MOHD NUR ASHRAF BIN MOHD YUSOFF KEM100030

Title: Weirs

Objective: To characterize the flow of fluid over a rectangular notch.

Abstract: This experiment was carried out in order for us to identify and characterize the flow of the fluid over a rectangular notch. In this experiment, we are using Hydraulics Bench F10 and Weir F1-13 mainly. Throughout this experiment, we are about to find out whether the value of Cd will always be constant on this notch. From empirical formula, we will be also trying to find out whether Q-H relation can be described. As stated in the equation, Q=kHn we are going to calculate the value of k and n. And lastly if the value of Cd are not constant and keep varied, we supposed to suggest a functional relation between Cd and
H . B

Introduction:

A weir is also known as a lowhead dam. It has been traditionally used to create mill ponds in such places. Water will always flow over the top of a weir, even though some weirs have sluice gates which flow out water at a level just below the top of the weir. The crest of an overflow spillway on a large dam is oftenly called as a weir. Weirs are used in conjunction with locks, to render a river navigable and to provide even flow for navigation. Weirs allow hydrologists and engineer a simple method of measuring the rate 1

MOHD NUR ASHRAF BIN MOHD YUSOFF KEM100030

of fluid flow in small to medium-sized streams, or in industrial discharge locations. A walkway over the weir is likely to be useful for the removal of floating debris trapped by the weir, or for working staunches and sluices on it as the rate of flow changes. This is sometimes used as a convenient pedestrian crossing point for the river.

Even though the water around weirs can often appear relatively calm, they are dangerous places to boat, swim or wade; the circulation patterns on the downstream side can submerge a person indefinitely. Since the geometry of the top of the weir is known, and all water flows over the weir, the depth of water behind the weir can be converted to a rate of flow. From the theory, the calculation is:-

Where = Coefficient of discharge = Width of notch = Head above bottom of notch

Apparatus: Hydraulics bench F1-10, hook and point gauge, stop watch, weir F1 13 (rectangular notch).

MOHD NUR ASHRAF BIN MOHD YUSOFF KEM100030

Procedures: 1. The hydraulics bench is located on a level floor. 2. The equipment is set up as shown in the figure 1. 3. Vernier Height Gauge is set to a datum reading by placing the point on the crest of the weirs. 4. The gauge is positioned halfway between the notch plate and stilling baffle. 5. Water is admitted to the channel and flow control valve is adjusted to increase the heads, H in steps of about 1cm. 6. The value of H is recorded. 7. Volume and time is taken using the volumetric tank to determine the flow rate.

Figure 1

MOHD NUR ASHRAF BIN MOHD YUSOFF KEM100030

Result: The breadth of notch, B= 0.03m Exp no. ( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400 0.0500 0.0600 0.0700 Heads,H ) Volume,V (x10-3 m3) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Time,t (s) 52 35 19 13 10 7 5 Flow rate, Q = V/t (x10 -5 m3 s-1) 9.62 14.29 26.32 38.46 50.00 71.43 100.00

Exp no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Q , m /s (x10-3 ) 2.10 2.73 4.11 5.29 6.30 7.99 10.00

2/3

2/3

log Q -4.02 -3.84 -3.58 -3.41 -3.30 -3.15 -3.00

log H -2.000 -1.699 -1.523 -1.398 -1.301 -1.222 -1.155

Cd =

3Q 2B 2 g H 3 / 2
(x10-2 ) 108.60 57.04 57.18 54.27 50.49 54.87 60.96

MOHD NUR ASHRAF BIN MOHD YUSOFF KEM100030

Q2/3(x10-3 ) H

2.10 0.01

2.73 0.02

4.11 0.03

5.29 0.04

6.30 0.05

7.99 0.06

10.00 0.07

Q2/3 against H
12

10

Q2/3(x10-3 ) 6

0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 H 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

MOHD NUR ASHRAF BIN MOHD YUSOFF KEM100030

log Q log H

-4.02 -2.000

-3.84 -1.699

-3.58 -1.523

-3.41 -1.398

-3.30 -1.301

-3.15 -1.222

-3.00 -1.155

log Q against log H

0 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2 log Q -2.5

-3

-3.5

-4

log H

-4.5

MOHD NUR ASHRAF BIN MOHD YUSOFF KEM100030

H Cd (x10-2)

0.01 108.60

0.02 57.04

0.03 57.18

0.04 54.27

0.05 50.49

0.06 54.87

0.07 60.96

Cd against H
120

100

80

Cd (x10-2) 60

40

20

0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 H 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

MOHD NUR ASHRAF BIN MOHD YUSOFF KEM100030

Discussion: The graph of Q 2/3 against H is a straight line. This means Q2/3 is proportional to H and the slope of the graph is a constant. So, it matches the equation Cd = where therefore,
2 B 2g 3 Q = k H3/2

3Q 2B 2 g H 3 / 2

k = Cd

2/3

Q2/3 = H

, k is gradient of the graph Q2/3 against H

From the graph we can see that the equation shows a straight line. Hence equation Cd is the same and constant.

The average value of Cd for the range of the test is An average of Cd = =

The Q-H relationship can be described by an empirical formula Q = kHn. So, log Q = log k+ n log H From the graph log Q against log H, the y-axis intersection should be log k and the gradient should be n.

MOHD NUR ASHRAF BIN MOHD YUSOFF KEM100030

n=gradient

=(
=

) ( ) (

) )

log Q = log k + n log H For the graph log Q against log H, the equation is log Q = -1.30 + (1.5) log H Therefore; log k = -1.30 k = 0.05 n = 1.5 The new formula is is Q = (0.05) H1.5

With the assumption that the relationship between Cd and H/B is linear, a straight line is drawn. From equation, Cd = kH + c Where k = gradient of the graph c = y-intercept From the graph we can create a formula that is :Cd = -4.167H + 0.68

MOHD NUR ASHRAF BIN MOHD YUSOFF KEM100030

Therefore Cd = -4.167H + 0.68 Cd = -4.167 x 0.03

H + 0.68 B

Cd = (-0.125)

H + 0.68 B

From the all equation and the results calculated, we could not achieve the constant coefficeient of discharge eventhough we have assumed it to be totally constant. This situation has lead for an improvement into this experiment for the further measurement. Such errors and precautions are shown as follows:-

Errors Parallax Errors Position of eye are not

Precautions

perfectly Take the readings repeatedly.

perpendicular to the scale readings taken. Random Errors The Hydraulics Bench is not balance. Balance the Hydraulics Bench before using it.

Conclusion: Cd is always constant for this experiments notch. The average value of Cd for the range of test is . The Q-H relationship can be described by an empirical formula,

Q = (0.05) H1.5. A functional relationship between Cd and H/B could be suggested that is, Cd = (-0.125)
H + 0.68 B

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MOHD NUR ASHRAF BIN MOHD YUSOFF KEM100030

References: 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir 2. Massey, B. S., Mechanics of Fluids, 5th edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK) Co. Ltd., Great Britain, 1984. 3. Laboratory sheet.

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