A Brief History of Medicine

James G. Bailey, LAc, Dipl OM, Dipl Ayu, ERYT

The rst recorded evidence of primitive methods of medicinal activity date back to the Mesozoic era from 8,000 4,000 B.C. From the Stone Age there are preserved instruments made of stone in the shape of primitive needles. These needles were possibly used for insertion into the body, however, their exact usages are vague. The same instruments were later found to be made of bone and then metal and are likely precursors to todays aculuncture needles. Four primary models are offered to represent the early, primitive stages of the evolution of human medicinal behavior. These models represent the evolution of the art from instinctive to empirical to magical to religious castes with participating priests seperate from the rest of society. To begin with, the most primitive, instinctive medical practice was, as it is termed, instinctual. Wounds were licked as all animals would do. The motivation was rooted in the maternal instinct with the basic impulse to rid the body of pain and trauma. Associations as to the cause of the condition were not present. The second characteristic stage of human medicinal behavoir was characterized by the development of empirical thought and judgement. Through empirical thinking the sufferer of disease could associate the condition with a change in the environment or with a particular behavior such as changes in the seasons. Yet at this stage there still is no association of the disease condition with a causal agent. The empirical stage is still derived from the instinctual level. The third characteristic or stage was that of the magical practices were the disease was thought to be secondary to the supernatural factors which caused it. At this point the concept of a causal agent is present whether in the form of spells, astral bodies, or animated spirits. With the concept of an associated causal agent there will develop counter magic to heal the condition, but again the medicine is more concerned with the removal of the supernatural agent than with the treatment of the disease. In the priestly model, the fourth characteristic stage, more complex religious concepts come into play. Caste systems are developed to provide privileged benets and powers to members of the priestly caste. Their actions and knowledge were kept secret so as to preserve their privileged power. Commonly, there were few members of the healing or priestly caste so that their control over the rest of society was great. By the Bronze Age the early techniques of surgery are crudely evident by fossilized remains of circumcision, castration, mutilation. The surgery was carried out by the priestly castes with the intention to ward off evil spirits and thus relieve suffering. In many cases the person died from the treatment or suffered worse from the surgery than from the actual condition.

BABYLONIA
Each civilization developed its own unique system of medicine which over time was shared between societies. Great civilizations with their own medical systems arose in the Tigres and Euphrates River Valleys between 5000 - 4000 BC. Babylonian medicine evolved during the 1st Dynasty around 1,900 BC. The 6th King, Hammurabi, established the Code of Hammurabi. These were strict codes, and regulations of living, the conduct of affairs and health care. He established the rst system of socialized medicine with priests as the physicians. Surgeons were trained to work under the authority of the priests as slaves. Hammurabi also established systems of education, culture, and religion as the center of civilization. Hammurabi, in his was the rst to mention the "responsibility of the physician" as an ethi-

cal standard of medicine. He also set standards for the frequency of surgical procedures, penalties for morbidity and mortality, and set fees for services. Four major inuences of Babylonian civilization were (1) the concept of metamorphosis, or the union of man, animal and plant, (2) reincarnation, (3) astrology, and (4) the belief that birth defects were the result of evil curses. In the practice of Babylonian medicine the concept of the Liver was very important due to its function of blood storage and production. Liver therapies were very commonly performed. Other common denominators in the history of Babylonian medical history were the use of Rheum, the plague, heart disease, and vinereal disease. They believed that the sun was the origin or source of all life. In medicine, the stars and planetary movements were concidered as primary in the inuence and diagnosis of a disease. Like the Chinese they considered the change of season to be very inuential upon one's health.

EGYPT
Egyptian civilization developed independently of but closely parralel to that of Babylonian culture. In 3000 BC the 1st Dynasty was created by Menes who united Egypt. Menses was responsible for the damming of the Nile River, and like the damming of the Yellow River in China the emperor for doing so was promoted to demi-god status. The Egyptians believed that the preservation of the physical body was important for the afterlife. The god of health was known as Throth and the insignia used to inscribe his name is still used today as the common insignia for a prescription, Rx. Imhotep completed a very comprehensive treatise on surgery and was found in 1862. The paper outlined the proper diagnosis, prescription and surgical procedures for several diseases including paralysis of the bladder and intestines, lesions of the spine, and the brain was mentioned for the rst time in medical history. The Kahun papyrus contained information on the treatment of veternarian and gynecological disorders. ! Egyptian medicine was comprehensive and included examination by observation, palpation, questioning, etc. Therapies included enemas, herbal preparation, mystical prayers and incantation. The Material Medica was impressively large and detailed. There were hygenic regulations for members of society as well as for health practitioners. There were regulated methods of dealing with the dead, the cleansing of dwellings, diet, and sexual relationships. The priests cut their hair and bathed every day.

HEBREWS
The medicine of the Hebrews was conducted by the Judaic priests. Health was concidered secondary to the Judaic Law as God was the source of health and disease. God could create disease as punishment for wrong doing. There were rites of purication, social hygeine, and the prohibitions of foods (mostly pig). the Hebrews were the rst to develop the concept of "contagen," via ies mosquitos, and rats. It was not believed however that humans could carry disease as well.

INDIA
Indian Medicine, otherwise known as Ayervedic Medicine was from the begining very systematic and comprehensive. Disease was considered to be caused by amorality and imbalance of the three doshas (Vata, Pitta and Kapha). Disease was also believed to be caused by the angering of Lord Shiva, who would induce fever. The Ayurvedic system was unusually comprehensive and complete as a system of examination, diagnosis, palpation, fasting, massage, steam therapy, herbal remedies, yogs, meditation, etc. The term Ayurveda means literally "the knowledge of life". Modern advances of Ayurvedic Medicine include midwifery, phychology, and extremely advanced surgical techniques. There were over 125 different surgical instruments. Pathagorus in Greece was greatly inuenced by the Vedas and

Ayurvedic Medicine and gave rise to his theories of vegetarianism, reincarnation, and many healing modalities similar to Ayervedic ones. Ayurveda had a widespread effect upon medicine in Asia and the Middle East.

GREECE
Medicine, like much of the philosophical traditions of Greece, was very objective and impirical in nature. The civilization has its origins in the early Hellenic period, on the Island of Crete, around 4000 - 1400 BC. It developed freely and evolved without the traditional constraints of religion. Cretian culture spread to Greece in 1600 BC and blended with the culture there. Homer is credited with rst written mention of the Greek medicinal system in the Iliad and the Odessey. Physicians were of very high status. Life was considered to reside in the breath, and the soul in the diaphram. In Greece, the god Apollo was worshiped as the god of health and the god physician. Temples predated the modern day spa. And a common treatment modality was to induce sleep, heal the patient in his/her sleep, then awakened and healed.

CHINA
Medicine in China has its origins, like many places in the world, in its philosophical and spiritual traditions, particularly the practice of Taoism. The philosophy and practice of Taoism was rst synthesized by Lao Tzu in 500 BC. According to Taoism, man is a product of Nature, or the Tao, and therefore must live within Nature's Laws. Disharmony with the Laws of Nature is regarded as the ultimate cause of disharmony within the body, and thus, disease, and of society as well. Changes in Nature are cyclical, or rhythmic, and thus everything can be seen as being cyclical by nature. This is refered to as the balance of Yin and Yang, the two opposing and balancing forces of the cyclical extremes of everything in Nature, ie day and night, winter and summer, hot and cold, male and female, sleep and activity, etc. These two basic forces are constantly moving or transforming in order to ratain the balance of the whole. In addition to the forces of Yin and Yang the Chinese recognize the presence of the elements of Nature as being a part of any product of Nature, animate or inanimate. Thus, the human body also contains the 5 Elements of Earth, Fire, Wood, Water and Metal. If there was ever a Golden Age in China it would have been from 4500 - 1500 BC. During this pre-imperialistic era leaders were chosen by the people for their qualities of virtue, wisdom, great deeds and overall good character. The leaders during this time did not lord over the populace but rather led them by their example. The example was placed on living in harmony with the Universal Laws.

