International Rice Research Notes Vol.19 No.1

International Rice Research Notes
The International Rice Research Notes (IRRN) expedites communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and ricebased systems. The IRRN is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported. The IRRN is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December by the International Rice Research Institute; annual subject and variety indexes are also produced. The IRRN is divided into three sections: notes, news about research collaboration, and announcements.
March 1994
Contents
Integrated germplasm improvementrainfed lowland 15 Vaidehi, a variety for rainfed lowland conditions in Bihar, India Rice remains from Neolithc Age excavated in China
Germplasm improvement
Genetic resources 4
Breeding methods 4 Effect of seedling age on flowering of cytoplasmic male sterile and restorer lines of rice Genetics of fertility restoration of wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterile lines in rice Restorers for cytopiasmic male sterile lines derived from MS577 A
Seed technology 16 Influence of alkalinity on rice germination and growth
Crop and resource management

Soils 16 17 Effect of green manures on ammonia-release pattern in rice soils Effect of urea application timing on ammonia volatilization in green manure-amended wetland rice soil Fertilizer managementinorganic sources 18 Seasonal influence on placement of urea supergranules in rice 18 Fate of applied N in traditional, modern, and conservation farming systems of lowland rice in Sri Lanka Integrated pest managementdiseases 19 Occurrence of rice tungro disease in central Vietnam Integrated pest managementinsects 20 Thrips affected by steam distillates of resistant varieties and wild rices 20 Sampling spiders during the rice fallow period 21 Host plant range of Pseudococcus saccharicola Takahashi 22 Host plant range of leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) 23 Developmental biology and host plant range of rice ear-cutting caterpillar Mythimna separata (Walker) Integrated pest managementweeds 24 Weed species in rice seedling nurseries in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt
5 5
Yield potential 6 7 8 Stability analysis of six medium-duration rice genotypes across different N levels Relationship of amylase activity to rice seedling growth at various greenhouse temperatures Variability, heritability, correlation, path analysis, and genetic divergence studies in upland rice
Pest resistancediseases 10 Strain differentiation of rice tungro bacilliform virus by restriction fragment length analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified products 11 Neck blast-resistant lines of Radha-17 isolated 11 Screening rice accessions for resistance to rice tungro Pest resistanceinsects 12 Resistance to whitebacked planthopper in wild and cultivated rices Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated 13 Xiang-zhong Xian No. 3: a high-yielding, widely useful rice variety in Hunan, China 13 La Plata Mochi F. A., a new rice variety from 13 14 14 Argentina Pant Dhan 10 replaces Pant Dhan 4 and Sarju 52 in western Uttar Pradesh, India A high-yielding mutant line of traditional aromatic rice cultivar Gobindabhog Pant Dhan 11, a new rice variety for the lower hills of Uttar Pradesh, India
ISSN 0115-0944
Farming systems 25 Slash-and-burn upland rice production in Bolivia's chapare region 26 Yield ability and net return of rice-based cropping sequences under different water regimes in Bihar, India
Research methodology
27 28 30 30 An improved protocol for nonradioactive DNA analysis using digoxigenin labeling Nonradioactlve DNA analysis using biotin labeling and chemiluminescent detection Aseptic mass collection of anthers for increasing efficiency of anther culture in rice breeding Polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA from bacterial pathogens of rice using specific oligonucleotide primers
page 20
News about research collaboration

page 10
32 32 33 33 33
Computers help predict how rice blast disease will react to climate changes Bangladesh and IRRI: more than 20 years of rice research collaboration GIS: a new tool for analyzing rice germplasm SARP theme leadership shifting to NARS and IRRI Ministry in Vietnam endorses no early spray policy
Announcements
34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 36 Postdoctoral research fellowships at IRRI Tropical agriculture conference New IRRI publications New publication IRRI extends deadline for nominating young women scientists for 1994 award Rice dateline Call for news IRRI address IRRI group training courses for 1994 Rice literature update reprint service
page 4
Instructions for contributors

Inside back cover
Germplasm improvement
Genetic resources Genetic resources
Rice remains from Neolithic Age excavated in China Tang Shengxiang, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
China is one of the first countries in which rice was farmed. One hundred nine Neolithic remains of rice culture in China, dating back to 1050-5850 BC, have been studied. Carbonated grains were most commonly excavated. Forty-nine of the samples date to 1050-2550 BC, 43 to 2550-4050 BC, and 17 to 4050-5850 BC. Eighty-two of the remains, including the three oldest at Luojiajiao, Hemudu, and Pengtoushan, were discovered in the middle and lower basins of the Yangtze River (see figure). Thousands of carbonated whole grains, leaves, and stems were found in
Hemudu. Based on length, width and shape of grains, and characteristics of awns, the grains were identified as cultivated indicas and japonicas and a few types of wild rice ( O. rufipogon Griff). In Luojiajiao, the grains originated from japonicas. Many carbonated grains and hulls were discovered in unearthed pottery in Pengtoushan. Some scientists think these are grains of cultivated rice. Based on these findings, rice farming may have been developed as long as 8,500 years ago in the middle and lower basins of the Yangtze River.
Breeding methods Breeding methods

Effect of seedling age on flowering of cytoplasmic male sterile and restorer lines of rice
G. Bassi, A Rang, and D. P. Joshi, Seed Science and Technology Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, lndia
Distribution of excavated rice remains from the Neolithic Age in China.
Genetic resources
Nonsynchronized flowering of parental lines, unavailable area-specific seed production technology, and difficulty in arranging adequate isolation make hybrid rice seed production challenging. We manipulated seedling age of some cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) and restorer lines (prospective parents of promising hybrids) to synchronize flowering. Four CMS and eight restorer lines were studied during 1992 wet season. The nursery was transplanted when seedlings were 20, 25, 30, 35 ,40, and 45 d old. Data were recorded at initiation of panicle emergence, 50% flowering, and complete flowering. Days to flowering were calculated from transplanting date. Seedling age affects panicle emergence in both CMS and restorer lines (see figure). Panicle emergence tended to be delayed in the 20- and 25-d-old seedlings but was quicker in those 35-45 d old. In general, panicle emergence was advanced or delayed by half the number of days difference in seedling age compared with a 30-d-old seedling. Data at panicle emergence correlated with those at 50% flowering and complete flowering. In genotypes IR58025 A, IR13292 R, PAU1106-21-3 R, and PAU1106-21-4 R, panicle emergence was delayed or advanced by as many days as there was difference between seedling age and a 30-d-old-seedling. Genetic differences among genotypes in the ability of seedlings to establish after transplanting might cause this difference in panicle emergence.
IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)
Genotypes
Genotypes 1 = PAU1106-215-4 R 2 = PAU1106-472-1 R 3 = PAU1106-472-2 R 4 = lR32841 R 5 = IR31802 R 6 = 3A 7 = 8A 8 = 10 A 9 = IR13292 R 10 = lR58025 R 11 = PAU1106-213R 12 = PAU1106-214
age on seedling Effect ofpanicle emergence in age on panicle rice. emergence in rice.
Effect of seedling
In Pankaj and Rajshree, Rf1 had a stronger effect on fertility restoration than did Rf 2. Fertility restoration was high when both dominant alleles ( Rf1 , Rf2 ) were present. It was less pronounced when only R f1 was present, and was further reduced (partial fertility) when only Rf2 , was present. The double recessive genotype ( rf1rf1rf2rf2 ) did not restore fertility. Only one dominant restorer gene ( RfRf ) was found in Pusa 33. Variation in seed fertility restoration indicates these genes have different penetrance and are affected by modifiers.
Genetics of fertility restoration of wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterile lines in rice
P. K. Singh, R. Thakur, and V. K. Chaudhary, Plant Breeding Department, Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa (Samastipur) 848125, lndia
Thirteen elite rice cultivars were crossed with cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines V20 A, IR54752 A, and IR58025 A. Pusa 33, IET6148, Pankaj, Rajshree, and TCA48 were identified as effective restorers based on seed and pollen fertility of the F1s. Only six testcrosses had more than 90% seed and pollen fertility in F1. The F2 progeny of these were analyzed for inheritance of fertility restoration (see
table). On the basis of percent seed set, F2 plants were grouped as fertile (above 80% seed fertility), partially fertile (20-80% fertility), and sterile (below 20% seed fertility). Two fertility restoration genes, Rf 1 and Rf2 , are known in rice. Two independent dominant genes govern seed fertility restoration ability of Pankaj and Rajshree; a single dominant gene governs restoration in Pusa 33. The mode of action of the two genes varied in the four crosses. The F2 population of V20 A/Rajshree, IR58025 A/ Rajshree, and IR58025/Pankaj segregated into a 9-6-1 ratio, revealing epistasis with incomplete dominance. V20 A/Pankaj showed dominant epistasis (12:3:1). V20 A/Pusa 33 and IR58025 A/Pusa 33 showed monogenic segregation (see table).
Restorers for cytoplasmic male sterile lines derived from MS577 A

S. Leena Kumary, M. Mahadevappa, and A. Mohan Rao, Genetics and Plant Breeding Department, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India
Segregation for fertility restoration in F2 populations of some crosses. Cuttack Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India, 1991 rabi season. F1 seed fertility (%) F1 pollen fertility (%) V20 A/Rajshree V20 A/Pusa33 V20 A/Pankaj lR58025 A/Rajshree lR58025 A/Pusa 33 IR58025 A/Pankaj
a
Cross
F2 plants (no.)
Segregation for seed fertility a F PF 54 26 61 39 S 8 46 10 12 38 10
Expected segregation ratio c
92 92 90 91 94 92
93 93 91 94 96 93
154 163 130 174 180 121
92 116 94 101 142 72
9:6:1 3:1 12:3:1 9:6:1 3:1 9:6:1
0.85 0.99 0.67 0.49 1.45 1.91
= fertile (above 80% fertility), PF = partially fertile (20-80% fertility): S = sterile (below 20% fertility).
Several stable cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines (Pushpa A, Mangala A, ES18 A, and Intan Mutant A) developed in Karnataka carry MS577 A cytoplasm and have good agronomic traits. They could not be used directly to develop hybrids, however, because good restorers were not available. We successfully identified effective restorers for them. We crossed the CMS lines with improved varieties and cultures and obtained 115 F1s at the Main Research Station, Hebbal, during 1992 dry season. Hybrids and their parents were transplanted during 1992 wet season in rows of 30 plants spaced at 15 20 cm. Ten plants from each hybrid were labeled. Three panicles from each plant were marked and then bagged before flowering. Spikelet fertility was calculated as percentage of filled grains. Florets from the upper part of the panicles were collected before flowering and stained with 1% acetocarmine for pollen fertility studies. Pollens classified as fertile were fully developed, round, and stained deeply. Individual plants were classified as fertile, partially fertile, and sterile based on pollen and spikelet fertility. Pollen
IR58025 A/Panka
Maintainers and restorers for MS577 A CMS lines. a Karnataka, India. 1992 wet season. CMS lines Genotype Kumkum Kesari ARC11353 IPS15 IPS16 M102 Suweon 352 Basmati 370 Netra Nutshell Manipur lET5657-33 CSR107 Mandya Vani Mandya Vijaya IESH1 CTH1 HWR30 Taichung 65 CTH 3 (Mukthi) IET8050 IET2014 HB5 IET5656 HWR2 Pusa 702 Chamundi IET7991 M210 IET7191 Milyang 54 IET8050 lndrasan Milyang 46 Primala Purple dwarf IR26 IR36 IR42 IR46 IR50 IR50-31 IR52 IR54 IR64 IR74 lR2429-315 lR2729-105 lR2797-105 lR3429-350 lR9761-19-1 lR11418-15-2 lR13146-45 lR13249-30 lR15975 lR18350-90 lR21916 lR25867-29 lR27315 lR28178-70 lR28237-31 lR30864 lR31358-90 lR35358-90 lR54752-3-5-8 V20 B Pushpa A PR M PR PR M PR PR M M PR PR PR M M R M R M R M M PR M M PR M M M PR PR PR M M M M PR PR M PR PR M PR M PR PR PR PR R Mangala A M M M M M M M PR PR M M M M M M M M M M PR M M PR M M M M M PR M M M M M M M M M M ES18 A R PR R M PR M M PR PR PR M M M M PR PR M M M lntan Mutant A M M PR PR R M M M M
parents were grouped into restorers, partial restorers, and maintainers (see table'). Of the 65 genotypes tested, 5 were restorers, 28 partial restorers, and 32 maintainers. Kumkum Kesari, IESH1, HWR30, CTH3 (Mukthi), and V20 B were restorers. A pollen parent sometimes behaved as a restorer for one CMS line and as a partial restorer or maintainer for another. This shows that marked cytoplasmic nuclear interaction exists and that expression of restorer genes varies with genetic background of the female parents.
Yield potential Yield potential

Stability analysis of six medium-duration rice genotypes across different N levels
S. Geetha, A. P. M. Kirubakaran Soundararaj, S. Giridharan, S. Mohandas, T. M. Thiyagarajan, and B. Selvi, Tamil Nadu Rice Research lnstitute (TNRRI), Aduthurai 621001, Tamil Nadu, India
fertility = 1-80%; and R = restorer, where pollen fertility and spikelet fertility = 81-100%.
a M = maintainer, where pollen fertility and spikelet fertility= 0%; PR = partial restorer, where pollen fertility and spikelet
We studied the adaptiveness and stability of medium-duration rice at 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N/ha. Genotypes ADT38, CO 45, ADT90072, Vikramarya, ADT40, and ADT39 were raised in a split-plot design with four replications from Oct 1992 to Feb 1993. N levels, applied as urea in three splits, were in the main plots. The genotypes, transplanted at a spacing of 20 10 cm, were in the subplots. Data on panicles/plant, grains/panicle, percent fertility, 100-grain weight, singleplant yield, and harvest index were collected for 10 plants per experimental unit. We used the means of those plants for stability analysis following the method of Eberhart and Russel (1966). Pooled analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes and N treatments for all characters. Genotype N interaction was also significant for all characters but 100grain weight.
Table 1. Stability parameters (X, b i, and s-2 di ) of six traits.a TNRRI, Tamil Nadu, India. 1992-93. Panicles/plant X ADT38 CO 45 AD90072 Vikramarya ADT40 ADT39 10.05 8.43 9.08 7.45 10.46 9.17 bi 1.306 0.496** 1.106 0.89 1.27 0.93 s-2di 0.249** 0.002 0.485** 0.838** 0.126 0.382** X 41.88 54.75 64.68 44.05 64.23 68.78 Grains/panicle bi 0.03 1.37 0.26 1.23 1.73 1.37 s-2di 4.197 7.148* 6.835* 5.914* 29.27** 22.79** Percent fertility X 64.39 59.51 66.94 54.63 69.00 68.07 bi 2.92 0.89 1.73 0.20 1.42 0.75 s-2di 5.67* 1.21 0.48 0.25 0.31 9.11*
100-grain weight X ADT38 CO 45 AD90072 Vikramarya ADT40 ADT39 1.97 2.34 1.97 2.60 2.25 1.68 bi 2.67 0.40* 0.61 1.03 0.49 0.80 s-2di 0.0004** 0.000 0.0005** 0.0000 0.000 0.0000
Single-plant yield X 7.74 9.64 10.08 9.14 13.29 10.42 bi 0.55 0.49 1.02 1.03 1.76 1.15 s-2di 0.063 0.002 0.202* 1.690** 0.645** 0.387** X 0.40 0.36 0.40 0.36 0.34 0.49
Harvest index bi 0.66 1.94** 1.64 1.37 0.15 0.25* s-2d i 0.00009 0.00003 0.00004 0.00020* 0.00020 0.00000
a * * and * = significant at the 1 and 5% level, respectively.
Table 2. Correlation among stability parameters (X, b i, and s-2d i).a X vs b i Panicles/plant 0.717 Grains/panicle 0.379 Percent fertility 0.256 100-grain weight 0.208 Single-plant yield 0.880* Harvest index 0.340
a * = significant at the 5% level.
X vs s-2di b i vs s-2di 0.603 0.701 0.371 0.388 0.095 0.702 0.096 0.684 0.204 0.475 0.395 0.224
Relationship of amylase activity to rice seedling growth at various greenhouse temperatures

