Krauss (1996) 20% 50%

300 500
Krauss (1996) 1.
2. (state)3. Hinton
(2001)
(p. 3)Bielenberg (2002)

(p. 2) (World Wide Fund for Nature; WWF) Terralingua

(WWF International/Terralingua, 2000; Bielenberg, 2002, p. 2)

(1994)

(1998)40.12%1999
9%
(2002Ciwas Pawan2005) (1996)
(1999) (1995) (1995) (1998)
(1995) 50 20

1960 (Play Center preschool

movement)
1

 Benton (1981)1970 7
Douglas & Douglas (1983:1)1970 23.3%
1%

1982 (Te Kohanga Reo)

(Polynesian)

16% 1642

(orthography)
(King2001)
1830 (Rice1992143-144)
(McRae19914)
(Orbell1995)
1840
()1867 (Native Schools Act)
1871
(Native Schools Amendment Act)
(Simon1994) 1900
45,000 (Te Taura Whiri Te Reo Maori, 1995)1970
70,000 (Benton198115) 18-20%
(King2001)
(Te Taura Whiri Te Reo Maori, 199619)

 (King2001)
1945 1951 (Nga Kairangahau
19917)1960

(Jackson1993215-218) 1977 Ruatoki

1990 17 (Nga Kairangahau19917)
1975 Ngati Raukawa 2000

1981 (Te Wananga o Raukawa)

(King2001)1975 (Waitangi
Tribunal)1985
(2000352 )1970 Katerina
Mataira Ngoi Pewhairangi Te Ataarangi

(Boyce1995 5 )
(Tu Tangata Whanau)

() (1996
276Fishman1991237)
Te Kohanga Reo () 1982 Kura Kaupapa Maori (
) 1987 (immersion program)
(
2000364-365 )1987
(Maori Language Act)

(language camps)

1985
(Waitangi Tribunal) 1986 1995
23 1995
(King
3

2001)

Te Kohanga Reo ()

1981 (Department of Maori Affairs)

Kohanga Reo ()

/ (King2001)1982
Wellington
(King2001) 6

(Holms1992)1991 700 (Holmes1991)

1998 646 12000 (King2001)

(reattach)
(total-immersion program)
(whanaungatangafamiliness)
(mihi)
(Tangaere1997King
2001)/
(self-determination) (Tangaere
1997)
(CazdenSnow & Heise-Paigorkia1990)
(CarkeekDavies & Irwin1994)
3 (Benton1997)


0 6 (Holms1992)
9 3 (King2001)

Aotearoa

(Cherrington200034)mihimihi ()karakia ()
himene ()waiata ()poi and haka ()

(spiritual world)
(Tangaere1997) (CarkeekDavies & Irwin
1994)
() (CarkeekDavies & Irwin1994
King2001)

(Department of Maori Affairs)

1981

(1996275)
Te Kohanga Reo National Trust ()

(King2001)
(
)1989

1990
5

1986 Department
of Justice
(Waitangi Treaty)

(Waitangi Tribunal1997)1986
1989
(Spolsky1990)

10

(Cazden 1990)

(Tangaere1997King2001)

(King2001)

45 Blue Book
(spirituality)

400 500 (King2001)

1991 (strengthening)

(Te Kohanga Reo National Trust)

1996 700 (King2001)

(
2000359 )

(McPherson1994)
(King2001)

(Cazden 1990)
(

)
(
)(King2001)

(
2000359 )

(King20012000359 )
(King2001)1997
(Education Review Office) 1995 1996 100
7

27%

(King2001)

1960
2000 Te Ataarangi

(New Zealand Maori Council)

(
Ma
or
iWome
n
sWe
l
f
a
r
eLe
a
g
ue
)
(Tribal Trust Boards)
(Maori Education Foundation) (Te Reo Moari Society)
(Waitangi Action Alliance)
(Government Review Team1988)

(1996286)

()

(language immersion)
Cummins (19811989)
(conversational language
proficiency) (academic language

proficiency) (first language)

(second language)

()

Fishman (1991)
(intergenerational mother tongue transmission)

400 500

72 36

()

()

10

1994

47-55
1999

1995

131-177
1995
(1990~1994)
97-110
(2000)
(343-373 )
(1996)
(267-292 )
1996

() 1995

179-201
1998

101-112
Benton, Richard A. (1981). The flight of the Amokura: Oceanic languages and formal
education in the South Pacific. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational
Research.
Benton, Richard A. (1997).
NZCER.

The Maori language: Dying or reviving?

Wellington:

Bielenberg, Brian Todd (2002). Wh

owi
l
ls
i
n
gt
hes
on
gs
?:Lan
gua
ger
e
ne
wa
la
mo
ng
Puebloan adolescents.
An unpublished Ph.D. dissertation.
University of
California, Berkeley.
Boyce, Mary T. (1995). The role of second language learners in Maori language
maintenance and revival up to the year 2010: A discussion document. Wellington:
Victoria University of Wellington.
Carkeek, L., Davies, L., & Irwin, K. (July, 1994).
Final report.

11

What happens to Maori girls at school?

