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Communication Newman and Summer defined communication as a exchange of facts,ideas,opinions or emotions by two or more persons.

According to Hoben,communication is verbal interchange of thought or an idea. Anderson says,communication is the process by which we understand others and in turn endeavour to be understood by them. It is dynamic ,constantly changing and shifting in response to the total situation. Berelson and steiner defined communication as the transmission of information ,idea, emotion,skills etc by the use of symbols,words ,pictures,figures,graphs etc. It is the act or process of transmission. Types of Communication 1. Verbal(with words).Oral and written. 2. Non-verbal(without words) ---pictures,graphs,diagrams,visual aids etc. Gestures,body language,posture,facial expressions,eye gaze. *All office communicatios are formal and more formal* Non verbal forms of communication support verbal communication to facilitate peoples better understanding. Organizational Communication(Scope) Communication is the soul and breath of organization without which everything will grind to a halt. 1. Internal Communication (a) Downward Provides direction and control. Superior to the sub ordinates To instruct employees and to transmit information. (Methods) Written directives. Face to face. Public address system. Bulletin boards. In house journals. *Effective downward communication prevents Confusion and Distortion. (b) Upward Provides feed back. Travels from sub ordinate to superiors. (Methods) Suggestion Schemes. Grievance redressel.

Group Meetings. Interviews etc. *Upward and Downward Communications constitute Internal Vertical Communication. Lateral Provides teamwork. Takes place between and among the people of same ranks(hierarchy). Promotes co-ordination and technical/administrative support. Promotes better understanding. (Methods) Face to face. Telephonic talks. Periodic meetings. Meetings. Memos.

(d) Diagonal Facilitates efficiency. Occurs either in the same department or on same level of hierarchy. Occurs for the sake of exchanging information. (Methods) Interdepartmental depending on interdependence.

*Lateral and Diagonal communication constitute Internal horizontal communication.

Purpose of Communication in Ornaisation Chester I BernardObserved that communication links people together in an oraganisation to achieve a common purpose. Communication serves the following purposes in an organization: Helps to establish and disseminate trhe goals of an organization. Facilitates the development of plans for the achievement of goals. Helps managers utilize manpower and resources in the most effective manner. Helps managers select,develop and appraise the members of their organization. Helps managers lead,direct and motivate employees. Facilitates control and evaluation of performance.

Nature of Communication. Nature of communication is exchange of message and interaction. It may be through verbal or non-verbal mode. Communication becomes effective when the message is shared and understood with one another. It is a formal process to accomplish the desires and common goals.It is indeed an exchange of information between individuals, groups and departments. Every organization has its own sub-systems and there is always interaction and interface between sub-systems to achieve goals.communication transmits information and data to the sub-system as well as to the total system.Management information system operstes effectively through communication.It involves information gathering,storage,processing,monitoring. Superior,sub-ordinate relationships exist only with effective and meaningful communication. Organisational Communication is distinct from other types of communication in the sense that it occurs in a highly structured setting.It takes place within an organization and between an oraganisation and its environment. Goldhaber observes that,Communication has been the process of creating and exchanging messages within a network of interdependent relationships to cope with the environmental uncertainty. If management is the art and science of getting things done by people, Communication is the essence of it because it is only through communication that all the important functions of information handling,instructing,directing,integratingand monitoring are carried out. It is only through communication that interpersonal relationship,mutual trust and understanding and cooperation through co-ordination can be achieved. *In all,communication brings about and effects a change in day today functions of organsations. Functions of communication The multipurpose functions of communication in a group or organisationare desired by Robbins Stephen under four heads: CONTROL,MOTIVATION,EXPRESSION and INFORMATION. Thayer has divided the functions of communication into four specific categories: 1.The information function It serves to provide knowledge for the guidance of individuals in their activities. It fulfills workers desires for awareness of things that affect them. 2. The instructive function It serves to make the employees aware of their obligations to the organization. It provides them with additional guidance on how to perform their duties adequately. 3. The influence function It serves to motivate and influence the behaviours and attitudes of employees through persuation. It encourages them to exhibit or perform a certain behavior necessary for achieving organizational objectives/goals. 4. The integrative function It serves the function of bringing about inter-relationships,leading to unification between the activities of individuals as a workteam towards realizing the goals of the organization

Scope of communication 1. It is a subject of almost unlimited dimensions.It is a two way process involving both transmission and reception. 2. It is a continuous process of exchange of facts, ideas, feelings,attitudes,opinions,figures and interaction with others. 3. It uses a set of symbols which may be words,actions,pictures,figures,drawings,charts,cartoons.

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