Wang Sangen, Agronomy Department, Southwest Agricultural University, Chongqing 630716, China
ADT38 and CO 45 were adaptive and stable across all N levels for single-plant yield. Mean single-plant yield was low for ADT38 and average for CO 45. The stable yield was due to stable grains/ panicle and harvest index for ADT38 and panicles/plant and 100-grain weight for CO 45. Although the mean of ADT40 was high, its yield was unstable across the N levels (Table 1). The correlation analysis among stability parameters revealed that genotypes with a high mean for singleplant yield are responsive to high N (Table 2). There was no significant association between the stability parameters of regression coefficient b i and deviation from regression coefficient s -2di. It can be inferred that these two characters are not linked and are inherited separately.
Amylases are key enzymes for starch catabolism during rice seed germination. Higher amylase activity in kernels should enhance seedling vigor. This is important where seedlings are raised indoors before ambient temperatures are warm enough for rice growth. Temperature needs to be controlled carefully in greenhouse nurseries so that seedlings can better resist
stress after transplanting. Seeds of hybrids Shanyou 63 and D-you 63 and conventional varieties Lushuang 1011 and Fujiang 2 were surface-sterilized and rinsed in sterile water. Seeds were then immersed in water for 2-3 d (depending on temperature), incubated for a day, and sown in a nutrient solution at different greenhouse temperatures. Seedling characters and amylase activity were determined at 7 d after sowing (Table 1). Total amylase activity in kernels and dry weight of seedlings were assayed daily. Seeds were separated from shoots and roots when measuring shoot dry weight. Extracted kernel enzyme solution was incubated with
Table 1. Effects of different temperatures on seedling characters.a Temperature (C) 20 25 30 35 40 30/20 30/25 35 20b Seedling height (cm) Mean 4.84 7.88 13.97 10.02 0.79 8.50 9.15 9.64 sd 0.03 d c 0.15 0.23 a 0.52 b 0.01 e 0.12 bc 0.27 bc 0.21 bc Dry weight (mg/plant) Mean 4.45 7.82 10.32 8.16 0.85 8.04 9.52 10.91 sd 0.03 0.05 0.23 0.14 0.04 0.15 0.26 0.31 d
c
Root/ shoot 0.635 a 0.464 cd 0.406 d 0.481 c 0.499 c 0.509 bc 0.554 b
Total amylase activity (g maltose/ kernel per s) 84.0 188.4 179.3 121.4 45.5 152.0 137.0 165.0 c a ab bc c ab b ab
a bc bc ab a e
a60 plants for each sample. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. b Change
in temperature treatment.
Table 2. Relationship between total amylase activity in the kernel and dry matter accumulation in the rice seedling. a Temperature (C) 20 25 30 35 40 30/20 30/25 35 20
a
Power function formulas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

b
Correlation coefficient g g g g g g g g = = lgylgx = lgylgx = lgygx = lgygx = lgylgx = lgylgx =

lgylgx lgylgx
= = = = = = = =
0.181 0.192 0.185 0.180 0.274 0.193 0.187 0.182
0.963 0.917 0.981 1.008 0.729 0.914 0.813 0.993
0.986** 0.989** 0.989** 0.978** 0.903** 0.913** 0.912** 0.980**
** = significant at the 1% level. Change in temperature treatment.
pH 5.6 citric acid buffer and starch solution for 5 min. Amylase activity was stopped with 0.4 N NaOH. Solution maltose reacted with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid and the reactant was measured with a spectrophotometer. Greenhouse temperatures were maintained at constants of 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40C, alternated between 30/25C and 30/20C day/night temperature, and changed from 35C on day 1 to 20C on day 7. All had a 12-h photoperiod. Varieties responded differently to temperatures, but all showed similar
trends. Data in the tables are therefore only for Lushuang 1011 and Shanyou 63. Amylase activity was associated strongly with seedling growth, especially dry matter accumulation (Table 1). Both amylase activity and dry weight increased with time. The greater the amylase activity of the kernel, the faster dry weight accumulates in seedlings. A power function, Y = AX B, was used to describe the relationship (Table 2). It is clear from the functions that during the young seedling period, a higher shoot weight
can be obtained by increasing amylase activity of the kernel. Among the constant temperature treatments, 30C was clearly optimum for seedling growth and amylase activity (Table 1). The aim, however, was to transplant seedlings into the field. The temperature difference between greenhouse and field was too great for seedlings to adapt to the cold temperatures of early spring in southern China. The 20C treatment was most like the ambient temperature, but seedlings were too short to transplant. The greatest shoot dry weight, combined with high root-shoot ratio and high amylase activity, was obtained with the change in temperature treatment, which provides warmth for maximum germination and early growth. This is followed by a gradual hardening-off, which seedlings need if they are to adapt to cold temperatures. We recommend this treatment to produce vigorous seedlings that are adapted to field temperatures at transplanting.
Variability, heritability, correlation, path analysis, and genetic divergence studies in upland rice
S. S. Mehetre, C. R. Mahajan, P. A. Patil, S. K. Lad, and P. M. Dhumal, Botany Section, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India
We studied the genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability, genetic advancement (GA), coefficients of correlation, path analysis, and genetic divergence of 37 promising upland rice cultivars. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design during 1992 with two replications. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all characters (Table 1). Considerable range of variation was expressed for plant height, panicles/m 2, straw yield/m2 , grain yield/m 2 , and filled grains/panicle, indicating better scope for genetic improvement in these characters. Grain yield/m 2 had maximum genotypic
coefficient of variation (GCV) (38.2), followed by straw yield/m2 (37.6). Estimates of heritability ranged from 45.9% for plant height to 96.2% for days to maturity. Even though days to 50% flowering (93.9%) and filled grains/ panicle (85.3%) had high heritability, they had low GCV. This might be due to the variation in environmental components involved with these traits. Expected GA ranged from 9.0% for panicle length to 73.8% for straw yield/ m 2 . Filled grains/panicle, productive tillers/m 2 , and plant height showed high GA with high GCV and should be considered for obtaining high genetic gain. Grain yield/m2 was positively and significantly correlated with straw yield/ m 2 ( r = 0.604) and filled grains/panicle ( r = 0.434), while it was negatively and significantly correlated with days to 50% flowering ( r = -0.495) and maturity ( r = -0.405). Plant height was significantly and positively correlated with straw yield/m 2 ( r = 0.714), panicle length ( r = 0.632) and filled grains/
panicle (r = 0.355), while it was significantly and negatively correlated with productive tillers/m2 ( r = -0.441). Panicle length was significantly and positively correlated with straw yield/m 2 ( r = 0.547) and filled grains/panicle ( r = 0.425). Filled grains/panicle was significantly and positively correlated with straw yield/m 2 ( r = 0.647) and grain yield/m 2 ( r = 0.434). Path analysis studies indicated filled grains/panicle extend direct positive influence on grain yield (0.077). This high magnitude of association between the two was because of the positive indirect effect through days to maturity (0.695) and productive tillers/m 2 (0.114). Correlation and path analysis studies revealed that filled grains/panicle, plant height, and panicle length were important yield-contributing characters. They should be considered when adopting selection criteria in upland rice breeding programs. Genetic divergence studies using D2 analysis showed that the genotypes fall into seven distinct clusters (Table 2).
Table 1. Genetic parameters of variation in upland rice. Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India, 1992. Characters Parameter Days to 50% flowering 95.7 1.5 85.0 106.5 31.5 33.6 5.9 6.1 93.9 11.7 Days to maturity Plant height (cm) 73.9 14.6 57.2 106.6 98.3 214.0 13.4 19.8 45.9 18.7 Panicle length (cm) 17.4 3.5 16.5 19.5 0.8 1.2 5.2 6.3 69.3 9.0 Productive tillers/m2 (no.) 297.9 10.5 242.5 432.5 1378.5 2350.4 12.5 16.3 58.7 19.7 Filled grains/panicle (no.) 71.8 8.3 38.4 97.8 205.7 241.1 20.0 21.6 85.3 38.0 Straw yield/m2 (g) 93.8 11.9 40.0 195.0 1244.1 1368.2 37.6 39.4 90.9 73.8 Grain yield/m2 (g) 60.4 14.4 20.0 112.5 532.0 607.7 38.2 40.8 87.5 73.6
Minimum Maximum Variance (G) (P) Coefficient of (G) variance (P) Heritability (%) Genetic advancement (% of mean)
Mean CV Range
124.9 1.2 111.0 137.0 38.1 39.6 4.9 5.0 96.2 10.0
Coefficients of correlation and path analysisa Days to 50% flowering r gb pc 2.332 Days to maturity rg p 1.581 Plant height (cm) rg p 0.824 Panicle length (cm) rg p 0.267 rg Productive tillers/m2 0.332 (no.) p Filled grains/panicle rg 0.243 (no.) p Straw yield/m2 (g) rg 0.730 p
a
0.964** 1.525 2.248 1.416 0.626 0.523 0.695 0.842
0.607* 0.501 0.467** 0.385 0.738 0.333 0.160 0.388 0.345
0.269 0.072 0.210 0.056 0.632** 0.169 0.521 0.364 0.293 0.588
0.224 0.074 0.101 0.034 0.441** 0.147 0.168 0.056 0.045 0.114 0.146
b
0.298 0.072 0.245 0.060 0.355* 0.086 0.425** 0.103 0.320 0.056 0.077 0.024
0.361* 0.264 0.218 0.159 0.714** 0.521 0.547** 0.400 0.071 0.052 0.647** 0.472 0.157
c
0.495** 0.405** 0.310 0.281 0.180 0.434** 0.604** -
Residual effect = 0.2709; underlined figures denote direct effects. * and ** = significant at the 5 and 1% level, respectiveIy.
r g = genotypic correlation coefficient.
p = path coefficient,
Table 2. Genetic divergence a in 37 genotypes of upland rice. Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India, 1992. Cluster Genotype Areas of cultivation Days to 50% flowering I I ACK83-9-1, PBNR87-6, BG380-2, VDN4288, RTN711, R24, Jaya RP4-14, IET6724 Maharashtra (Kolhapur, Pune), Marathwada (Parbhani), Konkan (Ratnagiri), Andhra Pradesh Marathwada (Parbhani), Western Maharashtra (Kolhapur), Konkan (Ratnagiri), Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, the Philippines Marathwada (Parbhani, Tuljapur), Western Maharashtra (Jalgaon) 102.35 Maturity II 131.35 Plant height (cm) III 63.31 Panicle length (cm) IV 16.80 Filled grains/ panicle (no.) V 68.62 Productive tillers/ plant (no.) VI 9.50 Straw yield/ plant (g) VI I 6.66 Grain yield/ plant (g)
11.04
(7.95) 95.66
(10.90) 125.00
(14.26) 63.40
(20.34) 16.86
(8.80) 57.35
(14.80) 9.03
(21.50) 6.87
8.83
II
PBNR87-8, PBNR87-9, IR36, Pusa 33, K184, PLG39-4-1, Rasi, Ratna, RDN185-2
(6.94)
(11.67)
(15.95)
(8.67)
(17.35)
(14.34)
III
PBNR5, PBNR88-1, PBNR88-2, PBNR88-3, PBNR89-2, PBNR89-4, TP9-3-2, MAU, Prabhvati, Ambemohor local, Terna, Tuljapur 1, Jalgaon 5
91.85
121.85
86.75
17.89
80.06
7.98
11.16
10.16
(8.22)
(12.60)
(10.37)
(14.29)
(13.57)
continued on next page
Table 2 continued Days to Cluster Genotype Areas of cultivation 50% flowering I 86.00 98.50 101.00 85.00 94.34 Maturity II 112.50 127.00 130.00 113.00 123.90 Plant height (cm) Ill 77.75 71.40 93.40 83.50 77.67 Panicle length (cm) IV 18.20 (5.56) 19.50 18.70 16.50 17.78 Filled grains/ panicle (no.) V 80.70 (15.25) 86.50 (0.00) 88.40 52.50 74.76 Productive tillers/ plant (no.) VI 9.08 (23.55) 7.59 (14.21) 10.08 (0.00) 58.41 Straw yield/ plant (g) VII 9.11 (8.16) 5.36 (17.71) 9.90 (25.02) 12.15 (0.00) 8.74 Grain yield/ plant (g)
IV
PBNR89-6, K35-3
Marathwada (Parbhani), Konkan (Ratnagiri) Marathwada (Parbhani)
18.68 9.30 22.87 12.22 13.96
PBNR88-4
VI
Krishna Sal
Western Maharashtra (Ahmednager) Marathwada (Parbhani)
VII
Ambika
Pooled mean
a
8.80
Figures in parentheses are intercluster D values. Underlined figures in parentheses are intracluster D values. Figures without parentheses are mean performance values.
When planning hybridization programs to achieve early flowering and maturity, varieties from Cluster VII (Ambika) may be used; for dwarfness, Clusters I and VI;
for panicle length, Cluster VI (Krishna Sal); for filled grains/panicle, Cluster. VI (Krishna Sal); for productive tillers/plant, Cluster IV (PBNR89-6 and K35-3): and
for straw yield/plant, Cluster VII (Ambika).
Pest resistance diseases Pest resistancediseases

Strain differentiation of rice tungro bacilliform virus by restriction fragment length analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified products
A. C. Dolores-Talens, J. R. Escara-Wilke, P. O. Cabauatan, R. J. Nelson, and H. Koganezawa, IRRI
Tungro is the most important disease of rice in South and Southeast Asia. A composite of two viruses, rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV), causes the disease. Multiple strains of RTBV, a double-stranded DNA virus, have been reported recently. Each of the strains, L, G1 , G2, and Ic, manifests distinct symptoms on rice cultivars FK135 and Taichung Native 1. Strain Ic induced interveinal chlorosis, stunting, reduced tillering, and narrowing of leaves. G1 and G2 induced only mild stunting. The symptoms caused by these strains were not as severe as those manifested by type strain L.
10 IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent restriction enzyme digestion were used to investigate molecular variations among the strains. Specific segments of the viral genome were amplified by PCR using oligonucleotide primers designed on the basis of published sequence data for RTBV. The amplified region spanned the intergenic region of the virus with the left, or sense strand, primer (5'-TTACAGAAGGATTGTGAACCC-
3') located within open reading frame 2 (ORF2) and the right, or antisense strand, primer (5'-ACTATAGCTCCTGCTGAACTA3') located within ORF4 (Fig. I). Using these primers, a 2.4-kb fragment of RTBV DNA was amplified. Standard PCR conditions were used with 1-10 ng total genomic DNA extract of rice plant tissue and 50 pM primers. The amplified products were resolved on a 2% agarose gel and visualized by staining with
1. Map of the RTBV genome, indicating location of primers used and fragment amplified. (ORF = open reading frame, P = protein.)
2. (a) The 2.4-kb product of amplification using PCR from four RTBV strains. (b) The restriction digestion profiles of the 2.4-kb PCR product for the four virus strains using Accl, Alul, and Eco RI.
ethidium bromide and viewing under ultraviolet light (Fig. 2). To confirm that amplified products were from the virus being studied, Southern blotting was performed using a labeled DNA probe of the 2.4-kb amplified fragment of the reference strain of RTBV and the labeled DNA of the entire reference strain of the virus (data not shown). Agarose gel electrophoresis did not distinguish the PCR fragments amplified from the four strains (Fig. 2a). Upon digestion with Acc I, Alu I, and Eco RI, however, variations among the strains were evident (Fig. 2b). Three DNA banding patterns were observed with each of the enzymes used. Strains G2 and Ic could not be differentiated by this method. This information on molecular variation among the four RTBV strains can be used for diagnosis of virus strains. Further studies are needed to determine the molecular basis of the distinct symptoms incited by each strain.
Neck blast-resistant lines of Radha-17 isolated

B. Chaudhary, National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Rampur; P. B. Karki, National Grain Legume Research Program, Rampur; and K, K, Lal, NMRP, ARS, Rampur, Nepal
Rice blast (Bl), caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav., is one of the most serious rice diseases in Nepal. Blast can reduce yields by 50% in areas where Masuli, Nepals most popular variety, is grown. Masuli and Mallika were crossed to develop Radha-17, which has a yield potential of 4 t/ha and resists leaf Bl. Radha- 17 was reported to be susceptible to neck Bl, another serious disease. We have been working to purify neck Blresistant lines of Radha-17. We selected 100 disease-free panicles of Radha-17 grown in farmers field trials in 1990. Seeds from these panicles were sown at 10-cm spacing in 1-m rows (panicle to row) in 1991. The trial plot was surrounded by two rows of a Bl-
susceptible variety and by four rows of Sesbania aculeata, which were planted 2 and 4 wk before Radha-17. respectively. The seedbed was inoculated uniformly with 1-yr-old Bl-infected rice leaf debris. Twenty-five-day-old seedlings were transplanted in 1-m rows at 20- 20-cm spacing in a field fertilized with 120 kg N/ha and 26.4 kg P/ha. The experiment was inoculated twice at tillering and panicle initiation stages by uniformly spreading chopped pieces of fresh Blinfected leaves. Disease rating was scored at maturity using the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES). Only 60 of the 100 lines were selected as resistant in 1991. Seeds from these lines were sown in 1992 in single rows with Bl-susceptible variety Masuli in alternate rows at 10-cm spacing. All other activities were the same as in 1991. While Masuli was severely affected by leaf Bl at the seedling stage, leaf Bl scores in all test lines were less than three on the SES scale. Neck Bl scores were 0-5 in 1991 and 0-7 in 1992; 37 lines
were rated as moderately to highly resistant. The other 23 showed susceptible reactions in 1992. These results suggest that line Radha17 is not pure with respect to Bl resistance. Selection within populations of similar lines might yield Bl-resistant materials.
Screening rice accessions for resistance to rice tungro

N. Subrarnanian, R. Saroja, A. Thyagarajan, K. Nilakantapillai, and M. Subramanian, Rice Research Station (RRS), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tirur 602025, Chengalpattu-MGR District, lndia
A severe outbreak of rice tungro (RTD) disease occurred on susceptible varieties ADT36, TKM9, CO 37, IR64, ASD16, and ASD18 in Chengalpattu-MGR District during 1992 sornavari season (Apr/May-Aug/Sep). Disease incidence was 60-85% at RRS. Light trap catches and in situ counts revealed that the vector, green leafhopper (GLH)
11
Table 1. Incidence of GLH at RRS, Tirur, India. Jul-Sep 1992.a Week Incidence Light trap (no.) 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28 4
a*
Table 2. Rice cultures moderately resistant to RTD. RRS, Tirur, India. Entry IET12888 IET12461 IET12419 lR59606-119-3 IET12488 IET12928 IET12867 IET12355 TNRH6 IET12914 IET12351 TNRH1 lR56382-17-3-2 lR58099-41-2-3 lR57301-195-3-3 IR50 RP1451-92-21-9 IET12428 BG850-2 IET12929 lR57311-95-2-3 IET12891 IET12402 lR29725-117-2-3-3 lR53292-159-1-2-3 TN1 (susceptible check) Parentage BR51/KAU2335-2 IR36/KJT35-3 IR36/Jothi lR44592-62/IR20289-94 Ratna/lR36 IR50/P338 Palman 579/IR54 IR50/IR36 IR628294/Pusa/50R IR50/P33/IR50/Ratna IR50/IET7918 lR628294/IR10198-66-2 R lR28239-94/IR24632-34 lR35366-90/IR324-29-47 lR35293-125/IR32429-47 lR2153/IR28//IR36 Rasi/Finegora IET5233/IR2153-26 BG380/BG367-4 KAU8759 lR39268-57/IR32429//lR42005-47 Ratna/lR36 Govind/Ranikajar lR19661-131/IR9125-209 lR4563-52/IR31802-48 GLH score a 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 RTD (%) 1.7 2.2 2.6 2.7 3.2 4.3 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.3 6.5 7.1 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.6 8.2 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.6 9.7 9.8 10.0 95.0 RTD score b 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9
Field (no./25 sweeps) 10 30 40 110* 330* 920* 150* 40 45 15
Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Aug Sep
436 1157 535 1794 1354 7064 86234 13091 1192 739
= above economic threshold level of 60 GLH/ 25 sweeps.
( Nephotettix virescens), was prevalent from Jul to Aug 1992 (Table 1). Eighty rice entries (69 cultures) and 11 varieties from the 1992 International Irrigated Rice Yield Nursery (early), Advanced Yield Trial (mid-early), and Multilocation Trial III along with susceptible check TN1 were planted in 5-m2 plots during the second week of Jul 1992. Plants were infected with RTD at tillering, stem elongation, and booting stages. Reactions varied. Each entry was scored for RTD 45 d after transplanting using the methodology from the 1991 International Rice Tungro Nursery. The entries and check were screened for their reaction to GLH under screenhouse conditions using the seedbox test. Seedlings were infested with five 2dand 3d-instar GLH nymphs 7 d after seeding. Entries were scored using the Standard evaluation system for rice when 90% of TN1 plants were dead. None of the entries were resistant to RTD. Twenty-five were moderately resistant (Table 2), 27 moderately susceptible, 19 susceptible, and 9 highly susceptible.
aScored using 1-9 scale in SES. b Scored using the methodology from the 1991 International Rice Tungro Nursery.
Pest resistance
insects
We evaluated wild rice species Oryza officinalis, O. punctata, and O. latifolia and genetically diverse rice varieties N22 (Wbph l), ARC10239 (Wbph l), Ptb33 (Wbph 3), Podwi A8 (Wbph 4), Ndiang Marie (Wbph 5), IR2035-117-3 (Wbph 1 + Wbph 2), and Chaia Anaser (Wbph 1 + Wbph 3) for resistance to the white-
Resistance to whitebacked planthopper in wild and cultivated rices

