International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.3

International Rice Research Notes
The International Rice Research Notes (IRRN) expedites communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and ricebased systems. The IRRN is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported. The IRRN is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December by the International Rice Research Institute; annual subject and variety indexes are also produced. The IRRN is divided into three sections: notes, news about research collaboration, and announcements.
Contents
September 1995
Germplasm improvement Germplasm improvement
Genetic resources Search for seedborne endophytic fungi in rice 4 Genetics Genetic variation in chemical composition and digestibility of nutrients in rice straw 4 Heterosis in chemical composition and digestibility of rice straw 5 Allelic relationship among fertility-restoring genes in rice 5 Breeding methods Identifying restorers and maintainers for five cytoplasmic male sterile lines 6 Androgenesis in rice breeding 6 Using colored-leaf mutants of thermosensitive genic male sterile rice 7 Yield potential Correlation and path analysis of rice grain yield under alkali stress conditions 8 Grain quality Milling characters of raw and parboiled popular rice cultivars 8 Induction of mutants with low amylose content in endosperm using a chemical mutagen, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea 9 Gan Wan Xian 19: high-yielding indica rice variety with improved grain quality 10 Physical, milling, chemical, and cooking characters of some rice cultivars in Tamil Nadu, India 10 Pest resistancediseases Genetic diversity in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola 12
Integrated germplasm Improvement - irrigated 13 ASD19: a medrum-duration, short- and slender-grained variety for Tamil Nadu, India 13 Seed technology Mutagenic effectiveness, efficiency of gamma rays, and genetic parameters of variation in gamma-irradiated upland rice 14
IRRN production team

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Editor: Carolyn Dedolph Assistant editor: Teresita Rola Layout and design: Erlie Putungan Production supervisor: Millet Magsino Editorial assistant: Luisa Gelisan Typesetting: Erlie Putungan Cecilia Gregorio Artwork: Jesus Recuenco Juan Lazaro IV
Crop and resource management Crop and resource management
~~ Physiology and plant nutrition Chemical composition and digestibility of urea-treated rice straw 16 Effect of root pruning during ripening on grain filling in rice Mineral elements in Australian brown rice 17
16
Fertilizer management Effects of Sesbania rostrata population, time of harvest, and urea application rate on lowland rice production 18 Fertilizer management inorganic sources Band placement of urea solution increases N use efficiency in transplanted lowland rice 19
ISSN 0115-0944 2 IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)
Transformation of N in soil affected by different sources and methods of N application in a flooded rice ecosystem 20 Effect of substituting sodium for potassium in a lowland doublerice cropping system 20 Fertilizer management organic sources Algicides in Azolla germplasm management 21 lntegrated pest management diseases Occurrence of teleomorph of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, the causal agent of rice scab, in India 23 Rice hull ash applied to soil reduces leaf blast Incidence 23 lntegrated pest management insects Effect of some fungicides on Metarrhizium sp. Sorok: an entomopathogen on insect pests of rice and pulses 24 Evaluation of rice, maize, and 56 ricefield weeds as hosts of planthopper Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) 25 Biology of the maize orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) on rice and maize 26 Suitability of ricefield plants to planthopper Nisia carolinesis Fennah 27 Feasibility of hybridization between Nephotettix virescens (Distant) and Nephotettix nigropictus (Motsch.) in rice 28 lntegrated pest management weeds Rice off-types in Central Luzon, Philippines 28 Economic analysis Farmer participation and cost effectiveness of bulk fertilizer purchasing scheme in Sri Lanka 29
Research methodology Research methodology

DNA fingerprinting of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae using IS1112-based polymerase chain reaction 30 Use of molecular analysis in selecting spreader row components for blast screening nursery 31
News about research collabortaion

