Change of states of matter based on the kinetic Theory:

a) Comparison of characteristics of Solid, Liquid and Gas:

State of matter
Draw the particles
arrangement
Particles arrangement
Particles movement
Attractive forces
between the particles
Energy content

Solid

Liquid

Gas

The particles are

fixed, close
Particles cannot move
freely but can vibrate
at fixed positions
Very strong

The particles are

quite close
Particles can move
vibrate, rotate,
move randomly
Weak/moderate
(particles are not
tightly held)
Energy content
moderate

The particles are very

far apart
Particles can move
far apart

Energy content very

low

b) When energy heat are supplied to matter, kinetic energy of

the particles in the mater increases and the particles in the
matter vibrate faster.
When matter loses heat energy, the kinetic energy of the
particles also reduce and the and they vibrate less vigorously.
c)

MELTING
SOLID

Very weak
Energy content very
high
Matter experiences
change of state when
heat energy is absorbed
or released.

BOILING
LIQUID

FREEZING

GAS
CONDENSATION

The temperature at which a solid changes to become a liquid is called its melting point.
The temperature at which a liquid changes to become a liquid is called its freezing point.
Explanation for Heating Process of Matter
Temperature/C
F
D
E
B
C
A
Time/s
When the solid is heated, the particles move faster and its energy content increases. This is
because it absorbed heat. Therefore, he state of matter is changed.

Point
A to B

C to D

State of Matter
Explanation
Solid
-When heated, heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the solid.
-Particles obtained more kinetic energy and vibrate at a faster rate.
Solid ad liquid
-At the melting point(point B), particles in the solid will obtain
enough energy to overcome the force of attraction between the
particles.
-Particles now can move freely. The solid melt o form a liquid.
Liquid

D to E

Liquid and gas

E to F

Gas

B to C

Freezing point : refer to the temperature when a liquid changes to solid. During the freezing
process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat lost to the environment is cool by the
heat released when the liquid particles rearranged themselves to become solid.
Explanation of Cooling Process of Matter
Temperature/C
P
R
Q
T
S
U

Point
P to Q

State of Matter
Gas

Q to R

Gas and liquid

R to S

Liquid

S to T

Liquid and solid

T to U

Solid

Time/s
Explanation

2.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

1. History of the development of atomic models :
No
Atomic Model (draw)
Discovery
1
Dalton
i) Matter is made up of particles called atom
ii)Atom cannot be created, destroyed or divided into small
particles.
iii)Atoms from the same element are the same
iv)Atoms are hard physical body that cannot be penetrated.
2
Thomson

Rutherford

Neils Bohr

James Chadwick

2. Subatomic particles
Subatomic particles Symbol Charge Relative Atomic Mass
Position
Electron
e
Proton
p+
+
Neutron
n
neutral
a. Proton Number = number of protons in the nucleus of an atom in an element.
Number of protons= number of electrons in a neutral atom.
b. Nucleon Number : The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
c. Symbol of element
A

X
Z

d.

Example:
Oxygen : O
Aluminium : Al
Magnesium : Mg Calcium : Ca
Nitrogen : N
Chlorine : Cl
Sodium : Na
Hydrogen : H

X Symbol of element
A Nucleon number of atom X
Z - Proton number of atom X
Example :
i) 39
The element Potassium has a nucleon of 19 proton number of 19.

K
19

so, the number of neutrons equals 20, the number of protons equal 19,
and the number of electrons equals 19.

3. Isotopes
Example : 1

Nucleon number = 1

H
1

Proton number = number of proton = 1

Number of neutron = 0
Nucleon number = 2

Proton number = number of proton = 1

Number of neutron = 1
Isotopes are atoms from the same elements with the same proton number but different in nucleon
number. This is because they have the same nmber of proton but different in the number of
neutrons.
Isotopes have the same chemical properties because they have the same electron arrangement.
Isotopes have different physical properties because they have different atomic mass.
1

