1

CHAPTER 2 THREE PHASE SYSTEMS

SINGLE PHASE POWER

v t ( ) 2 Vrmscos et ( ) := Vrms Vrms
i t ( ) 2 Irms cos et u ( ) := Irms
p t ( ) v t ( ) i t ( ) := v
p t ( ) 2Vrms Irms cos et ( ) cos et u ( ) := Vrms
cos A ( ) cos B ( )
1
2
cos A B + ( )
1
2
cos A B ( ) + := cos A ( ) cos B ( )
p t ( )
1
2
2Vrms Irms cos 2et u ( )
1
2
2Vrms Irms cos u ( ) + := cos
over a period, the first term averages to zero
p t ( ) Vrms Irms cos u ( ) := cos
CIRCUIT BELOW:
2
AVERAGE SINGLE PHASE POWER FOR A REAL LOAD; Z = R +j0 u = 0


V_60hz t ( ) 160sin 2 t 60 t ( ) :=
I_60hz t ( ) 40sin 2 t 60 t ( ) ( ) :=
P t ( ) V_60hz t ( ) I_60hz t ( ) :=
0 0.02 0.04
200
100
0
100
200
5 10
3

0
5 10
3

V_60hz t ( )
I_60hz t ( )
P t ( )
t
v t ( ) 2 V_rms sin et ( ) := V_rms i t ( ) 2 I_rms sin et ( ) := I_rms
p t ( ) v t ( ) i t ( ) := v
p t ( ) V_rms I_rms cos 2 et ( ) V_rms I_rms + := V_rms
3
AVERAGE SINGLE PHASE POWER FOR A REACTIVE LOAD; Z = 0 +jXc u = 90
1
v(1)
2
i(c1)
4
p
-8.00
-4.00
0
4.00
8.00
i
(
c
1
)

i
n

a
m
p
e
r
e
s
-200
-100
0
100
200
v
(
1
)

i
n

v
o
l
t
s
P
l
o
t
1
1
2
10.0m 30.0m 50.0m 70.0m 90.0m
time in seconds
-800
-400
0
400
800
p

i
n

w
a
t
t
s
P
l
o
t
2
4
AVERAGE POWER
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
1
V1
C1
100u
REAL POWER 0 AS THE IMPEDANCE ANGLE MAG u > 0
4
AVERAGE SINGLE PHASE POWER AS A FUNCTION OF ANGLE (3 CASES)

RESISTIVE / INDUCTIVE
REAL
+je-AXIS
-je-AXIS
u
1
5
AVERAGE SINGLE PHASE POWER AS A FUNCTION OF ANGLE (3 CASES)

RESISTIVE / CAPACITIVE


REAL
+je-AXIS
-je-AXIS
u
2
6
AVERAGE SINGLE PHASE POWER AS A FUNCTION OF ANGLE (3 CASES)

RESISTIVE
REAL
+je-AXIS
-je-AXIS
7
Power Triangle method to represent APPARENT, REAL, REACTIVE



u
VA
WORK = REAL PWR = WATTS
HEAT LOSS = REAL PWR = WATTS
8
Power Triangle method to represent APPARENT, REAL, REACTIVE


Real Power = V
rms
I
rms
cos(u)
Reactive Power = V
rms
I
rms
sin(u)

Apparent Power = V
rms
I
rms



Real Power = I
2
Z cos(u) = V
2
/ Z cos(u)
Reactive Power = I
2
Z sin(u) = V
2
/ Z sin(u)

Apparent Power = I
2
Z



Where Z = R + jX (X
L
is jeL or X
C
= 1 / jeC)

or Z complex number: Z = R + jX = Z cos(u) + j Z sin(u)

The REAL power is represented by P = I
2
R

The REACTIVE power is represented by Q = I
2
X


The impedance is also represented as Z u



Magnitude of Z
REAL
+je-AXIS
-je-AXIS
u
1
u
2
u
1
u
2
9
Power system Grid

1. Consider having a power (grid tie) system nationwide

a. How to generate power efficiently at the required voltages?
b. How to distribute power across US over long distances and at what voltages?
c. How to transform from higher to lower or lower to higher voltage?
d. Safely measure system parameters (voltage, current, etc.) for monitoring

2. DC system ??
3. AC single phase system nationwide??
4. Poly-phase power system





10
LOW VOLTAGE DC SYSTEM ORIGINAL EDISON APPROACH


Start with DC system design operating such that the maximum voltage (Edisons/JP Morgan idea was
based on a 100 VDC transmission system). Current for 1 Megawatt of power?