Fu Xi
Fu Xi attempted to capture or map out the patterns of changes in the universe. He is credited with inscribing on a tortoise shell multiple trigrams with Yin and Yang qualities. Although these trigrams were made before the development of a written language they would eventually form the basis for the I Ching. The I Ching became an expanded version of the original Fu Xi symbols and were used to explain cosmology, environmental changes and more importantly, the onset, changes and progression of disease. The symbols were expanded further to form the 64 trigram combinations which remain in use today as the I Ching.

Shen Nong
Shen Nong is refered to as the Father of Agriculture because it was through his inuence that agriculture practices in China became more efcient. Shen Nong is also reveared among Chinese herbalists as the rst herbalist to use impirical methods of scientic inquiry to determine the qualities and actions of many thousands of herbal substances. He was known to even taste unknown herbs himself in order to describe the effects the herbs had on his body.

Shen Nong's most famous literary work is a treatise known as the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing which is recognized as the rst Materia Medica ever compiled. Of the 365 herbs mentioned, three major categories were described as Superior, Medicinal and Toxic.

1. Superior Herbs
The Superior herbs are known as the tonics or immortal foods. These herbs can be consumed on an ongoing basis with no adverse effects and are commonly prepared with food. The most important benet of the Superior herbs is that they provide for the nourishment of our vital essences and Qi energy which are utilized and depleted on a daily basis. Thus, by consuming small amounts of the Superior or tonic herbs daily one's energy can be maintained to support the physical, mental and spiritual demends of life. These herbs are attributed with providing long life, restoring our deep reserves of vitality, supporting the immune system, and with the cultivation of Shen or spirit. This system of herbalism is also utilized by practitioners of the Nei Dan school of internal alchemy which will be dened later.

2. Medicinal Herbs
This catagory we are more familiar with through the study of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). These are the medicinal herbs. They are non-toxic if used for limited periods of time, are used soley for the treatment of disease conditions and are highly effective. If over used or improperly used, however, the medicinal herbs may cause limited harm to the patient.

3. Toxic Herbs
These medicinal herbs are very strong and are potentially dangerous to the system. They should be taken under strict supervision of a TCM physician. Though they can be very benecial for serious diseasea, they can be deadly as well if taken inproperly.

Nei Jing and the Yellow Emperor - Huang Di

Huang Di, or the Yellow Emperor, compiled the Huang Di Nei Jing, a medical text which is still used to this day as one of the ultimate sourses of medical wisdom. Huang Di utilized the writing method of a dialog between himself and his court physician Qi Bo on diverse subjects from health to nutrition, Taoist cosmology, psychology, disease prevention, and many other topics of science and medicine. The text became a form of encyclopedia of Chinese science and metaphysics. In the classic the physical was stated to be inseperable from the emotional. Nothing could be isolated as a seperate part as all things are integrated. The Nei Jing became Huang Di's greatest accomplishment. Although the classic was compiled around 2500 BC, it was not actually recorded until the Zhou Dynasty, circa 1066 - 221 BC, nearly 500 years after his death. Huang Di was also famed for erecting the rst planetarium, inventing the Chinese musical scale, and inventing the monetary system. The text is divided into two parts, the Su Wen and the Ling Shu. The Su Wen emphasizes the underlying philosophy, theories and principles of Chinese medicine, while the Ling Shu is more focused upon specic acupuncture techniques, meridian theory, and a decription of the various acupuncture needles. The Nine Types of Needles are as follows:

The Cause of Disease as Recognized by Chinese Medicine

Disease arises from an internal imbalance, or an imbalance between the internal equilibrium of the body and the external forces of nature, or elements. The key is to retain equilibrium within the body and to remain in harmony with the outside world. The original expression to express this harmony was "The Integral Way", rather than "The Tao". It was not a religion, but a natural science. It later became a shamanistic philosophy and religion.

Rulers, in order to stay rulers, had to have either a "divine connection" or excellent military power. Particularly the emperors reigning towards the end of a dynasty as the era and its rulers become increasingly weak and corrupt. If the emperor was not divine or virtuous, they would bring in the Taoist shaman. These shamans were quite different from the Taoist Naturalists or Hermits. The shamans practiced more of a religious preceptual style of Taoism. They understood the various ways of manipulating the people's beliefs in energy, nature, and in ritual interpretations and lifecycles and seasonal ceremony. They "gave" the emperor the power to rule over people by calling rain for crops, providing healing powers, and divine connections. They had ultimate control over all physicians and the army. These shamans of the ofcial government were corrupt, egotistical and manipulated their power over ruler and people. Buddhism entered into China during the Ming Dynasty and inuenced Taoism to the point that Taoism became a much more virtuous religion. The Yellow Turbin Uprising was led by a religious leader who surrounded themselves with supernatural power such that they were inpenetrable by weapons. They took city after city. At a certain point in Chinese history, shamanism and medicine would become inseperable. The last years of the Zhou Dynasty (the Warring States) was one of the most dramatic times of Chinese history. The rst emperor of that dynasty had over 100 sons, one of which helped to form the dynasty which lasted over 800 years - the longest in history ever ruled by one family. But the last 200 years the worst ever recorded. Since the emperor had over 100 sons he had to divide the country into 100 little provinces. Each province had to pay taxes and tribute and did so for over 600 years. Then the wars started. With civil war between the provinces, strong ones gobbled up small ones for over 200 years! The Zhou Dynasty also witnessed the birth of the Buddha, Lao Tzu, Mohammad, Christ, and Confusious. Lao Tzu felt that the people had lost the Integral Way. And they did. As one province grew stronger it would gobble up everyone of its neighbors. And it was Qin Shi Huang who eventually conquered the last of the provinces by force to reunite the nation again. He established very ridged rules and hated intellectuals or anyone who opposed him. Of the hundreds of schools of philosophy in China at the time, he burned all recorded texts and schools until very little remained. Many classics were lost. He did not however burn the medical classics and esoteric spiritual literature because he was interested in immortality. He summoned a full court of Shamans to help him to attain it. The Naturalists taught harmony with nature and he did not like that because he was more like a Roman Emperor and felt that the Integral Way was too boring. The Shamans said that there was a special medicine that could be found in a distant land that would help him too attain his goal. He sailed off in a ship and landed in Japan. He brought Chinese medicine to Japan and an exchange of culture. Also during the Warring States Period the Great Wall was built. He built 72 underground tombs lled with the greatest wealth and were kept secrete. The taracota situation were his and his body never was found. Much literature was also buried with him in his tombs. Yet the people hated him and overthrough the dynasty at his death. Afterwards, the country united and formed one language with a standardized written language.

Han Dynasty ! 206 BC - 220 AD

Bien Xu or Qin Yue Ren was the most well known physician during the Warring States. His diagnostics was very similar to what we use today: listening to patient sounds, observe the patient spirit, inquiry, and palpitation/pulse. He specialized in obstetrics and was the rst specialist. He revived a dead prince by burning 300 cones of moxa on his Kidney 3 point. Bien Xu had six types of patients that he refused to treat: 1. arrogant patients 2.! 3.! 4.! the greedy who liked material possesions the very poor patients who's Yin or Yang or Qi had collapsed

5.! 6.!

patients too weak to eat or take herbs patients who were superstitious

Bien Xu wrote the Nan Jing which outlined his diagnostic techniques. Such reverence was awarded to Bien Xu that when he died several temples were built in his honor.

