer Maryland Virtual Patient National Comprehensive Cancer Network National Cancer Institute Neuroendocrine No Evidence of Disease Neuroendocrine Tumor

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Abbreviations

NG NHANES NHL NIS NK NK-LGL NOSCAR NOTES NOTUS NPO NS NSADS NSQUIP NSS OC ODG OGT OPUS OR OR OR time OSATS OST PACE PALND PBMC PDS PDT PE PECAM1 PEG PET PF PFT PGE2 PHP PIP PL PlGF PLN PLND PMCA PME PMN PMP PN POD POG PRAD1

Naso-Gastric National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Sodium Iodide Symporter Natural Killer NK-Large Granular Lymphocyte Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery Natural Orifice Trans Umbilical Surgery Nil Per Os Not Significant Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Nephron-Sparing Surgery Open Colectomy Open Equivalent Gastrectomy Oral Gastric Tube One Port Umbilical Surgery Operating Room Open Reconstruction Mean Operating Room Time Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill Overnight Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test Preoperative Assessment of Cancer in the Elderly Para Aortic Lymph Node Dissection Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Polydioxanone Suture Photodynamic Therapy Pulmonary Embolism Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Positron Emission Tomography Pancreatic Fistula Pulmonary Function Test Prostaglandin E2 Primary Hyperparathyroidism Picture-In-Picture Pure Laparoscopic Placental Growth Factor Pelvic Lymph Node Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection Peritoneal Mucinous Carcinomatosis Partial Mesorectal Resection Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Partial Nephrectomy Postoperative Day Pediatric Oncology Group Parathyroid Adenomatosis 1

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PSA PTC PTH PV QOL R/O RA RAI RALPN RAS RB RCC RCT REA RFA RLL RLN RML RMS RN RPP RRP RTOG RT-PCR RUL RUQ SAE SAGES SARA SCD SCM SCT SCUE SD SEER SEMS SILS SILS SIOP SMA SMV SPA SRMs SSAT TACE TAE TAH TCC TA

Prostate-specific Antigen Papillary Thyroid Cancer Parathyroid Hormone Portal Vein Quality of Life Ruled/Out Renal Artery Radioactive Iodine Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy Rat Sarcoma Retinoblastoma Renal Cell Carcinomas Randomized Controlled Trial Retroperitoneal Adrenalectomy Radiofrequency Ablation Right Lower Lobectomy Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Right Middle Lobectomy Rhabdomyosarcoma Radical Nephrectomy Radical Perineal Prostatectomy Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Right Upper Lobectomy Right Upper Quadrant Splenic Artery Embolization The Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons Single Access Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy Sequential Compression Device Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Sacro Coccygeal Teratoma Single-Channel Endoscope Standard Definition Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Self-Expandable Metal Stents Single-Incision Laparoscopic Surgery Single Port Laparoscopic Surgery International Society for Pediatric Oncology Superior Mesenteric Artery Superior Mesenteric Vein Single Port Access Small Renal Masses The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract Transarterial Chemoembolization Transarterial Embolization Total Abdominal Hysterectomy Transitional Cell Carcinoma Triangular Anastomosis

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Abbreviations

TEM TEMS TG THOR TID TLH TLRP TME TNsyF TNF-a TNM TRH TRUS TSH TUES TULA TUR-B TUR-P TV UFC UGI UNS US UTI UVF VATS VC VCAM VEGF VHS VR VVF WIT YAG

Trans-Anal Endoscopic Microsurgery Trans-Anal Endoscopic Microsurgery Transgastric Conventional Thoracotomy Ter in Die (Thrice Daily Dosage) Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy Total Mesorectal Excision Tumor Necrosis Factor Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Tumor, Node, Metastases Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Transrectal Ultrasound Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Trans Umbilical Endoscopic Surgery Trans Umbilical Laparoscopic Assisted Transurethral Resection of the Bladder Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Television Urinary-Free Cortisol Evaluation Upper Gastro-Intestinal Imaging Unilateral Nerve Sparing Ultrasound Urinary Tract Infection Uretero-Vaginal Fistula Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Vena Cava Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Video Home System Virtual Reality Vesico Vaginal Fistula Warm Ischemia Time Yttrium Aluminum Garnet