IRRI and UK intensify research collaboration 32 Genetic engineering of rice for sheath blight resistance 33 IRRI library reinvigorates rice literature collection in Cambodia 33 Rockefeller Foundation supports China-IRRI collaboration 33 Training on rice germplasm collecting in Vietnam 33
Announcements Announcements
IRRI positions announced 34 Biotechnologia Habana '95 34 2nd lnternational Symposium on Systems Approaches for Agricultural Development 35 IRRI group training courses for 1995 35 Rice dateline 35 New IRRI publications 36 New publication 36 Rice literature update reprint service 36 Call for news 36 IRRI address 36
Instructions for contributors
IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)
Germplasm improvement
Genetic resources
Search for seedborne endophytic fungi in rice
G. C. M. Latch, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and D. A. Vaughan, National lnstitute of Agrobiological Resources, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, lbaraki 305, Japan
A search was made for Acremonium spp. endophytes in the seeds of Oryza and related species. These endophytes occur in a symbiotic relationship with many grasses where they assist in the growth and persistence of their host. They are beneficial because the chemicals they produce make the grass more tolerant of drought, produce more tillers and seed, and enhance resistance to some pests and diseases. Infected grasses are symptomless and transmission of the fungus is only through mycelium in the seed. Usually all seeds from an infected plant contain mycelium. The benefits could be considerable if such a fungus was present in rice. Seeds in the IRRI germplasm collection from
20 species of Oryza and 5 species in related genera collected from 31 countries were examined for the presence of endophyte mycelium. Seeds of O. glaberrima, O. glumaepatula, O. rhizomatis, and O. schlechteri were not available for testing. Seeds were softened by soaking overnight in 5% sodium hydroxide, then washed in water. and boiled for 2 min in Garners solution (50 ml lactic acid, 0.325 g aniline blue, 100 ml water). Seeds were then deglumed, squashed on a microscope slide, mounted in aniline blue, and examined with a microscope for the presence of endophyte mycelium. Single seeds from 20 to 100 plants were examined where possible, but for a few species, only 5-10 seeds were available. The species examined and the countries from where the seeds were collected are listed (see table). None were infected with endophyte mycelium. It is unlikely that species of rice and related genera are infected with Acremonium endophytes. However, the possibility that some species may contain this endophyte cannot be ruled out entirely.
Species examined for the presence of Acremonium endophytes. Species Oryza alta O. australiensis O. barthii Country of origin
Brazil, India Australia Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone O. brachyantha Mali, Sierra Leone O. eichingeri Sri Lanka O. grandiglumis Brazil O. granulata India, Malaysia, Nepal O. latifolia Costa Rica, Guatemala O. longiglumis Indonesia O. longistaminata Benin, Cte d' Ivoire, Nigeria, Sierra Leone O. malampuzhaensis India O. meridionalis Australia O. meyeriana Malaysia O. minuta Philippines O. nivara Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan-China, Thailand Malaysia, Myanmar, O. officinalis Thailand Cameroon, Chad, O. punctata Ghana, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zaire Thailand O. ridleyi O. rufipogon Bangladesh, China, India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, TaiwanChina, Thailand O. sativa Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Taiwan-China Chikusichloa sp. Japan Sri Lanka Hygroryza aristata Leersia perrieri Madagascar L. tisseranti Guinea Rhynchoryza subulata Argentina
Genetics Genetics
Genetic variation in chemical composition and digestibility of nutrients in rice straw
M. Singh, Animal Science Department, and H. P. Singh, Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University, Pantnagar 263145, Uttar Pradesh, lndia
~~~
Table 1. Rice varieties grouped according to nylon bag organic matter digestibility where A = high, B = medium, and C = low. 1988-89. Group A Saket 4 (2) IET8580 Narendra 118 Pant Dhan 6 UPR79-123 Manhar Jaya Group B Narendra 2 Pant Dhan 4 (2) Ratna Sarju 52 IR8 IR24 VPR83-34 IET8111 IET8110 UPR-80-120 Govind Group C Sita (2) VL 8 IET9362
Table 2. Chemical composition (g/kg dry matter) and digestibility of nutrients (%) in rice straw. 1988-89.a Nutrient NBOMD group A High B Medium 729 251 324 48 50 52 48 44 C Low 728 250 309 46 45 45 42 39
The chemical composition and nylon bag organic matter digestibility (NBOMD) were determined for 24 straw samples from 21 varieties (Table 1). Twelve were grown in an agronomic trial in 1988 and 12 in a plant breeding trial in 1989. Sita, Pant Dhan 4, and Saket 4 were used in both years. All varieties were handharvested at 6-7 cm above the ground. Varieties were grouped according to their
Chemical composition 692 NDF Hemicellulose 231 298 Cellulose 54 Crude protein Digestibility Organic matter Hemicellulose Cellulose 53 52 48 46
NBOMD where A = high, B = medium, and C = low (Table 2). After 72 h of incubation in fistulated rumens of cattle, the NBOMD varied
aFigures are average values.
from 443 to 548 g/kg. A averaged 530; B, 501; and C, 453. Chemical composition in B and C was similar, so
the difference in NBOMD was because the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in B degraded faster than in C. This was contributed by higher digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose, the two components of NDF. The difference between A and B was perhaps due to a combination of higher
neutral detergent solubles (NDS), higher crude protein (CP), and lower cell wall (NDF) contents for A. The higher NBOMD in A was attributed to the higher NDF (r = 0.9) and cellulose digestibility ( r = 0.7) and CP content ( r = 0.66). Varieties with lower NDF contained more CP.
The NBOMD of the three common varieties was similar during both years, indicating no year effect. The varieties were grown under the same agronomic conditions in the same soil, implying that the difference in NBOMD could only be because of their genetic makeup.
Heterosis in chemical composition and digestibility of rice straw

M. Singh and A. K. Gupta, Animal Science Department, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar, 263145, Uttar Pradesh, India; and H. P. Singh, Plant Breeding Department, GBPUAT
Chemical composition (%) and NBDMD (%) of rice straw from different parents and hybrids. Parents CP IR58a UPR85-32 IET7566 IET7613 UPR83-169 UPRH39 Pant Dhan 6 Narendra 118a UPR82-43 UPR85-32 IET7566 IET7613 Pant Dhan 6 IET6223a IET7566 IET7613 UPRH39 Pant Dhan 6 4.2 3.5 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.6 5.3 5.1 3.6 3.5 4.6 4.7 5.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 5.6 5.3 NDF 70.1 73.7 66.4 68.6 66.2 71.3 69.3 69.2 72.1 73.7 66.4 68.6 69.3 66.6 66.4 68.4 71.3 69.8 NBDMD 47.1 42.0 46.3 49.9 49.0 46.9 49.3 48.0 41.2 42.0 46.3 45.9 49.3 45.1 46.3 45.9 46.9 49.3 CP 4.9 4.9 5.4 6.5 5.4 5.8 5.3 6.0 6.5 6.1 4.7 5.3 5.7 5.4 6.0

Hybrids NDF 65.2 69.5 68.2 65.8 67.3 67.6 66.9 67.7 66.5 70.6 68.1 66.7 64.6 68.5 69.0

NBDMD 51.7 49.9 54.6 54.5 50.2 53.8 49.8 50.7 52.2 52.0 47.9 51.2 50.1 49.7 52.2

NBOMD 52.9 b 51.0 ab 55.7 c 55.6 c 51.4 ab 54.8 c 51.1 ab 51.8 b 53.4 bc 53.0 bc 49.0 a 52.3 b 51.2 ab 50.9 ab 53.4 bc

The straw of 15 F 1 crosses and that of their 10 parents were collected from a rice breeding experiment. The chemical composition and nylon bag (72-h) dry matter digestibility (NBDMD) were determined for each (see table). Crossing two varieties resulted in a hybrid with higher NBDMD than that of the parents, except for Narendra 118/Pant Dhan 6. Eliminating the cross with negative heterosis (Narendra 118/Pant Dhan 6) from heritability (h 2) estimation by regression gave h 2 values of 0.86 for NBDMD and 0.82 for nylon bag organic matter digestibility (NBOMD). The crude protein (CP) content in most hybrids was greater than that of both or one of the parents. Both Narendra 118 and Pant Dhan 6 had
alR58, Narendra 118, and IET6223 were crossed with the varieties grouped below them to produce hybrids.
relatively higher dry matter digestibility (DMD) and CP, so no further improvement could be expected in the hybrids. Polygenes, the combination of which seem to be identical in these two varieties, may control the CP content.
The positive correlation between CP and DMD and the simultaneous reduction in the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of hybrids are desirable for improving the nutritive value of straw.
Allelic relationship among fertility-restoring genes in rice

J. Ramalingam, N. Nadarajan, C. Vanniarajan, and P. Rangasamy, Agricultural Botany Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India
Segregation pattern of pollen and spikelet fertilities in test cross F 1 progenies. Tamil Nadu, India. 1992-93. Test cross Total plants observed (no.) 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Pollen fertility a Fertile 169 200 175 200 165 200 168 178 200 161 Sterile 31 25 35 32 22 39 Spikelet fertility b Fertile 169 200 174 200 167 200 166 178 200 163 Sterile 31 26 33 34 22 37
We studied the allelism for the restoring gene(s) present in purified testers received from IRRI. The five testers, IR24 (T 1), IR54742-22-19-3 (T2), IR29723-143-3-2-1 (T3), IR9761-19-1 (T4), and ARC11353 (T5), were tested for
V20 V20 V20 V20 V20 V20 V20 V20 V20 V20
A A A A A A A A A A
(T 1 T2 ) (T 1 T 3) (T 1 T4 ) (T 1 T 5) (T 2 T 3) (T 2 T 4) (T 2 T 5) (T 3 T4 ) (T 3 T5 ) (T 4 T5 )
aPollen fertility = fertility > 60%, sterility = 0%. b Spikelet fertility = fertility > 80%, sterility = 0%.
their restoration and inheritance patterns during 1992-93 rabi season (Sep-Jan). All were found to be effective restorers and inherited digenically. To determine the relationship among the genes, these five testers were crossed in all possible combinations, excluding reciprocals. The F1 generation of 10 R R combinations was raised along with cytoplasmic male sterile line V20 A; A (R R) crosses were made. These
10 test cross F1 progenies (A (R R)) were raised at 20- 19-cm spacing during 1993 kharif season (Jun-Sep). Each combination had 10 rows with 20 plants per row. Their pollen and spikelet fertilities were scored (see table). The restorer lines differed in their gene action. The test cross progenies from T1 T3, T1 T5, T3 T5, and T2 T4 did not yield any sterile progeny. These lines have identical R alleles
between them while remaining crosses showed segregation, indicating the alleles differed among their parents. These results suggest that the five restorer lines can be divided into group 1 = T 1, T3, and T5 and group 2 = T 2 and T 4, which possess different pairs of R genes. A suitable combination of any two of the pairs seems to restore fertility in male sterile lines.
Breeding methods methods

Identifying restorers and maintainers for five cytoplasmic male sterile lines
F. U. Zaman, M. J. Abraham, A. R. Sadananda, F. Mohammad, and Y. Raj, Genetics Division, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
Restorers and maintainers for five CMS lines. New Delhi, India. 1994. CMS line lR58025 A Restorers (no.) 36 Restorers PRR3, PRR5, PRR7, PRR8, PRR11, PRR12, PRR16, PRR22, PRR23, PRR25, PRR34, PRR35, PRR38, PRR42, PRR43, PRR44, PRR74, PRR79, PRR82, PRR98, PRR99, PRR100, PRR101, PRR102, PRR103, PRR104, PRR105, PRR107, PRR112, PRR113, PRR114, PRR115, PRR116, PRR117, PRR118, PRR119 PRR2, PRR8, PRR10, PRR24, PRR33, PRR45, PRR47, PRR55, PRR83, PRR84, PRR85, PRR87, PRR89 PRR3, PRR5, PRR44, PRR85 PRR69*a, PRR70*, PRR71*, PRR90, PRR94, PRR95 PRR57, PRR91 Maintainers (no.) 7 Maintainers TC7-2-1-92-39, TC11-3, TC23, TC25-41, P615-K-61, P615-K-271, P615-4-1
Two new cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, Pusa 3 A and Pusa 5 A, were developed. Pusa 3 A has in its background high-yielding Basmati variety Pusa Basmati 1. Pusa 5 A has the aromatic, non-Basmati line Pusa 150. These lines, along with IR58025A, PMS2 A, and PMS3 A, which possess CMS wild abortive cytoplasm, were used to make test crosses. During the 1994 wet season, 326 hybrids and their respective parents were evaluated to identify effective restorers and maintainers for the CMS lines. Each genotype was transplanted in 3-m rows at 20- 20-cm spacing. Standard agronomic practices were followed. Five plants from each genotype were randomly selected and used for analyzing pollen and spikelet fertility. Anthers from upper, middle, and lower portions
PMS3 A
13
P615-K-160, RCPL 1-87-4, PP94-429, PP94-432 ADT2008-2-7-1, P1191-3, P1192-2 TC4-721, TC7-3-1 TCll-7-3-4-1, TC120, HKR91-410 P615-K-61, P615-K-172
PMS2 A Pusa 3 A
4 6
3 5
Pusa 5 A Total
a * = Basmati restorers.
2 61
2 21
of half emerged panicles were collected and squashed in 2.2% I-KI stain to observe pollen fertility. Cultivars with up to 1 % pollen and spikelet fertility were classified as perfect maintainers, those with 60-100% pollen and 80-100% spikelet fertility as potential restorers, and the rest as partial restorers. the callus induction medium (see table). Our objective was to transfer the submergence tolerance from the wild species O. rufipogon Griff. to the O. sativa variety Pankaj. We used modified MS (NAA 0.5 + Kin 2 mg/liter + 3% sucrose) medium for plant regeneration. Several chlorophylldeficient plants (albino, xantha, viridis, albo-viridis, virido-albina, virido-xantha,
Three potential Basmati restorers were identified for Pusa 3 A. The frequency of restorers (19%) was higher than that of maintainers (6%) (see table). We are using the potential restorers to develop new hybrids with improved quality characteristics. Some perfect maintainers with good agronomic traits are being converted into new CMS lines. and striata) and green plants that have different ploidy numbers were obtained. Among the regenerated plants, 73.3% were double haploids. These lines were grown in the field, where 74.8% survived. We examined 696 androgenic lines for different qualitative and quantitative characters. Statistical analysis revealed that the characters within one line were relatively uniform and stably heritable. Among
Androgenesis in rice breeding

N. Mandal, Chinsurah Rice Research Centre, Hooghly 71 21 02, India; S. Sinha and S. Gupta, Botany Department, Bose Institute, Calcutta 700009, India
Plant regeneration efficiency from anther culture of F1 cross Pankaj O. rufipogon has been improved using He2 + NAA + Kin 0.5 + ABA 2 mg/liter + 5% maltose as
6 IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)
Effect of basal medium and other supplements on androgenesis of rice.a Treatment a A B

a
Basal medium N6 He32 N6 He2
Callus induction (%) 6.8 8.5 6.4 8.3
Calli giving green plants b (%) 7.9 10.8 9.5 13.0
Plant regeneration efficiency (%) 53.7 91.8 60.8 107.9
A = Basal medium + NAA + Kin 0.5 mg/liter + 5% sucrose. B = Basal medium + NAA + Kin 0.5 + ABA 2 mg/liter + 5% maltose. bCalli were regenerated on MS + NAA 0.5 + Kin 2 mg/liter + 3% sucrose.
different lines, broad genetic recombinations occurred. In the next season, 4-wk-old seedlings from each line were submerged in a glasshouse tank for 8 d to select submergence-tolerant types. Starch from the internodes rapidly disappeared upon submergence. The decrease in starch content coincided with a marked increase in amylolytic activity (21.4 EU). Plants
surviving after another 10 d of submergence were recorded. Compared with Pankaj, only PR324 is a high-yielding (4.0-4.4 t/ha), submergence-tolerant type with a lower rate of photorespiration (P = 0.01) and wide adaptability. Grain quality is high: protein, 8.6%; amylose, 14.1%; milling percentage, 73%; and length:breadth, 3.5.
Scheme for eliminating contaminated seed in hybrid rice derived from colored-leaf TGMS lines.
Using colored-leaf mutants of thermosensitive genic male sterile rice

Shu Qingyao, Xia Yingwu, and Liu Quifu, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
We set up a marker-assisted system to eliminate seed contamination that results from incomplete male sterility of thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines in a two-line hybrid seed production system (see figure). Chlorophyll-deficient leaves (chlorina, albino) were used as markers to determine the
plants to be discarded at the seedling stage. To test the effectiveness of this system, colored-leaf mutants were induced directly in TGMS line 2177S. In July 1991, dry seeds (13 % water content) of 2177S were treated with 60Co gamma rays at a dose of 300 Gy. They were sown, transplanted, and grown to maturity. A few seeds of each M1 plant were harvested to make M2 progenies. Various non-green seedlings were detected and isolated from these progenies; only a few grew to maturity. Thirteen heritable colored-leaf mutation lines (M6-7) were developed through successive selection and identifi-
Leaf color transition and morphoagronomic characters of the mutants and 2177S. Group Mutant Leaf color of Seedling 20 C I W3 W5 W11 W12 W18 W1 W17 W4 W24 W25 W27 W29 W33 2177S Cream Cream Cream Cream Yellowish Albinotic Albinotic Yellow Albinotic Albinotic Albinotic Yellow Yellow Green 30 C Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellowish Yellow Yellowish Yellowish Albinotic Albinotic Albinotic Albinotic Yellow Yellow Green Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Green Green Green Green Green Green Green Green Green Plant Plant height (cm) 79.0 83.8 74.9 76.1 67.4 79.0 79.3 76.6 76.5 74.8 76.3 63.8 65.5 75.3 Morphoagronomic characters Panicle Grains/ Fertility 1,000-grain Growth length panicle (%) weight duration (cm) (no.) (g) (d) 19.8 21.9 20.2 18.8 18.3 19.8 19.6 20.4 18.9 19.6 20.0 17.3 17.7 19.3 102.7 109.2 97.2 82.2 71.7 77.5 91.6 101.8 87.8 111.2 105.2 64.6 66.8 84.4 55.9 61.3 50.3 58.1 53.5 58.6 51.7 44.8 58.9 46.4 58.4 33.4 47.1 27.8 27.2 26.0 27.7 26.4 25.9 27.2 27.6 27.0 26.1 27.0 24.5 25.5 27.0 138 141 127 125 117 126 123 121 121 122 122 123 126 120
II
Check
cation. Mutation lines were grouped according to their color transition during growth (see table). Group I included five yellow-leafed mutants, for which leaves remain yellow or yellowish from seedling to maturity stages. Group II had eight yellow- or albinotic-leafed mutants in which the first 3-4 seedling leaves are albinotic or yellow before the 4th or 5th leaf extends, then the leaves turn greenish while in the seed bed, and finally a normal green at maturity (see table). All of the F1 plants had normal green leaves when the mutants were crossed with 2177S or any other variety with normal leaves, suggesting that a recessive gene(s) controls all of the mutations. The leaf color segregation ratio of normal green to mutated color in each F1 population between the mutants and 2177S was fitted well to a 3-1 ratio, indicating that a single recessive gene controlled all these mutations. Allelic tests of these mutation lines showed that W1 and W17 were controlled by an allelic gene, and so were W3, W5, and W11 . Nine nonallelic loci are involved with the 13 mutation lines. The mutant lines and 2177S were crossed with the conventional line TEC. The morphoagronomic characters of these F1 plants were recorded and analyzed. No significant differences were detected among them for plant height, panicles per plant, panicle length, grains per panicle, and yield per plant (P = 0.05) (data not shown). This suggests that these co1ored-1eaf mutants can be used as markers for eliminating seed contamination in two-line hybrid rice.
Yield potential Yield potential

Correlation and path analysis of rice grain yield under alkali stress conditions
A. Ramalingam, N. Sivasamy, S. Subramanlan, and K. Koodalingam, Cotton Research Station (CRS), Srivilliputtur 626125, lndia
We studied direct and indirect associations of yield components with grain yield in 27 short-duration rice genotypes to identify suitable criteria for effective selection of genotypes under alkaline stress condition. The experiment was laid out at CRS in a randomized block design during 1993 wet season (rabi) with three replications. The soil was clay loam with pH 8.6, EC
1.4 dS/m, and 18% exchangeable Na. The soil had low N (109 kg), low P (10.8 kg), and high K (672 kg). The crop received 125-50-50 kg NPK/ha during the season. We transplanted 25-d-old rice seedlings at 20- 10-cm spacing in 2- 3-m plots. The genotypes had 105115 d durations and grain yield varied from 1.7 to 6.0 t/ha. Grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with panicle length (r = 0.578), grains per panicle (r = 0.547), 100-grain weight (r = 0.401), dry matter production (r = 0.901 ), and straw yield (r = 0.752) (see table). Straw yield was positively and significantly correlated with plant height (r = 0.523), panicle length (r = 0.698), grains per panicle (r = 0.544), and dry matter production (r = 0.858). Dry matter production was significantly and
positively correlated with plant height (r = 0.44), panicle length (r = 0.692), grains per panicle ( r = 0.600), 100-grain weight ( r = 0.410), and root weight ( r = 0.378). Path analysis studies indicated that dry matter production had a high direct effect on grain yield (see table). Productive tillers per plant and grains per panicle had low direct effects. For the other traits, the effect was negative. Although panicle length, 100-grain weight, and straw yield had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield, they did not exhibit direct effect on grain yield. These characters had an indirect effect on grain yield, mainly through dry matter production. Dry matter production seems to be the most reliable character for effective selection of genotypes under alkali stress conditions.
Coefficients of correlation and path analysisa showing direct and indirect effects of yield components on grain yield under alkali stress condition. Srivilliputtur, India. 1993. Variable Panicle height Panicle length Productive tillers/plant Grains/panicle 100-grain weight Root weight Dry matter production Straw yield rg b Pc rg P rg P rg P rg P rg P rg P rg P Plant height 0.059 0.034 0.018 0.018 0.011 0.015 0.026 0.031 Panicle length 0.574** 0.014 0.024 0.002 0.016 0.003 0.007 0.017 0.017 Productive tillers/plant 0.303 0.029 0.089 0,009 0.097 0.002 0.021 0.017 0.013 0.002 Grains/ panicle 0.306 0.015 0.647** 0.032 0.024 0.001 0.050 0.010 0.018 0.030 0.027 100-grain weight 0.184 0.006 0.139 0.005 0.215 0.007 0.188 0.006 0.032 0.004 0.013 0.009 Root weight 0.255 0.072 0.298 0.084 0.180 0.051 0.352 0.099 0.127 0.036 0.281 0.106 0.054 Dry matter production 0.440* 0.545 0.692** 0.857 0.137 0.169 0.600** 0.743 0.410* 0.508 0.378* 0.469 1.239 1.062 Straw yield 0.523** 0.118 0.698** 0.157 0.018 0.004 0.544** 0.122 0.291 0.066 0.193 0.043 0.858** 0.193 0.225 Grain yield 0.263 0.578** 0.091 0.547** 0.401* 0.161 0.901* 0.752** -
a Residual effect = 0.35; underlined figures denote direct effects. * and ** = significant at the 5 and I% level. respectively. b rg =genotypic correlation coefficient. c P = path coefficient.
Grain quality Grain quality

Milling characters of raw and parboiled popular rice cultivars
S. Arumugachamy, S. Giridharan, A. P. M. K. Soundararaj, P. Vivekanandan, S. Anthoniraj, and T. M. Thiyagarajan, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TNRRI), Aduthurai 612101, lndia
More than half of the rice consumed in India is parboiled; in Tamil Nadu State it exceeds 85%. Raw and parboiled rices have different qualities. We investigated the differences in some milling characters between raw and parboiled rices in 15 popular cultivars. Nine short-duration (10.5- 120 d) cultivars were grown in 1992 kuruvai
season (Jun-Jul sowings) and six medium-duration (125-140 d) cultivars in 1992 thaladi season (Sep-Oct sowings). A recommended package of practices was followed for a transplanted lowland crop. Seeds were collected from replicated trials, cleaned, and dried to 14% moisture content. Samples were drawn 1 mo after harvest. One half was
parboiled by the double steaming method used in conventional rice mills and dried to 14% and the other half was raw milled. Both samples were dehulled in a laboratory model Satake rubber roll huller and milled for 30 s in a McGill miller. Milling characters were estimated (see table). All the cultivars had decreasing mean values for brown rice percentage in parboiled rice compared with raw rice because of soaking losses. Brown rice percentage in raw rice ranged from 75.4% for Improved White Ponni to 79.5% for ADT36; in parboiled rice, it ranged from 74.5% for Improved White Ponni to 77.8% for ADT39. Quantity of hull removed in parboiled rice was less than that for raw rice. The hull percentage was 20.0-23.0% in raw rice and 19.021.8% in parboiled rice. The most hull (23.0%) was removed from Co 45 and Improved White Ponni in raw rice and
21.8% from Improved White Ponni in parboiled rice. Parboiling improved the milling characters in all varieties. Milling recovery ranged from 71.3% for Improved White Ponni to 75.7% for ADT39 in raw rice compared with 72.7% for Improved White Ponni to 75.9% for ADT36 in parboiled rice. The physicochemical structure of the kernel was altered in parboiling, conferring strength to the grains due to gelatinization by double steaming and subsequent drying. More bran was obtained with raw milling than with parboiling, with 1.1 % in ADT38 and ADT39 and 4.2% in ASD18. This suggests that uniform milling for 30 s for both raw and parboiled rice is inadequate. Time should vary for uniform polishing. In raw milling, ASDl8, IR64, IR50, and ASD16 yielded 5.0-5.7% bran and IR36 yielded only 3.3%, indicating that cultivars vary
in hardness and resistance of milling. On the contrary, in parboiled rice, bran yield was highest in Co 43 (3.4%) and least in ADT37(1.4%), perhaps because of increased variation in gelatinization for the cultivars, even under similar conditions (see table). Head rice recovery in parboiled rice was much greater than that in raw rice. The head rice recovery of the cultivars under the raw rice treatment was relatively lower than their normal averages because of the environmental conditions to which samples were exposed from harvest until analysis. Cultivars, however, may respond differently to head rice recovery because of genetics. In both raw and parboiled rices, no definite trend was observed in brown rice, total milled rice, head rice, and hull and bran content, suggesting that genetics and the environment largely govern the characters.
Milling characters (%) for raw and parboiled rice of 15 popular cultivars. TNRRI, Aduthurai, India. 1992. Raw rice Variety Brown rice 77.7 78.1 79.0 78.4 79.5 79.2 77.7 78.6 78.5 79.7 78.2 78.4 78.0 76.5 75.4 78.2 1.1 Hull 21.9 20.9 20.5 20.6 20.0 20.2 22.0 21.0 20.6 20.0 21.2 21.5 21.7 23.0 23.0 21.2 0.9 Total milled rice 72.7 73.2 75.1 74.1 74.9 75.2 72.4 72.8 72.6 75.7 73.2 74.4 73.0 71.6 71.3 73.5 1.30 Bran 5.0 4.6 3.9 4.0 4.5 3.3 5.2 5.0 5.7 3.9 4.8 3.9 4.8 4.7 3.9 4.5 0.62 Head rice 50.0 48.5 53.5 41.1 46.8 52.5 46.7 45.0 46.9 51.6 46.5 52.2 54.9 40.8 47.4 48.3 4.06 Brown rice 76.4 76.5 77.3 77.0 77.6 77.3 77.0 75.9 76.9 77.8 76.9 77.4 76.6 76.5 74.5 76.8 0.78 Hull 20.5 20.4 19.4 19.2 19.0 19.7 21.0 19.8 20.1 19.5 19.5 20.5 20.2 20.7 21.8 20.1 0.73 Parboiled rice Total milled rice 74.0 73.7 75.6 75.4 75.9 75.3 73.9 74.1 75.3 75.8 74.5 74.4 73.0 73.8 72.7 74.4 0.93 Bran 2.4 2.8 1.4 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.8 1.8 1.6 2.8 2.6 2.8 3.4 2.7 1.8 2.7 0.61 Head rice 71.0 72.8 74.5 74.6 73.8 74.0 71.7 73.1 74.0 73.9 72.8 72.8 71.5 72.2 71.3 72.9 1.15
IR50 TKM9 ADT37 Co 37 ADT36 IR36 IR64 ASD16 ASD18 ADT39 IR20 ADT38 Co 43 Co 45 Improved White Ponni X SD
Induction of mutants with low amylose content in endosperm using a chemical mutagen, N-methyl-Nnitrosourea
K. Ise, Sun Youquan, K. Tomita, and Y. Sunohara, Japan and China Joint Research Program on Rice Genetic Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS), Kunming, Yunnan, Peoples Republic of China
With the increasing demand for quality rice in China, we are focusing on breeding cultivars with good eating quality. According to our recent surveys, urban people in Yunnan Province prefer soft-cooked rice with low amylose content. We studied how changes in the environment affect amylose content in the endosperm. An improved japonica cultivar, Hexi 4, was grown in Yunnan Province at five locations with different
altitudes (Table 1). Temperature during grain-filling markedly affected amylose content, with temperature below 20 C enhancing it. Based on this finding, we are selecting elite breeding lines with lower amylose under low temperatures for high-altitude regions. There are some traditional and improved indica cultivars with low amylose grains that are soft-cooking in Yunnan Province. We do not, however, have such japonica germplasm in the
IRRN 20:3 (September 1995) 9
Table 1. Amylose content in endosperm of Hexi 4, grown at 5 locations with different altitudes in Yunnan Province, China. Altitude (m) Average daily temperature in July (C) 18.6 19.8 20.9 21.7 24.3 Amylose content (%) 19.8 18.9 16.4 16.4 15.4
Table 2. Amylose content in endosperm of mutant lines induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treatment in Hexi 4. Mutant or cultivar Origin Amylose content (%) 20.1 11.3 1.0 16.5 21.5
Location
Shunghshao Kunming Yuxi Yiliang Huanian
2140 1916 1637 1550 1000
Hexi 4 94YM01 (dull) 94YM02 (waxy) Koshihikaria Nipponbareb
Yunnan Mutant Mutant Japan Japan
a Most popular variety in Japan, has good eating quality. bUsed as standard for eating quality tests in Japan.
YAAS Crop Germplasm Institute. So we tried to induce low-amylose mutants by treating the fertilized eggs of a nonwaxy cultivar, Hexi 4, with N-methyl-Nnitrosourea (Table 2). We obtained two mutants, one of which was waxy and the other with very low amylose or dull endosperm. The mutant lines and Hexi 4 only differed slightly in heading time, plant height, and plant type. These lines are useful for improving the quality of japonica rice cultivated in the high altitudes of the subtropics and tropics.
Gan Wan Xian 19: highyielding indica rice variety with improved grain quality
Yu Chuanyuang, Wan Jianlin, and Gan Shuzhen, Rice Research Institute, Jiang Xi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
Table 1. Reactiona of Gan Wan Xian 19 to blast, bacterial blight, and whitebacked planthopper. Leaf blast Rating 5 3 2 5 3 Reaction c S MR MR S MR Rating 3 3 0 0 Neck blast Reaction c MR MR HR HR Bacterial blight Rating 3.7 2.9 5.7 Reaction c R-MR H R-R MR-S Whitebacked planthopper Rating 3 Reaction c R
Provinceb/ institute
The Jiang Xi Provincial Seedboard released Gan Wan Xian 19 in 1992. It is a new semidwarf indica rice variety derived from the cross between Hei Shi Tou, a traditional variety, and F4084, a strain from the cross IR2061/Ai Gan Nuo/Ru Wei Tao. It is suitable for late sowing in the double-cropped area of southern China. Gan Wan Xian 19 is 95-102 cm in height and has strong stems. It matures in 134 d and has high yield potential under good irrigation and management conditions. In regional trials, the average yield was 6.8 t/ha, 11.6% more than that of M112, a local check in southern China. The highest yield obtained was 8.7 t/ha in the Huzhou region of central Jiangxi in 1993. The variety possesses resistance to blast, bacterial blight, and whitebacked planthopper. It has tolerance for water
Zhejiang Yunnan Hunan Guandong Jilin Jianmu China National Rice Research Institute
aScored using a 0-9 scale for leaf blast, and a 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 scale for neck blast, bacterial blight, and whitebacked planthopper. b Data from the plant protection Institute of each province. b S = susceptible, MR = moderately resistant,
R = resistant, HR = highly resistant.
submergence in the areas where floods are frequent (Table 1). Gan Wan Xian 19 has long, slender, translucent grains with intermediate amylose content, low gelatinization temperature, and soft gel consistency. It won a silver prize for its high quality at the First China Agricultural Product Exposition in October 1992 (Table 2). The variety was grown on 66,000 ha in Jiang Xi in 1993 and has been spreading quickly in other parts of southern China.
Table 2. Quality characteristics of Gan Wan Xian 19.1992. Characteristic 1,000-grain wt (g) Brown rice (%) Milled rice recovery (%) Head rice (%) Kernel length (mm) Lengthwidth ratio Chalky kernel (%) Area with chalkiness (%) Amylose content (%) Alkali spreading value Gel consistency (mm) Protein content of brown rice (%) Mean 26.0 79.8 73.1 55.3 7.1 3.6 8.0 1.7 21.3 7.0 76.0 8.2
Physical, milling, chemical, and cooking characters of some rice cultivars in Tamil Nadu, India
S. Arumugachamy, S. Giridharan, A.P.M.K. Soundararaj, P. Vivekanandan, and S. Anthoniraj, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai 612101, India
Growers, traders, millers, and consumers prefer different rice cultivars because of their grain yield and quality characters. We attempted to catalog certain physical, milling, chemical, and cooking characters in 16 rice cultivars commonly grown in Tamil Nadu, India. Nine of these cultivars are short-duration (105-120 d), six are medium-
duration (121-140 d), and one is longduration (more than 145 d). All are recommended for the lowland ecosystem. The short-duration cultivars were grown in 1992 dry season (Jun-Sep), and the medium- and long-duration varieties in 1992-93 wet season (Aug-Feb), following recommended practices. Grain was harvested, cleaned, and dried to 14%
10
Physical, milling, chemical, and cooking characters of 16 rice varieties. Tamil Nadu, India. 1992-93. Variety Duration (d) 1,000grain weight (g) 19.3 25.0 20.5 21.2 24.2 25.0 24.2 21.1 25.3 19.0 22.7 21.6 22.6 26.1 18.1 22.8 22.5 1.8 8.0 Breadthwise expansion 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.2 15.2 Kernel length (mm) 6.3 5.9 5.1 6.1 8.3 6.3 5.7 6.2 7.1 5.9 6.8 6.1 6.0 7.4 5.9 5.1 6.3 0.9 14.1 Kernel breadth (mm) 2.0 2.7 2.7 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.7 2.3 0.5 20.8 Kernel thickness (mm) 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.7 0.3 19.2 Amylose (%) 23.2 28.0 24.8 29.6 16.0 28.8 24.8 22.4 21.2 24.0 24.0 23.2 32.4 23.2 22.4 32.4 25.0 2.0 8.2 3.1 2.2 1.9 2.7 4.3 2.7 2.2 2.8 3.7 2.6 3.1 2.6 2.6 3.2 2.8 1.9 2.8 0.8 28.1 Water uptake 100 (ml) 220 200 280 200 260 220 180 280 200 200 240 260 200 180 260 280 228.8 5.9 2.6 Medium Medium Short Medium Extra long Medium Medium Medium Long Medium Long Medium Medium Long Medium Short Slender Medium Bold Medium Slender Medium Medium Medium Slender Medium Slender Medium Medium Slender Medium bold L-B ratio Kernel length Kernel shape Kernel length after cooking (mm) 9.5 9.2 8.7 10.3 11.7 10.1 8.1 9.2 10.6 9.2 10.0 9.7 9.5 12.0 10.3 8.5 9.8 1.0 10.3 Milling (%) 68.0 72.8 70.4 72.8 66.8 76.6 72.0 69.2 72.4 76.0 74.4 76.0 74.0 73.6 72.4 72.4 72.5 1.6 2.3 Kernel breadth after cooking (mm) 3.0 3.9 3.7 3.3 2.9 3.5 3.8 3.3 3.3 2.8 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.9 3.4 0.6 16.4 Head rice recovery (%) 50.0 48.5 52.4 51.2 53.2 56.8 64.0 47.9 62.0 57.2 64.4 55.6 59.2 46.8 50.4 51.0 54.4 2.4 4.3
IR50 TKM9 ADT37 ADT36 ADT41 ADT42 ASD16 ASD18 IR64 ADT39 ADT38 IR20 Co 43 Co 45 Improved White Ponni CRR1009 X SD CV (%) Variety IR50 TKM9 ADT37 ADT36 ADT41 ADT42 ASD16 ASD18 IR64 ADT39 ADT38 IR20 Co 43 Co 45 Improved White CR1009 X SD CV (%)
105 105 105 110 110 110 110 110 120 125 135 135 135 135 135 155 121.25 3.85 3.18 Linear elongation ratio
Elongation Alkali index digestion score a 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.3 24.1 3 6 2 2 5 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 7 3 3 3.1 1.2 39.1
Volume expansion 4.2 3.9 5.0 4.0 4.7 4.1 3.9 5.0 3.9 3.6 4.5 4.6 3.9 3.7 4.6 4.6 4.3 0.7 15.7
Brown rice (%) 74.0 77.6 79.2 79.2 72.8 79.2 78.4 77.2 76.8 80.0 78.4 79.2 78.4 78.4 76.4 76.8 77.6 1.4 1.8
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.7 Ponni 1.8 1.7 1.6 0.3 18.8
aBased on the spreading scale of 1-7.
moisture content. Samples were drawn 1 mo after harvest. The methods described in the Standard evaluation system of rice, Juliano and Perez (1984), Pillaiyar and Mohandass (1981), and the standard procedures recommended for determining cooking qualities by Bhattacharya and Sowbhagya (1972) were used with two replicates (see table). Kernels of ADT41, an aromatic fine rice, were extra long and slender. Kernels of IR64, ADT38, and Co 45 were long and slender, while those of ADT37 and CR1009 were short and bold. IR50
had medium slender kernels and the rest had medium kernel length and shape. Co 45 and IR64 had the heaviest 1,000-grain weights and Improved White Ponni and ADT39, the lightest. High mean values for linear elongation ratio and elongation index coupled with low mean values for breadthwise expansion ratio result in longer cooked rice grains with the least breadthwise swelling, giving a good appearance. These characters were favorably combined in ADT36, Improved White Ponni, and ADT39 (medium kernel length and
shape) and in ADT37 (short and bold). But the three long slender and one extra long slender genotypes showed similar values for linear elongation and breadthwise expansion ratios (see table). Co 45, TKM9, and ADT41 had high alkali digestion scores, and the other genotypes had low mean values. CR1009, Co 43, ADT36, ADT42, TKM9, ADT37, and ASD16 had high amylose content (more than 24%) and ADT41 had a very low content (16%). The others had intermediate amylose content.
ASD16 and Co 45 took up the least amount of water; ADT37, ASD18, and CR1009 took up the most. However, ADT37 and ASD18 had the highest values for volume expansion and ADT39 the least. Low water uptake and high volume expansion were noted in ADT42. Head rice recovery was highest in ADT38 followed by ASD16 and IR64 (more than 60%). It was very low in
Co 45, ASD18, and TKM9 (less than 50%). ADT41 recorded a low percentage of brown rice (72.8%), with other genotypes ranging from 74.0 to 80.0%. Milling and head rice recovery in the genotypes, however, were not proportionate to their respective hulling percentages. The brown rice to milling difference is indicative of the quantity of bran and germ removed from the kernels. It was
highest in ADT37 (8.8%) and lowest in ADT42 (2.6%). The fewest brokens were in ASD 16 (8.0%) and the most in Co 45 (26.8%). The genotypes studied possessed more variability for gelatinization temperature, Length-breadth ratio, elongation index, and kernel breadth, indicating the possibility of the genetic improvement of these grain quality traits.
Pest resistancediseases Pest resistancediseases

Genetic diversity in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola
A. K. Raymundo and A. Briones, Jr., Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baos, Philippines; E. Y. Ardales, IRRI; J. E. Leach, Plant Pathology Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA, and T. W. Mew and R. J. Nelson, IRRI
Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, is an increasing problem in rice production in tropical and subtropical Asia. Losses can be as high as 17% depending on the cultivar and climatic conditions. In China, BLS has recently become so severe that the pathogen has been placed on the quarantine list of some provinces. Many plots on the IRRI farm and in nearby farmers fields have been heavily infected during the past two wet seasons. Past studies have shown that X. oryzae pv. oryzicola exhibits a wide and continuous range of virulence. No clear differential interactions have been established. In this study, we determined the haplotypic diversity of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola and explored the relationships between haplotype and pathogen aggressiveness. This may be useful in allowing the selection of pathogen strains for screening and characterizing sources of resistance to BLS. We evaluated the genetic diversity of a group of 124 X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains between 1972 and 1990 from different regions of the Philippines. Diversity was estimated from data obtained by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) (Fig. 1a) and PstI
1. a) DNA hybridization profiles obtained using pR41 as the probe. b) DNA banding patterns based on Pst I restriction digestion.
12
2. Phenograms showing the relationships among the different haplotypes for strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola obtained using a) data and b) Pst l restriction enzyme analysis.a
aStrain designations for representative isolates are shown
in parentheses. Stralns were grouped using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA). The percentage of times that a particular group was formed by bootstrap analysis is shown on each fork of the phenogram.
restriction endonuclease analyses (Fig. 1 b). For restriction endonuclease analysis, chromosomal DNA isolated from each strain was digested to completion with PsfI. High molecular weight (HMW) bands between 23.1 and 7.1 kb were polymorphic between genomes of the strains (Fig. 1b). The number of HMW bands ranged from 5 (in BLS280) to 13 (in BLS30). Thirty-six different banding patterns (PstI haplotypes) were resolved by Pst I digestion. For RFLP analysis, the probe used was a repetitive DNA sequence contained in plasmid pBluescript that had been isolated from a partial genomic library of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strain, BLS335. Clone pR41 was suspected to contain a repetitive DNA element based on the intensity of hybridization in colony blots when probed with labeled genomic DNA from X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. The repetitive nature of the pR41 insert was confirmed when the clone hybridized to multiple fragments of PstI-digested genomic DNA of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola in Southern blots. The DNA sequence of the pR41 insert (459 nucleotides in length) is 44.8% identical to part of the sequence of a IS1112, a mobile, repetitive DNA insertion element cloned from X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. When Southern blots of PstI-digested DNA from the 124 strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola were hybridized with the pR41, 26 different banding patterns (R41 haplotypes) were observed based on 71 total band positions. The genetic diversity of the population of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola
assessed by RFLP was estimated to be 0.92 by Nei and Tajimas equation. This value is similar to the genetic diversity of a comparable collection of X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains. The DNA fingerprints of the 26 different R41 and 36 PstI haplotypes were used to estimate the relatedness among the different haplotypes by cluster analyses (unweighted pair group arithmetic average clustering methods, or UPGMA). The robustness of the phenograms was evaluated using the bootstrap procedure (Fig. 2). The haplotypes that defined both R41 and PstI did not cluster tightly. Several small clusters of two to three similar haplotypes were seen, but most haploytpes did not belong to clearly defined groups. Strains representing the haplotypes of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola were inoculated to rice cultivar IR50 and lesion lengths were measured to determine if groups of the pathogen could be discerned based on aggressiveness (as measured by lesion length). A continuous range of lesion lengths was observed. That is, although infection with strains from different haplotypes resulted in lesions of different lengths, there was overlap in lengths of lesions caused by the various haplotypes and no discrete groupings were formed. To determine if haplotypes are differentially aggressive to other rice varieties and to identify representative isolates for evaluation of germplasm, we are now inoculating strains representing each of the R41 and PstI haplotypes to a diverse group of rice varieties.
Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated

ASD19: a medium-duration, short- and slender-grained variety for Tamil Nadu, India
W. Wilfred Manuel, T. Sundararn, K. Ganesan, S. Valravan, P. Shanrnugasundaram, K. Mohanasundaram, S. Palanisamy, M. Subramanlan, and M. Rangaswamy, Rice Research Station, (RRS), Ambasamudram 627401, Tamil Nadu, India
ASD19 is a derivative of the cross between Lalnakanda and IR30. It is semidwarf (108 cm) and matures in
120-132 d. It is highly suitable for sowing in Pishanam season (Oct-Feb) in southern districts of Tamil Nadu where IR20 and ADT39 are currently being grown. In 240 trials conducted at research stations and in farmers fields in Tamil Nadu and around the nation, ASD19 yielded an average 5.8 t/ha, outperforming all of the checks, including IR20 by 14.2% (Table 1). In fertilizer trials, 100 kg N/ha was found to be the optimum fertilizer dose for ASD19 (Table 2).
ASD19 possesses moderate resistance to blast and is tolerant of early drought. It has well-exserted panicles with short, slender grains that have a protein content of 9.6% and good cooking quality. Its milling recovery to total rough rice is 65.5%, 3.8% higher than that of IR20. Its 1,000-grain weight is 18.3 g. ASD19 was released in January 1995 for general cultivation in Pishanam season in southern districts of Tamil Nadu. (See next page for tables.)
Table 1. Grain yield of ASD19. Tamil Nadu, India. 1979-93. Triala and year RRS, Ambasamudram, 1979-93 Multilocation trials at research stations, 1981-92 Adaptive research trials in farmers' fields Nellai Kattabomman District, 1987-90 Chidambaranar District, 1987-90 Kanyakumari District, 1983 Minikit - Chidambaranar District, 1988, 1992 National trials - Directorate of Rice Research, 1987, 1990 Overall mean Trials (no.) Corresponding mean yield of ASD19 Increase over checks (%) Mean grain yield (t/ha) ASD19 5.2 (18) 4.9 (25) 5.6 (49) 6.9 (28) 4.1 (14) 6.3 (100) 4.3 (6) 5.8 240 IR20 3.8 (18) 4.3 (18) 5.1 (48) 6.0 (28) 5.0 112 5.7 14.2 ADT39 3.8 (5) 4.0 (1) 6.8 (10) 5.7 (10) 5.7 26 6.1 8.4 CO 43 4.3 (13) 5.3 (15) 5.0 (49) 6.3 (28) 3.6 (14) 5.1 119 5.7 11.9 Ponni/White Ponni 4.4 (14)
Table 2. Fertilizer trial on ASD19. Tamil Nadu, India. 1991-93. N level (kg/ha) 0 50 100 150 200 CD (P= 0.05) Grain yield (t/ha) 1991 3.4 4.6 5.4 5.0 5.9 1.5 1992 2.3 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.6 0.2 1993 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.0 5.0 0.2 Mean 3.3 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.8
IRRN REMINDER 4.4 14 5.0 13.2
Multiple submissions. Normally, only one report for a single experiment will be accepted. Two or more items about the same work submitted at the same time will be returned for merging. Submitting at different times multiple notes from the same experiment is highly inappropriate. Detection will result in the rejection of all submissions on that research.
a Figures in parentheses indicate number of trials.
Seed technology Seed technology

Mutagenic effectiveness, efficiency of gamma rays, and genetic parameters of variation in gamma-irradiated upland rice
S. S. Mehetre, P. A. Patil, S. K. Lad, C. R. Mahajan, and P. M. Dhumal, Botany Section, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra, India
We studied mutagenic effectiveness, efficiency of gamma rays, and genetic parameters in the M 1 and M 2 generations of eight upland rice varieties (HS17, Basmati 371, Jaya, Kundalika, R24, Ghansal, JS180, and ACK5) that were irradiated with gamma rays. M0 generation. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block. Dry seeds of the varieties were irradiated at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kR. M1 generation. Irradiated seeds were sown along with unirradiated control seeds during 1992 dry season (kharif). Germination and survival percentages (Table 1) were recorded at 10 and 30 d after sowing. Obser14 IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)
vations were recorded for different characters (Tables 1 and 2). Analysis of variance showed significant varietal differences and variety dose interactions, indicating that the gamma rays induced variation for days to flowering, days to maturity, and grain yield/plant. Seeds were collected from the primary panicles of all surviving M 1 plants. Seed fertility was recorded. As the radiation dose increased from 10 to 50 kR, both germination and survival percentage (except at 30 kR) and plant height (except at 30 kR) decreased compared with the control (Table 1). Grain fertility decreased in all the doses compared with the control. Genetic components were computed, except for the control, and irradiated varieties and doses were pooled for different characters. Variation ranged from 1.0% (days to maturity) to 20.2% (grains/plants). The greatest range of variation was for grains/plant (20.2%), grain yield/plant (18.0%), and tillers/plant (16.6%), indicating greater scope for genetic improvement in these characters. The
extent of genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) showed that grain yield/plant (48.3) had the highest GCV followed by 1,000-grain weight (28.2), plant height (24.6), and grains/plant (21.6). High GCV values in these characters proved the existence of high genetic variability in gamma ray-induced varieties. High broad sense heritability estimates were recorded by all the characters except tillers/plant. High genetic advance was observed for grain yield plant (93.3%), 1,000grain weight (58.6%), and plant height (48.9%). High heritability along with high genetic advance were most useful in predicting the resultant effect for selecting the best individuals. Grain yield/plant, 1,000-grain weight, and plant height indicated the presence of additive gene action, which is desirable for the selection process in subsequent generations. M2 generation. Seeds were collected from the primary panicles
Table 1. Effect of gamma ray doses on germination, survival, plant height, and sterility in M 1 and on chlorophyll mutation frequency, mutagenic efficiency, and effectiveness of gamma rays in M 2 . Treatment Character Control 10 kR 8.2 20 kR 5.5 30 kR 5.0 40 kR 52.9 50 kR 42.4 51.6 26.6 59.1 121.7
Mutation frequency on M1 plant basis (t) M1 damage (%) based on Lethality (L) Injury (I) Sterility (S) Mutagenic effectiveness (t dose kR 100) Mutagenic efficiency based on Lethality (t/L 100) Injury (t/l 100) Sterility (t/S 100) Chlorophyll mutants M1 plants scored (no.) Mutants (no.) M2 plants (no.) Segregating families (no.) Mutants/100 M1 families (no.) Mutants/100 M2 plants (no.) Segregation ratio Spectrum of mutants Albina Xantha Striata
6.1 2.4 32.5 82.6
10.6 1.2 40.6 27.8
22.5 4.0 50.1 16.8
46.8 33.5 31.2 132.3
134.4 341.7 12.1
192.7 458.3 13.5
51.9 125.0 10.0
22.2 157.9 169.6
82.2 159.4 71.4
579 0 -
508 44 9312 42 8.3 0.5 0.7 90.9 9.1 -
521 30 3496 29 5.6 0.9 0.1
395 24 2449 20 5.1 1.0 0.1
34 21 2243 18 52.9 0.9 0.6
33 31 1560 14 42.4 2.0 0.9
80.0 6.7 13.3
100
85.7 14.3 -
86.7 6.7 6.7
Table 2. Genetic parameters for different characters in M1 generation of gamma-irradiated upland rice. Maharashtra, India. 1992 kharif. Source of variation a Days to 50% flowering 98.3 75.0 122.0 1.3 152.3 153.8 12.6 12.6 99.0 25.3 25.7 Maturity 126.6 101.0 151.0 1.0 177.5 179.1 10.5 10.6 99.1 27.3 21.6 Plant height (cm) 99.1 69.8 143.4 6.8 596.0 641.0 24.6 25.5 93.0 48.5 48.9 Tillers/ plant (no.) 13.4 9.0 18.3 16.6 3.0 7.9 13.0 21.1 38.1 2.2 16.5 Grains/ plant (no.) 115.6 83.0 165.5 20.2 624.8 1031.0 21.6 27.8 60.6 40.1 34.7 1,000grain weight (g) 19.9 11.4 28.1 4.2 31.2 31.9 28.2 28.5 97.9 11.6 58.6 Grain yield/ plant (g) 11.1 2.9 23.3 18.0 28.9 32.1 48.3 51.8 87.8 10.4 93.3
Mean Range CV (%) Variance Coefficient of variation
Minimum Maximum (G) (P)
of all surviving M 1 plants and fertility recorded. The M2 generation was raised during the 1993 wet season in a compact family block. In the M 2 generation, chlorophyll-deficient mutants albina, xantha, and striata were scored (Table 1). Mutation spectrum and mutation frequency were worked out on a M1 and M 2 plant basis and mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness were estimated. No definite trend was evident in mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency (Table 1). Effectiveness was lowest (16.8%) at 30 kR and highest (132.3%) at 40 kR. Mutagenic efficiency based on lethality, injury, and sterility percentage was lowest at 30 kR followed by 20 kR (except for injury). The highest efficiency based on lethality (192.7%) was recorded at 20 kR on injury (458.3%) at 30 kR, and on sterility (169.6%) at 40 kR. Mutagenic efficiency indicated the proportion of mutation in relation to an undesirable effect, such as lethality, sterility, or injury. All doses in this study were equally potent in producing chlorophyll mutations. The proportionate decrease in mutation rate was much higher than the proportionate increase in gamma ray dose. The highest effectiveness was recorded with 40 kR followed by 50 kR; 30 kR was found least effective. It appears from these results that 40 kR is most ideal for inducing mutation in upland rice.
(G) (P) Heritability (%) (BS) Genetic advance GA % mean
a G = genotypic, P = phenotypic, BS = broad sense.
15
Crop and resource management

Physiology and plant nutrition Physiology and plant nutrition
digestibility of urea-treated rice straw
A. R. Atharuddin, M. Singh, Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar 263145, Uttar Pradesh, India; and H. P. Singh, Plant Breeding Department, GBPUAT
Chemical
composition
and
The straw of seven rice cultivars, grown during 1993 under uniform agronomic conditions, were treated with 3%, 4%, or no urea. Their chemical composition (Table 1), nylon bag organic matter digestibility (NBOMD), and nylon bag neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NBNDFD) were determined (Table 2). The crude protein (CP) content in untreated Basmati 370, Sita, Cauvery, Pant Dhan 6, and Saket 4 was higher than that in Pusa Basmati and Kasturi (Table 1). The ash content in untreated cultivars
Saket 4, Kasturi, and Pant Dhan 6 was more than the mean value of 151 g/kg dry matter (DM). The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content in the untreated straw varied from 728 to 778 g/kg DM. Treating straw with urea increased ash content and decreased organic matter (OM) content of straw. Straw with a higher ash content has a lower energy value. The NDF content increased in cultivars Kasturi and Pusa Basmati. whereas in the others it declined when treated with 3% urea and even more with 4% urea. Treating with 3% urea increased the CP content to 119 g/kg DM and with 4% to 136 g/kg DM. The NBOMD and NBNDFD of straw from the cultivars differed significantly (Table 2). There was no significant difference between 3 and 4% urea treatments. The improvement in digestibility was greater in straw that had lower digestibility prior to urea treatment.
The relationship between NBNDFD of treated straw (Y) and NBNDFD of untreated straw (x) was Y = 788-1.35 x (r2 = 0.76, n = 7) for 3% urea-treated straw and Y = 681-1.15 x (r2 = 0.75, n = 7) for 4% urea-treated straw. This emphasized that for increased profitability, rice straw with higher digestibility may be fed to animals without urea treatment.
Effect of root pruning during ripening on grain filling in rice

S. S. Akita, C. K. Kim, and F. T. Parao, IRRI
Table 1. Differences in chemical composition of straw of cultivars untreated and treated with urea (g/kg DM). Uttar Pradesh, India. 1993. Variety Untreated Ash 129 148 142 161 158 158 170 151 NDF 763 778 728 768 763 752 737 755 CP 54 46 65 49 37 68 70 61 Ash 142 154 159 165 162 170 181 162 3% urea-treated NDF 755 810 768 810 731 747 738 765 CP 113 106 130 121 133 109 121 119 Ash 136 157 157 164 151 158 170 156 4% urea-treated NDF 768 768 748 753 751 727 723 748 CP 140 125 145 137 141 130 136 136
Basmati 370 Pusa Basmati Sita Kasturi Cauvery Pant Dhan 6 Saket 4 Mean
Table 2. Nylon bag organic matter digestibility (NBOMD) and nylon bag neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NBNDFD) (72h) of rice straw of different cultivars. Uttar Pradesh, India. 1993. Variety NBOMD (g/kg) Unit 547 573 570 596 584 597 615 582 8.9 36.2 26.4 3% urea-treated 4% urea-treated 653 669 676 684 658 645 663 664 680 698 669 665 667 651 670 672 Unit 439 496 519 507 493 523 540 50.3 34.0 34.0 24.8 NBNDFD (g/kg) 3% urea-treated 4% urea-treated 634 627 640 620 576 579 588 605 615 652 606 584 590 605 604 608
Sita Pusa Basmati Kasturi Pant Dhan 6 Saket 4 Basmati 370 Cauvery Mean SEM CD (P = .01) CD (P = .05)
The positive contribution of roots during the ripening phase to grain filling has been suggested in many reports. However, the discussion seems to have been speculative, with higher yield sometimes being observed where most of the roots are black and necrotic at ripening. We evaluated how roots contribute to grain filling when pruned at different times around heading. High-yielding semidwarf cultivar IR58 was transplanted at the beginning of Jul and Aug 1989 (wet season) at IRRI at a density of 50 hills/m2. We applied a total of 150 kg N/ha during the entire growing season. A sickle was used to prune, at night, all of the roots (at the base of the hill) for 20 plants in the middle of a 30-m2 plot. Each pruned hill was lifted once into the air to ensure the plant was completely separated from the ground and then returned to the same place. Each treated plant-was tied to a stick inserted into the soil beside the hill. This kept the plants erect and avoided disturbances in the canopy structure from affecting grain filling. Roots were pruned at different times before and after heading with three replications. Grain yield and yield components were determined using conventional methods. The sudden decrease of surface area for water absorption after pruning caused
16
Effect of root pruning at various times during ripening on IR58 grain yield and its components. IRRI, 1989. Treatment Time of treatment (DAH) a 5 0 5 10 5 0 5 10 15 Grain yield Actual (g/m2) sd b 337 190 290 350 320 426 355 350 380 406 385 29 21 15 40 22 31 25 31 19 48 35 Corrected c (g/m 2 ) 337 217 273 306 324 426 334 389 408 364 398 Filled grains (%) 64 47 56 62 64 71 62 66 71 67 71 Grain weight (mg) 18.7 16.6 17.3 17.5 18.0 21.3 19.1 20.9 20.4 19.3 19.9
Control (Jul planting) Roots pruned
Control (Aug planting) Roots pruned
Effect of root pruning on grain yield of IR58. IRRI, 1989.
Days after heading. b Standard deviatlon. c Corrected yield assuming spikelet number is the same as in the control plot.
leaves to curl slightly the next day. Little wilting, however, was observed on the second day after pruning and none after that. Both grain weight and ripening percentage decreased in all the treated plots (see table). The reduction in ripening percentage was higher when roots were pruned earlier, the time during which fertilization and initial grain growth occurand when plants are most sensitive to water imbalance.
Grain yield was reduced markedly when treated before heading and by about 10% when plants were treated at 5 d after heading and later, despite the complete removal of roots (see figure). Active nutrient uptake and the supply of cytokinins from the roots might have been reduced completely because the roots and root zone were removed. Few new roots formed in the pruned plants. Neither the nutrient uptake nor the supply of plant hormones from the roots
at this growth stage seem to be the major factor for grain filling. The principal contribution of roots to ripening is to supply sufficient water and to support the top of the plant. Grain yield was not so high in the wet weason, so the required nutrients after heading may have been smaller. Similar experiments during the dry season, when yields are higher, would help further elucidate the contribution of roots to grain filling in rice.
Mineral elements in Australian brown rice

K. M. Marr, G. D. Batten, and A. B. Blakeney, New South Wales (NSW) Agriculture, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco, NSW 2703, Australia
Table 1. Comparison of elemental composition of brown rice from Australia and that reported in previous studies (all values on oven-dry weight basis). Element Australian crops (mean) Range This study 11.0 2.8 2.4 1.2 0.9 0.03 29 0 15 6 0.6 1.6 0 - 17.0 - 3.6 - 3.5 - 1.5 - 1.3 - 0.13 - 70 -221 - 24 - 78 - 42 - 15 - 2 (g/kg) 2.0 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 (mg/kg) 2.3 20 7 2.3 0.3 1.2 0.3 Previous studies a na -
Ninety samples of brown rice from popular cultivar Amaroo were collected from commercial crops in the irrigated rice-growing regions of southern Australia at the end of the 1991-92 season. The samples were analyzed for total N using the Kjeldahl technique and for P, K, Mg, S, Ca, Mn, Na, Al, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mo using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The range and mean concentrations of each element were summarized from this study and ranges reported in 22 previous studies from Southeast Asia and the USA (Table 1). Many samples in earlier studies were from crops grown under experimental conditions with various nutrient inputs. Mean concentrations of
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Sulfur Calcium Manganese Sodium Zinc Iron Aluminum Copper Molybdenum
a
13.7 3.4 2.8 1.3 1.1 0.1 48 23 19 15 15 5 0.8
5.0 3.3 1.7 2.2 0.6
- 42 -395 - 33 - 60 - 30 - 7 - 1.2
Based on data from 22 independent studies in Southeast Asia and the USA.
all mineral nutrients in Australian grain fell into the ranges found in earlier studies, except for Mn, which was generally at higher concentrations, and Ca, which was at lower concentrations. Some samples had higher Fe, Al, and Cu
concentrations than reported for samples from Southeast Asia and the USA, but some of these may have been contaminated by these elements during grinding. Grain in the previous studies also had a greater range of P and Na concentrations.
Elements removed by brown rice grain were compared with the concentrations removed by hulls and straw and the resulting nutrient harvest index (Table 2). In an average 10 t/ha crop of Amaroo at 14% moisture, brown grain removed 103 kg N; straw, 61 kg N; and hulls, 3.7 kg. Brown rice removed most of the P (25 kg in an average 10 t/ha rice crop), while straw removed 4.8 kg and hulls removed 0.4 kg, giving a nutrient harvest index of 83%. The amounts of K, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Mo removed by straw exceeded those removed by brown rice; hulls contained low concentrations. The proportion of Mn, Fe, Na, and Al removed by grain was lower than or equal to that removed by hulls, with straw removing the greatest proportion. Straw and grain removed similar amounts of Cu and S, with much lower concentrations in hulls. At the rice mill, hulls are separated from the grain, and most are dumped and burned or converted to livestock feed. Rice straw is usually burned after harvest. N, P, and S are the dominant fertilizer inputs for rice in southern NSW. Incor-
Table 2. Partitioning of mineral elements by an average Amaroo rice crop yielding 10 t/ha (at 14% moisture). a Element Element removed In brown grain 103 25 21 10 8 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 140 35 6.0 In hulls In straw (kg/ha) Total nutrients removed Nutrient harvest index (%)b
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Sulfur Calcium Manganese Sodium Aluminum Iron Zinc Copper Molybdenum
3.7 0.4 9.0 0.6 0.4 1.4 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 26 2 1.4
~~~
61 4.8 212 14 5.8 23 5.8 27 6.2 2.2 (g/ha) 259 35 25
167.7 30.2 242.0 24.6 14.2 25.3 6.8 27.5 6.4 2.4 425 72 32.4
61 83 9 41 56 4 6 1 2 4 33 49 19
straw/ha. The data were calculated using concentrations of minerals on an oven-dry weight basis and multiplying by 7.5, for grain, 1.4 for hulls, and 9.6 for straw (i.e.. yields at 0% moisture).
b Nutrient harvest index = 100
aA rice crop yielding 10 t/ha (at 14% moisture) will have an average of 8.4 t grain/ha, 1.6 t hulls/ha. and 11 t
Amount in grain Amount in grain, hulls, and straw
porating residues would enhance the recycling rate of all the nutrients studied. However, P would be supplied in rela-
tively small amounts because it is predominantly exported in the brown grain.
Fertilizer management Fertilizer management