R. Velusamy, M. Ganesh Kumar, and Y. S. Johnson Thangaraj Edward, Agricultural Entomology Department, Tamil Nadu Agrlcultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 641003, lndia
Damage ratings of selected wild and cultivated rices after infestation by WBPH nymphs in free-choice test.a TNAU, Coimbatore, India. Species/variety O. O. O. O. officinalis punctata latifolia sativa N22 ARC10239 Ptb33 Podwi A8 N'diang Marie lR2035-117-3 Chaia Anaser TN1 IRRI accession number 101114 101439 100963 4819 20803 19325 15201 15859 16197 1.0 1.0 1.0 Damage rating (d after infestation) 7 c c c 1.0 1.0 1.0 11 e e e 1.0 1.4 1.0 9.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 8.2 7.4 7.8 9.0 a a a 15 d d d
1.0 c 1.0 c 1.0 c 2.6 b 1.0 c 1.0 c 1.0 c 8.6 a
5.4 b 3.4 c 2.2 d 6.2 b 3.4 c 2.6 cde 3.0 cd 9.0 a
c b bc bc
a ln a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. Av of 5
replications
12
backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) using the seedbox screening technique. Seeds were sown in 40-cm rows, about 2-3 cm apart, in wooden trays (60 45 10 cm) in a greenhouse. TNl was the susceptible check. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, with five replications of
each wild species and variety. Seven days after sowing, seedlings were thinned to 15 per row and infested with 6-8 2dinstar WBPH nymphs per seedling. Plant damage was scored on a 0-9 scale at 7, 11, and 15 d after infestation (DAI). The test entries exhibited resistance at 7 DAI. Mean damage ranged from 1 to 2.6, with TN1 rating 8.6 (see table). At
11 DAI, the wild rices rated 1, the cultivated varieties ranged from 2.2 to 6.2, and TN1, 9. At 15 DAI, the wild rices had maintained their extremely high level of resistance; the varieties exhibited moderately susceptible to susceptible reactions (see table).
Integrated germplasm improvement irrigated Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated

Xiang-zhong Xian No. 3: a high-yielding, widely useful rice variety in Hunan, China
Li Yong-Chao and Li Xiao-Xiang, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
La Plata Mochi F. A., a new rice variety from Argentina

A. A. Vidal, Estacion Experimental "lng. Agr. Julio Hirschhorn," Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Xiang-zhong Xian No. 3 is derived from the cross Xiang-zhao Xian No. l///AiBao//IR36/Shuang-Gui 36. It is a highyielding, widely useful indica variety with multiple resistance. It was released in Jan 1992. Xiang-zhong Xian No. 3 is resistant to whitebacked planthopper, brown planthopper, rice blast, and lodging. It responds well to high fertilizer levels. Xiang-zhong Xian No. 3 performed well in monocropped midseason rice areas during 1990-91 regional trials in Hunan Province (see table). It also does well as a monocropped or dual-cropped, late-season variety. Average grain yield is 7.5 t/ha. An additional advantage is its very good ratooning ability. The average ratoon crop had a 60-65 d growth duration and yield of 5.0 t/ha from 1989 to 1991 at the Agricultural Research Institute of Changde, Hunan Province.
Performance of Xiang-zhong Xian No. 3 in 1990 and 1991 regional trials. Hunan, China. Xiang-zhong Xian No. 3 1990 Av grain yield (t/ha) Highest grain yield (t/ha) Growth duration (d) 8.9 10.0 128 1991 8.5 10.8 130 Shan You 63 (check) 1990 8.3 10.0 138 1991 8.2 11.2 139
La Plata Mochi F. A. is the first Argentine waxy rice cultivar released from the rice program of the Faculty of Agrarian and Forestry Sciences of the National University of La Plata. It was developed to satisfy the demands of Koreans and Japanese in South America.
La Plata Mochi F. A. is 100 cm tall, resists lodging, and grows vigorously. It has a 125-d growth duration and yields about 5 t/ha. The panicle is 2.1-cm-long. Grain shattering is minimal and threshability intermediate. The caryopsis is 5.7 cm long and 3.4 cm wide, with length-width ratio of 1.7. The waxy endosperm has 1.8% amylose content, gelatinization temperature of 6.0, alkali spreading value of 1.7, and 8.5% protein content.
Pant Dhan 10 replaces Pant Dhan 4 and Sarju 52 in western Uttar Pradesh, India
M. P. Pandey, S. C. Mani, H Singh, J. P. Singh, S. Singh, and D. Singh, Plant Breeding Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttar Pradesh (UP), India
Pant Dhan 10 (IR9763-11-2-2-3) was developed using the pedigree method following hybridization of IR32/Mahsuri/ IR28 at IRRI, Philippines. It was evaluated as IET8616 in the All India Coordinated Trials. It is a 92-cm semidwarf that matures in 125 d. It is suitable for transplanting in
the irrigated fields of Meerut, Agra, Moradabad, and Bareilly divisions and the tarai region of Nainital District of western UP. Pant Dhan 10 outyielded Pant Dhan 4 by 11.2% and Sarju 52 by 8.6% in the 1988-91 Standard Varietal Trials (medium) at the Regional Agricultural Testing and Demonstration Centers at Meerut, Mathura, Bareilly, and Haldwani (Table 1). Pant Dhan 10 showed moderately resistant reaction to bacterial blight and moderately resistant reaction to sheath blight and leaf blast across several locations. Pant Dhan 10 was field resistant to stern borer, leaffolder, whorl
Table 1. Mean performance of Pant Dhan 10 at 4 locations in western UP, India. 1988-91. Year Pant Dhan 10 1988 1989 1990 1991 Mean 5.3 4.8 3.9 5.5 4.9 Mean yield (t/ha) Pant Dhan 4 (check) 4.1 4.6 4.1 4.6 4.4 Sarju 52 (check) 4.8 4.2 3.7 5.3 4.5 % increase/decrease over Pant Dhan 4 +29.2 +4.3 5.1 +19.5 +11.6 Sarju 52 +10.4 +14.2 +5.4 +3.8 +6.7
13
Table 2. Distinguishing morphological characters of Pant Dhan 10.
Character Height Seedling vigor Lodging Plant type Leaf sheath Tillering Flag leaf Photoperiod sensitivity Panicle length Apiculus color Awning 1,000-grain wt Grain type Kernel length Kernel breadth L-B ratio Head rice recovery Abdominal white
Description 92 cm Good Resistant Semidwarf, ideal Green High (15-20 tillers/plant) Erect, narrow, short Insensitive 22.5 cm Green Awnless 26 g Long, slender 6.9 mm 2.2 mm 3.1 63% Absent
yielded an average of 4.6 t/ha, slightly more than the 4.5 t/ha of check Pusa Basmati. It ranked fifth out of 17 entries for yield performance. The line yielded an average of 4.3 t/ha compared with 3.2 t/ha for Gobindabhog in 4 yr of replicated yield trials at the IA Farm. Three farmers who grew IET13541 (124-17-4) reported yields of more than 4 t/ha. The line is about 135 cm tall, 20 cm shorter than its parent. It has erect, broad, dark green leaves and compact tillers and panicles. It is photoperiod-sensitive, matures in 155 d, and tolerates 70 kg N/ha. In national screening nurseries, it showed resistance to gall midge, stem
borer, brown planthopper, blast, and sheath rot. It also resisted bacterial blight at the IA Farm. The short, bold, white kernels are 3.7 mm long and 1.9 mm wide, with a L-B ratio of 2.0. The 1,000-grain weight is 10.7 g, and the original aroma remains. Alkali spreading value is 2.3 and amylose content, 23.4%. The grain elongates up to 6.3 mm after cooking. Yields of hulled, milled, and head rice are 78.5, 73.5, and 54.5%, respectively. The high yield potential of IET13541(124-17-4) is because it has more grains/panicle than its parent.
Pant Dhan 11, a new rice variety for the lower hills of Uttar Pradesh, India
M. P. Pandey, S. C. Mani, H. Singh, J. P. Singh, S. Singh, and D. Singh, Plant Breeding Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttar Pradesh (UP), India
maggot, whitebacked planthopper, cutworm, and gundhi bug in the national screening nursery. (See Table 2 for morphological characteristics of Pant Dhan 10.)
Pant Dhan 11 is resistant to leaf blast and moderately resistant to bacterial blight under epiphytotic conditions. It has shown a moderately resistant reaction to brown planthopper in glasshouse screening. (See Table 2 for morphological characteristics of Pant Dhan 11.)
Table 2. Distinguishing morphological characters of Pant Dhan 11.
A high-yielding mutant line of traditional aromatic rice cultivar Gobindabhog

S. C. Ghosh and P. K. Ganguli, lnstitute of Agriculture (IA), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan 731236, West Bengal, lndia
Gobindabhog is a popular traditional aromatic cultivar of West Bengal, India. It has small fine grain and low yield potential. Modem nonscented cultivars are not a replacement for it. Demand is high for Gobindabhog in the domestic market, and farmers get a premium for producing it. Increasing the yield of this variety would be rewarding for them. In a research project sponsored by the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, a high-yielding mutant line (124-17-4) was created through irradiation by using a 25-kr dose of gamma rays. Mutant line IET13541(124-17-4) was tested in the Initial Basmati Varietal Trial and the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Program across 11 locations during 1992 wet season. The line
~~
Pant Dhan 11 (UPR 653-6-1-1-2) was developed by pedigree method after hybridization from the F2 seed of IR17251 (VL 206/Dagi). It is a semidwarf that matures in 118-125 d, depending upon elevation. It is suitable for transplanting in hills up to 900 m in elevation in UP. Pant Dhan 11 yielded consistently better than national check Himdhan and local checks in the All India Coordinated Varietal Trials (Table 1). In farmers field demonstrations in Kumaon and Garhwal divisions of UP, Pant Dhan 11 yielded a mean of 4.7 t/ha compared with 4.4 t/ha for Pant Dhan 6 and 3.5 t/ha for local varieties.
Character Height Seedling vigor Lodging Plant type Leaf sheath color Tillering Flag leaf Photoperiod sensitivity Apiculus color Awning Grains/panicle Kernel length Kernel breadth L-B ratio Grain type Head rice recovery Abdominal white
Description 90 cm Good Resistant Semidwarf, compact Green Medium (10-12 tillers/ plant) Erect Insensitive Green Awnless to tip-awned 90-100 6.5 mm 2.7 mm 2.95 Long, bold 52% Absent
Table 1. Mean performance of Pant Dhan 11 in national trials in the hills of UP, India. 1985-87.
Trial a
Mean yield (t/ha) Year
% increase over
Pant Dhan 11 Himdhan (check) Local variety (check) Himdhan Local Variety 4.2 2.3 3.9 3.5 3.9 1.3 2.8 2.7 3.9 1.1 3.5 2.8 7.6 76.9 39.2 25.9 7.6 109.1 11.4 21.4
PVT-2 (H) PVT-2 (H) UVT-2 (H) Mean

a
1986
1987
1985
PVT-2 (H) = preliminary variety trial-2 (hills). UVT-2 (H) = uniform variety trial-2 (hills).
14
Integrated germplasm improvement rainfed lowland Integrated germplasm improvementrainfed lowland

Vaidehi, a variety for rainfed lowland conditions in Bihar, India
R. Thakur, S. P. Sahu, A. K. Singh, R. S. Singh, and N. K. Singh, Ralendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa, Samastipur 848125, India
Table 1. Performance of TCA48 and checks Mahsuri and Br. 8 in state multilocational varietal trials in 20 environments. 1986-92. Yield (t/ha) Year Site TCA48 3.0 3.1 2.9 1.8 3.8 2.6 3.8 3.3 4.4 4.1 3.2 2.7 3.6 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.1 4.0 1.0 2.2 3.0 0.6 Mahsuri 2.7 2.9 3.0 1.9 3.4 4.1 3.7 3.2 3.8 2.0 2.0 2.6 3.6 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.5 0.2 2.5 2.7 0.6 Br. 8 2.2 1.9 3.0 1.4 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.0 2.7 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.6 2.5 3.0 3.4 0.5 2.2 2.3 0.4 LSD (5%) CV (%)
1986
Patna Pusa Sabour Patna Sabour Bikramganj
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.2 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.7
10.0 12.6 14.4 24.0 16.8 9.0 16.4 14.2 10.6 20.7 9.8 8.6 14.8 20.0 10.3 23.0 5.5 18.5 46.5 12.8
Nearly 2.2 million ha of rainfed lowland rice is grown in Bihar during kharif (monsoon) season from Jun to Dec. Late onset of the monsoon can delay transplanting. The crop may also experience flooding or drought at various growth stages. Traditional cultivars are dominant in Bihar because of their superior adaptation to abiotic stresses, including low temperature at flowering. Especially in dry years, they are susceptible to bacterial blight (BB) and brown spot (BS). We collected diverse germplasm and evaluated it in state multilocational variety trials for 7 yr to identify a suitable cultivar for release. On average, cultivar TCA48 outperformed check cultivars Mahsuri and Br. 8 in 20 environments (Table 1). When tested in Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) - IRRI Collaborative Lowland Consortium Trials in eastern India during 1992, TCA48 significantly outyielded local checks under normal and delayed transplanting (Table 2). TCA48 was resistant to BS, BB, and sheath rot (ShR). In pest complex reaction trials at Pusa, TCA48 yields declined by only 5.0% in 1991-92 and 8.7% in 1992-93 relative to protected checks. TCA48 was released as Vaidehi in 1993. Vaidehi is a photoperiod-sensitive variety with sturdy stems, dark green foliage, and long panicles. It is 140- 150 cm tall. Grain is long and bold; the kernel is faintly red. Vaidehi should be a stable performer in the presence of BS, ShR, and BB, and across a range of transplanting times and problem lowland and shallow deepwater conditions.
1987
1988
Patna Sabour Bikramganj Patna Pusa Sabour Bikramganj Pusa Sabour Patna Sabour Patna Pusa Sabour
1989
1990
1991
1992
Pooled mean Pooled LSD (0.05)
Table 2. Performance of TCA48 in different sites in eastern India under ICAR-IRRI Collaborative Lowland Consortium Trials. 1992 kharif. Yield (t/ha) Site Transplanting TCA48 Pusa Normal Delayed Normal Delayed 4.0 2.7 2.4 2.7 Check 2.3 2.0 0.7 1.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.8 15.7 15.1 17.7 17.8 LSD (5%) CV (%)
Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack Masodha
Normal Delayed Normal Delayed Normal Delayed
3.5 3.3 2.7 0.7 0.6
1.8
1.0
29.0
Pooled mean Pooled LSD (0.05)
15
Seed technology
Influence of alkalinity on rice germination and growth
J. C. Sharma, M. S. Kuhad, and A. P. Sharma, Soil Science Department, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
Effect of alkalinity on growth of rice seedlings. Variety 6.5 7.5 pH at 6 DTa 8.5 9.5 10.5 Mean 6.5 7.5 pH at 10 DT 8.5 9.5 10.5 Mean
Seedling height (cm) Jaya PR103 HKR120 PR106 PR109 Pal 579 Mean LSD (0.05) 2.9 2.5 3.7 3.9 3.2 4.8 3.1 3.3 2.4 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.4 V = 0.03, pH 2.6 2.7 3.2 2.4 3.9 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.4 3.1 3.6 3.1 2.8 = 0.02, V 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.8 1.7 2.0 1.2 pH = 2.5 3.0 3.4 2.9 2.4 3.0 0.15 4.4 4.6 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.7 4.2 4.4 3.4 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.5 V = ns, b pH 4.2 5.9 5.4 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.8 = 0.13, 3.2 2.3 3.1 2.1 1.9 3.3 3.6 3.2 2.5 2.9 2.5 4.0 3.3 2.5 V pH = ns 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.9
We studied germination and seedling growth of six rice varieties at different pH levels. Tap water was used as the medium, with a pH of 7.0 and an EC of 1.0. Potassium hydroxide and acetic acid were used to adjust solution pH to 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5, and 10.5. We placed 10 seeds of a variety in a petri dish, replicating each variety three times. Water volume was kept constant in each dish by adding solution. Germinated seeds were counted after 6 d. Seedling height and root length were measured at 6 and 10 d after transplanting (DT) (see table). Overall germination ranged from 86 to 100% at all pH levels. Maximum germination for all varieties occurred at pH 8.5-9.5. HKR120 had the tallest seedlings at 6 DT. Seedling height,
Root length (cm) Jaya PR103 HKR120 PR106 PR109 Pal 579 Mean LSD (0.05) 2.6 2.6 4.9 6.1 2.4 4.0 3.4 4.7 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.0 3.5 4.2 V = 0.01, pH 2.4 3.1 4.7 2.1 2.9 2.7 4.0 3.7 3.1 2.9 5.3 4.8 3.7 3.2 = 0.10, V 1.8 1.4 1.5 3.8 2.1 2.0 2.1 pH = 2.5 3.8 2.7 3.9 3.2 4.0 0.65 3.5 3.6 3.2 2.6 5.2 1.9 6.6 5.6 2.9 2.1 4.5 4.5 3.6 3.1 3.8 4.0 3.2 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.4 3.5 4.1 3.9 3.6 4.3 4.2 2.7 V = 0.11, pH = 0.09, V 1.6 1.4 1.3 3.3 1.7 1.8 1.8 pH = 2.2 3.1 3.0 3.6 3.0 3.3 0.57
a DT = days after transplanting. b ns = not significant.
however, was not significantly different among varieties at 10 DT. Seedlings were tallest at pH 7.5 at 6 DT and at pH 8.5 at
10 DT. Pal 579 had the longest roots at 6 DT and PR106 at 10 DT; Jaya had the shortest. Roots were longest at pH 7.5.
Crop and resource management