List of Videos

Chapter 11 Cancer of the Esophagus and the Gastroesophageal Junction: Two-Cavity Approach Christopher R. Morse, Omar Awais, and James D. Luketich The two cavity approach to esophageal cancer Chapter 12 Cancer of the Esophagus and the Gastroesophageal Junction: Transhiatal Approach Lee Swanstrom and Michael Ujiki Chapter 13 Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy LADG Mutter Didier, O.A. Burckhardt, and Perretta Silvana Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy LADG Clip 1 Clip 2 Clip 3 Clip 4 Clip 5 Clip 6 Clip 7 Clip 8 Clip 9 Clip 10 Clip 11 Clip 12 Clip 13 Clip 14 Clip 15 Clip 16 Clip 17 Division of the gastro-colic ligament (case 1) Division of the gastro-colic ligament(case 2) Dissection of the right gastro-omental vessels and of the inferior side of the proximal duodenum (case 1) Dissection of the right gastro-omental vessels (case 2) Vascular lesions on the right gastro-omental vessels Dissection of the gastro-hepatic ligament up to the hepatic common artery (case 2) Dissection of the gastro-hepatic ligament up to the hepatic common artery (case 1) Division of the right gastric artery Posterior dissection and division of the duodenum (case 2) Posterior dissection and division of the duodenum (case1) Dissection of the common hepatic artery Lymphadenectomy of nodal stations 7, 8 and 9 Division of the stomach Exposure of the stomach by trans-abdominal suspension Trans-mesocolic route and approximation of the stomach to the mesocolon Gastro-jejunal anastomosis, closure of the mesocolic window and extraction of the specimen (case 1) Gastrojejunal anastomosis (case 2)

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List of Videos

Chapter 14 Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy LATG Seigo Kitano, Norio Shiraishi, Koji Kawaguchi, and Kazuhiro Yasuda Laparoscopic total gastrectomy with Roux-En-Y reconstruction Chapter 15 Endoluminal Procedures for Early Gastric Cancer Brian J. Dunkin and Rohan Joseph Endoluminal procedures for early gastric cancer Chapter 16 Laparoscopic Management of Small Bowel Tumors Miguel Burch, Brian Carmine, Daniel Mishkin, and Ronald Matteotti Laparoscopic management of small bowel tumors Chapter 17 Right Hemicolectomy and Appendix Antonio M. Lacy Right hemicolectomy and appendectomy for cancer Chapter 18 Left Hemicolectomy and Sigmoid Colon Joel Leroy, Ronan Cahill, and Jacques Marescaux Laparoscopic Sigmoidectomy for cancer Chapter 19 Laparoscopic Rectal Procedures Rolv-Ole Lindsetmo and Conor P. Delaney Laparoscopic procedures of the rectum Clip 1 Clip 2 Clip 3 Clip 4 Transanal endoscopic microsurgery Laparoscopic Low anterior resection with colo-anal anastomosis Laparoscopic Abdominoperineal resection - colonic division Laparoscopic Abdominoperineal resection - perineal portion

Chapter 21 Liver: Nonanatomical Resection Fumihiko Fujita, Susumu Eguchi, Yoshitsugu Tajima, and Takashi Kanematsu Laparoscopic Hepatectomy: Non-Anatomical resection Chapter 23 Cancer of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts Andrew A. Gumbs, Angel M. Rodriguez-Rivera, and John P. Hoffman Laparoscopic approaches to gallbladder cancer Chapter 24 Spleen: Hematological Disorders Eduardo M. Targarona, Carmen Balague, and Manuel Trias 1 2 Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy in cases of massive splenomegaly Laparoscopic splenectomy and splenomegaly: AnteriorPosterior approach and hanged technique

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Chapter 26 Cancer of the Parathyroid Paolo Miccoli, Gabriele Materazzi, and Piero Berti Minimally invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy Chapter 27 Cancer of the Pancreas: Distal Resections and Staging of Pancreatic Cancer Vivian E. Strong, Joshua Carson, and Peter J. Allen Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy Chapter 29 Cancer of the Adrenal Gland Ronald Matteotti, Luca Milone, Daniel Canter, and Michel Gagner Laparoscopic left adrenalectomy-Lateral Transabdominal Approach-LTA Chapter 30 Minimally Invasive Management of Gynecologic Malignancies Farr Reza Nezhat, Jennifer Eun Sun Cho, Connie Liu, and Gabrielle Gossner 1 2 Robotic assisted ovarian transposition and pretreatment surgical staging in ovarian cancer Robotic radical hysterectomy

Chapter 31 Cancer of the Kidney Daniel J. Canter and Robert G. Uzzo Minimally Invasive Renal Surgery Chapter 35 Minimally Invasive Management of Intra-Thoracic Malignancies Philip A. Linden Left VATS lingular resection