Effects of Sesbania rostrata population, time of harvest, and urea application rate on lowland rice production
D. Nazemi, M. Alwi, and Mukhlis, Banjarbaru Research Institute for Food Crops, P. O. Box 31, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Table 1. Effect of plant population and time of harvest on N concentration (%) in plant tissue of S. rostrata. Maros, Indonesia. Time of harvest (DAS) 45 60 Plant population/ha a 62,500 2.45 a 1.47 c 125,000 1.88 1.86 b b Table 2. Effect of S. rostrata plant population, time of harvest, and rate of urea application on rice panicle number, unfilled grains, and grain yield. Maros, Indonesia. Treatment S. rostrata population/ha 62,500 125,000 Time of harvest of S. rostrata (DAS) 45 60 Rate of urea application (kg N/ha) 0 23 46 Panicles/hill (no.) Unfilled Grain grains/ yield panicle (no.) (t/ha)
a In a column, means followed by the same letter are not
We studied the effects of plant population and time of harvest of Sesbania rostrata and urea application rate on lowland rice production. Soil was silty clay with a pH of 5.7, 0.16% N, 2.34% organic C, 16.76% ppm P, C-N ratio of 14.62, and 0.48 meq K/100 g. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications during 1991-92 wet season (Oct-Mar). The main plot treatment was S. rostrata population at two levels: 62,500 and 125,000 plants/ha. S. rostrata harvest time was the treatment in the subplot (45 and 60 days after sowing [DAS]),
significant at the 5% level by DMRT.
122.47 a 128.61 a
15.95 a 14.47 a
5.3 a 5.6 a
and levels of urea application (0, 23, and 46 kg N/ha) were the sub-subplot treatments. S. rostrata seeds were sown in the plot and thinned based on the plant population treatment. S. rostrata was plowed under in preparation for rice planting according to the treatments. Rice cultivar Cisadane was planted a week later. Half of the urea was applied at planting and the rest at panicle initiation. All of the plots were also treated at planting with triple superphosphate at 26.4 kg P/ha and KCl at 41.5 kg K/ha.
128.70 a 122.38 a
14.56 a 15.86 a
5.4 a 5.5 a
4.4 c 115.32 b 17.08 a 15.49 b 5.7 b 126.62 a 13.06 c 6.4 a 134.68 a
aIn a column, means followed by the same letter are not significant at the 5% level by DMRT.
The greatest N content in S. rostrata plant tissue occurred with 62,500 plants/ ha and harvest at 45 DAS (Table 1).
The plant population, time of S. rostrata harvest, and their interaction were not significant. The rate of urea application, however, was significant.
The rice crop responded to urea application. S. rostrata green manure gave the same rice yield as did 46 kg N/ha as urea. Applying urea at 46 kg N/ha could
decrease the unfilled grains/panicle, increase the panicled/hill, and increase grain yield (Table 2).
Fertilizer managementinorganic sources