Soils
Effect of green manures on ammonia-release pattern in rice soils
R. Pushpavalli, K. Natarajan, and S. P. Palaniappan, Centre for Soil and Crop Management Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
We conducted an incubation study on a submerged clay loam (Vertic Ustropepts) and sandy loam (Typic Haplustalf) with green manure (GM) incorporation. Ipomoea (Ipomoea cornea), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes ), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium ), dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata), neem (Azadirachta indica), and calotrophis ( Calotrophis gigantia) were incorporated at 12.5 t/ha fresh weight. Water level was maintained
at 5 1 cm to keep soil submerged. We monitored ammonia-release pattern from the soils at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 30. and 45 d after incorporation (DAI). In the clay loam, peak NH 4+ -N concentration was observed after 30 DAI for ipomoea and water hyacinth; the highest concentration was at 20 DAI for the other GMs. In the sandy loam, NH 4+-N concentration for all GMs increased progressively up to 20 DAI, after which it declined (see figure). This difference between soils could be related to their pattern degradation and minerali
N mineralization of green manures. (a) Ipomoea/water hyacinth. (b) Neem/ gliricidia/ calotrophis.
16
zation processes. The delay in ammonia release from the GM in the clay loam might be due to the soil's high buffering capacity and its behavior in supporting microflora under submergence, which are involved in mineralization and immobilization turnover. S. aculeata, followed by ipomoea, had the highest NH4+-N concentration of the
treatments in both soils up to 20 DAI. Variation in the ammonia released could be attributed to the type of GM added and to the degradation and subsequent N mineralization from these materials. Unconventional GMs, such as ipomoea and water hyacinth, degraded more slowly than popular leguminous GMs S. aculeata and gliricidia.
Soil traits, particularly texture and its associated characteristics, influence decomposition of added organic material. Similarly, chemical composition of organic matter, such as lignin and total carbon, controls mineralization and release of plant nutrients.
Effect of urea application timing on ammonia volatilization in green manureamended wetland rice soil
R. S. Rekhi and M. S. Bajwa, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana 141004, India
Effect of green manure and urea N on vapor pressure of ammonia ( NH 3 ) in floodwater.

a Values in parentheses
Laboratory and greenhouse studies on mineralization of green manure (GM) show that peak NH 4 + -N release occurs about 10 d after incorporation. We studied the effects of urea application timing on floodwater parameters and ammonia volatilization in a wetland ricefield during 1990. The soil is a calcareous, alluvial sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept) with pH of 8.4, 0.35% organic C, 0.06% total N, CEC of 5.3 c mol/kg, and percolation rate of 12 cm/d. Treatments included 60 kg N/ha as GM Sesbania aculeata; GM and various combinations of 60 kg N/ha as urea applied at transplanting, 21 d after transplanting (DT), and 42 DT; and 120 and 180 kg N/ha as urea applied in three splits (see table). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Floodwater samples collected between 1200 and 1400 h were analyzed for pH, ammoniacal N, and temperature to calculate the vapor pressure
show kg N/ha applied at transplanting, 21 DT, and/or 42 DT. b GM supplied 60 kg N/ha.
of ammonia ( NH3). Ammonia volatilization was estimated directly by capturing the ammonia flush from the soil in two acid traps per plot. The NH 3 in floodwater peaked two days after fertilizer application, followed by a sharp decline on the third day. It remained low until urea was topdressed at 21 or 42 DT (see figure), at which time NH3 again increased rapidly. The NH3 values were higher in the GM plus urea treatments than in the urea treatments at transplanting and at topdressing, suggesting a higher potential of ammonia loss in GM-amended soil. Ammoniacal N concentration and floodwater alkalinity supported the observation (data not reported).
Effect of urea and GM N on ammonia volatilization loss (kg N/ha) at different days after transplanting. PAU, Ludhiana, India. Days after transplanting Treatment 0-4 N (40-40-40) a N (60-60-60) GM b +N (0-0-0) GM+N (60-0-0) GM+N (0-60-0) GM+N (0-0-60) GM+N (20-20-20) 1.0 1.7 1.0 2.8 1.0 1.0 1.3 4-7 0.3 0.9 0.6 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 7-10 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 10-21 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 21-25 1.7 1.9 0.2 0.2 2.3 0.2 1.1 25-30 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.4 30-42 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 42-47 0.9 1.8 0.1 0.2 0.3 2.0 1.0 47-52 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.4 Total 6.2 9.0 2.9 6.6 6.6 5.7 5.7
a Values in parentheses show kg N/ha applied at transplanting, 21 DT, and/or 42 DT. b GM supplied 60 kg N/ha.
The higher alkalinity (CO 3 -2 + HCO3- ) in GM-amended treatments was attributed to an increase in partial pressure of CO2 during GM decomposition. The sharp decline of NH3 was commensurate with a decline of ammoniacal N concentration in floodwater, probably due to volatilization losses and downward movement by mass flow. Although NH3 did not provide an absolute measure of ammonia loss, results suggest that percolating soils generally have lower potential for ammonia volatilization. As expected, the direct estimate showed a low amount of ammonia volatilization, ranging from 2.9 to 9.0 kg N/ha (see table). The losses were selectively higher during the 7 d following fertilizer application in the GM plus urea treatment at transplanting compared with GM treatments and urea application at 21 or 42 DT; the GM plus no urea treatment showed lower volatile ammonia loss. GM-amended wetland rice soils undergo lower volatilization losses when urea is applied at active tillering or panicle initiation rather than at transplanting. Ammonia volatilization, however, is not an important loss mechanism in soil with a high percolation rate.
17
Fertilizer management
Seasonal influence on placement of urea supergranules in rice
K. E. Savithri and M. R. C. Pillai, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 680654, lndia
inorganic sources
5, 10, 15, and 20 d after transplanting (DT), and 56 kg N/ha as urea in two equal splits as a basal application and at panicle initiation. All treatments received a uniform basal dose of 19.8 kg P/ha and 37.3 kg K/ha. Two seedlings/hill were transplanted at 20- 10-cm spacing. Total rain was 2,393 mm during WS and 239 mm during DS. Soil at the experimental site is a sandy clay loam. Soil characteristics are in Table 1. Urea supergranules were not superior over a split application of urea during WS, but the effect of USG placement was significant during DS (Table 2). This seasonal difference was probably due to the sand in the soil and the different
Placing urea supergranules (USG) in the reduced zone is a practical method to increase N use efficiency in transplanted lowland rice. Rice is grown in wet season (WS) (Apr/May-Sep/Oct) and dry season (DS) (Sep/Oct-Dec/Jan) in Kerala, India. We investigated whether the effects of USG placement on the crop differ for the seasons and whether crop performance is affected by timing of USG placement. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications for two consecutive seasons at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, Kerala. We applied 56 kg N/ha as USG at transplanting and
Table 1. Soil characters of the experimental site. Pattambi, Kerala, India. Physicochemical character pH Organic C (%) Total N (%) Available P (kg/ha) Available K (kg/ha) CEC (meq/100 g soil) Particle size distribution Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) 5.5 1.62 0.18 14.2 191.0 13.9
amounts of rain. Rainfall was heavy but intermittent in the WS, resulting in alternate wetting and drying of the soil. This caused more nitrification of USG than usual for a heavy soil despite deep placement. Heavy rains caused the nitrate N to be leached from the root zone. Nitrification rate during DS was expected to be the same, but the leaching loss was less due to low rainfall, resulting in higher efficiency of deeply placed USG. Timing of USG placement did not significantly influence rice yield during either season. In sandy clay loam soils, USG effectively increases N use efficiency of lowland rice under low rainfall and controlled water situations. Placement can be done any time between transplanting and 20 DT. available P/g soil. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications, using 1- 1-m isotope plots lined with polythene. Nutrient sources and their 15N-labeled materials were alternately applied to plots to trace the dynamics of plant and chemical fertilizer N. Rice variety BG38/4 was transplanted. The crop harvest, stubble, and soil were analyzed at harvest for total N and 15N. S. speciosa applied under conservation farming removed the most soil-incorporated plant N through crop harvest (see table). Significantly large amounts of soilincorporated plant N were found in stubble with S. speciosa application and the traditional system when compared with S. rostrata application. The biggest loss of soil-incorporated plant N was with S. rostrata, meaning that the soil did not retain it well. Chemical fertilizer did not show significant differences among the systems except for its high retention in stubble under S. speciosa. S. rostrata appeared to stimulate the release of soil N (positive added N interaction), as reflected in the crop harvest. The low net N removal from the traditional system is probably compensated for by the biological N2 fixation (BNF) associated with soil-incorporated materials from natural fallow. Soil N
Fate of applied N in traditional, modern, and conservation farming systems of lowland rice in Sri Lanka
G. Seneviratne and S. A. Kulasooriya, Botany Department, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
64.3 10.2 24.1
Table 2. Seasonal influence on placement of USG. Pattambi, Kerala, India. Grain yield (t/ha) Treatment WS 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.7 ns b
b
DS 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.0 0.3
Difference 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.4
USG USG USG USG USG Urea
at transplanting at 5 DT a at 10 DT at 15 DT at 20 DT in 2 splits
LSD (0.05)
a
DT = d after transplanting.
ns = not significant.
We compared the soil N fertility of' traditional and modern rice farming systems prevailing in Sri Lankas dry zone with that of conservation farming. Applied N availability, retention, and loss in rice were studied using the 15N isotope technique. The nutrient source in the traditional system is soil-incorporated vegetation that grows during the fallow period; that in the modem system is chemical fertilizer, applied according to Department of Agriculture recommendations (see table). Conservation farming involves a basally applied leguminous green manure ( Sesbania rostrata or S. speciosa ) followed by topdressed chemical fertilizers (half of the recommended N and all of the recommended P and K). The study was conducted in a lowland site at Maha Illuppallama. The soil is Tropaqualf with pH of 7.3, 4.4% organic matter, 0.095% total N, and 94 g
18
Fate of applied N in traditional, modern, and conservation farming systems. a Maha Illuppallama, Sri Lanka. Farming system Applied N (kg/ha) PI Cf Removal by crop harvest (kg N/ha) PI Cf so Retained in stubble (kg N/ha) PI Cf so Retained in soil (kg N/ha) PI Cf Losses b (kg N/ha) PI Cf Net removal of N from farming system (kg/ha) 5.1 c 18.7 b
Traditional: natural fallow incorporation Modern: full amount recommended chemical fertilizer Conservation: a) S. rostrata + 1/2 recommended chemical fertilizer b) S. speciosa + 1/2 recommended chemical fertilizer LSD (0.05) CV (%)
a
63 -
87
7.6 (12.1 b) -
28.7 b
16.1 28.3 b (18.8 a)
1.1 (1.7 a) -
4.4 b 1.7 (2.0 b) 3.5 c
23.6 (37.5 a) -
9.4 (10.8 a)
30.7 (48.7 b) -
59.8 (68.7 a)
40
44
4.5 (11.7 b) 5.0 (16.6 a) 4.2 19.3
9.4 36.4 a 0.6 (20.3 a) (1.0 b) 9.9 30.6 b 0.6 (21.9 a) (2.0 a) 7.5 23.0 2.9 4.71 0.6 17.2
1.1 (2.5 b) 1.7 (3.9 a) 0.6 10.4
4.9 ab
4.8 6.1 30.1 (12.0 c) (13.9 a) (75.3 a) 8.9 (29.7 b) 7.6 14.2 3.6 15.5 (8.2 a) (51.7 b) 6.7 30.5 9.3 7.94
27.4 (62.3 a) 28.8 (65.5 a) 7.4 5.67
25.3 a
30
44
5.4 a
17.9 b
0.6 7.03
2.3 7.34
Pl = plant (green manure/natural fallow), Cf = chemical fertilizer, So = soiI. Values within parentheses indicate amounts as percentages of applied N. In the same column, values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. b Losses from soil through leaching to subsoil. denitrification. and NH 3 volatilization.
fertility is sustained because rice straw incorporation can fix 20 kg N/ha. Other sources do not replenish net N removed in the modem system because adding chemical N fertilizer brings negative N
balance in ricefields. This tends to decrease soil N fertility in the long run. It has, however, been reported that incorporating fresh leaves of Sesbania spp. into soil under flooded condition could
increase nonsymbiotic BNF. More data are needed to fully evaluate the sustainability of N fertility in conservation farming.
Integrated pest management

Occurrence of rice tungro disease in central Vietnam
Ngo Vinh Vien, Ha Minh Trung, Plant Protection Research Instltute, Chem, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam; and H. Koganezawa, IRRI
diseases
disease, but not the brown planthopper or whitebacked planthopper. We examined the transmission manner by allowing 70 GLH to feed on infected IR17494 plants for 24 h. GLH were transferred serially onto 10-d-old seedlings in tubes for a 24-h inoculation access time. Forty-five GLH transmitted the disease. Maximum retention period of the agent in GLH was 5 d (see table). These results indicate that GLH transmits the disease in a semipersistent manner. Using ELISA, we detected both rice tungro spherical virus and rice tungro bacilliform virus in infected plants. Therefore, RTD is the cause of the yellow leaf symptoms.
Symptoms similar to those of rice tungro disease (RTD) were first observed in Vietnam in 1982. The disease reached epidemic levels in 1990 on about 20,000 ha of summer-autumn rice grown in Khanh Hoa, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, and
Retention period of the agent of yellow leaf symptoms in GLH. Days after acquisition 1 2 3 4 5 6
a70 GLH were tested.
No. of infective insectsa 42 36 20 8 2 0
Quang Nam-Da-Nang provinces in central Vietnam. The usual symptoms were yellow leaves and stunting. Leaf discoloration started from the tip, and mottle symptoms were sometimes observed on young leaves. Plants infected early often had delayed flowering, small panicles, and a high percentage of sterile and unfilled or empty grains. Although late-infected plants did not show any symptoms, ratoons grown from their stubble did. Varieties IR17494, IR8, IR9823, Binh dinh, CN47, CN78, VL 12, and LD84 were severely affected; IR64, TH28, IR68, and KSB21 were considered resistant. As RTD had never before been reported in the region, we conducted insect transmission tests and an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Preliminary tests using insects with 10-d acquisition periods and 24-h inoculation periods indicated that the green leafhopper (GLH) transmitted the
19

Thrips affected by steam distillates of resistant varieties and wild rices
R. Velusamy, M. Ganesh Kumar, and Y. S. Johnson Thangaraj Edward, Agricultural Entomology Department, Tamil Nadu Agriultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 641003, India; and B. Thayumanavan and S. Sadasivam, Biochemistry Department, TNAU
insects
Effect of steam distillate extracts of resistant varieties and wild rices on S. biformis ovipositional behavior and larval mortality.a Treatment Control Control (acetone) Ptb21 Rathu Heenati Swarnalata O. officinalis O. latifolia SEM
by DMRT.
Eggs laid (no.) 25 a 22 a 9 cd 11 bc 13 b 4 e 7 de 1.24 1.30 1.30 0.71 0.71 1.14 0.71 0.71
Larval mortality (%) 2 c 4 c 40 b 44 b 36 b 82 a 76 a 3.35 0.63 0.63 3.16 2.45 4.00 3.74 5.10
Extracts of steam distillates of varieties Ptb21, Rathu Heenati, and Swarnalata and wild rices Oryza officinalis (Acc. 101114) and O. latifolia (Acc. 100963) were bioassayed against greenhousereared Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall). Leaves of 30-d-old plants grown in an insectproof screenhouse were harvested and ground with an electric grinder. Distillation and extraction were done following the Saxena and Skech method developed at IRRI. Susceptible TN1 plants were grown in 16-cm-diam pots. Single tillers of 30-dold plants were sprayed with 1 ml of acetone-water solution containing extract at the rate of 2,000 ppm. Controls were treated with acetone or nothing. To determine the effect of the extracts on oviposition behavior of thrips, each plant was infested with five gravid females and then covered with a mylar cage. Eggs were counted 3 d after their release. To determine toxicity, ten 1st-instar larvae were placed on each seedling after the acetone had evaporated; the seedling was then covered with a mylar cage. Larval mortality was recorded after 24 h. Each treatment was replicated five times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. All of the extracts adversely affected the ovipositional behavior of S. biformis (see table). The wild rice extracts were more effective than those of the resistant varieties. Al1 of the extracts were toxic to some degree to 1st-instar thrips. The wild rice extracts were most toxic (see table).
a Mean of 5 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level
Sampling spiders during the rice fallow period