Hua Tao
At one time in Chinese medical history surgery was predominant along side the more benign, natural techniques. Surgery was reserved for conditions of necessity such as tumors on the surface of the body when herbs and acupuncture failed. Also when gangrene set in it was the only option. Gallstones often caused gangrene infections of the gall bladder which required a radical procedure such as surgery. Radical techniques are reserved for severe conditions. Prevention was always encouraged as treatment in the early stages of disease. Balance is easier attained, even through diet alone in the early stages. It is believed that 99% of patients we see as acupuncturiss are for chronic diseases, so treatment should be cautious and slow and involve lifestyle changes. Hua Tao was a swift and clean surgeon. He did mostly surface surgery, cesarians, and is known for developing anasthesias which were very effective - often putting the patient to sleep for several hours or even for days if necessary. He was a keen diagnostician. He was concidered as nearly saint-like in presence. He prefered to treat common people and not the elite. He could predict even fatal death long before the person even knew they were sick. He excelled in gynecology and pediatrics. His treatment used very few points and very few herbs. With minimal effort and impact upon the body he could achieve maximum efcacy of treatment results. Hua Tao is also credited with developing a new set of points known as the Jia Ji Points or Huataojiaji Points. These points line the spine .5 cun lateral to the midline of the spine between the rst thorasic and the fth lumbar vertebras. Most of Hua Tao's books were lost except one. The story of his death was one of tragedy. He was summoned to treat a governor who had a tumor. Hua Tao decided that surgery was the only means to save the governor, but the governor believed that Hua Tao was sent by other ofcials to kill him. The governor put Hua Tao in jail and beheaded him. His best surviving classic text is Master Hua's Classic of Central Viscera, which is available today.

GREECE Pathagorus! ! 5th Century

Coexisting with temple healing around the Mediterranean we nd the development of philosophies seperate from religious dogma that would effect the history of medicine. The Philosophical Era started with Thales. Pathagorus, 580-489 BC, is credited with the development of the science of mathematics and musical theory. He proposed that the universe had perfect harmony and distinct patterns. He proposed living in harmony with nature and taught meditation, vegitarianism and reincarnation. He used music and diet to heal patients. He was one Hippocrates' greatest inuences. Pathagorus' pupil, Alemeon, was a great physician and the rst to practice dissection, especially on animals. He studied the optic nerve and distinguished veins from arteries. He promoted the theories of Pathagorus. Hippocrates, who was to come later, owed much of his teachings to another philosopher, Empedocles, 504-433 BC. Empedocles was the rst to develop the Theory of Humors, which included Fire, Water, Air and Earth, also known as the Four Elements. He taught that the blood and the heart was the seat of a "Vital Spirit" he called Pneuma. He was the rst dietition and would inuence the future of medicine for the next 1500 years. In Greece, two rival schools of philosophy were developing on two seperate islands, the islands of Cnidos and Cos, which were to inuence the philosophy of medicine, heathcare, and life forever.

Island of Cnidos - held no belief in naturalism; roots of allopathic medicine; school of impirical observation; rational; used botanical remedies; similar to medicine today; utilized reductionist theory to probe the most basic parts of nature rather than retaining the concept of the whole. Island of Cos - the birth place of Hippocrates; promoted the Humoral Theories; the Earth and universe are made up of the Four Elements which must remain in balance with the body in order for there to be health; disease was due to disharmony of Four Elements and the Humors; therapies included lifestyle change, botanicals, baths, music therapy; more closely related to Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naturopathy and modern Holistic Medicine. Allopathic medicine and Holistic medicine both arose on these two seperate islands. The School of the Island of Cnidos died out for many centuries because the technology required to verify and further the concepts were not in place and would not be invented until the Rennesaince (ie. microscopes). The Age of Hippocrates was concidered to be a Golden Age of Greece and a blossoming of the Philosophical Era.

Hippocrates!

460 - 377 BC

Born on the Island of Cos. His father was a physician as well. Hippocrates believed that the physician must be skilled in Nature and must strive to know what man is in relation to food, drink and occupation and the efforts of his life. The principles of his philosophical success emphasized the notion that symptoms are reactions of the body to patterns of inuences within and without. The function of the physician is to help the natural forces of the body. Thus sick people were no longer treated as sinners, as the temple viewed them. Health was supported by the balance of the Four Humors: Blood = !! Phlegm = ! Yellow Bile = ! Black Bile = ! comes from the Heart; associated with Heat ! comes from the Brain; associated with Cold

comes from the Liver; associated with Dryness comes from the Spleen and Stomach; associated with Wettness

The Four Humour system didn't utilize the organ system directly, but like Chinese Medicine used a representative system. Hippocrates was a prolic writer. His most famous work was Corpus Hippocraticum, which in Greek medicine is a classic of the same status as the Nei Jing in Chinese Medicine, as the comprehensive overview of the philosophy of healing, medicine and the science of life. Hippocrates taught passionately about human compassion and ethics. Physicians, he proposed, must foremost be a kind person, initiate moral and ethical codes of behaviour and medical practices. Hippocrates set a new standard of medical ethics which would inuence medicine forever. Hippocrates was also the inventor of Climatology which studied the effects of geography, location and climate upon health. In the Hippocratic tradition, the physician would take a minimum of 10-20 pages of intake notes on the patients history, complaints and symptoms during a two and one half hour exam. they asked about everything. The Hippocratic must foremost gain the patient's condence. Treatment included psychological and surgical modalities. They assisted nature in doing the real healing. Spring and Fall were times of cleansing and fasting. Boiled water was used to clean wounds. Obstetrics were done by midwives. An example of Hippocratic treatment included the treatment of psoriasis by ocean bathing for 15-20 minutes each day followed by 15-20 minutes of sunbathing. The combination, in addition to the relaxation and fresh air was highly successful.

CHINA Zhao Zhong Jing! ! Han Dynasty 207 BC - 220 AD

The end of the Ching Dynasty is notoriously remembered as the Warring States period. For more than 200 years big states gobbled up little ones and a constant state of war conicted severe damage to the people and to the land. Following this period however, the Han Dynasty was to transform the violence into one of the greatest spiritual eras in the history of the world. This era gave birth to Lao Tsu, the Buddha, Christ, Confucus, Mohammad, and other founders of modern religion. The new philosophy in China was predominantly Confucisism, which was very hierarchical and structural regarding behavior and living life. "Virtue" was encouraged highly. During this era the Goverment for the rst time became involved in health care. Hospitals were set up with physicians. Public health care now is available to the common masses. Literature increased. People aspired to civil service, to serve the government and the people. Education was now a top priority in order to guarentee the passing of high standard civil service qualications and ultimately, success. Zhao Zhong Jing, however, did not take that path. A great plague spread throughout China due to the poor sanitation conditions which resulted from 200 years of violence of the former Warring States period. Zhao Zhong Jing was encouraged to study medicine. He apprenticed with the great physicians of his time and as was most needed, he studied epidemics. After dedicated study he became an expert in epidemics and febrile diseases. He studied the Nei Jing. And he zeroed in on a chapter on cold febrile diseases. He eventually evolved a new school of cold/febrile disease, known as Shang Hun (Shang = injury, Hun = cold). In order to create a new model to map epidemics, he traveled greatly. There were epidemics everywhere. Every house had a corpse and birds of prey. He observed that the condition started as a cold and progressed to heat. He mapped the stages of the disease. He even studied what would happen if the wrong herbs were used at each stage. The formulas were very precise. He latter wrote the Shang Han Lun- the Treatice on Cold Induced Disorders. Zhang Zhong Ling's work went on to became the ofcial pharmacopea of its day. In Japan they follow it precisely to the gram! Many of the formulas in the book are still useful today for common colds, us, typhoid fever, and many viral diseases.