Band placement of urea solution increases N use efficiency in transplanted lowland rice
P. Devasenapathy and S. P. Palaniappan, Agronomy Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 641003, India
Most of the N fertilizer used in rice in Asia is urea. Rice under flooded systems makes poor use of urea because of losses through ammonia volatilization, denitrification, leaching, immobilization, and ammonium fixation. Scientists at IRRI modified a technique where urea solution is placed in bands using a two-row, pushtype applicator for transplanted lowland rice. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and rice yield were significantly increased using this technique compared
with point placement of urea supergranules (USG). We evaluated the IRRI applicator for urea solution (see figure) with broadcast prilled urea (PU), neem-coated urea (NCU), and point placement of USG at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Aliyar Nagar, Tamil Nadu, during 199293, followed by on-farm testing. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design with 11 treatments and three replications using varieties IR50 and ADT36. All growth and yield parameters increased significantly (see table) with band placement of urea solution at 50 kg N/ha in 2 splits compared with applying 100 kg N/ha as PU in a conventional 3-way split. The grain yield increase with band placement was 10% more for IR50 and 25% more for ADT36 than that
Urea solution applicator.
with the 3-way PU split. Higher agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of N were obtained with band placement (see table) of urea solution. At 100 kg N/ ha, the optimal growth and yield parameters also occurred with band placement.
Effect of treatments on yield components, yield, and N use efficiency in rice. ARS, Tamil Nadu, India. 1992-93. Yield (t/ha) Treatment N rate (kg/ha) 0 100 Panicles/m 2 (no.) IR50 460 510 ADT36 420 435 IR50 3.6 4.6 Grain ADT36 3.8 5.4 IR50 3.8 4.6 Straw ADT36 4.7 5.6 N use efficiency Agronomic efficiency (kg grain/kg N) IR50 10.3 ADT36 15.8 Apparent recovery(%) IR50 18.3 ADT36 22.8
Control (No N) 50% N as basal + 25% N each at 15 and 35 DAT b as PU c BPd of urea solution at 1/3 N at 15 DAT + 2/3 N at 35 DAT BP of urea solution at 1/3 N at 15 DAT + 2/3 N at 35 DAT Point placement of USGe at 7 DAT BC 50% N as basal as NCU f + 25% N at 15 DAT as NBU g + 25% N at 35 DAT as PU LSD (0.05)
a b
BCa
50
600
603
5.1
6.8
6.1
8.3
30.0
59.1
62.1
95.2
100
615
625
5.2
7.1
6.2
8.4
16.3
32.4
35.3
55.9
100 100
565 555
550 495
4.9 4.8
6.6 6.6
5.2 5.0
7.5 8.0
13.5 12.3
27.5 27.3
25.8 22.5
42.9 40.9
12
c
29
0.3
d
0.7
e
0.3
0.9
f
(Not analyzed statistically)
BC = broadcasting. DAT = days after transplanting. PU = prilled urea.
BP = band placement.
USG = urea supergranules. NCU = neem-coated urea. g neem-blended urea.
19
studies showed that conventional application of PU resulted in low recovery and that the major portion of applied N appeared to have been lost (data not shown). The plant and total (plant + soil)
15N
recovery of 15N improved with band placement of urea solution at 50 kg N/ha in 2 splits compared with applying PU. Band placement of urea solution at 50 kg N/ha in 2 splits is an alternate the table. We applied 13.34 kg P/ha and 24.89 kg K/ha basally across the entire area at final puddling. Two to three 25-d-old rice seedlings were transplanted at 25- 25-cm spacing. Various fractions of N in the soil, including ammonium-N, nitrate-N (using 10% NaCl solution as an extractant in the ratio of 1:4, soil:solution), hydrolyzable N (HL-N) (6 N HCl), and nonhydrolyzableN (NHL-N) (acid-nonhydrolysate) were measured, as well as N losses through ammonia volatilization (trapping evolved NH3 in 0.1 N H2SO4) and leaching (soil solution collected by a piezometer with a porous cup). Rice yield was also recorded. Applying (NH4)2SO4 basally maintained a higher concentration of ammonium N in the soil than did most treatments during kharif. Soil NO 3-N values
fertilizer management strategy for reducing N losses, increasing yield, and obtaining higher NUE to achieve about a 6.5 t/ha yield potential.
Transformation of N in soil affected by different sources and methods of N application in a flooded rice ecosystem
R. Das, D. K. Das, and B. Das, Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science Department, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
We investigated the effect of applying 60 kg N/ha through various sources and methods on rice cultivar IET4094 during 1992-93 rabi (wet) and 1993 kharif (dry) seasons at the universitys farm in Kalyani, West Bengal, India. Soil was a Haplustalf with a pH of 7.9, 0.85% organic C, 26.32 C mol (p+)/kg CEC, and 0.993% total N. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Nitrogen was applied according to the schedule in
with prilled urea (PU) as a basal application and PU as a split were similar in both seasons while green manure (GM) + PU resulted in a generally lower soil nitrate N concentration. Use of neem-coated urea applied basally maintained relatively high amounts of both HL-N and NHL-N. The cumulative N loss through ammonia volatilization in GM + PU was similar to that of PU (split) during both seasons. The N loss through leaching was generally lower with the PU as a split than with the other treatments during both seasons (see table). We concluded that applying PU as a split and GM + PU are the most efficient fertilization forms of those studied. They resulted in generally higher yields with relatively low N losses to volatilization and leaching.
Transformation of N in submerged soil in relation to yield of rice cultivar IET4094a. West Bengal, India. 1992-93. Treatment Control Prilled urea (basal) Prilled urea (1/2 at transplanting + 1/2 at 30 DAT b ) Neem-coated urea Sulfur-coated urea (NH4)2SO4 Green manure c + prilled urea (1:1) NH4+ - N (mg/kg) Kharif 2.58 d 5.34 a 4.29 b c 3.86 3.68 c 5.71 a 4.50 b Rabi d 2.12 4.27 b 3.26 c 3.85 3.77 4.99 4.42 bc bc NO 3 - - N (mg/kg) Kharif 0.60 c 0.89 a 0.82 ab 0.88 a 0.81 ab 0.88 a 0.75 b Rabi 0.62 0.89 a 0.89 a d Hydrolyzable-N (mg/kg) Kharif 595.75 686.25 687.50 d bc bc Rabi 634.00 703.40 691.00 d b bc Nonhydrolyzable-N (mg/kg) Kharif 140.00 d 150.50 c 164.75 a 160.45 ab 162.50 a 156.50 b 165.25 a Rabi 120.25 157.25 168.75 a d e
a ab
0.68 cd 0.71 bc 0.78 b 0.72 bc
701.75 a 691.30 ab 684.50 bc 673.25 c
738.50 a 717.25 b 700.75 bc 681.75 c
165.75 ab 164.25 abc 160.30 de 163.40 bc
a ln a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05) by DMRT. b DAT = days after transplanting. c Green manure = Sesbania rostrata in kharif and Anabaena azollae in rabi.
Effect of substituting sodium for potassium in a lowland double-rice cropping system