Cazden, C., Snow, C., & Heise-Paigorkia, C. (1990). Language planning in preschool
education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 324 929).
Che
r
r
i
ng
t
on
,Ka
t
e(
2
000
)
.
El
ua(
Cha
p
t
e
r2)Bui
l
di
ngac
hi
l
d-c
e
nt
e
r
e
dmo
de
l
:
An
indigenous model mus
tl
ookt
ot
hef
ut
ur
e
.
I
nMa
e
n
e
t
t
eKa
p
e

a
hi
ok
a
l
a
niPa
d
e
ke
n
Ciwas Pawan (2005).
Culturally relevant indigenous language instruction and
curriculum. An unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Arizona State University.
Cummins, Jim (1981). The role of primary language development in promoting
educational success for language minority students. In California State Department
of Education, Schooling and language minority students (p. 3-49). Los Angeles:
Evaluation, Dissemination and Assessment Center, California State University, Los
Angeles.
Cummins, J. (1989). Empowering minority students.
Association for Bilingual Education.

Sacramento, CA: California

Douglas, Edward M.K., & Douglas, Rahera B. (1983). Nga Kohanga Reo: A Salbage
programme for the Maori language. Paper read at the symposium on The Survival
of Indigenous Languages, Multilingualism and the Emergence of Pidgins and
Creoles. 53rd ANZAAS Congress, Perth, W.A., Australia. (Manuscript)
Fishman, J. A. (1991).
Ltd.

Reversing language shift.

Government Review Team (1988).

Wellington: The Review Team.

Bristol, PA: Multilingual Matters

Government review of Te Kohanga Reo.

Hinton, Leanne (2001). Language revitalization: An overview. In Leanne Hinton, &

Ken Hale (Eds.), The green book of language revitalization in practice (p. 3-18).
San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Holmes, T. (1991). Indigenous bilingual early childhood programs in Aotearo, Wales,
and the US. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 346 972).Holmes, T.
(1992). Toi te kupa, toi te mana, toi te whanau: Culturally appropriate early
childhood education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED352132).
Huang, Chi-Wei (; 2002). Seeds growing under the culture transmission: A study
of aboriginal students learning mother tongue. Anun
pub
l
i
s
h
e
dMa
s
t
e
r

st
h
e
s
i
s
.
Ta
i
t
u
ng
:Na
t
i
o
na
lTa
i
t
ungTe
a
c
he
r

sCol
l
e
ge
.
Jackson, Syd (1993). The first language.
215-218). Auckland: Reed Books.

In Witi Ihimaera (Ed.), Te Ao Marama (Vol. 2,

King, Jeanet (2001). Te Kohanga Reo: Maori language revitalization. In Leanne

Hinton, & Ken Hale (Eds.), The green book of language revitalization in practice (p.
118-128). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

12

Krauss, M. (1996). Status of Native American language endangerment. In Cantoni

Gina (Ed.), Stabilizing indigenous languages (pp. 16-21). Flagstaff, AZ: Northern
Arizona State.
Rice, Geoffrey W. (1992). The Oxford history of New Zealand (2nd Ed.).
Oxford University Press.

Auckland:

McPherson, J. (1994). Making changes: Action research for developing Maori language
policies in mainstream schools. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational
Research.
McRae, Joan (1991). Maori literature: A survey. In Terry Sturm (Ed.), The Oxford
history of New Zealand literature in English (1-24). Auckland: Oxford University
Press.
Nga Kairangahau (1991). Maori education: Current status. Produced by Nga
Kairangahau, Manatu Maori. Wellington: Ministry of Education.
Simon, J. (1994). Historical perspectives on education in New Zealand. In Coxon, E.,
Jenkins, K., Marshall, J., Massey, L (Eds.), The politics of learning and teaching in
Aotearoa-New Zealand. Palmerston North: The Dunmore Press.
Spolsky, B. (1990). Maori bilingual education and language revival.
Document Reproduction Services No. 356 648)

(ERIC

Tangaere, Arapera Royal (1997). Learning Maori together: Kohanga Reo andhome.
Wellington: New Zealand Council for Education Research.
Te Reo Maori Claim, Waitanga Tribunal. (1997).
4/waitr_db/text/wai011/doc027.html)
Te Taura Whiri Te Reo Maori (1995).
Whiri Te Reo Maori.

(www.knowledge-basket.co.nz/topic

Te tau o Te Reo Maori.

Wellington: Te Taura

Te Taura Whiri Te Reo Maori (1996). Toitu Te Reo: Draft consultation document about
the Maori language. Wellington: Te Taura Whiri Te Reo Maori.
United Daily Newspaper (December 30, 1999; ). Only 9% of indigenous
children can speak fluent native languages. Taipei, Taiwan.
WWF International/Terralingua (2000). Indigenous and traditional peoples of the world
a
nd e
c
or
e
gi
on c
on
s
e
r
v
at
i
on
:An i
nt
e
g
r
at
e
d app
r
oac
ht
oc
on
s
e
r
v
i
ng t
hewo
r
l
d
s
biological and cultural diversity. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.

13