Basic Theory
When the climate is cold, so the Cold Pathogen is very predominant around us. He viewed infectious diseases as an outside pathogen (cold ) which invades the body. He borrowed terminology from the Nei Jing (Tai yang, Shao yang, etc) to describe each stage. The body has 2 aspects, yang and yin. Yang is outside or supercial to the body, yin is inside. Yang is protective. When the pathogen progresses into the body it encounters 6 stages of resistence from Tai Yang to Jue Yin. If stoppped at Yang level, then little damage will be done, if at Yin level, then damage will be done for sure.

6 Stages of Cold
Yang:! Tai Yang = Major Yang! resistance more dramatic

Shao Yang = Minor Yang Yang Ming = Subtle Yang Yin:! Tai Yin = Major Yin! ! subdued resistance

Shao Yin Jue Yin

= Minor Yin = Extreme Yin! violent last ditch reaction before death

Tai Yang Stage:

Chills & fever, body aches, nasal cong, headaches, P=oating, tense, T=normal. Classic cold. The cold is trapped at surface, so open pores to release it. promote sweating. Be careful if sweating already, can exhaust Qi if promote more sweating. If body doing it already, dont make it over do it. If no sweat, promote it via Ma Huang Tang/Ma Huang Combination which promotes yang energy to ow and expell cold from surface via sweating. Also open lungs. Use this formula once only to chase out cold. Once cold is relieved, change formula to strengthen the person - ie tonics.. If already sweating, dont give Ma Huang Tang because will blow the top off. Use Gui Zhi Tang/Cinnimon Combination to expell cold but not promote sweat, it strengthens the body by regulating the ying and the wei. Strengthens the immune system. Pulse still oating, but slow and weakened. Use pulse to make ne diagnosis of location and stage of disease. When colds/us are neglected goes to deeper stages.

Shao Yang Stage:

At this middle stage a tug-of-war is going on, and body isnt always winning. This is a hinge level between the outside and the inside, this level is known as the Shao Yang level. There are still fever and chills but they are alternating. Feel feverish and then an hour later you're shivering, then next hour back to fever - alternating. Many protozoal and parasitic diseases cause alternating chills & fevers. Common parasites will manifect this way. The common cold usually jumps from Tai Yang to Yang Ming. Shao Yang stage is treated by clearing the channels and harmonizing the outer with the inner. Classic formula is Minor Bupleurum/Xiao Chai Hu Tang. Bupleurum is a diaphoretic, but it also harmonizes the channels, esp the Shao Yang organs of LV/GB. The condition will calm down the chills/fever and any digestive stress. Not strong enough at Tai Yang level, better for a deeper level more involving the channel (Shao Yang).

Yang Ming Stage:

The pathogen is now in the body. The Yang will give one last effort to resist: high fever (with absolutely no chills at all). The original cold has transformed into heat. The body reacts with high fever to burn it out. Also nd the Big 4 Symptoms: big thirst, big fever, big pulse, big sweat. This is the last Yang defence to kick it out. It's literally boiling the pathogen to death. The fever can become dangerous, so we need to protect the body. There is no regulating mechanism for excessive fever except sweating, which may not be enough. There may be headaches, so the damage is getting heavy (menningitis ! ). The formula used is Bai Hu Tang/Gypsum Combination, with Shi Gao (Gypsum calcium sulfate) to control the run away heat. Within a couple hours can reduse fever 2 degrees. One problem which is common is constipation! This could be the beggining of Crones Disease which usually is induced with an infection. If constipation , use Major Rhubarb/Da Cheng Qi Tang, with Da Huang (Rhubarb). This herb is very strong laxative. By getting rid of the plugged hot log, the fever goes away immediately.

Tai Yin Stage:

Now weve passed into the Yin stage. The resistemce is wanning. There is alot of weakness. The pathogen reects very Yin symptoms: chills, no fever, weakness, feel cold, low appetite, lose stools, stomach cramps. We need to warm the patient up and regulate the middle where most of the symptoms are. Use Li Zhong Tang, with ginseng and dried ginger. Ginger restores and warms, ginseng adds more qi to body. Loss of appetite is not a good sign! Must stregthen the wanning qi!

Shao Yin Stage:

Similar to Tai Yin, but worse. Constant urination, diarrhea w/ undigested food, chills, tired, low back pain, dizz, weakness, palpitations, shortness of breath, sl. shock, emphasema. Need to quickly resusitate the patient w/ Si Ni San,

which has Fu Zi/aconite and ginger. Blood pressure is very low! Need to be warmed. Ginseng not enough. Restoring Yang here, not tonifying it, which is a weaker process. Restoring is a more extreme process. Tonify later after restoring the yang.

Jue Yin Stage:

Cant keep food down, bed ridden, feeble. Use Wu Zhu Yu Tang with evodia for harmonizing the stomach and spleen qi. Here the Stomach qi is going up and Spleen qi is going down - extreme leaking! So need to harmonize and retore direction of qi. Also warming the body. Wu Mei Tang with green plum (Umabashi plums) will stop severe cramping.

GREECE Plato
It was Plato's belief that man's immortal soul is located in the head, his mortal soul in the torso. The liver was believed to be the mirror of the soul and the spleen the cleaner of the liver. Plato was the rst to use anesthesia, the making a part of the body unfeelable to pain.

Aristotle
Aristotle was the primary disciple of Plato and tutor of Alexander the Great. He was the rst to develop the science of human discection and embryology. He considered the heart to be the seat of all emotions. The mind, body and spirit were believed to be one entity. We are now rediscovering these connections with modern alternative and holistic healing. By 320 BC Alexander the Great conquerered most of the Medeterranean and established Alexandria and the great Universities. Alexandria became a major center of the arts and learning. A library of 1/2 million volumes was assembled - the largest of its time in the world, and available to the public. His great contribution to medicine was discection anatomy, which were performed in classes with human corpses. No longer were physicians afraid of being cursed by the dead spirit. This is concidered to be the begining of anatomical and physiological medicine. Other important people of Alexander's time was Herophilos, the great developer of human anatomy, the viscera, who rst named the "duodenum" and observed the nervous system. Through his work he found that the causation of disease was the result of imbalance of the viscera, rather than the Hippocratean humoral system. He founded the Dogmatist School which was based on anatomical imbalance. He paved the way for modern scientic medicine. His work and theories became quite seperated from the Hippocratic system, which was much more open to astral, energetic properties. His work was much more limited to imbalances within the body alone. Erisistratus, continued the art and science of discection, further advancing the study with animals. He discovered the tricuspid valve and its function and experimented with metabolism. He incorporated the Hippocratic view at the same time and founded the Imperical School which was much more concerned with personal observation of the patient and nding an apropriate analogy to explain the process. This school was much more exable, being both objective and subjective - ultimately marrying the science with the art of healing. As Alexandrian generals became more corrupt the empire collapsed, making way for the Roman Empire. The library was unfortunately burned. The knowledge however was transfered, especially by Muslim missionaries of the Middle East, and the Christian missionaries. Much of the vital information was preserved in the Middle East and rediscovered later.