Wang Jia-yu and Chen Yi, Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
We evaluated the effect of substituting sodium (common salt) for potassium

(muriate of potash) in indica, japonica, and hybrid rices during 1990-91 in three soils with different K-supplying capacities. Soils (top 0-15 cm) were Yu-yao siltyclay loam (Typic Haplaquept) with pH 6.2, 13.3 g organic C/kg, 1.83 g total N/kg, 19.3 g K/kg, 263 kg available N/ha, 20.50 kg Olsen P/ha, 77 kg exchangeable K/ha, 493 kg nonexchangeable K/ha, and
240.15 kg exchangeable Na/ha; Wen-lin loamy clay (Typic Haplaquept) with pH 5.6, 22.0 g organic C/kg, 270 kg available N/ha, 16.09 kg Olsen P/ha, 219 kg exchangeable K/ha, 614 kg nonexchangeable K/ha, and 319.47 kg exchangeable Na/ha; and Shao-Xing loamy clay (Typic Haplaquept) with pH 5.8, 23.3 g organic C/kg, 719 kg available N/ha, 6.18 kg Olsen P/ha, 137 kg exchangeable K/ha,
692 kg nonexchangeable K/ha, and 79.70 kg exchangeable Na/ha. The field experiments were laid out in a random block design with three replications. K was applied as muriate of .. potash at 0 (K 0), 62.2 (K50% ), 83.0 (K66% ), and 124.5 (K100% ) kg/ha. In 1990, Na was applied as common salt at 0 (K 0 ), 62 (Na 33% ), 93 (Na50%), and 186 (Na100% ) kg NaCl/ha (Na was chemically equivalent to K); in 1991, it was applied as 83.3 (Na 33% ), 250 (Na100% ), and 375 (Na150% ) kg NaCl/ha (NaCl rates were equal to KCl rates). The crop also received 150 kg N/ha as urea and 19.8 kg P/ha as single superphosphate. Plant samples at full heading and ripening stages were analyzed to determine contents of N (Kjeldahl method), K (H2SO4-H2O2 digestion-ICP method), Na (1 N HCl extraction-ICP method), SiO2 (H2SO4-H 2O2 digestion-weighting method), and Cl (Mohr method). Applying Na up to 250 kg NaCl/ha (Na100%) significantly increased grain yield by 4-8% compared with that of the
Table 1. Yields of three rice types grown with and without K and Na fertilizers.a Zhejiang, China. 199091. Yield Treatment 1990 Late rice season Hybrid K0 (control) K100% Na100% Na150% K50% Na 50% K66% Na 33% CV (%)
a
(t/ha) 1991 Early rice season lndica 6.0 a b c e 6.6 d 6.3 bc 6.1 a 6.4 c 6.1 b 3.5 Late rice season Japonica 6.7 a 7.6 b 7.0 a 6.8 a 7.3 b 7.4 b 4.9 Hybrid 8.7 a 10.2 c 9.4 b 9.4 b 9.9 c 10.0 c 5.9
6.7 a 7.9 7.0 7.4 7.6 6.1
ln a column, means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. The substitution of Na for K was chemically equivalent in 1990 and equal to the salt rates of NaCl to KCl in 1991.
no K and Na application control. The combined application of Na and K (K50% and Na50%, and K 66% and Na50% plots) gave almost the same grain yields as the K100% plot in the 1991 late rice crop (Table 1). Applying NaCl usually increased N, SiO2, Na, and Cl contents in rice plants, perhaps because more dry matter was
b
produced with Na application than in the control (Table 2). Applying NaCl did not markedly increase rice plants uptake of K, and oversupplying NaCl (Na150% plot in 1991 early rice crop) obviously reduced rice plants K uptake, showing the antagonistic effect between Na and K uptake.
Table 2. Nutrient uptake of ricea as influenced by applying common salt.
Zhejiang, China. 1990-91. Nutrient uptake (kg/ha)
N Treatment 1990 late rice season Hybrid rice K0 Na100% 1991 early rice season lndica rice K0 Na100% Na150%
a
K T G S T G
SiO 2 S T G
Na S T G
CI S T
61.4 70.5
70.4 78.8
131.7 149.3
17.9 23.0
54.5 52.5
72.3 75.5
173.4 216.2
582.8 658.7
756.2 874.8
0.5 0.6
15.8 26.6
16.3 27.3
8.3 10.1
48.0 62.1
56.2 72.2
92.0 99.0 89.9
41.3 34.8 33.3
133.2 133.8 123.2
28.4 28.1 25.7
79.2 68.1 67.2
107.6 96.2 92.9
176.0 236.3 117.9
644.6 668.3 518.0
820.5 904.5 695.9
0.5 0.5 0.4
5.6 8.5 8.0
6.1 9.0 8.4
8.8 10.2 11.5
36.5 35.5 29.3
45.3 45.7 40.8
G = grain, S = straw, T = total rice plant. bIn 1990 experiment, Na 100% = 186 kg NaCl/ha. In 1991 experiment, Na 100% = 250 kg NaCl/ha, Na 150% = 375 kg NaCl/ha.
Fertilizer management organic sources Fertilizer management organic sources

Algicides in Azolla germplasm management
E. Hall and W. J. Zimmerman, Natural Sciences Department, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, USA
The aquatic fern Azolla is cultivated as a green manure for application with
lowland rice in parts of Asia and the South Pacific. Azolla cultures are commonly maintained in the vegetative phase in germplasm collections. Freeliving cyanobacteria and microalgae within the growth medium of the open cultures may contaminate these accessions. Valuable plants may die from frequent infestations if they are not
periodically washed and transferred. The presence of the Anabaena azollae symbiont complicates eradicating these phototropic contaminants with biocides. As a possible solution to this maintenance problem, six Azolla species were tested for tolerance for two Cu +2based algicides: copper sulfate and chelated copper (Cutrine-PlusR, Applied
Biochemists, Inc., Milwaukee, WI, USA). Accessions came from A. microphylla (MI-NE KKN3), A. mexicana (ME-UCD 62), A. caroliniana (CA 3007), A. filiculoides (FI 1514), A. pinnata var. imbricata (PI 0509), and A. nicolata (NI 5001). Several Cu+2 concentrations from 0.1 to > 2.5 ppm of each algicide were added to N-free BG- 11 growth medium. Each Azolla species was tested for viability and growth. Duplicate 14-d experiments were completed in a laboratory under moderate photon flux densities (100-200 mol/m2 per s) and temperatures (22-25 C). Glass beakers (400 ml) containing 250 ml of BG-11 were inoculated with 0.5 g fresh weight (FW) of Azolla. Evaporated water was replaced as needed. Growth was measured by changes in total chlorophyll and FW. The effectiveness of both algicides in decreasing the presence of microbial contaminants in growth media was visually apparent at concentrations of > 0.5 ppm Cu+2 Biomass accumulation in all Azolla species was slightly reduced at 0.5 ppm (see figure) and was inhibited more at higher concentrations. Viability thresholds of each species were determined to be near 1.0 ppm, where chlorosis of fronds and decreased relative growth rates of FW were observed (see table). The source of Cu+2 was not a differentiating factor in the results of most growth trials. Accessions did not survive doses of > 2.5 ppm of either
Combined average data for Azolla growth and viability.
algicide. Conversely, applications of 0.1 ppm produced no visible symptoms of stress, and little difference in growth. between the treated and control samples in any species (see table). Amendments of 0.5 ppm Cu +2 to growth medium as either copper sulfate or a chelated form were concluded to be potentially useful if incorporated into the maintenance programs of Azolla germplasm collections. Plant growth is
stable, signifying a healthy symbiont, and the presence of contaminant populations is diminished. A side effect, however, is stunted root development. This phenomenon was not observed to be harmful to Azolla viability in these experiments and may prove to facilitate maintenance. Freely hanging roots often become tangled, thus complicating cleaning. They are also microsites for protists, nematodes, and phototrophic contaminants.
Growth of six Azolla species in N-free growth medium amended with copper-based algicide.a
Azolla species
1.0 ppm Cu +2 Total Chl b (mg) 258.90 (3.27) 389.88 (42.89) 681.25 (213.56) 227.92 (9.34) 192.13 (13.62) 291.07 (27.60) FW c (g) 0.88 (0.04) 0.88 (0.06) 1.25 (0.19) 0.73 (0.04) 0.79 (0.02) 0.92 (0.03)
0.5 ppm Cu +2 Total Chl (g) 861.08 (12.34) 712.79 (34.47) 989.71 (26.39) 858.53 (13.03) 704.33 (114.49) 666.78 (132.10) FW (g) 1.76 (0.07) 1.60 (0.00) 1.99 (0.02) 1.77 (0.03) 1.62 (0.13) 1.44 (0.17)
0.1 ppm Cu +2 Total Chl (g) 786.77 (99.24) 818.03 (41.09) 1258.30 (76.04) 962.71 (111.79) 1086.43 (129.46) 877.68 (125.62) FW (g) 1.86 (0.14) 1.54 (0.04) 2.02 (0.05) 2.07 (0.17) 2.26 (0.11) 1.67 (0.12)
No added CU +2 Total Chl (g) 1043.88 (74.95) 889.47 (43.12) 1269.65 (48.09) 1018.42 (75.35) 978.48 (77.03) 879.80 (46.25) FW (g) 2.15 (0.09) 1.74 (0.07) 2.08 (0.06) 2.19 (0.11) 2.14 (0.09) 1.82 (0.06)
A. microphylla A. nicolata A. pinnata var. imbricata A. caroliniana A. mexicana A. filiculoides

a Combined
data of both chelated copper and copper sulfate; numbers in parentheses represent standard errors of means. b Chl = chlorophyll. c FW = fresh weight.
22
Integrated pest managementdiseases

Occurrence of teleomorph of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, the causal agent of rice scab, in India
N. lboton Singh and R. K. Tombisana Devi, Botany and Plant Pathology Department, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Iroisemba, lmphal 795001, Manipur, lndia
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe is one of the causal organisms of rice scab
(RSc). We collected black fungal fruiting bodies from completely rotted tissue of the uppermost leaf sheaths enclosing the panicles of rice variety Leima Phou during November 1993 in research plots of the College of Agriculture and in nearby farmers fields (Fig. 1). Fruiting bodies were separated from the rotted tissues, purified, and placed on potato dextrose agar to isolate the fungus. Leima Phou was inoculated at
booting with 5-d-old culture to prove pathogenicity. We compared the conidial state (anamorph) of the fungus with those of pure cultures of F. graminearum and two other causal agents of RSc, F. moniliforme and F. avenaceum. We also studied the morphological characteristics of the perfect state (teleomorph) of the fungus from the diseased specimens. The perithecia are superficial, spherical to ovoid, dark brown, and mostly 60-200 60-192 m in dimension. They have cylindrical to clubshaped asci, often slightly curved with a short stripe, and a thin undifferentiated wall measuring 60-83 4-12 m. They have 8 distichous to obliquely monostichous ascospores. Ascospores are hyaline, curved fusoid with rounded ends, with 2-3 septate, measuring 19-28 5-8 m (Fig. 2). The perithecial characteristics of the fungus were identified as Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch, the teleomorph of F. graminearurn, which has been reported in the literature on a range of gramineous hosts except rice. The occurrence of the teleomorph of F. graminearurn on rice constitutes the first report from India.
1. Black colored fruiting bodies of Gibberella zeae on rotted portions of a flagleaf sheath.
Rice hull ash applied to soil reduces leaf blast incidence