G. S. Arida and K. L. Heong, IRRI
Spiders commonly found on growing rice either migrate to nonrice environments after harvest or remain within the harvested field, residing in soil crevices or on bunds during the fallow period. Methods to sample arthropod populations from growing rice are not adequate for sampling crevices during the fallow period. We compared different sampling techniques in a ricefield in Nueva Ecija, Philippines, 3 wk after harvest. The field was dry with soil crevices about 40 cm deep. A square (1 1 0.3 m) metal frame (gauge #12) was placed randomly in the field and hammered 5 cm below ground level. A sticky material (Tanglefoot) was applied in a 5-cm-wide strip on both the outside and inside of the frame above ground level to prevent spiders from moving in and out of the sampling area. The experiment was replicated four times. Spiders in the enclosed area were sampled by simple observation, pouring water inside the frame, and digging into the crevices. With the first technique, spiders were observed for some time and then caught as they emerged from crevices. Individuals trapped in the metal frames were also collected. The other techniques involved forcing the arthropods out: in the second, about 300 liters
Species and number of spiders collected per m 2 from soil crevices 3 wk after rice harvest. Nueva Ecija, Philippines. 1993 dry season.
of water per frame were poured into the crevices; in the third, the crevices were opened with a metal bar. For all methods, spiders leaving the crevices were either collected by hand or were caught in the sticky material and then collected. The frames were left overnight and catches on the inside were later gathered. Results show that spiders inhabited field crevices even at 3 wk after harvest (see figure). Pouring water inside a frame appears to be an effective sampling method and is especially good for catching jumping spiders, such as Pardosa sp.
20
Host plant range of Pseudococcus saccharicola Takahashi

J. L. A. Catindig and A. T. Barrion, IRRI; and J. A. Litsinger, 1365 Jacobs Place, Dixon, CA 95620, USA
Mealybug P. saccharicola sometimes occurs on rice cultured in the greenhouse. We compared its development on 24 common ricefield plants from families Poaceae (20) and Cyperaceae (4). Twenty-five- to 30-d-old individual host plants were maintained in 20-cmdiam clay plots. Plants were covered with 10- x 72-cm cylindrical mylar cages with side and top nylon mesh (1 mm2) vents. Five pairs of newly emerged adults were
released per cage in a no-choice test. Host suitability was based on survivorship and nymphal stage duration of the issuing progeny. Each cage was a treatment in a randomized complete block design with 10 replications. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse at an average temperature of 28.0 1.2 C and 66.0 2.9% relative humidity. Nymphs survived on 17 of the 24 plants tested (see table). Significantly higher survival rates occurred with rice (90.6%), Echinochloa glabrescens (81.2%), and Panicum repens (80.5%). The most progeny per female were produced on P. repens (39.0 nymphs) and E. glabrescens (38.2 nymphs). The shortest life cyclesand therefore the
most nutritious hostsoccurred on rice and E. glabrescens (21.0 d), followed by Triticum aestivum (21.5 d) and Paspalidium,flavidum (22.2 d). Plant hosts were ranked overall and for each life cycle parameter by taking the average of the survival, progeny, and life cycle rankings. The top-ranked hosts overall were rice > E. glabrescens = P. repens > Leptochloa chinensis. Ischaemum rugosum and Cyperus iria were the least acceptable hosts with the lowest nymphal survival of 9.0- 11.6% and the longest life cycle of 25.2-26.0 d. Seven speciesfour Poaceae and three Cyperaceaewere not hosts of P. saccharicola.
Host plant range of P. saccharicola a . IRRI greenhouse, Feb-May 1990. Parameter Host Nymphal survival (%) b Progeny (no. crawlers/female) Duration of life cycle (d) c Overall average ranking d
Poaceae TN1 rice Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook f. Panicum repens L. Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf. Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Cameron Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Leersia hexandra Sw. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Paspalum paspalodes (= P. distichum L.) Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf. lschaemum rugosum Salisb. Cyperaceae Cyperus iria L.
a
90.6 81.2 80.5 70.4 63.9 50.4 58.8 11.2 26.8 40.2 25.6 28.9 11.6 14.0 12.1 9.0
4.2 a 2.5 ab 10.8 ab 21.1 bc 18.0 b d 18.3 de 11.2 cd 6.0 18.0 32.3 11.1 21.1 5.1 3.1 6.3 1.6 gh fg ef fg fg gh gh gh gh
30.5 38.2 39.0 19.0 13.5 17.8 12.2 23.2 15.5 13.0 15.2 8.5 16.2 19.2 12.2 11.5
4.5 bc 6.2 ab 10.5 a 9.4 de 4.4 ef 5.6 d f 3.1 ef 9.0 cd 10.2 def 8.5 ef 5.1 def 4.7 f 3.9 d f 7.1 de 3.1 ef 2.4 ef
21.0 21.0 25.0 22.8 21.5 22.8 24.8 22.2 25.2 27.2 30.0 30.8 27.0 26.5 28.8 26.0
0.8 2.2 0.8 3.9 0.6 2.1 1.5 4.8 2.5 1.0 2.9 1.3 1.6 1.3 0.5 3.4
a a cd bc a bc cd ab cde def f f def def def def
1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 13
11.6
9.2
gh
12.5
7.0
ef
25.2
2.5
c-e
13
Av of 10 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P < 0.01) by LSD statistical test. No nymphs survived on Chloris barbata Sw., Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C. E. Hubb., lmperataca cylindrica (L.) Beauv., and lsachne globosa (Thund.) O. K. in the Poaceae family, or on Cyperus brevfolius (Rottb.) Hassk., C. rotundus L., and C. kyllingia Endl. in the Cyperaceae family.
b
Nymphal survival (%) =
Crawlers becoming adults (no.) lnitial crawlers (no.)
100. c n = 10. d1 = best, 13 = worst.
21
Host plant range of leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar)

J. L. A. Catindig and A. T. Barrion, IRRI, and J. A. Litsinger, 1365 Jacobs Place, Dixon, CA 95620, USA
C. bipunctata is commonly found in habitats associated with rice, and it can vector rice diseases such as rice leaf gall and stripe virus. Its development was studied on 33 common ricefield plants belonging to families Poaceae (24), Cyperaceae (6), and Leguminosae (3). Each species was established in 20-cmdiam clay pots. Five pairs of newly emerged adults, from a colony maintained on rice in a greenhouse, were released onto 25- to 30d-old individual host plants enclosed in 10- 72-cm cylindrical mylar cages with
side and top nylon mesh (1 mm 2) vents. Insects were allowed to oviposit for 5 d. Nymphal survival and fecundity were used to determine host suitability. Each caged plant served as a treatment. The no-choice experiment was replicated 10 times in a randomized complete block design in a greenhouse where temperature averaged 27.6 1.5C and relative humidity, 66.8 3.1%. Eighteen plants from Poaceae and one from Cyperaceae supported complete development of the leafhopper. Percentage survival was highest on maize (93.5%), Digitaria sanguinalis (91.8%), Paspalum paspalodes (88.6%), and Ischaemum rugosum (75.4%). Survival was lowest on wheat (7.0%) and Cyperus rotundus (1.0%) (see table). The shortest nymphal duration was recorded on maize (18.6 d), Echinochloa
colona (20.5 d), and Eriochloa procera (21.4 d). The longest duration was on C. rotundus (25.0 d). Females laid the most eggs on maize (729/5 females) and the least (0.4-0.7/5 females) on two Cyperus spp. Five ovipositional hosts, four Poaceae and one Cyperaceae, failed to support complete insect development. Maize was ranked as the best accepted host as it had the highest nymphal survival and shortest nymphal duration. It was followed by P. paspalodes > D. sanguinalis > I. rugosum > Paspalidium flavidum, C. rotundus was the least fit host with the lowest survival and longest duration. Nine speciestwo Poaceae, four Cyperaceae, and three Leguminosaedid not support C. bipunctata.
Host plant range of C. bipunctata.a IRRI greenhouse, Jan-May, 1990. Parameter Host Nymphal survival (%) b Nymphal duration (d) c Eggs laid (no./5 females) Overall average rankingd
Poaceae Maize Paspalum paspalodes (= P. distichum) Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf. Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook f. Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Cameron Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ssp. hispidula Retz Honda E. colona (L.) Link Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C. E. Hubb Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Eleusine indica Gaertn. Panicum repens L. Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf. Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Rice TN1 lmperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Wheat Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. e Chloris barbata Sw. e Paspalum conjugatum Berg. e Leersia hexandra Sw. e Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L. C. difformis L. e
93.5 88.6 91.8 75.4 66.7 66.3 71.2 54.2 47.9 49.2 64.3 43.9 61.4 45.0 26.2 30.2 8.0 7.0 0 0 0 0
4.6 13.6 5.2 21.0 42.7 46.3 38.2 47.2 22.1 39.6 33.9 27.8 34.7 34.0 14.6 25.4 4.2 4.8
a ab a a-c b-e b-e a-d c-f d-g d-g b-e e-g c-e e-g gh f-h hi hi
18.6 22.5 24.0 23.5 22.6 22.1 23.9 22.1 20.5 21.4 23.6 22.5 23.7 22.5 23.6 24.0 23.5 23.1 0 0 0 0
2.4 0.7 0.5 1.1 2.1 0.6 1.8 0.6 2.1 2.2 5.1 1.8 0.7 0.9 1.7 0.5 1.3 1.1
a b-e f de b-e b-d ef bd ab ac ef b-e ef b-e ef f de de h h h h
729.0 88.5 82.6 44.8 29.5 19.9 66.5 19.7 16.8 20.5 26.9 44.8 19.7 11.7 2.4 15.3 3.4 3.0 8.5 7.6 2.2 1.0
344.1 a 41.7 b 37.2 bc 32.5 b-d 28.7 b-d 18.8 cd 47.5 b-d 12.1 cd 10.1 13.1 24.2 34.3 18.2 9.9 1.9 13.6 2.4 1.2 7.7 4.7 2.0 0.8 d cd b-d b-d cd d d d d d d d d d
1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 13 15 15 15 15
i i i i
i i
1.0 0
0.8
25.0 0
0 g h
0.7 0.4
0.5 d 0.2 d
14 15
aAv of 10 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P < 0.01) by LSD statistical test. Nymphs did not survive and eggs were not
laid on Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. and lsachne globosa (Thund.) O. K. In the Poaceae family; on C. brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk., C. iria L., C. diffusa L., and Fimbristylis miliacea L. In the Cyperaceae family; and on soybean, mungbean, and cowpea in the Leguminosae family.
bSurvival (%) = Nymps becoming adults (no.)
lnitial nymphs [no.)
100.
n = 10. d 1 = best, 15 = worst. eNo nymphs survived.
22
Developmental biology and host plant range of rice earcutting caterpillar Mythimna separata (Walker)
J. L. A. Catindig and A. T. Barrion, IRRI; and J. A. Litsinger, 1365 Jacobs Place, Dixon, CA 95620, USA
Forty-one common ricefield plants from families Poaceae (25). Cyperaceae (6), Commelinaceae (3), Leguminosae (3), and one each from Amaranthaceae, Pontederiacea, Portulacaceae, and Onagraceae were evaluated as host plants to M. separata. Ten unfed newly emerged larvae from a culture maintained on rice in a greenhouse were placed on a 25- to 30-d-old test plant in a 20-cm-diam clay pot within a 10- 72-cm cylindrical mylar cage with side and top nylon mesh (1 mm 2) vents. Each cage was a treatment. Host suitability was determined by percentage of larval survival to pupation, larval developmental period, and number of eggs laid/female. The no-choice experiment was replicated 10 times in a
randomized complete block design conducted in a greenhouse where temperature averaged 26.7 0.9 C and relative humidity, 72.4 4.5%. Ovipositional preference and fecundity were also determined in a no-choice experiment. Two 3- to 5-d-old pupae reared on rice were placed in a larval developmental cage as described above. Honey solution (10%) in a cotton mesh provided food for the moths. Thirty-one plant species supported complete larval development (Table 1). Larval survival to pupation was highest on Leptochloa chinensis (58%), Isachne globosa (54%), Paspalum paspalodes (53%), and rice (51 %). Larval survival was not higher (<80%) due to mold infections. Larval development was shortest on rice (19.2 d), which was significantly shorter than on L. chinensis (21.7 d). Development was longest on Imperata cylindrica (34.8 d) and Brachiaria distachya (37.8 d). All 41 species were accepted as ovipositional hosts. Preference was rice > Paspalum scrobiculatum > Digitaria
ciliaris > P. paspalodes > Leersia hexandra > I. globosa. Females laid the fewest eggs on Commelina diffusa, mungbean, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, and Ludwigia octovalvis. Moths laid smooth, shiny yellowishwhite spherical eggs in rows. On rice, egg incubation lasted 3 d and larvae passed five stadia in 20 d (Table 2). Prepupation lasted 2.0 d and pupation, 8.3 d. Total development from egg to adult emergence was 30.2 d and female longevity was 10.8 d. Fecundity was 220 59.6 eggs/female. M. separata larvae, although polyphagous, showed incomplete development on 10 species: three in Poaceae, two in Commelinaceae, and one each in Leguminosae, Amaranthaceae, Pontederiaceae, Portulacaceae, and Onagraceae (Table 1). Overall host ranking was rice > L. chinensis > P. paspalodes > P. conjugatum > E. colona.
Table 1. Comparative developmental biology of M. separata on 41 plants. a IRRI greenhouse, May-Mar 1990. Parameter Host Nymphal survival (%) b Nymphal duration (d) c Eggs laid (no./5 females) Overall average rankingd
Poaceae Rice TN1 Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Paspalum paspalodes (= P. distichum L.) P. conjugatum Berg. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link lsachne globosa (Thunb.) O. K. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ssp. hispidula (Retz.) Honda Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Maize Eleusine indica Gaertn. Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook f. Chloris barbata Sw. Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Leersia hexandra Sw. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C. E. Hubb. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Beauv. Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Cameron Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf.
51.0 58.0 53.0 31.0 47.0 54.0 42.0 33.0 30.0 33.0 31.0 26.0 23.0 19.0 15.0 16.0 30.0 13.0 24.0 2.0 3.0
1.5 19.3 18.9 3.2 13.4 19.0 18.7 24.1 11.6 13.4 15.3 14.5 21.6 12.0 9.7 5.2 17.0 4.8 18.4 0.3 2.8
ab a ab cde ab a bc cd def d-i cde d-g d-i e-j g-k g-j def h-m d-h I-n k-n
19.2 21.7 26.8 22.2 27.9 30.7 29.2 27.6 26.9 25.0 29.7 29.1 27.7 27.9 26.0 32.0 36.4 29.0 29.0 32.0 37.8
0.8 0.8 2.6 0.9 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.4 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.7 2.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.5 0.8
a ab ef bc fh i-k h-k f-h fg cd h-k g-j f-h f-h de j-l m f-i cd j-l n
220.0 76.9 135.0 45.4 73.0 121.3 34.5 5.8 10.5 29.4 50.1 79.3 143.7 124.6 21.8 21.8 154.0 1.7 43.4 58.9 62.1
59.6 3.8 16.9 9.3 86.4 58.6 13.0 4.4 5.3 8.4 15.5 55.7 53.0 19.1 9.7 10.7 61.1 1.1 23.9 41.4 34.5
a def bc f-l d-g c h-o no l-o i-o e-k de bc bc k-o k-o b no g-m d-j d-i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 22 23 24
26
continued on next page
23
Table 1 continued Host Parameter Nymphal survival (%) b Nymphal duration (d) c Eggs laid (no./5 females) 22.2 4.3 65.8 21.4 13.2 9.3 10.8 10.2 k-o no d-h k-o Overall average ranking d 26 27 28 29
lmperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Panicum repens L. Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf. Bambusa sp. Cyperaceae Cyperus iria L. C. rotundus L. C. kyllingia Endl. C. difformis L. Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Commelina benghalensis L. Leguminosae Soybean Mungbean Cowpea Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus L. Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl. Portulacaceae Portulaca oleraceae L. Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven CV (%) LSD (0.1) LSD (0.5)
a b
1.0 0 0 0
0.2 mn n n n
34.8 0 0 0
1.6 I 0 0 0
30.0 18.0 14.0 8.0 3.0 27.0
14.1 15.5 5.2 6.3 2.8 16.4
def f-j h-l j-n k-n d-g
27.9 28.2 28.3 29.5 33.8 31.0
1.1 0.9 1.4 1.6 0.8 0.8
f-h f-h f-h h-k kl i-k
26.6 28.0 43.3 15.8 36.7 85.8
17.1 19.1 19.0 8.9 23.2 44.1
j-o i-o g-m l-o h-n d
11 17 19 20 25 30
11.0 0 0
3.2 i-n n n
28.9 0 0
0.6 fi 0 0
7.8 19.8 12.4
4.7 no 9.0 k-o 9.6 l-o
21 29 33
1.0 1.0 0
0.5 mn 0.7 mn n
29.7 30.8 0
1.1 h-k 0.9 i-k 0
18.9 2.1 24.0
17.0 k-o 2.6 no 16.5 k-o
22 25 29
30.9
16.2 i-o
29
14.1
4.6 l-o
32 31
10.3
3.3 mno
0 66.4 36.7 27.9
0 66.5 13.9 10.6
1.1 66.6 0.6 0.5
1.00
34
Av of 10 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P <0.01) by LSD statistical test. survival (%) = Larvae pupating (no.) Total larvae (no.) 100.
c
n = 10.
1 = best, 34 = worst.
Table 2. Life history of M. separata. a IRRI greenhouse, May-Mar 1990. X SD Egg incubation (d) Larval stadium (d) I III IV V Prepupa (d) Pupa (d) Total developmental period (d) Moth longevity (d) Eggs laid (no./female)
a