Romans

The Romans worshiped the gods of war and health, Mars and Appolo. They adopted Greek methods whan they arrived in Greece. Many of the the Greeks died off from poor sanitation, even though they were healthier. The Greeks were weak and lost to the Romans, who had the Roman Baths - pioneers of hygeine and plumming. The fact that the plumming of the household lead from the inside out was very signicant for public health and the development of the Empire. The status of the Greek physician was low at rst, they were considered as slaves. Gradually, they grew in number and by the rst century they gained status, especially credited to Asclipiadus who resoected their work as superior physicians even to the Roman physicians. Asclipiadus' theory included an atomic theory with moving parts moving in and out of pores. His theory held that if the "atoms" were allowed to constantly move in an orderly way, there would be good health. If the movement was disrupted then disease would occur. He is credied for rst distinguishing between acute and chronic diseaseas. He promoted gentlenss, music and sunshine for mental illness. He treated Marc Anthony, Cicero and Crassus. Christianity was gaining ground, and a school of Methodists followed the methods of Asclipiadus, and viewed disease as a state of too much tension or too relaxed pores (ie., too yang or too yin). Treatment restored balance to the pores. Balance of opposite conditions! Other schools developed, such as the Pneumosists. Pneuma was the basis of health and was read through the pulses and treated via physical therapy. The Ecclectics, another school, adopted all the useful aspects of all the other schools, and pieced them together to form the best of the best. Celsus, wrote a book called De Medica. Described the knowledge of surgery, diatetics and pharmaceutics. Pliny, wrote A Natural History, including plants, animals, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and drawings (the rst time art was used to promote medicine).

Galen
! A character, in life and in his writings, Galen single handedly inuenced the history of medicine in Europe for

the next 1400 years. Born in 130 AD in Pergea in Asia Minor. He was an outstanding student of the Hippocratic tradition. At 34 he went to Rome and where he was considered a great diagnostician. But dispite all the competing schools, he refused to ally with any of them and became physician to the Emporer. He wrote 83 books, 19 possible others and other articles as well. Most well known book was On the Use of the Parts of the Human Body. Galen is recognized as the father of Experimental Physiology. He used apes and the bodies of criminals. Physiologically, he followed the school of Pneuma, and knew little about blood circultion. Pneuma consisted of 3 spirits: 1. Animal Spirits, located in the Brain 2. Vital Spirits, located in the Heart 3. Natural Spirits, located in the Liver Galen concidered the Heart to be the center of blood and heat, the Liver to be the center of metabolism, and the Brain to be the center of movement. He assumed a communication existed between the two halfs of the heart thru "pores", which was wrong but continued to be the belief for the next 1400 years. His work was the only medical work accepted by the Church. Performed lesions on the brain and studied the affected movement. Discovered different nerves and body movement relationships - muscles, neurology, the brain, etc. He taught that the body was an instrument of the soul, which coincided with Christian beliefs. This helped his work to be accepted by the Church, and thus to be propogated throughout Europe. In pathology he was the rst to establish the functional relationship between organs and physiology, and that any alteration to one would affect the other. He made this connection for the rst time thru experimentation with animals. He introduced draining lesions, especially if infected. In diagnosis he was very careful, very detailed. He was concidered saint-like, exellent at prognosis, and gained high condence among

his patients. He described difcult to describe conditions - cancer, cholera etc. His therapies were often surgical and herbal. If cold, apply warm herbs. If heat, apply cold herbs. He used climatology to move arthritic patients to appropriate climate locations. Exercise and massage were also employed. Bleeding was used. He pionered surgery as well open heart surgery thru the sternum. Everything in the body had a purpose because everything was designed with God''s intention. The Church made his teachings solid for 1400 years of the Dark Ages, which retarded medical history also. He helped the world, and held us back as well. In Rome, Galen was physician to the Emperor. All Greek physicians were given citizen status and were free from taxes. Eventually the empire collapsed. Medical history was involved in the collapse. In 125 AD Mt. Vesuvius erupted. In 129 AD the plague and destruction of crops by locus caused wide destruction to public health and the vitality of the Empire. In 164AD typhoid fever spread. In 251 AD small pox spread. In 312 AD another small pox epidemic spread. The doctors were not able care for these diseases. At this time in China, however, Zhao Zhong Jing had developed his work and could have made a difference, but his theories were not known in Europe. The troops brought some of the diseases back from their journeys to the edges of the empire in Asia, and transmitted to the public, especially sexually transmitted diseases such as syphillus.

CHINA Ge Hong! 284 - 341 AD

Ge Hong was a major contributor to modern chemistry and medicine. Much of his vast experimentation of minerals and herbal substances would inuence the combined roles of chemistry and herbs in medicine. His work however was more established in his time in the interest of alchemy. There were two major Taoist schools in his day, the Esoteric Taoists - who lived away from society, pursued internal alchemy, immortality and health - and the Folk Taoists with their temples who practiced as a religion. The Esoteric Taoists developed the internal arts, qi exercises, Dao In, 8 Treasures, Qi Kung. They used herbs and special foods to extend their lives. They formulated herbal formulas to maintain health and restore vility for the aged. And they pursued immortality. The Taoist in general were interested in spiritual enlightenment and believed that it took a lifelong process that was greater than the average life span. The desire of ruling class to remain alive a long time created a demend for the science of longevity. The two ways the Taoist went about it were: Wei Dan - external elixirs; external alchemy; involved rening various minerals and metals into elixirs that were consumed to promote immortality. Gold was most desireable because it lasts forever, as do all metals. It was thought that if one consumed rened metals the body would be permanently preserved. Though a rather crude idea, many Emperors tried it and died young. Thye concept was passed on to the rest of the world and was the precurseer to modern chemistry. Liquid mercury was usually used, and when they died the bodies did not rot. This became a Chinese form of mummication. Nei Dan - the internal elixirs; internal alchemy; the internal body was the furnace were the alchemy could take place, through cultivating vitality, secret practices, tapped into neuro-hormones to slow down aging. The masters of the Nei Dan taught the practices in the language of external alchemical metaphores, but the practices did not use metals. The practices included the internal arts, tapping into the Jing of the Kidneys, what is refered even today as the Three Treasures. Jing (essence) transformed into Qi (energy), Qi was transformed and rened to assist the Shen (spirit). Resulted in enhancing consciousness and eventually enlightenment. Those who practiced the Nei Dan lived to be very old and achieved enlightenment more successfully. Ge Hong's experimentation included both types of alchemy. He wrote a book called Bao Pu Zi about his experiments. Included alot about medical applications. He recorded the process of making external formulas. They had to last a

long time without the now available preveratives. He treated boils and skin lesions and diseases externally. He also recorded much about the use of herbs. Ge Hong also wrote the Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang - Formulas and Techniques at Your Elbow on emergency remedies mentioning the treatment for TB, chickenpox, beriberi, limes disease and rabies. Rabies was recognized as a disease passed on from a dog and developed effective treatments. His treatment was to catch the dog, split its brain open and smear the brain on the wound. This introduced the dog's antibodies into the person. His work was very creative and effective with the immume system. He was the rst to use Ren Zhong Bai - urine extraction of human sex hormones for impotency and for cancker sores and mouth ulcers (dissapears w/in 5 hours!). He was the rst to use Gypsum to produce tofu, to make it curd. This method is still used today in all tofu products. Thats why tofu is energetically considered to be so cold. Endocrinology was developped in China thru the alchemy work of Ge Hong and became the foundation of modern biochemistry and endocrinology. Ge Hong promoted the Nei Dan method, special foods, fasting, diet of herbs, nuts, fruits, seeds and lived to be well over 100 years old.