C. T. Kumbhar and A. G. Nevase, Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Mahatma Phule Agricultural University Lonawala, 410401 Maharashtra, India; and N. K. Savant, International Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35662, USA
2. Asci of G. zeae outside the perithecium. The ascospores are diagonally oriented in each ascus.
Leaf blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav. is a serious disease that can severely damage rice at the seedling stage. We investigated the effect of applying rice hull ash (RHA) to the soil in the seedbed on the incidence of leaf blast. The pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at ARS during the 1992 and 1993 wet seasons. Black to gray RHA (81.0% SiO2), prepared by burning rice hulls in an open field, was amorphous with no peaks observed in X-ray
2. Effect of rice hull ash applied to soil on leaf blast incidence in rice seedlings. a 1992-93.
a
scores based on Standard evaluation system for rice, 0-9 scale. b DAS = d after sowing.
1. X-ray diffraction pattern of rice hull ash.
diffraction (XRD) patterns (Fig. 1). Only the amorphous form of SiO 2 is absorbed by plants. Crystalline SiO2, from white or pink RHA, is not available for plant uptake. The RHA was applied to a sandy loam soil on an area basis at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kg/m2. The treatments were replicated six times on two highly susceptible rice cultivars: Early Kolapi 70 and Chimansal 39. A conidial suspension of P. oryzae was sprayed on the seedlings at night 15 d after sowing (DAS). The plants reactions to blast were scored using the Standard
evaluation system for rice (0-9 scale) at 30 and 45 DAS. Applying RHA to the soil in the seedbed had a marked prophylactic effect on rice blast in the seedlings compared with the control where no RHA was applied (Fig. 2). RHA greatly reduced the
severity of the infection for both cultivars. For Early Kolapi-70, the RHA at 1.0 and 2.0 kg/m2 was effective in controlling the disease at 30 DAS, with the seedlings still moderately resistant up to 45 DAS. For Chimansal 39, the seedlings treated with 1.0 and 2.0 kg RHA/m2 were resistant to blast up to 45 DAS. The increased resistance to blast could be attributed to the increase in the SiO2 content of the seedlings (Fig. 2) from the RHA. The results demonstrate that applying black or gray RHA at 1.0 kg/m2 to the seedbed can protect rice seedlings from leaf blast damage without using fungicides, thus helping to protect the environment. (Note: The use of rice hull-fired stoves, such as the FAO-promoted Vietnamese L Tr or the IRRI-designed Ipa-Qalan cookstoves, by farmers for domestic cooking can facilitate collection of RHA.)
Integrated pest managementinsects

Effect of some fungicides on Metarrhizium sp. Sorok: an entomopathogen on insect pests of rice and pulses
G. Mikunthan, Agricultural Biology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka
Effect of fungicide treatments on Metarrhizium sp. a Treatment Control Propineb Concentration (ppm) 0 100 500 1000 100 500 1000 100 500 1000 100 500 1000 100 500 1000 100 500 1000 100 500 1000 100 500 1000 Mycelial growth of Metarrhizium sp. (cm) b 7.2 fgh 7.7 bcd 7.3 efg 7.3 efg 7.3 7.4 6.6 efg def
Mancozeb
ijk
A naturally existing entomophagous fungus, Metarrhizium sp. Sorok, was identified in adult brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stl), and larvae of armyworm Spodoptera litura (F). The insects are important pests of rice and pulses, respectively. Legumes are predominantly cultivated after rice in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. It was observed that the fungicides frequently used to control diseases in a rice - pulse cropping system influenced the development of Metarrhizium sp. A bioassay method was used to understand the effects of commonly used fungicides on the development of Metarrhizium sp.
Cuprous oxide
7.7 bcd 7.7 bcd 7.8 abc 7.7 7.6 7.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 6.8 5.4 4.1 8.0 ab 7.0 6.6 8.1 a 7.8 abc 7.7 bcd ij bcd cde efg n n n I m
Metalaxyl and mancozeb
Benomyl
Edifenphos
Sulfur
ghi ijk
Captan
a Mean of four replications. b In a column, means followed by common letters are not significantly different at 5% by DMRT.
Fungicides propineb, mancozeb, cuprous oxide, a metalaxyl and mancozeb mixture, benomyl, edifenphos, sulfur, and captan were studied. For each, solutions containing 100, 500, and 1,000 ppm were prepared using distilled water. Agar media were prepared using 1 ml of each fungicide solution for every 20 ml of potato dextrose agar and poured into sterile petri dishes. The control sample (0 ppm) was made by adding 1 ml of distilled water. Metarrhizium sp. grown in pure cultures were transferred aseptically as agar slugs (6-mm-diameter disks) to the center of each petri dish, replicated four
times in a completely randomized design. Petri dishes were then incubated in the laboratory at 29 2 C and 76-89% relative humidity. Colony diameters were measured from incubation at 24 h intervals for 5 d. Data were analyzed using Duncans multiple range test (see table). Of the eight fungicides tested, benomyl was most toxic to Metarrhizium sp., limiting growth to 0.6 cm even at the lowest concentration (100 ppm) (see table). Edifenphos inhibited mycelial growth to a lesser degree, while the remaining six fungicides enhanced the planthopper on rice, maize, and 56 common ricefield weeds as potential hosts. The test plants were dug in the vegetative stage from the IRRI farm and transplanted into pots. The plants were allowed to recover for 3 wk. A mating pair of P. maidis was introduced onto a potted plant enclosed with a 10-cmdiameter 72-cm-high mylar cylinder cage pushed into the soil. The eggs laid were counted by dissecting the plants after 5 d of caging. More eggs per female (72.7) were laid on maize than on Rottboellia cochinchinensis (56.9), Panicum maximum (19.6), Leptochloa chinensis (15.2), or Ludwigia octovalvis (2.2) (Table 1). No
mycelial growth at some or all concentrations. This experiment clearly indicates the benefits of applying sulfur, captan, cuprous oxide, a metalaxyl and mancozeb mixture, mancozeb, and propineb at low concentrations because they enhanced the development of this entomophagous fungus. Application of benomyl should be limited because of its powerful fungicidal action on Metarrhizium sp. In an integrated pest management program for a rice - pulse cropping system, fungicides that minimally affect entomopathogenic fungi should be selected. eggs were laid on rice and 52 other plant species in the 16 botanical families tested. Egg survival was determined by splitting the stems of the plants to recover the eggs and incubating them in petri dishes on moist filter paper saturated with a fungistatic agent (M-tegosept). Egg survival was greatest on R. cochinchinensis (96.9%) followed by P. maximum (95.4%), maize (94.7%), and L. chinensis (89.7%). None of the eggs laid on L. octovalvis were viable. Nymph adaptation showed highest survival (94.1 %) on maize followed by 88.6% on R. cochinchinensis, 81.7% on P. maximum, and 71.9% on L. chinensis. Developmental periods for nymphs on
Evaluation of rice, maize, and 56 ricefield weeds as hosts of planthopper Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead)
J. L. A. Catindig and A. T. Barrion, IRRI; J. A. Litsinger, 1365 Jacobs Place, Dixon CA 95620, USA
In the Philippines, rice is reportedly a host of the maize planthopper Peregrinus maidis, a vector of several viral diseases in the tropics. We compared the oviposition, egg survival (the number of eggs developing to first instar divided by the total eggs laid multiplied by 100), and nymphal survival (the number of first instar developing to last instar divided by the total first instar multipled by 100) of
Table 1. Host plant range of P. maidis. IRRI, 1990-93.a Host Poaceae Maize Rottboellia cochinchinensis Panicum maximum Leptochloa chinensis Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis Eggs laid (no./female) 72.7 56.9 19.6 15.2 2.2 8.7 a 5.4 b 2.2 c 2.5 d e 94.7 96.9 95.4 89.7 Survival (%) Egg 3.5 b 3.2 a 5.2 b 8.0 c 94.1 88.6 81.7 71.9 Nymph 3.8 a 8.4 b 8.4 c 15.7 d Nymph development period (d) b Fecundity of surviving females (no. eggs laid) c 65.3 52.3 17.3 8.7 2.8 a 3.3 b 3.8 c 1.6 d
17.2 127.5 17.6 17.6
0.4 a 0.5 b 0.9 b 0.7 b
0.8
statistical test. Nonhosts: Aizoaceae Trianthema portulacastrum; Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis, Amaranthus spinosus; Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides, Eclipta prostrata, Synedrella nodiflora, Tridax procumbens, Vernonia cinerea; Capparaceae Cleome rutidosperma; Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis, C. diffusa, Murdannia nudiflora; Convolvulaceae lpomoea aquatica, I. triloba; Cyperaceae Cyperus brevifolfus, C. difformis, C. haplan, C. iria, C. kyllingia, C. rotundus, Fimbristylis millacea; Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta; Fabaceae Calopogonium mucunoides, Mimosa pudica, Sesbania sesban; Poaceae Brachiaria distachya, B. mutica, Chloris barbata, Chrysopogon aciculatus, Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria ciliaris, D. setigera, Echinochloa colona, E. crus-galli ssp. hispidula, E. glabrescens, Eleusine indica, Eriochloa procera, lmperata cylindrica, lschaemum rugosum, Leersia hexandra, Oryza sativa, Panicum repens, Paspalidium flavidum, Paspalum conjugatum, P. dlstichum, P. scrobiculatum; Pontederiaceae Monochoria vaginalis; Portulacaceae Portulaca oleraceae: Rubiaceae Borreria ocymoides, Hedyotis biflora; Scrophularlaceae Lindernia anagallis; Sphenocleaceae Sphenoclea zeylanica. b n = 10. c n = 10.
aValues are means standard errors at 95% confidence level. Av of 10 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P < 0.05) by LSD
25
Table 2. Life history of P. maidis on maize in a greenhouse. IRRI, 1993. X Egg incubation period (d) Nymphal stadium (d) I II III IV V Total immature developmental period (d) Adult longevity (d) Male Female sd
5.2 0.8
3.8 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.3
0.8 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.5
22.4 4.8 10.1 11.0 3.3 4.8
the four hosts ranged from 17.2 to 17.6 d. Fecundities of the females reared on each host were very similar to those initially tested as ovipositional hosts from adults reared in the stock culture on maize. The incubation period of the egg stage on maize was 5.2 d (Table 2). Each of the five nymphal stadia lasted 3.2 to 3.8 d for a total developmental period of the egg and nymph of 22.4 d. The adult female lived 11.0 d while the male lived 10.1 d. Rice is neither an ovipositional nor a developmental host of P. maidis, which develops best on maize, R. cochinchinensis, P. maximum, and L. chinensis.
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Biology of the maize orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) on rice and maize
Life history of C. bipunctata a on rice and maize in a greenhouse. IRRI, 1993. Rice x Egg incubation period (d) Nymphal stadium (d) I II II IV V Nymph developmental period (d) Adult longevity Male Female Eggs laid (no./female)
a b
Maize sd 0.8 x sd 0.5
Differenceb t-test ns
7.5
7.5
The leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata is a vector of rice leaf gall in the Philippines. Plant injury is by removal of leaf tissue and leaf galls. Excessive feeding causes leaf yellowing or wilting. Its biology was compared on rice and maize in a greenhouse with an average ambient temperature of 27.6 1.2 C and relative humidity of 69.4 4.3%. Newly emerged adult pairs were obtained from a stock culture and released to oviposit on rice and maize. The mean incubation period was determined from eggs extracted from plants and held on moist filter paper in petri dishes with 1% M-tegosept, a fungistatic agent. Ten neonate nymphs were individually reared on a one-tillered host plant covered with a 6- 25-cm cylindrical mylar cage with side and top nylon mesh (5 mm) vents. The duration of each instar was recorded from daily observations.
3.0 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3 16.5
0.0 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.9 3.2
2.5 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.2
0.5 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.4 1.8 ** ns ns **
11.1
11.0 14.5 15.3
1.6 0.9 4.5
11.4 13.9 729.0
0.8 1.1 34.4
n = 10. ns = not significant (P > 0.05). ** = highly significant (P < 0.01).
Incubation period of whitish elongated eggs, normally laid singly on rice and maize, averaged 7.5 d on both (see table). Neonate nymphs disperse in search of food, becoming increasingly mobile with age. The nymphs passed five nymphal instars in 16.5 d on rice, but the period was significantly shorter on maize (11.1 d). On rice, nymphal moltings occurred in 3.0, 3.3, 3.5, 3.4, and 3.3 d, while on maize, five nymphal stadia were observed in 2.5, 2.3, 2.0, 2.1, and 2.2 d
from first to fifth instar. Shorter nymph development indicates greater fitness on a plant host. Adult longevity was equal on rice and maize. On both the host plants, however, females lived longer (14 d) than the males (11 d). Fecundity averaged 15.3 eggs on rice and 729 eggs on maize. We conclude that in the laboratory, C. bipunctata is more adapted to maize than to rice because of its shorter nymphal period and greater fecundity, but rice can sustain its development.
26
Suitability of ricefield plants to planthopper Nisia carolinensis Fennah

Table 1. Host plant range of N. carolinensis in a greenhouse. a IRRI, 1990-93. Host Eggs laid (no./female) Egg survival (%) Nymphal survival (%) Nymph developmental period (d)b Fecundity of surviving females (no. eggs laid) c 52.1 3.7 a 30.0 4.4 b
Nisia carolinensis (= atrovenosa Lethiery), a meenoplid planthopper common in ricefield habitats, is recorded as a minor pest of rice. We studied its ovipositional preference, survival, and developmental biology on rice and 58 ricefield plants common in the Philippines that comprise 16 botanical families: Poaceae (26), Cyperaceae (7), Asteraceae (5), Commelinaceae (3), Fabaceae (3), Amaranthaceae (2), Convolvulaceae (2), Rubiaceae (2), and one each of Aizoaceae, Capparaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Onagraceae, Pontederiaceae, Portulacaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Sphenocleaceae. Individual plants in the vegetative stage, collected from the IRRI farm, were potted and enclosed in 10- 72-cm cylinder mylar film cages with top and side mesh vents pushed into the soil. A mating pair of adult hoppers from a stock culture on purple nutsedge Cyperus rotundus L. was allowed to oviposit and its progeny developed on each potential host (10 pairs per plant species) in the greenhouse. Host suitability was based on the following parameters: egg production per female, egg survival (the number of eggs developing to first instar divided by the total number of eggs laid multiplied by l00), nymphal survival (the number of first instar developing to last instar divided by the total number of first instar multiplied by 100), and nymph development time. After five days, N. carolinensis females oviposited on only 16 plants from six families: Poaceae (6), Cyperaceae (5), Asteraceae (2), and one each on Commelinaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Fabaceae. The best ovipositional hosts (no. eggs/female) were C. rotundus L. (44.4) and C. difformis L. (28.1) (Table 1). Seven or less eggs per female were laid on the 14 other ricefield plants: Cyperus iria L. (7.0), C. brevifolius
Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus C. difformis CV (%) LSD (0.05)
44.4 4.7 a 28.1 5.6 b 13.30 0.13 4.30 0.16
96.2 4.2 a 83.6 6.8 a 17.0 0.8 a 91.5 9.8 b 77.6 10.1 b 17.2 1.5 b 5.73 0.18 2.09 0.02 5.71 0.04
a Values are means standard errors at 95% confidence level. Av of 10 replications. In a column, means followed by
a common letter are not significantly different (P < 0.05) by LSD statistical test. Nonhosts: Aizoaceae Trianthema portulacastrum L.; Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex roem. & Schult.. Amaranthus spinosus L.; Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Tridax procumbens L.; Capparaceae Cleome rutidosperma DC.; Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L., C. diffusa Burm. f.; Convolvulaceae lpomoea aquatica Forssk., I. triloba L.; Cyperaceae F. miliacea (L.) Vahl; Fabaceae Mimosa pudica L., Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr; Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven; Poaceae Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf, B. mutica (Forssk.) Stapf, Chloris barbata Sw., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel., D. setigera Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, E. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. ssp. hispidula (Retz.) Honda, E. glabrescens Munro ex Hook f., Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C. E. Hubb., Leersia hexandra Sw., Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees, Oryza sativa L., Panicum maximum Jacq., P. repens L., Paspalum distichum L.. P. scrobiculatum L., Zea mays L.; Pontederiaceae Portulaca oleracea L.; Rublaceae Borreria ocymoides (Burm. f.) DC., Hedyotis racemosa Lam.; Scrophulariaceae Lindernia anagallis (Burm. f.) Pennell; and Sphenocleaceae Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. b n = 10. c n = 10.
Table 2. Life history of N. carolinensis on C. rotundus in a greenhouse. IRRI, 1993. x Egg incubation period (d) Nymphal stadium (d) I II III IV V Egg-nymph development period (d) Adult longevity (d) Male Female sd
5.4 0.5 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.9
22.4 3.4 9.4 1.3 12.1 2.0
(Rottb.) Hassk. (6.9), C. kyllingia Endl. (1.2) (Cyperaceae); Vernonia cenerea (L.) Less. (3.2), Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. (1.4), (Asteraceae); Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin (2.5), Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (2.4), Paspalum conjugatum Berg. (0.8), Iscahaemum rugosum Salisb. (0.8), Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. (0.5), Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel (0.3) (Poaceae); Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan (0.7) (Commelinaceae); Euphorbia hirta L. (1.4) (Euphorbiaceae); and Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. (1.2) (Fabaceae).
Among the 16 ovipositional hosts, only two Cyperaceae species allowed egg and nymphal survival: C. rotundus (96.2% and 83.6%) and C. difformis (91.5% and 77.6%) (Table 1). Nymph development time was similar between C. rotundus (17.0 d) and C. difformis (17.2 d). Female fecundity reared on C. rotundus and C. difformis averaged 52.1 and 30.0 eggs each, respectively. On C. rotundus, nymphs hatched after 5.4 d (Table 2). The planthopper passed through five nymphal stadia lasting 3-4 d each. The developmental period from oviposition to last nymphal stadium avearage 22.4 d. Adult feamles usually emerged ahead of the males, and females lived longer (12.1 d) than males (9.4). The only hosts of N. carolinensis were sedges, thus we could not confirm reports that rice was a host of this ricefield planthopper.
27
Feasibility of hybridization between Nephotettix virescens (Distant) and Nephotettix nigropictus (Motsch.) in rice
A. Ghosh and N. V. Krishnaiah, Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India
Table 1. Interspecific crosses between N. virescens and N. nigropictus a.