P = I
2
R = V I

Resistivity of Copper: 1.7 X 10
-8
Resistivity of Alum is twice that of Cu: 3.4 X 10
-8

Outer Diameter of Alum overhead transmission line = 1 inch

Determine resistance of 1-mile length and corresponding voltage drop:


EXAMPLE

1. 100 volt system limitations
2. Efficiency will be poor must increase the voltage drastically to reduce power losses
3. Increase voltage to 1,000,000 volts
4. Discuss how to step down large voltages and measure currents at 1 Mvolt




11
CHAPTER 2 MAIN POINTS:


1. ELECTRICAL POWER INFRASTRUCTURE

a. DIRECTION FINALLY TAKEN TO FULLY TAKE ADVANTAGE OF FARADAYS LAW
b. MAXIMIZE THE POWER EFFICIENCY ACROSS LONG DISTANCES MINIMIZE LOSS
BY TRANSMITTING POWER AT VERY HIGH VOLTAGES

2. STANDARDIZED A GRID SYSTEM TO ALLOW BUSS INTEGRATION OVER DISTANCES

a. GENERATE AT 25KV
b. TRANSMIT AT 115, 230, 500 KV
c. STEP DOWN TO 120/240 -RESIDENTIAL

3. USE A POLYPHASE APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE POWER TRANSMISSION AS OPPOSED TO
A SINGLE PHASE WITH RETURN APPROACH

a. SMOOTH POWER FLOW
b. CONSTANT POWER WITH MINIMIZED POWER RIPPLE WHEN COMPARED TO
SINGLE PHASE POWER TRANSMISSION

4. DELTA AND WYE CONFIGURATIONS ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

5. VECTOR REPRESENATIONS OF 3 PHASE CIRCUITS

6. PER PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

7. DELTA TO WYE (VICE VERSA) LOAD CONVERSIONS

12

PRESENT DAY ELECTRICAL GRID


1. CONSISTS OF POLYPHASE (3 PHASE) 60 HERTZ POWER GRID ACROSS THE US

2. MAP OF US ELECTRICAL GRID

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=110997398


3. MAP OF ELECTRICAL GRID SOUTHEASTERN PART OF US SOUTHERN CO.

http://www.southerncompany.com/corporateresponsibility/overview/map.html


4. SOUTHERN COMPANY





Southern Company is a public utility holding company of primarily electric utilities in the southern
United States. It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia and is currently the 16th largest utility
company in the world and the fourth largest in the U.S. Through its subsidiaries it owns and
operates more than 42,000 megawatts of generation capacity and serves 4.3 million customers
in Alabama, Georgia, Florida and Mississippi. Southern Companys regulated regional electric
utilities serve a territory with of distribution lines.

13
GENERATION OF AC VOLTAGES USING ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD

Single phase allows you to easily step up and step down as well as safely measure system voltage and
currents

V_induced = - N(velocity X B) - length

So the "flux rule" that the emf in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the
circuit applies whether the flux changes because the field changes or because the circuit moves (or
both).... Yet in our explanation of the rule we have used two completely distinct laws for the two cases
V = v X B for "circuit moves" and V X E = -cB/ct for "field changes". We know of no other place in
physics where such a simple and accurate general principle requires for its real understanding an
analysis in terms of two different phenomena. Richard P. Feynman , The Feynman Lectures on
Physics

http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/electricmotors.html

Rotating Magnet