Weed species in rice seedling nurseries in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt
S. M. Hassan, Rice Research and Training Center (RRTC), and A. N. Rao, IRRI/Egypt, RRTC, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
weeds
3.0 3.4 3.2 4.0 4.4 4.9 2.0 8.3 30.2 10.8 220.0
0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 0 0.7 2.0 2.8 59.6
II
n = 10.
We surveyed weeds in farmers rice seedling nurseries in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate in Egypt during 1992 summer season.
Twenty species belonging to 13 genera and 9 families were recorded in 30 nurseries. Grasses and broad-leaved weeds accounted for 74% of the species (see table). Those occurring most commonly were Cyperus difformis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Ammannia baccifera, E. colona, E. oryzoides, and Dinebra retroflexa. All of the farmers surveyed hand weeded the nurseries, achieving 50-70%
24
Weed species recorded in rice seedling nurseries in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate of Egypt. 1992 summer season.
Weed species
Cyperus difformis L. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Ammannia baccifera L. E. colona (L.) Link E. oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch. Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panzer Bergia capensis L. Cyperus longus L. E. phyllopogon (Stapf.) Koss. Paspalum distichum L. A. multiflora Roxb. Cyperus rotundus L. Leersia hexandra Sw. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. A. auriculata Willd. Lemna gibba L. Xanthium strumarium L. Lotus arabicus L. Chara sp. Azolla pinnata R. Br.
number of nurseries surveyed.
Family
Absolute presence a (n = 30) 28 27 24 21 17 16 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 5 4 3 2
Constancyb
Cyperaceae Poaceae Lythraceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Elatinaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae Poaceae Lythraceae Cyperaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Lythraceae Lemnaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae Characeae Azollaceae
0.93 0.93 0.80 0.70 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.27 0.23 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.10 0.07
weed control. Hand weeding cannot control Echinochloa spp. due to their morphological similarities with rice seedlings; they are therefore transplanted with rice. The farmers all pulled seedlings in bunches, along with the soil, to avoid making rice seedling bundles. This is another practice that results in transplanting rice and weeds, including E. crusgalli, E. oryzoides, E. colona, and C. difformis. Between 5 and 30% of rice hills were infested with transplanted weeds, which are highly competitive with rice.
a Number of nurseries in which the species was recorded. b Number of nurseries in which the species was recorded/total
Farming systems
Slash-and-burn upland rice production in Bolivias chapare region
J. A. Litsinger, 1365 Jacobs Place, Dixon, CA 95620, USA; E. Ayala and D. Cruz, lnstituto Boliviano de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Casilla no. 4067, Cochabamba, Bolivia
The chapare region of the Department of Cochabamba in Bolivia is located at the foot of the Andes in the Amazonian lowlands. Soils are acidic with pH of 4.05.5. Annual rainfall declines progressively from 5,000 mm in the southwest to 2,500 mm in the northeast. Bolivia has more than 120,000 ha of rice; all of it is upland on nonsloping land, and most is grown under mechanization on large farms. More than 15,000 ha are planted under slash-and-burn culture, however, which represents 6-10% of the countrys total rice production of 225,000 t. About two-thirds of Bolivias slash-and-burn
rice is planted in the chapare. Farmers have holdings of 5-50 ha. Lowland farm families consume an average 0.6-1.2 t milled rice per year. We interviewed 31 farmers from eight villages in Mar 1993 to describe the prevailing system of rice culture. Rice is normally planted in Oct with the onset of the wet season. The forest is cleared from Jul to Sep during dry season. Farmers slash brush and fell trees ( chacear), with time spent clearing depending on number of trees and average tree diameter. Virgin forests require a mean 36 d/ha to clear while regrowth (chume) requires a mean 26 d/ha. Brush and trees are left to dry for 1-2 mo before burning. Logs left after the first burn are piled for a second burning (9 d/ha). On cleared virgin forest land, farmers usually plant two rice crops, followed by maize and/or cassava in the third year. The land is fallowed for an average of 7 yr before being returned to rice. On the chume land, few soils are
sufficiently fertile for two consecutive rice crops. Land is left fallow for an average of 3 yr after cropping. In richer chume soils, banana follows the second year; in poorer soils, citrus and other fruits are planted. In the least fertile chume areas, rice is planted after clearing, and land is then fallowed for 3-7 yr before again planting rice. Most popular cultivars are longgrained and about 1 m tall. Blue Bonnet was grown by 31% of the farmers during the 1992-93 season, followed by Pico Negro (23%), Carolina (22%), Blue Belle (8%), Cateto (8%), CICA8 (4%), Dominicana (2%). and Argentina (2%). Blue Bonnet, CICA8, Dominicana, and Argentina mature in 140 d, the others in 90 d. Farmers prefer later maturing cultivars for higher yield and earlier maturing ones to escape pests or for more immediate food consumption. Seeds are planted in hills 25-40 cm apart using a dibble stick; on average, 9 seeds/hill are used. No purchased fertilizer is used. Virgin forest land
25
require an average of 0.8 weeding (mean of 8 d/ha) the first year and 1.6 weedings (17 d/ha) the next compared with chume land at 2.3 weedings (21 d/ha). Fifty-four percent of farmers sprayed insecticide for the large plant-sucking insect petilla TiBraca limbativentris ) or seed bugs. ( Some farmers reported losses to petilla of 50-80%. Rice is harvested panicle-by-panicle with a hand knife, and threshing is done by foot. Rice is not winnowed. Yields
reported from the past two seasons averaged 0.8 t/ha. The highest yield any farmer obtained was 3.7 t/ha. All of the farmers indicated weeds and lack of fertility to be their most important constraints, followed by petilla (80% of respondents). Other problems were mentioned by less than 27% of the farmers. Other insect pests are grasshoppers and spittle bug (Zulia sp.). Common diseases are both leaf and neck blast,
brown leaf spot, narrow brown spot, and leaf scald. Blast is the most important of these, but it does not cause yield loss every year. Because of the high labor input involved in slash-and-burn rice culture and stagnated yields, rainfed puddled rice culture might be an alternative in this high-rainfall area.
Yield ability and net return of rice-based cropping sequences under different water regimes in Bihar, India
U. K. Prasad, T. N. Prasad, and R. D. Singh, Agronomy Department, Rajendra Agricultural University (RAU), Bihar, Pusa (Samastipur) 848125, India
Table 2. Rice equivalence yield and net profit as influenced by irrigation levels and types of cropping sequences.a Bihar, India. 1986-91.
Level of irrigation Crop sequence Yield (t/ha) Rice - wheat green gram Rice . winter maize - black gram Rice - potato green gram Rice - Indian mustard green gram Rice - gram green gram 7.9 8.7 12.6 6.9 Suboptimal Net return ($/ha) 343.4 360.2 409.9 283.5 Yield (t/ha) 8.2 9.4 14.5 7.7 Optimal Net return ($/ha) 360.7 395.2 519.2 322.3 Supraoptimal Yield (t/ha) 8.7 9.9 15.2 8.2 Net return ($/ha) 377.6 409.8 544.1 343.0
Due to availability of irrigation water in Indias northern Bihar region, rice-based sequences of two or three crops a year have replaced the traditional rice monocrop. Irrigation water availability varies in the region. We studied the performance of various cropping sequences under different water regimes. The experiment was conducted in a medium lowland site at the RAU Farm with five cropping sequences: rice wheat - green gram, rice - winter maize black gram, rice - potato - green gram, rice - Indian mustard - green gram, and rice - gram (chickpea) - green gram. Three levels of irrigation treatments were used in winter and summer seasons based on either irrigation water depth-cumulative pan evaporation ratio (IW:CPE) or days after sowing. Early rice variety Saket was transplanted on 20-25 Jul during 1986-91;
7.0 Yield SEM
290.9
7.4
306.8 Net profit
7.6
315.7
CD (0.05) 0.3
SEM 6.8
CD (0.05) 18.9
Irrigation (I) at same level of cropping sequence (C) C at same level of I

aAv of 6 yr.
0.1
0.1
0.4
8.7
24.3
irrigation water was kept at 7 cm 3 d after disappearance of ponded water. The experiment was laid out in a splitplot design with a combination of winter
and summer irrigation in the main plots and cropping sequence in the subplots, replicated three times. Irrigation schedules and amounts for each crop were
Table 1. Irrigation schedules and amounts for each crop of different sequences. Bihar, India. 1986-91. Indian Wheat Irrigation level Schedule (IW:CPE)a Suboptimal Optimal Supraoptimal 0.5 0.7 0.9 Amount (cm) 12 18 24 Maize Schedule (IW:CPE) 0.5 0.7 0.9 Amount (cm) 18 24 30 Potato Schedule (IW:CPE) 0.6 0.9 1.2 Amount (cm) 12 12 18 mustard Schedule (DAS)
b
Gram Schedule (DAS) Rainfed 45 45, 75 Amount (cm) 0 6 12
Green gram and black gram Schedule (DAS) Rainfed 30 20,40 Amount (cm) 0 6 12
Amount (cm) 0 6 12
Rainfed 60 30, 60
aIW:CPE = irrigation water depth - cumulative pan evaporation ratio. b DAS = days after sowing.
26
determined (Table 1). Optimum levels were based on regression lines developed at the site using 6-7 irrigation levels. (In a regression line, a point above optimum was termed supraoptimum; a point below, suboptimum.) The soil is a sandy loam calcareous (23% CaCO 3) with pH of 8.4 (1:2 soil:water), developed from silty alluvium sediments with EC less than 0.6 dS/ m. The water table was 2.0-6.1 m from the surface. Soil sampled from 0-30 cm contained 275 kg N/ha, 21.5 kg P/ha, and 83 kg K/ha. Variation in irrigation levels and cropping sequences caused significant
differences in yield. The interaction between irrigation and cropping sequence was also significant. At each irrigation level, rice - potato - green gram yielded the most, followed by rice - winter maize - black gram. At the suboptimal and optimal levels, yields did not differ significantly between sequences containing mustard and gram. At the supraoptimal level, gram had a significant decrease in yield compared with mustard because gram does not respond to more frequent irrigation (Table 2). Variation in net return due to irrigation level and cropping sequence was significant, as was the interaction effect
between irrigation and cropping sequence. Net return grew significantly with each increase in irrigation level for rice - potato - green gram, but for rice winter maize - black gram, net return increased only up to the optimum irrigation level. Net returns were not significantly different between rice wheat - green gram and rice - winter maize - black gram at the suboptimal level; at higher levels, net return was superior for the latter (Table 2).
Research methodology
An improved protocol for nonradioactive DNA analysis using digoxigenin labeling
R. Mauleon, R. Scott, and R. Nelson, IRRI
We report here a simplified protocol for detecting membrane-bound DNA based on digoxigenin (DIG) labeling. DIG is a steroid which occurs naturally only in digitalis plants ( Digitaria lunata and D. purpurea). The possibility of contaminating most biological samples with DIGcontaining compounds is, therefore, minimal. In this procedure, the DIGlabeled DNA is hybridized to the target DNA. The labeled DNA hybrid is then detected in a two-step procedure, where an anti-DIG antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase is bound to the DIG-labeled probe. The physical location of the hybrids is then determined by using chromogenic or luminescent substrates for alkaline phosphatase. DNA labeling DIG is purchased as a labeled DNA precursor, DIG-11-dUTP (Boehringer Mannheim). This can be incorporated into a probe DNA by one of three methods: nick translation, random priming, or amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Our random priming and PCR labeling procedures are described.
DNA labeling by random priming. Probe DNA template is denatured for 10 min in a boiling water bath and chilled immediately on ice. The following are then added to every 10 l of template (100 ng to 3 g DNA): 2 l of 10X primer mix (random hexanucleotides, 62.5 U/ml; Tris-HCl, 0.5 M (pH 7.2); MgC1 2 , 0.1 M; dithioerythritol, 1 mM; and 2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin), 2 l 10X dNTP mix (dATP, 1 mM; dCTP, 1 mM; dGTP, 1 mM: dTTP, 0.65 mM; and DIG-11-dUTP, 0.35 mM), 5 l sterile distilled water, and 1 l Klenow enzyme (2 U/l). The resulting mixture is incubated for 2 h to overnight at 37 C. The reaction is stopped by adding 2 l of 0.2 M EDTA (pH 8). The labeled probe is precipitated by adding 10 l of tRNA (2 mg/ml), 3.5 l of 3 M sodium acetate, and 100 l of cold absolute ethanol. The addition of tRNA is optional but beneficial if labeling a small amount of DNA. The labeled DNA is pelleted at 12,000 rpm for 5 min, rinsed with 70% ethanol, vacuum-dried, and resuspended in 200 l TE-SDS (TrisHCl, pH 8, 10 mM; EDTA, 1 mM; SDS, 0.1 %). A fifth of the reaction is added to every 10-15 ml of hybridization buffer. The rest of the probe keeps indefinitely at 20 C. DNA labeling using PCR (adapted from a procedure from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center ).
A reaction mixture for thermal amplification is made with the following constitution: distilled water, 29.6 l; 10X Taq incubation buffer (Tris-HCl, pH 8, 100 mM; MgCl2 , 15 mM; KCl, 500 mM; and gelatin, 1 mg/ml), 5 l; 10X DIG-dNTP mix (dATP, dCTP, and dGTP, 2 mM each; dTTP, 1.65 mM; and DIG-dUTP, 0.35 mM), 5 l; primer mix (1 M each of M13-20 = 5'-GTAAAACGACGGCCAGT-3' and M13-R= 5'-AACAGCTATGACCATG-3'), 5 l; Taq polymerase (5 U/l), 0.4 l; and template DNA (1 ng/l), 5 l. Thermal cycling is performed using the following program: 94 C (1 min), 1 cycle; 94 C (1 min), 55 C (2 min), and 72 C (1 min), 25 cycles; and 72 C (1 min), 1 cycle. The amplified product is precipitated by adding 5 l of 3 M sodium acetate and 100 l of chilled absolute ethanol, rinsed with 70% ethanol, vacuum-dried, and resuspended in 50 l of TE (Tri-HCl, pH 8, 10 mM; and EDTA, 1 mM). Typical yield is 2.5 g. The M13 primers work for sequences cloned in pUC, pGEM, and pBluescript plasmids. Hybridization and washing The choice of blotting membrane is extremely important. We have had best results with positively charged nylon membrane (Hybond N+, Amersham). The
IRRN 19:1 (March 1994) 27
membrane is manipulated with utmost care and is only handled at the edges with forceps. The following is our procedure for hybridizing probes to DNA transferred on Hybond-N+ . Blots are hybridized at 68 C overnight in plastic boxes or sealed plastic bags using the following hybridization solution: 5X SSC; dried skim milk, 0.5%; sarcosyl, 0.1 %; SDS, 0.02%; and salmon sperm DNA, 100 g/ml. Blots are prehybridized initially for at least an hour in the solution without the probe. About 2.5 ml of probe-containing hybridization solution is used per 100-cm2 blot. Probes are denatured by boiling for 15 min in a water bath prior to addition to the hybridization solution. After hybridization, the following stringency washes are performed: twice for 5 min at room temperature with 2X SSC, 0.1 % SDS; and twice for 15 min at 68 C with 0.1X SSC, 0.1 % SDS. The prehybridization and probe-containing hybridization solution may be kept at -20 C and reused several times. The probe should be denatured, however, by boiling the solution in a water bath for 15 min before use. Detection of hybrids Chromogenic method. The following incubations for detection of probehybrids are performed at room temperature. The blot is washed for 1 min with buffer 1 (Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 100 mM; and 150 mM NaCl) and incubated in buffer 2 (buffer 1 with 100 g/ml sheared salmon sperm DNA and 2% dried skim milk or casein, or 0.5% blocking reagent [Boehringer Mannheim]) for 30 min. Buffer 2 is replaced with buffer 1 containing 1.50 mU/ml anti-DIG alkaline phosphatase conjugate (anti-DIG-AP [Boehringer Mannheim]) and the blot is incubated for another 30 min. Unbound anti-DIG-AP is then removed by two rinses of buffer 1 (plus 0.3% Tween 20), each for 15 min. The blot is washed for 2 min in buffer 3 (Tris-HC1, pH 9.5, 100 mM; NaCl, 100 mM; and MgCl2, 50 mM) and incubated with color substrate. The color substrate is prepared by adding 45 l NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium salt, 75 mg/ml in 70% dimethylformamide) and 35 l BCIP
(toluidinium salt of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3indolyl phosphate, 50 mg/ml in dimethylformamide) to 10 ml of buffer 3. Hybrid signals are visible after 1-2 h. The intensity of the signals is adjusted by shortening or prolonging the incubation of blots in the color substrate, but this is normally less than a day. After maximum strength of signals is reached, the blots are washed twice in distilled water and dried. Buffer 2 can be reused several times if kept frozen during storage. The anti-DIG-AP solution in buffer 1 may also be reused if several blots have to be processed but it is only active within 12 h at 4 C. Color blots can be reprobed, although somewhat laboriously, by washing off the stain with dimethylformamide at 65 C. After decolorization, the probe is stripped off by incubating the blots twice in 0.4 M NaOH for 15 min at 45 C. Blots are then rinsed with water and washed twice for 5 min with 2X SSC
at room temperature. The blots may be stored dry or used directly for reprobing. Luminescent method. This is the method of choice for blots that require frequent reprobing and is based on the emission of light during the dephosphorylation of AMPPD (3-[2'-spiroadamantane]-4-methoxy-4-[3'-phosphoryloxy]-phenyl-l,2-dioxetane). This procedure is similar to the chromogenic technique except that the substrate solution contains AMPPD instead (100 g/ml AMPPD in buffer 3). Blots in AMPPD solutions are wrapped neatly in clingfilm. X-ray film is exposed to these blots for 15 min or more (depending on the intensity of signals). Multiple exposures are possible since the light emission persists for 24 h. The AMPPD solution in buffer 3 can be reused up to five times within 2 mo of preparation. Probes are stripped in a manner similar to that in the chromogenic method.
Nonradioactive DNA analysis using biotin labeling and chemiluminescent detection