Tao Hong Jing!452 AD

Tao Hong Jing further developed the eld of alchemy. He came from the scholarly tradition as a government ofcial, then in his thirties decided to pursue the internal arts. That was not a popular career change for his day, so he became a hermit in the mountains. Inspired by Ge Hong's work on the immortals, he added to his work. He contributed botanical information. The book of his time was the Ben Cao, but was never reorganized until Tao Hong Jing. He added to the original 365 substances another 365 substances. Instead of the three categories (Superior, Medicinal, and Inferior) herbal substances were now categorized by category of medicinal function, as we use it today. This was certainly an improvement upon the former system as a "medicinal system", but it failed to preserve the recognition of the Superior herbs as a seperate system of herbalism. The Superior herbs were now at risk of becoming lost within an increasingly medicinal system of herbalism, and though it may not have been his intention, this recategorization would eventually reduce the "superiority" of the tonics as health preserving foods to mere medicinals only to be taken under the supervision of a doctor. When asked to be the advisor to the Emperor, Tao Hong Jing refused! In China, one never refuses the Emporer, but he did. In response to the Imperial request, he painted two paintings and sent them to the Emperor. One painting was of a water buffalo grazing in a beautiful eld, and the other of a water buffalo being lead by a chain and collar. He recieved a tremendous honor for this profound response. Tao Hong Jing is also credited for differentiating the different disharmonies according to the Zang-Fu organs. Before, there was only the 6 stages of channels. He developed simplistic formulations and named them according to the Zang-Fu, either sedating or tonifying them to different degrees, major tonication, minor tonication, etc. He studied and wrote on deciency diseases, both in malnutrition and the vital substances, and devoted much effort to tonication formulas for chronic deciency conditions. He also reported extensively on epidemics. Developed treatments for preventative purposes. His last area of focus was that of emergency resuscitation and techniques for drowning, choking and suffocation. Tao Hong Jing is often refered to as "The Genius of China" on deciency diseases.

Sun Si Miao!

565 AD

Though he was born sickly and almost died, Sun Si Mao lived to be nearly 130 years old. Because of this he dedicated his life to medicine. He became a respected historian because he lived so long. His era brought alot of cultural

prosperity, but it eventually became very material and corrupt. He disdained that and spent the rest of his life with commoners only. He utilized the whole gammut of oriental medicine. His book included a vast variety of therapies for treatment - herbs, acupuncture, moxa, qi kung, meditation, etc. as all Taoist physicians would, though the statetrained physicians became specialists and lost the Taoist techniques. Taoist physicians had more tools and were more creative at treatment. He attributed his longevity to the Chinese tonic herbs and tonic foods. He wrote the classic, Qian Jin Yao Fang, which included topics on ethics. The primary purpose of the physician, he wrote, was to relieve suffering, help the patient to change, and to promote the spiritual growth of the person. He emphisized clinical experience. Never use textbook or cookbook treatments. Use judgement and intuition via experience and observation. He encouraged fasting, spiritual development, tonic herbs and diet. There are several temples to him as the common people's physician. His house was turned into a Leper sanitarium during his lifetime.

Lan Tao!

book published 840 AD, unsure of birth date

Lan Tao was the primary pioneer of Chinese medical traumatology and what would become sports medicine and orthopedic medicine today. He used herbs, acupuncture, Tui Na, topicals, etc. He wrote the Secrete Formulas for Traumatology. In his methodology he stressed the following sequence of events. First clean the tramatized area with boiled water. Determine the sight and extent of internal damage. Prepare to set bones (emotionally, anesthetics, etc) and via forced manipulation. Set the bone carefully using biodynamic forces. Stablize the patient. Prepare Black Dragon poltice to promote bone growth. Close any open wounds, and set cast, which are traditionally 'moveable' and removed daily to massage, acupuncture, keep muscle toned, physical therapy and reset daily. Patients were given internal formulas that would promote blood ow, remove swelling (injury will attract Wind, Cold, and Damp - athritis). Usually trauma will lead to further degenerative conditions like arthritis, long term pain, etc, but TCM treatment is designed to prevent that. Fractures are treated according to type of fracture. Orthopedic acupuncture is very effective and popular.

EUROPE and the MIDDLE EAST

In 476 AD the Roman Empire fell to the Barbarians - the Germanics, Gauls and Frankish tribes. These tribal people considered inferior as a civilization but were in other ways more adaptable as a culture. Instead of forcing thier culture upon the conquered enemies, they instead adapted thier way of life and assimilated. The Church rules everything from this point on. Little progress was made in medicine or science and thus the age became known as the Dark Ages. In Bizentine the Church took control of the temples (ie. the Greek temples). Medicine took a standstill for nearly ve centuries. No physical healing was allowed; instead, only faith healing and a very limited herbal medicine was allowed. The treatment was mostly "laying on of hands", healing of the spirit, like televangelists do today healing the blind and crippled. The Western sciences and medicine, in order to survive the oppression, was transported to the Middle East and preserved for 500 to 1000 years until restored to the West during the Rennesaince. According to the Church, illness was considered to be due to sin. So healing was done by visiting a priest. Church hospital were set up all over Europe during the Dark Ages. Two famous Christian physicians were martyrized and claimed to be healing Saints. They were Cosmas and Damien. Both encouraged sleep therapy which when awakened the dreams of the patient would be interpreted. Sickness and death were considered to be divine visitations. After a couple of centuries of establishing the Church hospital system the Crusades brought a new twist to the history of medicine in Europe. With the return of the crusaders from the far, distant frontiers of Europe came the introduction of very exotic diseases such as the plague, leprosy and the dancing mania.

Leprosy and the Plague

Leprosy was carried from Egypt to Europe by the Israelites and became quite serious during the 8th and 9th centuries. The disease became pandemic by the 10th and 11th centuries. Lepors were forced to wear black coats and to ring a bell when approaching a non-lepor. Lepors were also required to carry a stick to ward off the evil spirits. They were eventually isolated from te public and it eventually began to disappear. The Plague rst came from China, spread along the trade routes to the Middle East and to Europe. Nearly 50 million people died during the 200 years of the great plague. At the time it was thought to be the result of a Saturn-JupiterMars phenomenon. Large res were set to purify the air in plagued areas. Eventually, the plague led to an enormous economic upheaval later due to depopulation and the resulting high rate of land exchange. Poor people now had access to land that was formerly tied up in huge family estates. This set the stage for the Reform Era and the feudal system. In 1374 a large crowd living amidst the fears of the plague became obsessed by mania. They formed a circle and danced wildly. The damce spread throughout Europe and came to be known as the Dance of St. John. Most participants were overcome with doom and depression. The dance was an attempt to cope with the psycological terror of the plague. The Church, of course, viewed it as a disease and broke up circles wherever they formed

CHINA Wang Shu He

Wang Shu He was a very famous physician who took all the information on pulse diagnosis from the classics and further developed it. A good diagnosis conrms the pulse reading with the tongue. This is because the pulse can change quickly by driving in trafc, emotions, running to the appointmant, etc. His was the rst effort to make pulse diagnosis a more systematic science. Wrote the Mai Jing, Classic of the Pulses. Described the 24 types of pulses. Today there are 28 types of pulses. The four main catagories of pulses are as follows: 1. Pulses that locate disease: inside , outside, upper. lower, which organ 2. The nature of the condition and strength of pathogen: excess, def, weak, 3. Yin or Yang pathogen: re, phlegm, cold 4. Miscellaneous conditions: stagnant (wiry, choppy), deciancy, etc Can gather most information from the pulses. Pulses tell us how the Qi is doing. The pulse can be examined at: The temple: Tai Yang Below the eye - infraorbital Carotid area Anterior to the ear Radial artery of wrist Behind Heart 3 near elbow

Near St 30 of inguinal groove - Femoral artery Behind the knee at UB 40 Inside of ankle

St 42 on foot - Dorsal artery Liver 3 - between 1st and 2nd toe The Classics describe the different conditions in which the various pulse locations would be used. They also correspond to the different channels to describe the strength of Qi in those channels. It was later simplied to get the whole body read in one place - the Radial Pulse. At this point - Lung 9, the Inuential Point of the Pulses - one can read the Qi and Blood of the entire body. At this location of the body, one is able to utilize three positions corresponding to the three major divisions of the body. Cun! Guan! Chi! ! ! ! Upper Jiao Middle Jiao Lower Jiao

Left Hand! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

Right Hand! ! !

