Histology is the study of the microanatomy of cells, tissues and organs and how structure is related to function.

Question: why do we look at the cells? Answer: diseases stem from the malfunctioning of a cell or a group of cells ex; HIV (T4 cells responsible for the immune response are compromised resulting in increase susceptibility to normally preventable infection). Monoclonal antibodies that arise from clonal immune cells which come from a common parent cells. Monoclonal antibodies attack the same antigen and epitope. Polycolonal antibodies arise from different B cells in a immune response to a single antigen BUT each attacking a different epitope on the antigen. Allergic response is a hypersensitive reaction to a substance resulting in the overproduction of WBC (mast cells and basophils). Mast cells and basophils release Histamine which induces inflammation and vasal dilation. Vaccination: introducing a weakened, inactive or killed virus into the body to stimulate the formation of antibodies against the virus. This builds a protective barrier for any future infection with the live virus. (Polio, TB, cholera, typhoid are all virus that have vaccinations made) Hybridization: using the complementary nature of genetic material to create a hybrid. This hybrid can be attached to a type of probe (enzyme, florescence, etc) to track, quantify or detect a substance of interest. A virus is an intracellular parasite in that it needs a living cell in order to replicate and survive. Wikipedia information Autoradiography is used to determine the tissue localization of a radioactive substance, either introduced into a metabolic pathway, bound to a receptor or enzyme, or hybridized to a nucleic acid. The distribution of RNA transcripts in tissue sections by the use of radio labeled, complementary oligonucleotides or ribonucleic acids ("riboprobes") is called in situ hybridization histochemistry. Radioactive precursors of DNA and RNA, 3H (thymidine) and 3 (uridine) respectively, may be introduced to living cells to determine the timing of several phases of the cell cycle. RNA or DNA viral sequences can also be located in this fashion. These probes are usually labelled with 32P, 33P, or 35S. Biological Hierarchy Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the detection of antibodies in the cells of tissues by using antibodies attached to markers such as enzymes (peroxidase) and florescence to actually see the antibody/antigen formation. IHC is commonly used in cancer research as well in locating the spatial distribution of proteins and biological markers in certain tissues. Four major tissues are epithelial (covering), connective (joins), muscular (movement, strength) and nerve tissue (communication, specialized) epithelial: rest on a basal membrane and lines cavities and surfaces. There are different types of epithelial tissues based on the number of layers they possess. Connective: non living cells, composed of fibrous cells (collagen, elastic, reticular fibre) Muscular: striated, found close to the bone, provide movement and strength. Nervous: communication, differentiated cells, do not regrow B3 layer: Blood, Brain Barrier Is barrier composed that separate the blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Central nervous system. It occurs along the capillaries and consist of many tight junctions prevent microscopic objects and large hydrophillic substance in the CSF while allowing small hydrophobic molecules in. Dopamine: a neurotransmitter released by the hypothalamus to inhibit the release of Prolactin. Wiki says: it has many functions in the brain, including important roles in behaviour and cognition, voluntary movement, motivation, punishment and reward, inhibition of prolactin production (involved in lactation and sexual gratification), sleep, mood, attention, working memory, and learning. Parkinson, Alzheimer: a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that impairs motor skills, cognitive processes, and other functions. The most obvious symptoms are motor-related, including tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability. describe micoteny process. Staining: H&E: we use these two stains together 1. Hematoxylin: a blueish colored basic dye that binds with acidic components (nucleic acids). 2. Eosin: a red colored acidic dye that stains basic components (cytoplasm) special stains 1. Periodic Acid Schift: a pink stain that stains only glycogen and carbohydrates. It cleaves the C-C bonds in hexose sugar ring, leaving the -OH group exposed to react with the Schift agent forming an aldehyde (-CHO). Tissues/organs it stains are the kidneys that store glycogen and the muscles with are a temporary store for sugar.. Differential stains enhance contrast 1. acidic dyes (negative charge that reacts with catatonic parts NA+) 1. acid fuchsin 2. aniline blue 3. orange G 2. basic dyes (positive charge that reacts with anionic parts Cl-)

1. 2. 3. 4.

methyl green methylene blue pyronin G Toluidine blue

What dye will these two react with? Basophillic cells Acidophillic cells Metachromasia: a dye changing color after reacting with tissue components due to closely associated charged groups. Ganglion: a group of cells that usually are composed of nerve cells, somata and dendrite structures. They can gather to form a plexus and serve as communicative points between the peripheral and central nervous system.