C. M. Vera Cruz, Plant Pathology Department, Kansas State University (KSU), Manhattan, Kansas; A. K. Raymundo, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines at Los Baos, Philippines; and J. E. Leach, KSU, Kansas, USA
The most common method for detecting DNA in blots involves using radioactively labeled probes. Technical advances in nonradioactive detection methodologies have made these attractive alternatives. The reagents for nonradioactive DNA analysis are relatively stable (the half-life of the most commonly used radioisotope, 32P, is 14 d). Using nonradioactive labeling reduces the frequency of shipping perishable and hazardous materials. Using nonradioactive probes eliminates exposure to radioactive materials and disposal of radioactive waste. Additionally, labeled probes are stable for at least several months. Several types of labeling and detection kits are available commercially. They vary in molecules used for labeling DNA (the ligand) and the labeling and detec-
tion methods. The biotin-avidin system is one of the most widely used nonradioactive labeling methods. Biotin is incorporated into the probe DNA as biotin- 11 -dUTP. Subsequently, avidin conjugated to alkaline phosphatase is bound to the biotin. The complex is detected using a chemiluminescent substrate for alkaline phosphatase (AMPPD, 3-[2'-spiroadamantane]-4methoxy-4-[3'-phosphoryloxy]-phenyl-1, 2-dioxetane). A simplified protocol based on the biotin-avidin system follows. DNA labeling and detection Biotin, purchased as biotin-11-dUTP, is substituted for dTTP in labeling reactions. The biotin can be incorporated into the DNA probe by nick translation, random priming, or amplification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Commercially prepared kits are available for each of these methods. The protocols for labeling and detection described here have been used with kits from Tropix (47 Wiggins Ave., Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA). DNA labeling using nick translation. Add the following to a microcentrifuge tube: 10 1 of DNA sample containing 0.03-2 g DNA, 3 l of dNTP mixture,
28
1 l of biotin-11-dUTP, 2 l of buffer concentrate, 2 l of sterile distilled water, and 2 l of enzyme mix. Mix by repeated pipetting. Centrifuge for a few seconds. Incubate tube for 30-60 min at 15 C. Add composition or heat at 65 C for 10 min to stop reaction. The labeled probe can be used without further purification.
Table 1. Hybridization solution. Amount Solution Stock ml/50 ml 0.1 17.5 25.0 1.5 ml/100 ml 0.2 35.0 50.0 3.0
Hybridization and washing
1 mM EDTA 7% SDS 0.25 M disodium phosphate, pH 7.2 Boiled salmon sperm DNA, 300 g/ml a
0.5 M EDTA 20% SDS 0.5 M 10 mg/ml
Hybridization. Prehybridize blot in a plastic bag or box with sufficient hybridization solution to cover it (Table 1). Incubate for 6 h at 65 C without shaking. Denature the labeled probe by boiling for 10 min. If desired, include labeled marker DNA corresponding to size standard on blot. Add denatured probe directly to hybridization solution. Mix and reincubate for 6-14 h at 65 C with gentle shaking. Store hybridization solution at -20 C for future use. Washing of blots. Wash blots twice with wash solution 1 for 5 min each time at 65 C with gentle shaking and then twice with wash solution 2 for 15 min under the same conditions. (See Table 2 for preparation of wash solutions.)
a10 mg/ml salmon sperm DNA in distilled water. Autoclave twice, aliquot, and store at -20 C. (Herring sperm DNA is an alternative to salmon sperm DNA.)
Table 2. Solutions for detection of biotin-labeled DNA. Amount (m1/100 ml) SDS 20% 20% SSC 10 0.5 5 SDS 5 5
Stock Solution SSC 20X 20X 20X
2X SSC, 1.0% SDS (Solutlon 1) 0.1X SSC, 1.0% SDS (Solution 2) 1x SSC 10X phosphate buffered saline a 0.58 M Na 2HPO4 0.17 M NaH 2PO4 0.68 M NaCl
1000 ml 82.3 g Na2HPO4 23.5 g NaH2PO4H2O 40.0 g NaCl
aMix Na HPO in 500 ml in small amounts at low heat to dissolve completely. Add NaH PO H O in small amounts until 2 4 2 4 4 completely dissolved. Add NaCI: dissolve completely (pH 8.2: 1X solution is about pH 7.3-7.4).
All steps are done with gentle shaking at room temperature. Wash blots briefly in 1X SSC. Wash blots in blocking buffer twice for 5 min and once for at least 20 min. (Blocking buffer is prepared by adding 0.1% Tween 20 [polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate] to 1X conjugate buffer [stir 1 % dried skim milk or casein into 1X phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Table 2) and microwave for 45 s or dissolve under low heat and mix].) Blots can be left overnight at this point. Cover the blot with 10 ml of the AVIDx-AP conjugate buffer and incubate for 30 min. (AVIDx-AP conjugate buffer [1:10000] is prepared by spinning AVIDx-AP conjugate for 4 min and then adding 1 l supernatant to 10 ml conjugate buffer.) Adjust amount so that blot is submerged, about 10 ml/100 cm 2 blot. Wash blots once in blocking buffer for
Signal detection by the AMPPD method
10 min. Wash in wash buffer four times for 5 min, and with assay buffer twice for 5 min. (Wash buffer is prepared by adding 0.3% Tween 20 to 1X PBS. Assay buffer is prepared by using 0.1 M diethanolamine [if solid, liquefy at 37 C], 0.96 m1/100 ml and 1 mM MgCl 2, [stock is 0.5 M], 0.20 m1/100 ml.) Incubate blots singly in AMPPD solution (50 g/ml in assay buffer) for 5 min. Store used AMPPD solution at 4 C; it can be reused at least eight times. Remove excess solution from blot by laying it briefly on a paper towel. Wrap the blots in plastic wrap and arrange in an X-ray cassette. In the dark room, place a film on the blots in the cassette and expose it for a 30-min test exposure. Develop the film. Expose for a longer or shorter period if needed. Luminescence continues for at least 24 h.
rapidly for 5 min at room temperature. Repeat twice. Wash blots twice for 5 min with 1X SSC at room temperature and air-dry or store wet in plastic wrap at 4 C.
IRRN REMINDER Reprint service. All items included in the Rice literature update are available at the IRRI Library and Documentaion Service. Photocopies of original documents (not to exceed 50 pages) are supplied free to rice scientists of developing countries. Rice scientists elsewhere are charged US$0.20 for each page or part of a page copied, plus postage. Make checks or money orders payable to Library and Documentaion Service, IRRI. Address requests to Library and Documentation Service, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila 1099, Philippines. Fax: (63-2) 818-2087, electronic mail: IN%"C. AUSTRIA@.CGNET.COM"
Reprobing
Keep blot moist in plastic wrap if it is to be reprobed. Heat 1X SSC with 1% SDS to 95 C. Pour over the blot and agitate
29
Aseptic mass collection of anthers for increasing efficiency of anther culture in rice breeding
H. P. Moon, K. H. Kang, and S. Y. Cho, Rice Breeding Division, Crop Experiment Station, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-100, Korea
Anther culture is widely used in rice varietal improvement programs in Korea. The first anther-derived rice cultivar, Hwaseongbyeo, was developed in 1985. Five more have been developed since: Hwacheongbyeo, Hwajinbyeo, Hwaryeongbyeo, Joryeongbyeo, and Hwaseonchalbyeo. These cultivars are being grown on more than 10% of the rice area in Korea. Recent advances have resulted in increased callus induction and plant regeneration, thus increasing the efficiency of anther culture breeding. Methods normally used for extracting anthers from rice florets and placing them on media, however, are laborious and time-consuming. They are not appropriate for breeding programs requiring many regenerated plants. We devised a simple apparatus for aseptic mass collection of anthers. Assembled, it consists of a vacuum source (Fig. la) and an aseptic anthercollecting part, made up of a stainless steel cylinder body, 10-ml tube, and extracting glass pipet-tip (Fig. 1b). After being autoclaved, it is used directly in the assembled apparatus. Rice florets with anthers at the proper stage (uninucleate-binucleate) are clipped and then sucked up by the vacuum with power pressure of 14-20 mm Hg. The collected anthers are immediately transferred from the tube to callus induction medium with a sterilized spatula or forceps in a laminar flow cabinet or clean benches. We conducted a simple test that showed the anther-plating efficiency of vacuum-collecting to be three times more efficient than that of the conventional method. It took 592 min to plate 5,980 anthers on callus medium with vacuum collection and 601 min to plate 1,743 anthers using the conventional method (see table).
30 IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)
a) The assembled apparatus for aseptic mass collection of anthers consists of a vacuum source and an aseptic anthercollecting part; b) close-up of the anther-collecting part, made of a stainless steel cylinder body, 10ml tube, and extracting tip.
Comparison of anther-plating efficiency and anther culture response between vacuum collection and the conventional method used in rice anther culture.a
Anthercollecting method
Anther plating Anthers plated (no.) 5980 1743 Time elapsed (min) 592 601 Time/100 anthers (min) 9.9 34.5
Anther culture response Callusing no. 1046 303 % 17.5 17.4 Plant regenerationb no. 2224 364 % 40.5 20.5
Vacuum Conventional
a b
Mean of 6 replications with 5 japonica genotypes. Plant regeneration (%) = No. of plants regenerated No. of anthers plated 100.
Frequency of callus induction from anthers was similar for both methods. Plant regeneration rate and absolute number of plantlets were far greater using the vacuum-collecting method (see table). Possible damage and desiccation of immature anthers from suction did not harm anther culturability. With the vacuum-collecting method,
large amounts of anthers can be gathered quickly and easily, with reduced contamination during collection and plating. This method can enhance efficiency, particularly when sampling large breeding populations. It can also be useful in pollen culture where many isolated pollens are needed for culturing and in in vitro selection at haploid level.
Polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA from bacterial pathogens of rice using specific oligonucleotide primers
B. Cottyn, A. T. Bautista, and R J. Nelson, IRRI; J. E. Leach, Plant Pathology Department, Kansas State University, USA, J. Swings, Laboratory of Microbiology, Rijks Universiteit Gent, Belgium. and T. W. Mew, IRRI
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful molecular technique that allows a segment of DNA to be amplified more than a millionfold even when the tem-
plate DNA is present in a very tiny amount. The technique involves cycles of denaturation of duplex template DNA, annealing of two oligonucleotide primers to specific regions in the DNA, and extension of the region flanked by the two primers. This process results in an exponential increase in copy number of the flanked region, permitting specific DNA sequences to be detected with extraordinary sensitivity. Thus PCR can provide a useful diagnostic technique when a high degree of sensitivity is required. We investigated the possibility of amplifying DNA from bacterial patho-
(a) Location of the primers in relation to the sequence of the repetitive element IS1112 from Xoo. (b) Gel electrophoresis banding pattern of the different DNA fragments amplified by each primerpair. Lanes 1 to 10 depict amplification by primerpairs Ad, At, Ac, Xd, Bd, Xt, Av. Bt, Xc, and Bc, respectively, of plasmid DNA containing the repetitive element IS1112. Lanes 11 and 12 depict amplification of Xoo and Xocola DNA, respectively, by primerpair Bd resulting in a double band for Xoo and a single band for Xocola. Lane 13 contains a molecular weight marker.
Amplification of different bacterial genomic DNA using 10 different primerpairs. 33 Xoo strains 32 Xocola strains 11 reference strains X. campestris pv. X. campestris pv. X. campestris pv. X. X. X. X. X. X. X. campestris campestris campestris campestris campestris campestris campestris pv. pv. pv. pv. pv. pv. pv. Amplification with all 10 primerpairs; banding patterns all identical to each other Amplification with 9 primerpairs; 7 primerpairs identical to Xoo pattern
of X. campestris pathovars cerealis Amplification with 5 primerpairs; all identical to graminis Xoo pattern poae armoraciae citri campestris phaseoli holcicola vasculorum vesicatoria Nonspecific amplification
5 Xanthomonas reference strains X. fragariae X. X. X. x. albilineans axonopodis maltophilia populi
Amplification with 6 primerpairs; all identical to Xoo pattern Nonspecific amplification
22 Philippine Pseudomonas rice seed isolates 8 Pseudomonas reference strains P. aeruginosa P. avenae P. fluorescens P. fuscovaginae P. glumae P. marginalis P. plantarii P. putida 2 Philippine Erwinia rice isolates 2 Erwinia reference strains E. herbicola E. stewartii
Nonspecific Nonspecific
amplification amplification
Nonspecific Nonspecific
amplification amplification
gens of rice by using primers constructed from the repetitive DNA element IS1112 isolated from the genome of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal organism of bacterial blight (BB) in rice. Three upstream and four downstream 20-basepair (bp) oligonucleotide primers were commercially synthesized based on the DNA sequence of elements IS1112. The upstream primers were designated with capital letters A, B, and X and the downstream primers with small letters c, d, t, and v. By combining these primers, 10 different primerpair combinations were formed: Ac, Ad, At, Av, Bc, Bd, Bt, Xc, Xd, and Xt. Based on the structure of IS1112, each primerpair would be expected to amplify a discrete fragment of between 96 and 797 bp (see figure). Different bacterial DNA samples from rice pathogens and other Xanthomonas were analyzed using the primers. For DNA isolation, bacterial cultures were grown in nutrient broth to early log phase. Cells were then harvested using a centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded, and the cells resuspended in 2 ml of 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3 and 1 mM EDTA (1 X TE). Sodium dodecylsulfate (250 l of 10%
IRRN 19:1 (March 1994) 31
SDS) and proteinase K (50 l of 10 mg/ ml) were added, and tubes were incubated at 37C for 1 h with gentle shaking. Then 0.45 ml of 5M NaCl was added. After thorough mixing, 0.4 ml of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solution (10% CTAB in 0.7 m NaCl) was added, and the tubes were incubated at 65C for 20 min. An equal volume of chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:l) was added. The mixture was shaken for 30 min, then centrifuged for 30 min at 15,000 rpm. The aqueous (upper) phase was transferred with a bent Pasteur pipette to a fresh tube containing an equal volume of cold isopropanol and mixed gently until the DNA had precipitated. This was hooked out using a bent Pasteur pipette and washed in 70% ethanol. Purified bacteria DNA was dissolved in 1X TE and stored at -20C. Additional purified DNA samples were obtained from other sources. The PCR reaction mix included approximately 20 ng of DNA as template
in a 50 l-reaction volume that contained 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 200 M each of dNTP, 0.4 M each of primer, and 1.5 units of Taq polymerase (Perkin Elmer Cetus or Boehringer Mannheim). Amplification was performed on a Perkin Elmer Cetus DNA Thermocycler with an initial denaturation step at 94C for 2 min. This was followed by 40 cycles of a denaturation step at 94C for 1.5 min, a primer annealing step at 62C for 2 min, and an extension step at 72C for 2 min. An additional extension step of 72C for 5 min was performed after the 40th cycle. PCR products were visualized by gel electrophoresis on 2% agarose in TrisBorate-EDTA at 2 volts per cm and staining with ethidium bromide. Amplification was possible for DNA from all the different bacteria (see table). The bands amplified for the two closely related rice pathogens, Xoo and X.o. pv. oryzicola (Xocola), were very similar and matched the expected band sizes. The
other bacteria either showed no amplification for all 10 primerpairs or exhibited banding patterns different from the expected patterns. Banding patterns different from those expected were described as nonspecific amplification. One primerpair, Bd, differentiated Xoo from Xocola by amplifying a double band for Xoo and a single band for Xocola (see figure). The results show the utility of the primers for amplification and for possible PCR detection of these rice pathogens. PCR amplification of Xoo DNA could provide an extremely sensitive method for detecting and diagnosing BB pathogen. This method could be used without isolation and purification of the organism and might be particularly applicable for diagnosis of seedborne inoculum. It could be used also as a sensitive method for detecting Xoo in studies aimed at understanding the ecology and epidemiology of pathogens.
News about research collaboration

Computers help predict how rice blast disease will react to climate changes
How will global climate change influence rice production? IRRI scientist Paul S. Teng believes some of the greatest impact will be on fungal pathogens such as those that cause rice blast, the most devastating disease in temperate and subtropical ricefields. IRRI and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are cooperating to learn how climate factors-enhanced UV-B radiation, temperature, and rainfallcould change the distribution of rice blast and the damage it could cause to rice production. Teng and his coresearcher, Luo Yong of China, are using computer simulation models to help answer their questions. They are using historical weather data of 61 locations in seven Asian countries with a model of the rice crop and a simulation of rice blast disease. They learned that variations in rainfall did not change where blast was found nor the severity of its epidemics. On the other hand, a 1-3 C shift in mean temperature significantly changed the disease's impact, but this varied by ecological zone. In the cool subtropical zones of Japan and northern China, raising the ambient temperature increased the risk of a rice blast epidemic. In the humid tropics and subtropics, the risk became greater with lower ambient temperatures. The IRRI scientists have used geographic information systems technology to display these data on risk maps. The next step is to prepare maps that will help policymakers understand the issues, by graphically illustrating the potential losses that could be caused by blast under several scenarios of temperature change. This is another example of rice scientists anticipating potential problems rather than correcting damage after it occurs in farmers ricefields.
Bangladesh and IRRI: more than 20 years of rice research collaboration

The completion of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI)-IRRI Project marks more than two decades of highly successful collaboration between IRRI and Bangladesh. The production gains achieved during these years, the result of rice research and development programs, have helped Bangladesh become nearly self-sufficient in rice. But the close working relationship is continuing. IRRI is keeping its liaison office in Dhaka to maintain active ties with Bangladesh's dynamic rice research program. BRRI is a participant in the Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Consortium, focusing on drought problems in the ecosystem. BRRI released 24 improved rice varieties for planting by farmers in Bangladesh, making a major contribution to doubling the countrys annual produc-
32
tion to 28.5 million tons of rough rice. These varieties were also shared with other countries. Seven IRRI scientists were posted in Bangladesh from 1971 to 1993 to work along with BRRI researchers. Through the project, 126 BRRI personnel obtained master's and doctorate degrees, doing their thesis research at IRRI.
Through the BRRI-IRRI Project, the country took part in international networks for rice genetic evaluation, soil fertility, and farming systems research. The U.S. Agency for International Development and the Canadian International Development Agency were the major providers of financial support to the project. Other donors contributing to from a water source, and soilwith socioeconomic factors and other data. The Genetic Resources Center (GRC) and GIS laboratory are mapping the locations of cultivated and wild rices in South and Southeast Asia. According to Michael T. Jackson, GRC head, this will correlate the germplasm distribution with environmental parameters and help in selecting samples for genetic comparison of diversity. Scientists in the United Kingdom at the University of Birmingham and at the Cambridge Laboratory of the John Innes Centre, Norwich, are collaborating with the IRRI researchers in making these comparisons. They are identifying broadly diverse samples of rice to be conserved in safety duplicate collections to be maintained at other genebanks around the world. Jackson believes that being able to pinpoint the locations of origin and cultivation of rices greatly improves IRRI's efforts to conserve germplasm and to make it available to researchers worldwide.
its success have been the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau, the International Development Research Centre, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, and the Asian Development Bank.
GIS: a new tool for analyzing rice germplasm