! !

! !

Heart/Small Intestines ! Liver/Gall Bladder!!

Lung/Large Intestines Speen/Stomach Kidney Yin/San Jiao/Pericardium

Kidney Yang/Urinary Bladder!

Pulse examination spread abroad to SE Asia, Japan, and the Middle East.

Huang Pu Jian!3rd Century

Huang Pu Jian was a scholar who became a doctor in his forties when he became paralysed. He studied the classics where he learned about treatment for stroke and treated himself. He was able to regained 95% of his mobility! He also published the Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (The Complete Works on Acupuncture), which cross referenced everything, and claried the precise locations of the points. Also accurately recorded internal pathways for rst time. He was also an avid practitioner of Qi Kung, which was incorporated into his writings.

Wang Wei Yi
Made the rst life size model of the points bases on Huang Pu Jian's work. He covered it with thin leather, like skin. The model was used for testing. If the student hit the right point, water would pour out! Only two bronze models were made and each became national relics - one is in Japan and one in Mongolia. Replicas are made of them in which more points were added later.

Spread of Chinese Medicine Abroad

Every dynasty had trouble with invading nomadic tribes around the outlying areas, such as the Mongols, Tibetans, Manchurians. Bandits from the coastal areas from Japan also invaded. One of the few advantages of the constant state of warfare was the spread of information which was exchanged in return for peace. Also, marriages between tribes often resulted in the sharing of interfamily and cross-cultural medicinal knowledge. The marriages sometimes took medicine with it. This is why Tibetan medicine is a cross between Ayervedic and Chinese medicine. The inuence of Chinese medicine was great in SE Asia. These countries were for many centuries colonies of China until the 17th century. With the integration of Taoist arts into Buddhism, TCM and Taoism spread with Buddhism.

Tang Dynasty ! 500 - 800 AD

The Tang Dynasty was a very prosperous period in which the spread of culture and medicine was great. Education became standardized for TCM, and included nutrition, veternary studies, specialization, and efforts to standardize formulas in TCM. The government comprised a humungous book called the Taiping with 1200 patent formulas. Dispenseries were now controlled and run by the government which needed to control what was dispensed in the same way that the government would regulate any comodity. This helped to decrease the number of fraudulant practitioners and herbal products on the market. It also raised the standards for the commoner. But it also stied creative efforts normally made in the eld of medicine for many years. Though the Materia Medica expanded it began to get extremely ridged. Rote memorized formulas were used almost inexibly. But the standards were good.

Sung Dynasty !

10th Century

Four Schools of Medical thought based on the classics and from the Nei Jing developed during the Sung Dynasty. A scholar comes along and realizes a patrticular theory from the Nei Jing as true and expounds on it elaborately. He then forms a school of medicinal theory. Prior to the Sung Dynasty, between the 6th and the 10th centuries, the physicians had followed everything to the tee. They didn't differentiate the patients conditions, but followed closely to the teachings of the classics, particularly the Nei Jing. It is all relevant today still! The variant is the balance of environmental factors. The fault was not in the classics but in how they were applied, or standardized - they Nationalized it. More because of fraud and to control the quality of care. No private enterprise was allowed. Patent medicine became popular and premade so couldnt be changed or individualized. Nothing was custom made - only prescribed by rote. But in the Sung Dynasty people began to break out of the mode, the beginning a revolution within TCM. The adapticity was being regained because no two people were alike and needed to be differentiated, precisely. Four major Schools of Though emerged, each based on the Nei Jing.

School of Warming (Stems and Branches School)!

1110 AD

The rst physician to suggest escaping the former government controlled ridgidity was Liu Wan Su. He observed that in nature there were the exogenous factors, the 6 Atmospheric Inuences, which affect the body and become pathogenic - the cause of disease. All the factors, he observed, eventually turn into Heat! He concluded therefore that Heat was the culprit to all illness. Developed the Stems and Branches School, centered on Phase Energetics which mapped the cycles of energy in Nature and in people. Used mathematical symbols: 10 stems 12 branches 60 cycles / years - 1st and 2nd halves of a 120 year life Geomancy, or Feng Shui is based on this. The 60 year cycle corresponds to the rst half of ones life. The rst being Yang and the 2nd 60 years being Yin. Each year is governed and affected by a particular element and factor. Points are assigned to each year accordingly. The system observes the natural cycles of the universe - both scientic and intuitive. Epidemics show stem and branch years in cycles. Acupuncture points can be recommended on any given day and used alone regardless of their condition. Very esoteric, but effective. Sometimes so esoteric that the points had to be needled at specic times of day according to the biorhythms - 2am in the morning if neccessary. This system aimed to alligned the body according to the different variations and cycles of the universe. Very simplistic, but very effective for resolving nature-induced imbalances. This is a system of Atrological or Cosmological Medicine!

He observed that all the nature-induced imbalances resulted in Heat and recommended nourishing the Yin to control the Heat. Ex: someone catches a cold, goes inside and turns to re with red face, fast pulse. Use Bai Hu Tang, with gypsum. Lowers body temp and clears heat, anti-microbial effect. This was accurately developed entirely from his observation.

School of Purging!

1156 AD

Zhang Cong Zhen studied the Nei Jing and gathered that if the pathogen is chased away from the body the body will restore itself to perfect health. If the pathogen is in the Upper Jiao, he found that it was best to relieve the pathogen immediately by sweating it out, regardless. The sweating methods using Ma Huang Tang. If Middle Jiao problems, promote vomiting with emetics. Included emotional problems because of phlegm in the Middle Jiao misting the heart. Used Gua Di San to induce vomiting (using the herb - Melonis). If in the Lower Jiao, purge the pathogen out the bottom, ush it out - both urine and the bowels. Famous formula is Da Cheng Qi Tang, Major Rhubarb Combination. According to his school of thought, the bottom line is: chase the pathogen away via sweat, emetic, and purging in order to allow the body to restore itself.

The Earth School!

1180 AD

Li Tung Yuan studied the previous two schools and developed his own school. Historical background: The Sung Dynasty actually had two major sub-dynasties because of an interuption by Mongolian invasion. There was alot of wars, famine, stress, under-nourished, febrile disease, and alot of death. He noticed the impact of malnourishment, due to lack of food and years of worry upon the digestive processes. He proposed that the source of life comes from food intake! The Spleen and Stomach was therefore of utmost importance in the health of an individual. If one strengthens this source of energy, then one will have a basis to ght disease. Stress weakens the Spleen and Stomach and thus effects the immune system and chronic fatigue, etc. He worked with patients with these conditions and most got well simply by strengthening the digestive processes of the Spleen and Stomach, thus restoring the source of life, the post-natal source of vitality. Examples of formulas were Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang, Stregthen Middle Tonify Qi Formula, or Ginseng and Astragalus Combination. When the Spleen is weak, the pure essence of food is wasted out of the body. This formula has Huang Qi and Chai Hu to raise the pure Yang of the pure essence from the Spleen/Stomach to the chest area and then distributed to the rest of the body. This formula is full of Qi tonics.

The School of Yin !