Usage of isotopes :
In the medical field to detect brain cancer.
- to detect thrombosis( blockage in blood vessel).
- Sodium-24 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid
gland.
- Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cell.
- to kill bacteria in the sterilizing process.
In the industrial field to detect wearing out in machines.
- to detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.
- to detect leakage of pipes underground.
- to detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.
In the agriculture field to detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants.
- to sterile in sect pests for plants.
In the archeology field Caron-14 can be used to date objects.
4. Electron Arrangement
a) the electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain
number of electrons. For the elements with the atomic number 1-20 :
First shell can be filled with a maximum of 2 electrons.
Second shell can be filed with a maximum of 8 electrons.
Third shell can e filled with a maximum of 8 electrons.
First shell filled with 2 eletrons(duplet)
Second shell filled with 8 electrons(octet)
Third shell filled with 8 electrons(octet)

b) Symbol of Element
1

Hydrogen Atom

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

H
1

Helium Atom

He

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

Li

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

Be

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

Na

Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement

Lithium Atom

Berryllium Atom

Sodium Atom

23

11

Atom

c) Valence electron : Electron in the outermost shell of a neutral atom.

Activity 2 : Complete the following :
Number of
Number of
Number of
Nucleon
Electron
protons
electrons
neutrons
Number
Arrangement

Valence
Electron

P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W

6
6
11
15
16
19
12
27
-

2.8.3

P atom and Q atom are isotopes because they contain the same number of proton
but different number of nucleon.

WRITE THE PARTICLE RATIO, MOLE RATIO, AND MASS RATIO FOR THE
FOLLOWING REACTION.
1. Mg + 2H2O

Mg(OH)2 + H2

Particle ratio : ____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
Mole ratio : ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Mass ratio : ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. 2Cu + O2

2CuOH + H2

Particle ratio : ____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
Mole ratio : ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Mass ratio : ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. 2PbO + C

2Pb + CO2

Particle ratio : ____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
Mole ratio : ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Mass ratio : ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. 2Na + 2H2O

2NaOH + H2

Particle ratio : ____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
Mole ratio : ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Mass ratio : ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Zn + 2HNO3

Zn(NO3)2 + H2

Particle ratio : ____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Mole ratio : ______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
Mass ratio : ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
WRITE THE CHEMICAL REACTION FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING REACTION.
1. Zinc carbonate

Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide

_________________________________________________________________________
2. Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride

Silver chloride + Sodium nitrate

_________________________________________________________________________
3. Copper(II) oxide + Hydrogen chloride

Copper(II) chloride + Water

__________________________________________________________________________
4. Potassium oxide + Water

Potassium hydroxide

__________________________________________________________________________
5. Lead(II) nitrate

Lead(II) oxide + Nitrogen oxide + Oxygen

__________________________________________________________________________
6. Magnesium + Chlorine

Magnesium chloride

___________________________________________________________________________
7. Hydrogen sulphate + Sodium hydroxide

Sodium sulphate + Water

____________________________________________________________________________
8. Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen nitrate

Sodium nitrate + Water

____________________________________________________________________________

Write The Chemical Formulae of The Following Compounds

COMPOUND

FORMULA

Sodium sulphate
Ammonium carbonate
Magnesium nitrate
Hydrochloric acid
Potassium oxide
Magnesium oxide
Lead(II) carbonate
Iron(III) sulphate
Magnesium chloride
Zinc sulphate
Silver nitrate
Ammonium sulphate
Zinc oxide
Nitric acid
Ammonia gas
Copper(II) sulphate

COMPOUND
Zinc carbonate
Ammonium carbonate
Silver chloride
Sulphuric acid
NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS

Copper(II) nitrate

1) Na2CO3
_________________________________

Hydrogen gas

2) NaOH
_________________________________

Carbon dioxide gas

3) MgBr2
_________________________________
4) KCl
_________________________________
5) FeCl2
_________________________________

Oxygen gas
Aluminium sulphate
Lead(II) chloride
Potassium iodide

6) FeCl3
_________________________________

Copper(II) carbonate

7) Zn(OH)2
_________________________________

Potassium carbonate

8) Be2SO4
_________________________________

Sodium hydroxide

9) CrF2
_________________________________

Ammonium chloride
Sodium sulphate

10) Al2S3
__________________________________
11) PbO2

- __________________________________

12) Ag2SO3

- __________________________________

13) NH4OH

- ___________________________________

14) Be(CH3COO)2 - ___________________________________

15) Li3PO4

- ____________________________________

FORMULA