How do you analyze rice seeds? Scientists have dozens of ways, such as by their genetic traits, economic value, where they are grown, their uses, and their origin. Scientists at IRRI are now using geographic information systems (GIS) technology to aid in this work. A global positioning system (GPS) network of navigation satellites that can be used to pinpoint a site anywhere on earth will probably become a standard tool on future germplasm-collecting explorations. In early 1993, Duncan Vaughan, then a geneticist at IRRI, used GPS for the first time in collecting wild rices in southern Africa. By recording the exact location of where he found the wild rices in Botswana and Zambia, it will be possible to relocate the same populations in the future. GPS makes it easy to use GIS computer programs to link information about a sitesuch as its elevation. slope, distance
Ministry in Vietnam endorses no early spray policy

Farmers in Vietnam can expect to reduce their use of insecticides by at least 20% by forgoing early spraying of rice crops. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry has endorsed this new integrated pest management (IPM) policy, the result of collaborative research by IRRI and Vietnamese scientists. Currently, more than 80% of farmers in the Mekong Delta spray their rice earlywithin 30 days after transplanting or 40 days after direct seeding. They mistakenly believe that spraying reduces the yield losses caused by insect damage to rice leaves. Farmer participatory research in 1992 in Angiang, Tiengiang, and Cantho provinces has shown that early spraying is not necessary. The 20% reduction in insecticides means a saving of US$15 per hectare in a season, without a loss in rice yield. Another advantage is reduced risk of brown planthopper outbreaks, which is caused in part by early application of broad-spectrum insecticides. The research base for the new IPM policy was developed by Nguyen Thi Thu Cuc of the University of Cantho and Sam Fujisaka, Dale G. Bottrell, and K. L. Heong of IRRI.
~~
SARP theme leadership shifting to NARS and IRRI

Rice scientists have used computer modeling for nearly a decade as one approach to their research. Working with the Wageningen Agricultural University and the Centre for Agrobiological Research in the Netherlands, IRRI scientists have been building SARP, the Systems Analysis and Simulation in Rice Production project. Sixteen multidisciplinary SARP teams in nine countries are integrating their knowledge in studies of practical problems and applying simulation and systems analysis four themes: agroecosystems, potential
production, crop and soil management, and crop protection. Starting this past January, SARP had a new structure and scope. The focus is on practical applications of modeling, including building interactions with clientspolicymakers, extensionists, and farmers. Scientific leadership is coming from national programs and IRRI personnel who are the research theme coordinators. This change in SARP leadership is another step in national programs taking on greater research responsibilities.
33
Announcements
Postdoctoral research fellowships at IRRI
The International Rice Research Institute invites applicants for postdoctoral research fellowships: Epidemiology/modeling of cultural control of rice sheath blight. The successful candidate will participate in a multidisciplinary research project aimed at developing the epidemiologic theory for empirical evaluation of cultural control strategies, developing computer simulation models of sheath blight development for integration of cultural control and cropping practices in a systems framework, and interfacing a sheath blightcultural control model with rice crop growth models to estimate losses. Candidates must have a Ph D in plant pathology or related biological science. Experience with quantitative epidemiology and modeling is essential; experience with tropical pathosystems is desirable. The appointment is for 1 year, with a possible extension to 2 years subject to performance appraisal. The position is funded by the United Nations Development Programme-World Bank. To apply, send curriculum vitae, university transcripts, and three letters of recommendation to P. S. Teng, plant pathologist, Entomology and Plant Pathology Division, IRRI. Soil microbiology. The successful candidate will work on a Danish International Development Agency-funded research project seeking to assess the opportunities for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in rice. The objective is to identify and improve existing or novel associations between rice and nitrogen-fixing bacteria and to assess the metabolic potential of rice for nodulation. Applicants should have a Ph D in soil microbiology or related discipline in the areas of microbial ecology, rhizobiology, or biological nitrogen fixation. Training or experience in cellular and molecular . biology is advantageous. The position is for a period of up to 3 years and is available immediately. It will remain open until a satisfactory candidate is identified. Send curriculum vitae, availability date, names and addresses of three references (with telephone and fax numbers) to J. K. Ladha, soil microbiologist, Soil and Water Sciences Division, IRRI. Plant breedingrainfed lowland rice. The successful candidate will work on identilivestock production, soil and land management. economic and social issues in agricultural development. and providing for the scholarly exchange on advances, successes, and prospects for tropical agriculture in the 21 st century. fying genes controlling root system development in rice. The work involves developing a marker-aided selection scheme for deep roots, collaborating in studies on root morphology of cultivars adapted to drought-prone environments, and assisting in screening of breeding materials. Candidates must have a Ph D in plant breeding or related field. Experience in molecular genetics is preferable, experience in rice is desirable. Applicants must be fluent in English. Research will be conducted at IRRI and at Ubon Rice Research Center, Ubon, Thailand. The appointment will initially be for 2 years and is available immediately. It will remain open until a satisfactory candidate is identified. The position is supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. Send curriculum vitae, university transcripts, and three letters of recommendation to S. Sarkarung, plant breeder, IRRI, Rice Research Institute Building, Department of Agriculture, P. 0. Box 9159, Bangkok 10900, Thailand, Fax: (662) 561-4894, or N. Huang, plant molecular geneticist, Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biochemistry Division, IRRI.
Tropical agriculture conference

The Faculty of Agriculture of the University of the West Indies is sponsoring a conference on Advances in Tropical Agriculture in the 20th Century and Prospects for the 21st Century: TA 2000. The conference will be held from 4 to 9 September in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. The conference program will record advances in tropical agricultural development in the 20th century, trace their genesis in applied policy, management and technology, and evaluate prospects and strategies for further advances in the 21 st century. Specific objectives include reviewing tropical agriculture from around the world, examining advances made in the 20th century in crop and
Send requests for details to the Secretariat, TA 2000, Office of the University Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies. Tel: (809) 662-2686. Fax: (809) 662-1182.
New IRRI publications

Modelling crop-weed inter-actions Grain quality evaluation of world rices IRRI 1992-1993: rice in crucial envinronments
New publication
The 1994 information please environmental almanac. Edited by Allen Hammond. Order from World Resources Institute Publications, P. O. Box 4852, Hampden Station, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA.
34
IRRI extends deadline for nominating young women scientists for 1994 award
Young women in rice science from China to Burundi have already been nominated for the 1994 Outstanding Young Women in Rice Science Award. This is the foremost international recognition to honor young women working in developing countries whose scientific research is making significant contributions to rice productivity. It is sponsored by IRRI and DANIDA, the Danish International Development Agency. IRRI has extended the deadline for receiving nominations to 1 June, rather than 1 February. The original deadline had been set so the awardees could be part of the International Rice Research Conference (IRRC) that was planned for April. Since there will not be an IRRC this year, the 1994 winners will come to IRRI in September to present seminars on their research projects and to receive their awards. Other additions have been made to the competition to motivate research agencies to encourage greater participation by women in rice research and promote their professional improvement. Each of the five regional winners will receive US$1,000 to further her research as well as a plaque and a travel grant to visit IRRI. Every woman nominated for the 1994 award will be presented a certificate of achievement. The new chair of the awards committee is Gelia Castillo, eminent rural sociologist of the University of the Philippines at Los Baos. Extending the deadline to 1 June will allow even more young scientists to be nominated by their institutions. One award will be made for each of the five major rice-producing regions of the developing world: Africa, South Asia, West Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Each nomination should include a nomination description, in not more than 1,000 words, of the nominee's current rice research work and previous accomplishments,
two of the nominees published papers or technical reports issued during 1989-93, curriculum vitae or biodata statement, with certificate of birthdate (born since 1 Jan 1954), five copies of a current photograph, and recommendations from three references to support the nomination.
Nominations and reference letters should be sent to Chairperson Outstanding Young Women in Rice Science Award c/o Information Center IRRI. Complete details on the 1994 program, including how to prepare a nomination, are available by writing to this address or by sending a fax message to (632) 828-2087.
Rice dateline
18 Apr-8 May 19-21 Apr 4-7 May SARP Mega Workshop, IRRI ............................. Korea-IRRI Planning Meeting, IRRI ................................................ M. J. Kroppf, IRRI
N. K. Park/B. S. Vergara, IRRI
Vietnam Rice Research Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam ............................. D. W. Puckridge/F. A. Bernardo/ G. L. Denning, IRRI IRRI-UNIFEM Workshop on Enhancing the Incomes of Rural Women Through Engineered Systems, IRRI ....................
10-13 May
G. R. Quick, IRRI
11-12 May 16-20 May
China-IRRI Planning Meeting, China .............. B. S. Vergara, IRRI 7th Annual Meeting of the Rockefeller Foundation International Program on Rice Biotechnology, Bali, Indonesia ..................................................... Are Insecticides Necessary in Tropical Rice?, IRRI ........................................... Constraints, Opportunities, and Innovations for Wet Seeded Rice, Bangkok, Thailand .................................................. Clean Seed for Pest Management/ Crop Protection, Thailand .....................................
G. S. Khush, IRRI K. L. Heong, IRRI
30 May-2 Jun
30 May-4 Jun
K. Moody, IRRI T. W. Mew, IRRI
20-24 Jun
Call for news

Individuals, institutions. and organizations are invited to tell readers about upcoming events in rice research or related fields in the Rice Dateline. Send announcements to the Editor, International Rice Research Notes, IRRI.
IRRI address
International Rice Research Institute P.O. Box 933 Manila 1099 Philippines Tel: (63-2) 818-1926 Fax: (63-2) 8 18-2087 Telex: (ITT) 40890 RICE PM E-mail: IN%postmaster@CGNET.COM
IRRN 19:1 (March 1994) 35
IRRI group training courses for 1994

IRRI will conduct 14 short-term group training courses for 1994. IRRI provides a limited number of scholarships for participation in these courses. To be considered for an IRRIfunded scholarship, a scientist must be affiliated with a national institution that has an official collaborative agreement with IRRI in rice-related research and training projects. A scientist interested in an IRRI-funded scholarship should apply directly to his or her institution and not to IRRI. Date 4 Apr-1 May 9-25 May
IRRI also accepts scientists from other institutions and agencies for the courses if they are working in rice or rice-related areas. Their applications to participate in courses must be endorsed to IRRI by their employers and specify funding sources to cover costs. IRRIs group course training fee is approximately US$1,200/month; this does not include a participants roundtrip international airfare, enroute expenses, or shipping allowance upon return home. The courses are conducted at IRRI headquarters unless otherwise indicated. For additional information, contact the Head, Training Center, IRRI. Course
Rice literature update reprint service

Photocopies of items listed in the Rice literuture update are available from the IRRI Library and Documentation Service. Reprints of original documents (not to exceed 40 pages) are supplied free to rice scientists of developing countries. Rice scientists elsewhere are charged US$0.20 for each page or part of a page copied, plus postage. Make checks or money orders payable to Library and Documentation Service, IRRI. Address requests to Library and Documentation Service, IRRI. E-mail: IN%C.AUSTRIA@CGNET.COM
Engineering for Rice Agriculture Training Course for Collaboration of the IRRI-UNDP-GEF International Research Program on Methane Emission from Ricefields Training on Video Production Integrated Pest Management (University of the Philippines at Los Baos/National Crop Protection Center) Integrated Nutrient Management Rice Seed Health Rice Production Research (Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, Thailand) Upland Rice Breeding Scientific Programming Research Management Gender Analysis
6 Jun-1 Jul 18 Jul-9 Sep 25 Jul-16 Sep 3 Oct-4 Nov 10 Oct-2 Dec
17 Oct-4 Nov 31 Oct-11 Nov 4-25 Nov 14-25 Nov
36
Instructions for contributors

NOTES General criteria. Scientific notes submitted to the IRRN for possible publication should be original work, have international or pannational relevance, be conducted during the immediate past three years or be work in progress, have rice environment relevance, advance rice knowledge, use appropriate research design and data collection methodology, report pertinent. adequate data, apply appropriate statistical analysis, and reach supportable conclusions. Routine research. Reports of screening trials of varieties, Fertilizer, cropping methods, and other routine observations using standard methodologies to establish local recommendations are not ordinarily accepted. Examples are singleseason, single-trial field experiments. Field trials should be repeated across more than one season, in multiple seasons, or in more than one location as appropriate. All experiments should Include replications and an internationally known check or control treatment. Multiple submissions. Normally, only one report for a single experiment will be accepted. Two or more items about the same work submitted at the same time will be returned for merging. Submitting at different times multiple notes from the same experimentis highly inappropriate. Detection Will result in the rejection of all submissions on that research. IRRN categories. Specify the category in which the note being submitted should appear. Write the category in the upper right-hand corner of the first page of the note. GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality pest resistance diseases Insects other pests stress tolerance drought excess water adverse temperature adverse soils other stresses integrated germplasm improvement irrigated rainfed lowland upland flood-prone (deepwater and tidal wetlands) seed technology CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT soils soil microbiology physiology and plant nutrition fertilizer management inorganic sources organic sources crop management integrated pest management diseases Insects weeds other pests water management farming systems farm machinery postharvest technology economic analysis ENVIRONMENT SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Manuscript preparation. Arrange the note as a brief statement of research objectives, a short description of project design, and a succinct discussion of results. Relate results to the objectives. Do not Include abstracts. Do not cite references or Include a bibliography. Restrain acknowledgments Manuscripts must be in English. Limit each note to no more than two pages of doublespaced typewritten text. Submit the original manuscript and a duplicate, each with a clear copy of all tables and figures. Authors should retain a copy of the note and of all tables and figures. Apply these rules, as appropriate, in the note: Specify the rice production ecosystems as irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deepwater, and tidal wetlands. Indicate the type of rice culture (transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). If local terms for seasons are used, define them by characteristic weather (wet season, dry season, monsoon) and by months. Use standard, internationally recognized terms to describe rice plant parts, growth stages, and management practices. Do not use local names. Provide genetlc background for new varieties or breeding lines. For soil nutrient studies, Include a standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, Insects, weeds, and crop plants. Do not use common names or local names alone. Quantify survey data, such as infection percentage, degree of severity, and sampling base When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, and tolerance, report the actual quantification of damage due to stress, which was used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. Use International measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/pot) for small-scale studies Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use local monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate US$:local currency at the time data were collected. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, followed by the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Use the abbreviation thereafter. Define any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in tables or figures in a footnote, caption, or legend. Tables and figures. Each note can have no more than two tables and/or figures (graphs, illustrations, or photos). All tables and figures must be referred to in the text; they should be grouped at the end of the note, each on a separate page. Tables and figures must have clear titles that adequately explain the contents. Review of notes. The IRRN editor will send an acknowledgment card when a note IS received. An IRRI scientist, selected by the editor, reviews each note. Reviewer names are not disclosed. Depending on the reviewers report, a note will be accepted for publication, rejected, or returned to the author(s) for revision. (continued on back cover)

International Rice Research Notes Vol.19 No.1

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International Rice Research Notes Vol.19 No.1

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International Rice Research Notes

Seed technology 16 Influence of alkalinity on rice germination and growth

Crop and resource management

News about research collaboration

Instructions for contributors

Breeding methods Breeding methods

Distribution of excavated rice remains from the Neolithic Age in China.

IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)

Restorers for cytoplasmic male sterile lines derived from MS577 A

Segregation for seed fertility a F PF 54 26 61 39 S 8 46 10 12 38 10

Expected segregation ratio c

154 163 130 174 180 121

92 116 94 101 142 72

9:6:1 3:1 12:3:1 9:6:1 3:1 9:6:1

0.85 0.99 0.67 0.49 1.45 1.91

IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)

Yield potential Yield potential

IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)

a * * and * = significant at the 1 and 5% level, respectively.

Relationship of amylase activity to rice seedling growth at various greenhouse temperatures

Root/ shoot 0.635 a 0.464 cd 0.406 d 0.481 c 0.499 c 0.509 bc 0.554 b

IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)

Power function formulas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Correlation coefficient g g g g g g g g = = lgylgx = lgylgx = lgygx = lgygx = lgylgx = lgylgx =

0.181 0.192 0.185 0.180 0.274 0.193 0.187 0.182

0.963 0.917 0.981 1.008 0.729 0.914 0.813 0.993

0.986** 0.989** 0.989** 0.978** 0.903** 0.913** 0.912** 0.980**

** = significant at the 1% level. Change in temperature treatment.

IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)

0.964** 1.525 2.248 1.416 0.626 0.523 0.695 0.842

0.607* 0.501 0.467** 0.385 0.738 0.333 0.160 0.388 0.345

0.495** 0.405** 0.310 0.281 0.180 0.434** 0.604** -

r g = genotypic correlation coefficient.

continued on next page

IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)

Marathwada (Parbhani), Konkan (Ratnagiri) Marathwada (Parbhani)

18.68 9.30 22.87 12.22 13.96

Western Maharashtra (Ahmednager) Marathwada (Parbhani)

for straw yield/plant, Cluster VII (Ambika).

Pest resistance diseases Pest resistancediseases

Neck blast-resistant lines of Radha-17 isolated

Screening rice accessions for resistance to rice tungro

IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)

Field (no./25 sweeps) 10 30 40 110* 330* 920* 150* 40 45 15

= above economic threshold level of 60 GLH/ 25 sweeps.

Resistance to whitebacked planthopper in wild and cultivated rices

1.0 c 1.0 c 1.0 c 2.6 b 1.0 c 1.0 c 1.0 c 8.6 a

5.4 b 3.4 c 2.2 d 6.2 b 3.4 c 2.6 cde 3.0 cd 9.0 a

IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)

Integrated germplasm improvement irrigated Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated

La Plata Mochi F. A., a new rice variety from Argentina

IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)

Table 2. Distinguishing morphological characters of Pant Dhan 10.

A high-yielding mutant line of traditional aromatic rice cultivar Gobindabhog

Mean yield (t/ha) Year

PVT-2 (H) PVT-2 (H) UVT-2 (H) Mean

IRRN 19:1 (March 1994)

Integrated germplasm improvement rainfed lowland Integrated germplasm improvementrainfed lowland

Patna Pusa Sabour Patna Sabour Bikramganj

Pooled mean Pooled LSD (0.05)

Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack Masodha

Normal Delayed Normal Delayed Normal Delayed

3.5 3.3 2.7 0.7 0.6

Pooled mean Pooled LSD (0.05)

0.986 0.989 0.989 0.978 0.903 0.913 0.912 0.980

0.495 0.405 0.310 0.281 0.180 0.434 0.604 -