Crossb NVBRF/NNGEM NVGRF/NNGEM NVBRF/NNGRM NVBRM/NNGRF NVBRF/NVGRM
a
Fertile (no.) 2.2 3.6 0.6 0.7 -c -
Eggs
Infertile (no.) 2.12 3.81
Nymphs emerged (no.) 0.0 0.0 56.5 4.62 48.75 3.54 -
Nymphs surviving to adult stage (no.) 0.0 0.0 26.5 3.72 20.0 1.66 46.4 14.9
Survival up to adult stage (%) 0.0 0.0 46.25 40.5 -
26.0 54.0
3.25 1.81
To test the feasibility of interspecific hybridization between Nephotettix virescens (Distant) and Nephotettix nigropictus (Motsch.), green (NVGR) and blue (NVBR) forms of N. virescens were separately reared on TN1 rice plants (R) for six generations. N. nigropictus individuals, originally collected from ricefield bunds, were reared and maintained separately on grass Echinochloa colona (E) (NNGE) and on rice cultivar TN1 (NNGR) for five generations. Attempts were made to hybridize blue (NVBRF) and green (NVGRF) females of N. virescens with green males of N. nigropictus reared on E. colona (NNGEM) separately. Crosses of blue females of N. virescens (NVBRF) and N. nigropictus green males raised on TN1 (NNGRM) were also made. Intraspecific crosses between NVBRF and green N. virescens males (NVGRM) were made to estimate the normal fertility levels between the two forms. Studies were replicated four times. The ability of NNGE, NNGR, NVBR, NVGR, and the interspecific hybrids of NVBRF/
Mean SEM of 4 replications. b NVBRF = N. virescens blue female on rice, NNGEM = N. nigropictus green male on E. colona, NVGRF = N. virescens green female on rice. NNGRM = N. nigropictus green male on rice, NVBRM = N. virescens blue male on rice, NNGRF = N. nigropictus green female on rice, and NVGRM = N. virescens green male on rice. cObservations not recorded.
Table 2. Rice tungro disease transmission by Nephotettix spp.a

Nephotettix spp., strain or hybrids b NVGR NVBR NNGR NNGE NVBRF/NNGRM NNGRF/NVBRM Transmitters (%) Female 33.3 b 66.6 a 11.1 d 23.3 c 34.9 b 28.9 bc Male 73.3 b 80.0 a 27.2 d 26.6 d 38.1 c 41.0 c
a Mean SEM of 3 replications. The values in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 according to LSD method. bNVGR =green N. virescens on rice, NVBR = blue N. virescens on rice. NNGR = green N. nigropictus on rice, NNGE = green N. nigropictus on E. colona, NVBRF = N. virescens blue female on rice, NNGRM = N. nigropictus green male on rice, NNGRF = N. nigropictus green female on rice. and NVBRM = N.virescens blue male on rice.
NNGRM and NNGRF/NVBRM to transmit rice tungro disease (RTD) was also tested in three replications. No nymphs were produced by crosses between NVBRF or NVGRF and NNGEM, although a few fertile eggs
were laid, as determined by eyespot development (Table 1). In contrast. crosses between NVBRF and NNGRM produced many nymphs, almost half of which survived to the adult stage. The reciprocal cross between NVBRM and NNGRF also produced a large proportion of nymphs that survived to the adult stage. Thus, the success of interspecific crosses between N. virescens and N. nigropictus appears to depend in part on whether N. nigropictus has been reared on rice. The individuals of NNGE and NNGR transmitted RTD but less efficiently than did NVBR and NVGR forms. The transmission ability of the interspecific hybrids of NVBRF/NNGRM and NNGRF/NVBRM was of intermediate order (Table 2). We are currently studying the level of fertility in the F2 generation of interspecific hybrids and their ability to transmit RTD.
Integrated pest management weeds Integrated pest management weeds

Rice off-types in Central Luzon, Philippines
F. F. Fajardo and K. Moody, IRRl
A ricefield survey was conducted every 100 m along the main roads within 10-km radii of PhilRice, Muoz, Nueva Ecija; Guimba, Nueva Ecija; and Victoria, Tarlac, Philippines, for off-types from 4 Oct to 4 Nov 1993. We surveyed 1,917 fields. Mature panicles were collected from 44 fields and brought to IRRI for further characterization. The off-types were taller than the cultivated varieties, had different grain
characteristics, and tended to lodge. They were separated into two groups based on hull color: straw and black. One hundred and two (5.3%) of the fields were infested with black-hulled off-types while 187 (9.8%) were infested with straw-colored off-types. The highest level of infestation was 30% for the black-hulled off-types in a field 8.4 km from the Victoria Municipal Hall on the Victoria-Tarlac road and 20% for the straw-hulled off-type in a field 1.4 km from the Guimba Municipal Hall on the Guimba-Victoria road. Two hundred and twenty-four panicles were collected. Of
these, 89 were from cultivated rice, 75 from black-hulled off-types, and 60 from straw-colored off-types. The cultivated varieties had more panicles per plant, less grains per panicle, and narrower and longer grains than the off-types (see figure). Grain weight was similar for the cultivated varieties and the off-types. The grains of the black-hulled off-types were bolder than those of the straw-hulled off-types. Most of the grains were awnless or had short awns. Most awns were observed in the blackhulled off-type grains with 30.4% having awns greater than 2.0 cm in length.
Economic analysis Economic analysis

Farmer participation and cost effectiveness of bulk fertilizer purchasing scheme in Sri Lanka
M. Wijeratne and I. R. N. Abeydeera, Agricultural Economics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
Grain characteristics of cultivated and off-types of rice in Central Luzon, Philippines.
Farmers thought that the off-types had arisen from crosses with other cultivars, by degeneration from continuous use of the same cultivar, and from seed mixtures.
IRRN REMINDER
Competition and possible preharvest shattering of off-types of rice reduce yield and contaminate harvested rice, decreasing both grade and quality. Control is difficult and expensive.
Routine research. Reports of screening trials of varieties, fertilizer, cropping methods, and other routine observations using standard methodologies to establish local recommendations are not ordinarily accepted. Examples are single-season, single-trial field experiments. Field trials should be repeated accross more than one season, or in more than one location as appropriate. All experiments should include replications and an internationally known check or control treatment.
To reduce fertilizer cost in rice production, a bulk fertilizer purchasing scheme (BFPS) was introduced in Hambantota, a major rice-growing district in southern Sri Lanka. This program promoted farmer groups to collectively purchase fertilizer at the wholesale level to avoid the higher retail prices. We evaluated the degree of farmer participation in the BFPS and the cost effectiveness of the scheme. Sixty farmers were randomly selected and interviewed at the end of 1993-94 maha (wet) season. About 70% of the farmers continued to buy fertilizer directly from retailers rather than through the scheme. Several factors accounted for this preference. Retailers grant credit that farmers commonly use. Many farmers have deviated from the standard fertilizer recommendation, which made estimating the bulk quantity a difficult task. Farmers typically apply fertilizer in three splits (basal and two topdressings) and prefer to buy small quantities as needed for a particular application. In the BFPS, farmers did not always receive fertilizer in time for application. In some instances, farmer organizations granted credit to facilitate participation in the BFPS, but borrowers did not settle the loans properly. Fertilizer purchased through the BFPS cost $81.40/ha and on an individual basis, $83.10/ha. The difference in cost was not statistically significant by t-test. All of these factors negatively affected participation in the scheme.
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Research methodology
DNA fingerprinting of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae using IS1112 -based polymerase chain reaction
M.L.C. George, IRRI; J.E. Leach, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA; and R.J. Nelson, IRRI
1. a) Scheme of generating DNA fingerprints using IS1112, a dispersed repetitive element found in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, using outwardly directed primers. The RFLP method detects sequences within two restriction sites that flank the repetitive element. PCR detects sequences between the repetitive elements while PCR-based restriction analysis generates additional bands based on the presence of restriction sites within these sequences. b) Sequence of the two primers based on IS1112. The oligonucleotides were designed from each end of IS1112 in opposite orientation such that the 3' ends were directed outward from each copy of the element.
Repetitive DNA elements are commonly found in the genomes of various organisms. Although the function of these elements is unknown, their conserved nature and dispersed distribution have been exploited to generate DNA fingerprints by detecting unique sequences between the repeats using Southern-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Fig. 1a). IS1112 is a relatively high-copy number (about 80 copies in some strains), repetitive element isolated from the bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). In this study, outwardly facing primers complementary to IS1112 sequences (Fig. 1b) were used to fingerprint the DNA of 71 Xoo strains using PCR and PCR-based restriction analysis. Amplification was performed in a 25-l volume containing 50 pmol each of the two opposing primers, 20 ng of genomic DNA, 185 M each of 4 dNTPs, approximately 2.5 units of Taq polymerase in a standard incubation buffer (Boehringer Mannheim) amended with 10% dimethylsulfoxide (v/v) and 7.5 l of Tris-HCl (pH 9.5). The reaction mixture was overlaid with one drop of mineral oil, initially denatured for 1 min at 94 C, and then subjected to 30 cycles of PCR (10 s denaturation at 94 C, 1 min annealing at 62 C, and 8 min extension at 65 C) and a final extension for 8 min at 65 C using a Perkin Elmer Cetus DNA Thermal Cycler. PCR-based restriction analysis was done by digesting 10 l of the amplified product with BamHI in a 20-l volume for at least 1 h. To visualize the DNA fingerprints, 10 l of the PCR products and 20 l of the digested products were loaded in a gel containing 0.5% agarose and 0.75%
b Primer 1 (JEL 1) 5' CTCAGGTCAGGTCGCC 3' Primer 2 (JEL 2) 5' GCTCTACAATCGTCCGC 3'
2. Dendrograms constructed with UPGMA using PCR and PCR-based restriciton analysis data from, 71 Xanthomonas oryae pv. oryzae strains. Numbers represent the race designations of strains associated with each grouping. Letters represent the lineage designations of the strains based on IS1112 -based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The bootstrap values are noted as numbers on the main branches of the dendrograms. The bootstrap values, indicating the percentage of the 2,000 iterations in which the major groups of strains were formed, reflect the strength of the grouping.
SynergelTM (Diversified Biotech, Newton, MA, USA) and 0.5X Tris-borate buffer. Gels were electrophoresed for 6 h at 125V, stained with ethidium bromide, and then photographed using Polaroid Type 55 film. The banding pattern of each strain was coded in binary form, 1 representing the presence and 0 the absence of each band. To include more bands in the PCR-based restriction analysis, composite data were generated by pooling the new bands produced by restriction digestion with the undigested bands from PCR. Dendrograms were generated within the SAHN (sequential, agglomerative,
hierarchical, and nested clustering methods) program of NTSYS-pc using the UPGMA (unweighted pair group method, arithmetic averages). DNA fingerprints, consisting of 13-35 bands in PCR, and 17-47 bands in the composite PCR-based restriction analysis, were generated using the IS1112based primers. The largest DNA fragment detected was approximately 7.0 kbp while the smallest was 100 bp. There were 112 and 118 band positions scored in PCR and the composite PCR-based restriction analysis, respectively. Dendrograms produced using the two DNA fingerprinting methods are pre-
sented in Figure 2. The groupings defined by the two methods corresponded well with their previously established pathotype and IS1112-based RFLP groupings. In general, the groupings produced by the two methods at higher levels of similarity had high bootstrap values, but straight PCR was the better method, giving more robust clusters for this set of strains. These results and the simplicity, speed, and convenience of the PCR make PCR-based methods highly suitable for analyzing large numbers of samples, allowing for greater efficiency in the study of bacterial blight pathogen populations.
Use of molecular analysis in selecting spreader row components for blast screening nursery
D. H. Chen, R. S. Zeigler, and R. J. Nelson, IRRI
Lineage distribution, genetic diversity, and differentiation of Pyricularia grisea calculated from isolates taken from each host, pooled from three collections. IRRI, Philippines. Lineage Cultivar IRAT2 C101A51 Tetep IRAT13 IRAT104 Kinarabao 3777 IR36 IR62 IR50 C101PKT IR72 OS6 Kinarabao 19430 IAC47 Carreon Aichi asahi C101LAC IR64 CO 39 IRAT208 Sinam Pablo Tedong IRAT239 CNA4130 lR442-2-58 BL 1 K59 C22 Azucena UPLRi-7 UPLRi-5 IAC165 Kusabue IR66 C104PKT Kinandang patong Fijisaka 5 Akashi Moroberekan 1 4 7 14 17 44 45 46 47 48 2 2 1 4 4 4 6 6 3 37 1 1 2 1 12 Haplotype Genetic diversity (no.) Lineage Haplotype RAUDPC a 1 3 4 2 2 14 20 16 26 13 19 14 7 7 7 14 16 10 21 13 19 13 17 3 3 10 20 11 13 10 15 6 8 17 17 17 15 12 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.32 0.33 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.58 0.60 0.64 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.70 0.70 0.72 0.72 0.74 1.00 0.00 0.44 0.64 1.00 1.00 0.77 0.85 0.78 0.91 0.83 0.83 0.88 0.71 0.76 0.79 0.88 0.84 0.73 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.74 0.83 0.83 0.92 0.92 0.86 0.92 0.80 0.80 0.95 0.86 0.93 0.87 0.92 0.90 0.88 1.00 0.01-0.07 0b 0-1.47 0-1.19
c
In breeding for blast resistance, screening is usually conducted in blast nurseries in which susceptible rice varieties and lines are used as spreader rows for multiplying pathogen inocula. Diversification of the blast pathogen population in the nursery would help ensure that breeding lines are exposed to as much diversity of pathogen virulence as possible. Selecting and managing spreader rows have been key components in the protocol for blast resistance screening. Spreader row cultivars are usually chosen based on their wide susceptibility to various local blast isolates or races. Single cultivars are often used for the spreader rows. To assess the diversity of the pathogen genotypes amplified by different cultivars, we used DNA fingerprinting to analyze subpopulations of Pyricularia grisea infecting individual rice cultivars and lines in two blast nurseries used by IRRI. A diverse set of rice cultivars and lines (n = 38) was selected to serve as a trap nursery for the collection of pathogen isolates. The nursery included lowland and upland rice cultivars with a range of origins and field susceptibilities. The trap nurseries were planted at the IRRI Blast Nursery (IRRI-BN) in Los
47 80 69 72 55 54 30 2 18 2 18 29 2 43 49 38 4 56 3 18 37 18 2 21 1 1 35 1 2 14 1 38 1 13 24 3 15 26 14 25 7
1 7 6 2 14 2 14 10 5 3 1 12 5 5 3 9 2 1 3 3 13 4 2 31 21 1 2 11 7 16 7 2 4 5 12 1 2 4 6 9 5 15 13 1 12 29 4 1 1 9 3 1 8 1 1
1 1 26 1 1
7 10 5
0.18-60.25 1.59-61.86 0.86-38.34 10.72-59.83 16.23-49.49 16.23-49.49 0.05-62.67 0.01-59.01 0-59.83 0.01-0.08 0.41-58.28 18.18-50.17 0.06-2.84 17.86-62.35 0.01-0.72 0.47-61.70 0.12-53.72 0-60.64 0-44.12 0.04-0.04 0.25-50.47 0.01-29.38 0.27-1.18 0-9.20 0-1.63 0.04-1.47 0.24-0.66 0.01-45.26 0.01-2.12 0-2.18 6.27d 0-0.26
by rats at IRRI-BN (WS). It showed 10% diseased leaf area at IRRI-BN (DS) at 31 d after sowing.
a Relative area under the disease progress curve. Data were from IRRI-Blast Nursery (IRRI-BN) and Cavinti (WS) trials. b No infection was observed until flowering stage. c Cultivars were only planted at IRRI-BN (DS). d Seeds were damaged
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Baos, Laguna, Philippines, during the 1992 wet (WS) and dry seasons (DS) and at the upland rice screening site in Cavinti, Laguna, during the 1992 WS. A mixture of IR50, IR64, IR66, IR72, UPLRi-5, Carreon, Kinarabao 3777, CO 39, and IRAT13 was used as spreader rows, sown 1 wk ahead in the DS at IRRI-BN and simultaneously with test materials in the WS at IRRI-BN and at Cavinti. The relative area under the disease progress curve (RAUDPC) was calculated from the visually estimated diseased leaf area (DLA%) at sampling (see table) at both the Cavinti site and IRRI-BN in the WS. A total of 1,516 isolates was recovered from the three collections and subjected to DNA fingerprinting using the repetitive probe MGR586. DNA fingerprinting with MGR586 revealed 130 haplotypes (unique DNA hybridization profiles) of the blast fungus among the isolates. The relationships among these haplotypes were determined by cluster analysis of DNA banding data using UPGMA (unweighted pair group method, arithmetic mean). The robustness of the clusters formed was tested using bootstrap analysis in the program Winboot. Isolates grouped in the same cluster with greater than 85% DNA band similarity and high confidence from
bootstrap analysis were inferred to be related by descent, and the grouping was termed a lineage. Nine lineages were detected from Cavinti and four from the IRRI-BN. The genetic diversity of the pathogen population was estimated based on Neis gene diversity index. The observed lineage diversity of the collection was 0.50 for IRRI-BN DS, 0.35 for IRRI-BN WS, and 0.74 for Cavinti WS, and the observed haplotypic diversity was 0.82, 0.89, and 0.83, respectively. Because the trap plants and the spreader rows were the same in the three collections, the differences in blast severity of the same cultivar at the two sites and the differences in lineage composition in the three collections reflected differences in the pathogen population structure and the environment in the two sites and two seasons for IRRI-BN. Isolates collected from each cultivar were pooled for genotypic diversity estimation (see table). Multiple haplotypes infected most hosts, and multiple lineages infected many of them. Two entries, C101A51 and Tetep, were attacked by a single lineage each. In no case were all the haplotypes or lineages recovered from a single cultivar. IR50, IR72, and IR442-2-58 have been used
alone for spreader rows at IRRI-BN in the Philippines. In this study, the lineage diversities of the pathogen recovered from them were very low, suggesting that a single cultivar is not sufficient for amplification of diverse pathogen genotypes. The diversity of the initial inocula multiplied by spreader rows determines, to a great extent, the diversity of the pathogen population for the study. The observed genetic diversity in this study was far from what it would have been had all the detected types of the pathogen been equally represented (potential diversity based on lineage data ranged from 0.75 to 0.89, and from 0.97 to 0.99 based on haplotype). We propose that criteria for choosing spreader row cultivars should include both the spectra of pathogen genotypes amplified by the cultivars, as well as the cultivars field susceptibility. The results of this study provide the means to select spreader row components. We suggest that CO 39 or IR50, C101A51, Tetep, Akashi, IR64 or Carreon, and UPLRi-5 may be suitable candidates for a spreader row mixture at the IRRI-BN. Although some of these cultivars showed low RAUDPC, they could support the rare types in the population. This proposal remains to be tested.
News about research collaboration

IRRI and UK intensify research collaboration
Research collaboration between the Plant Sciences Programme (PSP) of the Overseas Development Administration (ODA) of the United Kingdom and IRRI intensified with the recent signing of a six-year agreement that fosters collaboration in agricultural research programs contributing to the improved management of renewable natural resources and sustainable agriculture in developing countries. The agreement, signed by Dr. John R. Witcombe, PSP manager, and Dr. George Rothschild, IRRI director general, is for joint planning and implementation of research projects between UK and IRRI scientists. The overall aim of the collaboration is to assist national agricultural research systems in efforts to increase rice production to improve the well-being of rice consumers and producers in developing countries. Projects being considered for possible collaboration between IRRI scientists and PSP are on assessing opportunities for nitrogen fixation in rice and production of low-nitrogen-input cereals by gene manipulation. Scientists at the Natural Resources Institute (NRI) and IRRI are collaborating to develop strategies for the effective management of tungro, which is the most destructive viral disease of rice in tropical Asia. Tungro outbreaks can quickly destroy rice plants in a large area. In the past, ODA has funded projects undertaken jointly by UK-based institutions and IRRI. Based on the stripper rotor developed by the Silsoe Research Institute and patented by the British Technology Group Ltd., IRRI engineers have developed an inexpensive, lightweight, and simple stripper harvesting system that allows more timely harvesting of rice. In cooperation with national agricultural research systems, a working prototype of the machine was developed and pilot-tested in farmers fields. Cooperating small-scale manufacturers produced commercial units for trials. Blueprints of the stripper-gatherer are available to qualified manufacturers in developing countries where the stripper rotor patent may be used.
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More projects on plant sciences, crop protection, natural resources, and postharvest technologies are being considered.
Genetic engineering of rice for sheath blight resistance

Sheath blight, a disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, is emerging as a major disease in irrigated rice systems where crop intensification and high nitrogen application are practiced. High-yielding, short-statured cultivars with high tillering capacity favor the microclimatic conditions that enhance sheath blight development. Recent studies conducted at IRRI showed that this disease significantly limited the yield of IR72 grown in an intensive system with high nitrogen input. To control the disease, IRRI researchers tested and evaluated numerous varieties and improved breeding lines. But no effective source of varietal resistance for the disease was found. IRRI scientists, in collaboration with researchers at Kansas State University, are now genetically engineering rice plants to improve resistance to sheath blight. Dr. Swapan K. Datta, IRRI tissue culture specialist, and his colleagues are experimenting with antifungal genes as a post-infection defense against the disease. Several of these genes have been isolated from infected rice plants and other sources. Dr. Datta and his team are introducing these genes into elite rice varieties. Preliminary studies with transgenic rice plants (those with one or more additional genes from diverse sources) indicate that they have enhanced resistance to R. solani. Related studies to determine the levels of resistance are being undertaken.
The CIAP Office has the largest collection of printed materials on rice in the country, according to Mr. Ian Wallace, librarian at IRRIs Library and Documentation Service. IRRI staff members as well as other scientists in Cambodia make use of this collection. Personnel from the Library and Documentation Service are assisting the CIAP Office in computerizing its operations. Once done, the bibliographic data base on rice literature will be made available to the public in Cambodia. About 8,000 rice references are added each year to the data base, Mr. Wallace says. These new citations are made available to scientists around the world in the form of the quarterly journal, Rice literature update. Annual requests for reprints are usually received from scientists in 60 countries. The monograph collection (books, pamphlets, reprints, and translations) at IRRI now totals more than 105,500 titles. It also contains 4,470 serial titles, of which about 1,500 are currently being received.
Training on rice germplasm collecting in Vietnam

Vietnam lies within the primary center of origin and domestication of rice. Considerable diversity in cultivated and wild species occurs. In recent years, many farmers have been opting to cultivate high-yielding modern rice varieties. This means that some of the traditional varieties are no longer grown or are grown by fewer and fewer farmers. Conversion of deepwater riceland to shrimp farming has resulted in the loss of traditional deepwater rice varieties. Realizing that efforts needed to be made to accelerate rice germplasm collecting in Vietnam, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry (MAFI) in Vietnam and IRRI jointly organized an incountry training course on collecting rice germplasm. Fifteen researchers from nine institutes and universities in Vietnam participated in the training, which was held in Hue City from 20 to 29 Jun. The course content was specifically developed to meet the needs of Vietnamese scientists, with researchers from Vietnamese institutions and IRRI serving as trainers. Among the topics discussed during the 9-day training were rice research and development in Vietnam, diversity in rice germplasm from Vietnam, planning collecting missions and preparations required for collecting, methods of sampling cultivated rice and wild relatives, collecting passport data, care and processing of collected material, and preparing reports to document germplasm-collecting trips. To gain hands-on experience, the participants were divided into three teams to systematically collect rice germplasm for five days in three provinces. An experienced germplasm collector led each team. The participants then returned to Hue to share their experiences, prepare reports on germplasm collecting, and make presentations on their field-collecting activities. The training course was funded by a grant from the Swiss Development Cooperation through the IRRI project Safeguarding and preservation of biodiversity of the rice genepool.
Rockefeller Foundation supports China-IRRI collaboration

The Rockefeller Foundation has approved funding of US$54,900 to enhance research collaboration between IRRI and the Peoples Republic of China. The amount supports two projects. A grant of US$34,400for 3 years from 1 Jan 1995finances a research project on genes controlling cytoplasmic male sterility in rice, in collaboration with the South China Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. A one-year grant of US$20,500 for research to produce transgenic rice containing genes carrying resistance to insects such as the yellow stem borer and leaf-feeders, will fund IRRIs collaboration with the Biotechnology Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
IRRI library reinvigorates rice literature collection in Cambodia

The latest literature on rice is now available at the Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project (CIAP) headquarters in Phnom Penh.
Announcements
IRRI positions announced
The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) is seeking candidates for division head and either a plant physiologist or a systems resource agronomist for its Agronomy, Plant Physiology, and Agroecology (APPA) Division. It is anticipated that the division head will be either a plant physiologist or a systems resource agronomist. The APPA Division has approximately 100 scientific staff members. It conducts research on nutrient and weed management; rice physiology; soil, water, and nutrient interactions; and plant demand for resources in rice-based cropping systems. The research, which is aimed to develop the conceptual and quantitative basis for successfully intensifying production systems in which rice is a component, is conducted in collaboration with other biological and social scientists and engineers and forms components of interdisciplinary research projects outlined in IRRIs Medium-term Plan. agement. Thus, research experience in stress physiology or systems resource agronomy (see position descriptions below) is essential. Research experience on rice is an advantage. nutrient cycling research and the ability to effectively work with and manage interdisciplinary teams and collaborate with scientists in national agricultural research systems. The candidate must have a Ph D in agronomy, soil science, or a related field with a minimum of 2 years of postdoctoral research experience. Experience with rice and/or other tropical cropping systems in the humid tropics is desirable. Candidates with interest in the division head position will require additional experience as described above. The successful candidates for these positions will be assigned at the Institutes headquarters in Los Baos, Laguna, Philippines. Salary and perquisites are internationally competitive. IRRI offers childrens education allowances, medical insurance, annual fare-paid leaves, and other attractive benefits. IRRI provides a gender-sensitive work environment and particularly welcomes women applicants. Send a comprehensive curriculum vitae and names, addresses, and fax numbers of three referees by 31 Oct 1995 to Dr. George Rothschild Director General IRRI E-mail: G.ROTHSCHILD@IRRI. CGNET.COM Please refer to Code IR-DH-002.
Division head
The division head of APPA provides disciplinary leadership and assists IRRI management in identifying and prioritizing research activities and motivates the staff in implementing them through coordination of professional and research services. He/she promotes research collaboration with institutions in rice-growing nations worldwide and contributes to IRRIs program of degree and nondegree training aimed to strengthen research capacity in national agricultural research systems. We are looking for candidates with recognized capabilities to lead and manage a research team and demonstrated capacity to employ a systems perspective in the design and coordination of research. The candidate must have a Ph D in agronomy, agroecology, plant physiology, or related fields and at least 10 years research experience with a demonstrated record of scientific output. The division head will also conduct our research program in either plant (stress) physiology research or systems resource man34 IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)
The plant physiologist leads IRRIs research on fundamental mechanisms controlling tolerance of the rice plant for drought and submergence in rainfed systems. He/she links such research on mechanisms to genetics and germplasm selection (including biotechnology approaches), crop and soil management, and crop ecology. The aim is to alleviate constraints arising from drought and submergence. The plant physiologist contributes to IRRIs program of degree and nondegree training in plant physiology. We are looking for candidates with a demonstrated record of achievement in stress physiology at the molecular, biochemical, and cellular or whole plant levels and the ability to work with multidisciplinary teams and collaborate with scientists in national agricultural research systems. The candidate must have a Ph D in plant physiology/ biochemistry with a minimum of 3 years of postdoctoral experience. Candidates with interest in the division head position will require additional experience as described above.
Plant physiologist
Systems resource agronomist
The systems resource agronomist leads research on the effect of intensive lowland rice cultivation on soil quality and how changes in soil quality affect productivity as part of IRRIs ongoing research on sustaining long-term productivity of irrigated rice systems. He/ she provides vision and leadership for research on agronomic management strategies to achieve high and stable yields in irrigated rice systems. The systems resource agronomist contributes to IRRIs program of degree and nondegree training in agronomy and farming systems. We are looking for candidates with a record of scientific excellence in research on soil fertility/plant nutrition and
Biotechnologia Habana 95
The Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, in collaboration with the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, is sponsoring an international meeting on biotechnology. The event, with the theme Biotechnologia Habana 95: new opportunities in plant, animal, and industrial technology, will be held in Havana, Cuba, on 12-17 Nov 1995. For more information, contact the Organizing Committee, Biotechnologia Habana 95, P. O. 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
2nd International Symposium on Systems Approaches for Agricultural Development

The second International Symposium on Systems Approaches for Agricultural Development will be held at IRRI on 6-8 Dec 1995. The objectives of the symposium are to review the status of applications of systems research and modeling in agricultural research, with specific focus on countries where agricultural development is facing major challenges, and to promote international collaborative activities and to increase awareness of opportunities for using systems approaches as a tool in research and planning. It is organized by IRRI, the International Consortium for Agricultural Systems Applications (ICASA), and the Systems Analysis and Simulation for Rice Production (SARP) Network. For details, contact Dr. P. K. Aggarwal, IRRI.
Rice dateline
6-8 Oct 9-13 Oct 16-20 Oct France/IRRI Day, Montpellier, France ............ K. S. Fischer/R. D. Huggan, IRRI China-IRRI Collaborative Meeting, China ....... G. Rothschild/B. S. Vergara, IRRI 3rd International Rice Genetics Symposium, IRRI ........................................... INGER Project Support Team Meeting, IRRI .......................................
G. S. Khush, IRRI
2 Nov
R. C. Chaudhary, IRRI
12-17 Nov Biotechnologia Habana '95, Havana, Cuba ....... Organizing Committee Biotechnologia Habana 95, P. O. 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba 12-23 Nov INGER Advisory Committee Meetingcum-Monitoring Tour, IRRI ...................... 16-17 Nov 4-5 Dec ARBN Steering Committee Meeting ..........
R. C. Chaudhary, IRRI J. Bennett, IRRI
Systems Analysis and Simulation for Rice Production (SARP) Symposium, IRRI ........... J. Sheehy/M. J. Kropff, IRRI 2nd International Symposium on Systems Approaches for Agricultural Development (in conjunction with SARP Symposium ), IRRI ... J. Sheehy/P. S. Teng, IRRI
6-8 Dec
IRRI group training courses for 1995

IRRI provides a limited number of scholarships for participation in its shortterm group training courses. To be considered for an IRRI-funded scholarship, a scientist must be affiliated with a national institution that has an official collaborative agreement with IRRI in a rice-related research and training project. A scientist interested in an IRRI-funded scholarship should apply directly to his or her institution and not to IRRI. IRRI also accepts scientists from other institutions and agencies for the courses if they are working in rice or rice-related areas. Their applications to participate in courses must be endorsed to IRRI by their employer and must specify funding sources to cover costs. IRRIs group course training fee is approximately US$1,200/month: this does not include
participants round-trip international airfare, en route expenses, or shipping allowance upon return home. The courses are conducted at IRRI
headquarters unless otherwise indicated. For additional information, contact the Head, Training Center, IRRI.
Date 2-27 Oct 9 Oct-1 Dec 6 Nov- 15 Dec 13-24 Nov
Course Geographic Information Systems Rice Production Research a (Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, Thailand) Engineering for Rice Agriculture b (India Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India) Gender Perspective and Analysis in Rural Developmentc (International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Philippines) Frontiers of Social Science Research Methods for Agricultural Systems Analysis
b
20 Nov-1 Dec
a Thailand Rice Research Institute and IRRI. Reconstruction and IRRI.
lndia Institute of Technology and IRRI.
lnternational Institute of Rural
35
New IRRI publications

Host plant resistance to insects. 1995. 431 pages. Highly developed countries (HDC), please send orders to CABI, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, U.K.; less developed countries (LDC), $14.00 plus US$13.00 airmail or $2.00 surface postage.
Modeling the impact of climate change on rice production in Asia. 1995. 289 pages. HDC, please send order to CABI, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, U.K.; LDC, $18.00 Plus $8.00 airmail or $2.00 surface postage,
New publication
Rice tungro. A. Anjaneyulu, M.K. Satapathy, and V.D. Shukla Order from Science Publishers, Inc., 52 LaBombard Road North, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA. Fax: (603) 448-2576.
The overuse and misuse of insecticides some four decades ago created major environmental problems and was followed by the development of an integrated pest management approach to control crop pests. This approach utilizes a combination of host plant resistance and cultural, biological, and chemical control methods. Crop improvement programs emphasize the breeding of crop varieties with multiple resistances to pests. Resistant varieties developed in recent years represent some of the greatest achievements of modern agriculture. This book presents a broad overview of host plant resistance to insect pests. It shows how plants can defend themselves naturally and how insects have adapted to overcome these mechanisms through coevolution. It also describes screening and breeding for insect resistance. CAB International published this book in cooperation with IRRI.
Although recent rapid industrialization has contributed greatly to improved living standards, it has also resulted in an increase in concentration of greenhouse gases leading to global warming. The relationship between climate change and agriculture is particularly important, as world food production is under pressure from a growing population. Rice is the second most important crop in the world after wheat, with more than 90% currently grown in Asia where it is a staple food. It has been estimated that rice production needs to increase by 70% over the coming decades to meet the demands of population growth. Hence it is vital to understand the effect of climate change on rice growth, development, and production. The book is the outcome of a collaborative study between the United States Environmental Protection Agencys Environmental Research Laboratory and IRRI. It quantifies the impact of climate change on rice production using crop simulation models and integrates existing knowledge of the effects of increased levels of carbon dioxide and temperature. CAB International published this book in cooperation with IRRI.
Rice literature update reprint service

Photocopies of items listed in the Rice literature update are available from the IRRI Library and Documentation Service. Reprints of original documents (not to exceed 40 pages) are supplied free to scientists of developing countries. Rice scientists elsewhere are charged US$0.20 for each page or part of a page copied, plus postage. Make checks or money orders payable to Library and Documentation Service, IRRI. Address requests to Library and Documentation Service, IRRI. E-mail: C.AUSTRIA@CGNET.COM.
Call for news

Individuals, institutions, and organizations are invited to tell readers about upcoming events in rice research or related field in the Rice dateline. Send announcements to the Editor, International rice research notes, IRRI.
IRRI address
International Rice Research Institute P. O. Box 933 1099 Manila, Philippines Tel: (63-2) 818-1926 Fax: (63-2) 891-1292 Telex: (ITT) 40890 RICE PM E-mail: Postmaster@IRRI.CGNET.COM
36

International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.3

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International Rice Research Notes Vol.20 No.3

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International Rice Research Notes

IRRN production team

Crop and resource management Crop and resource management

ISSN 0115-0944 2 IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)

Research methodology Research methodology

News about research collabortaion

Instructions for contributors

IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)

aFigures are average values.

IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)

Heterosis in chemical composition and digestibility of rice straw

Allelic relationship among fertility-restoring genes in rice

IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)

Breeding methods methods

Androgenesis in rice breeding

Effect of basal medium and other supplements on androgenesis of rice.a Treatment a A B

Basal medium N6 He32 N6 He2

Callus induction (%) 6.8 8.5 6.4 8.3

Calli giving green plants b (%) 7.9 10.8 9.5 13.0

Plant regeneration efficiency (%) 53.7 91.8 60.8 107.9

Using colored-leaf mutants of thermosensitive genic male sterile rice

IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)

Yield potential Yield potential

Grain quality Grain quality

IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)

Shunghshao Kunming Yuxi Yiliang Huanian

2140 1916 1637 1550 1000

Hexi 4 94YM01 (dull) 94YM02 (waxy) Koshihikaria Nipponbareb

Yunnan Mutant Mutant Japan Japan

R = resistant, HR = highly resistant.

IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)

aBased on the spreading scale of 1-7.

Pest resistancediseases Pest resistancediseases

IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)

Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated

IRRN REMINDER 4.4 14 5.0 13.2

a Figures in parentheses indicate number of trials.

Seed technology Seed technology

6.1 2.4 32.5 82.6

10.6 1.2 40.6 27.8

22.5 4.0 50.1 16.8

46.8 33.5 31.2 132.3

134.4 341.7 12.1

192.7 458.3 13.5

51.9 125.0 10.0

22.2 157.9 169.6

82.2 159.4 71.4

508 44 9312 42 8.3 0.5 0.7 90.9 9.1 -

521 30 3496 29 5.6 0.9 0.1

395 24 2449 20 5.1 1.0 0.1

34 21 2243 18 52.9 0.9 0.6

33 31 1560 14 42.4 2.0 0.9

80.0 6.7 13.3

86.7 6.7 6.7

Mean Range CV (%) Variance Coefficient of variation

Minimum Maximum (G) (P)

(G) (P) Heritability (%) (BS) Genetic advance GA % mean

a G = genotypic, P = phenotypic, BS = broad sense.

IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)

Crop and resource management

Effect of root pruning during ripening on grain filling in rice

IRRN 20:3 (September 1995)

Control (Jul planting) Roots pruned

Control (Aug planting) Roots pruned

0.5 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.4 1.8 ns ns