1281 AD

Zhu Dan Xi began studying medicine after the age of 40. He stood outside his teachers door for 10 days in the snow to be accepted. He observed that the body is made up of Yin and Yang, the Yang being the active component, movement and produces re, or metabolism. Since life is characterized by movement, re or Yang is always in excess and Yin is usually decient. If you move too much you produce re and can burn the Yin out. Resore the Yin by resting and sleeping at night, slowing down. Burning the midnight oil is a western way of saying that the Yin is being depleted! The Yin is like the candle or oil. Too much sex or excess activities will deplete or wear out the Yin. Overstraining the body, excesseive emotionalism, anxiousness, worrying, all deplete the Yin. Symptoms of Yin deciancy include night sweats, excessive energy in the head in late afternoon, dryness, burning soles of feet, rapid pulse, irritability, and if serious enough, lower back pain, frequent urination, or scanty urination. So, we should respond by tonifying, or restoring the Yin. He use the formula Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, or Rehmannia Six, which contains 6 ingrediants, 3 clear heat, 3 nourish the Yin, both tonies and sedates so can sleep also! Good to take at 5pm when ushing and at night before bed. Take Spleen tonics after breakfast at 9pm. Use the biological clock to our advantage when using herbs.

Ming Men School - Gate of Life School

Zhang Jing Yue and Sun Yi Kui discuss the overindulging behaviours which lead to depletion of Ming Men re, thus we age more rapidly than necessary, there develops impotence, infertility, premature menopause, weight gain, edema, lack of movement. In such a situation we should nourish the Ming Men re with Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan to restore the essence of the Golden Cabinet (Kidneys/Dan Tien) with Fu Zi (aconite) and Rou Gui (cinnamon bark) to warm the Yang. This school is similar to the School of Yin, in which there are no generalizations, only specic problems differentiated accordingly. Use all the schools and treat each person uniquely. Modify the formulas as necessary. Each school helped to break out of the "Patentization" of Chinese herbalism, in which one formula was used for a specic condition. There is no majic formula, only what is appropriate for each person.

THE EUROPEAN RENESSAINCE

The Renessaince was an important time of transition between the ancient and the modern. There was a tremendous rebirth of Greeko-Roman thoughts which were formerly taken to the Middle East and brought back after the Dark Ages. They are now translated back into Latin, the center of the Renessainace. Latin became the ofcial language. Literature and writings exibited a new school of pihilosophy called Humanism which stressed the dignity of the individual and personal freedom. Set the stage for the industrial revolution. A major problem was the arisal of cannons and guns/rearms, invented in the 13th century. This was causing more rearm injuries than ever before, and thus new surgical techniques dealing with gunshot wounds, infection were being developed. Another problem was syphilis. The epidemic of the century. Some thought Columbus brought it back, some from heaven, some a French disease - Morbus-Galicus. It was so bad that the public baths had to be closed. Physicians eventually discovered its sexual origins. A French physician Frocastoro in 1530 introduced the term Syphilus, the rst reference of the concept of a contagion, but he couldnt prove it. History had to wait. He realized the potential of a microscopic organism too small to be seen, passed through the air or water or food. People were quarenteened if they contracted the disease. The disease was deadly and taken very seriously.

Other Famous Physicians

Beni Viene published on Pathological Anatomy. First reference to post mortum exam or autopsy to determine the cause of death. The anatomy of illness, or abnormal anatomy. They cut the body to inspect the internal abnormalities. Phillip Theophristis, a Swiss, considered the Four Pillars of Society to be Astrology, Philosophy, Alchemy, and Virtue. Heath dependent on Stars, Poison, Nature of Individuals, Inuence on the Spirit, and God. He was a rebel who stimulated change. Leonardo DiVinci was an artist who prefered to draw dead bodies and anatomical sketches. He was talented at discection as well. He embodied the Renessaince man. All of the physcians aspired to be the Renessaince man who knew and studied all of the arts and sciences, but few would accomplish such a task as he.

Development of Anatomy in Europe

Most was developed from Galen, but he made many mistakes that needed to be improved upon. A school was developed in the 1300's by Mondeno at the University of Balogna. Dacarpi, 1470, was the rst to distinguish between the lymphatic and venous systems. He studied at Bologna and taught at Padua. He promoted mercury treatments for syphilus.

Andre Vesalius, was the dominant gure in the eld of anatomy during the Renesaince. In the mid 1500's he left Paris due to war and went to Padua to study anatomy. He was appointed Professor of Surgery and Anatomy immediately. IHe improved many of the mistakes of Galen. Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body, 1543, possibly the beginning of Modern Biological Science. The classic was lled with color plates. He individually changed the eld of Anatomy Fabrizi, 1537, is considered the greatest teacher of anatomy. He build an anatomical theatre at his own expence. Wrote comparative embryology and anatomy. His student was William Harvey. As the 1500's continued the science shifted from anatomy to physiology. From discecting to functional experiements.

France
In France, the medical establishment was split into different classes: Physicians, surgeons, and barber surgeons. Physicians did no surgury. The Barber Surgeons did all the surgery and were recruited by the military. The surgeons dressed wounds, minor surgery, and cauderizations. The Barber Surgeons were the major players in the eld of surgery. Baillou, 1530, was the rst Epidemiologist. Obsereved the different types of contagious diseases. Pare, 1510, a Barber Surgeon from Paris, was a surgeon in the army, recorded his experiences in a book, On Gunshot Wounds, 1545. Used hot oils on the wounds. Also wrote, On Surgery, and was critical of cauderization and amputation. He linked the practice of medicine and surgery together as a serious discipline.

Germany
Hilden, 1560, the father of Modern Surgery, apprenticed with a Barber Surgeon. Advised amputation if gangrene set in to save persons life. Used magnets to remove iron splinters in the eyes.

England
In 1369, the Military Guild of Surgery was established. Ensured standards and accountability. Required a 6 year apprentiship before taking exam to do surgery. If failed had to do another 6 years of apprenticship Guild of Barber Surgeons, also established. These were public surgeons. Royal College of Physicians: held the power to liscence physicians. Bishops were also given power to liscence physicians. In 1540, the two Guilds united to become the United Company of Barbers and Surgeons. The two disciplines were seperated and one didnt do the other. Barbers were apprenticeships and the Surgeons were more serious surgeons.

The 17th Century

In the 17th century we see the development of Modern Medicine and Science, new ideas replaced superstition, new ideas of math, matter, new ideas of nature. The scope was always getting smaller and smaller in hope to nd the least common denominator. Also the Age of Religion, Prodestant and Catholic. But the focal point shifted to Northern Europe, France, England and Germany. The 30-Year War, 1618-1648, conict between Prodestants and Catholics, Germany loss half its population, everyone lost many people.

Two Great Philosophers

Francis Bacon, 1651, emphasized science with respect to nature, everything stated had to be proven through certain methodology of experimentation, observation and repeatability. This set the tone for modern science and its methods.

Decartes, 1596, invented analytical geometry, "I think, therefore, I am", explored optics, momentum in physics, believed there was an intelligent soul in the pineal gland, which explained much of our behavoiur. Wrote Tractatus Homine, rst modern text on physiology. His writings launched the Industrial Revolution with it's mechanistic worldview, seperating man from nature, and very materialistic. Very contradictory beliefs. Begining of Astronomy in 17th century. Pathagoreus found the Earth to be a globe earlier. Copernicus, a medical graduate of Poland, published theories about the earth revolving around the sun. Galileo later proved it with a telescope. Galileo's conrmation expanded the awareness that we were smaller than we thought. Thinking we were the center of the universe, we were now found to revolve around the sun. This greatly upset the Church.

Technological Developments
Santorio, 1600's, graduated and taught at Padua, discovered the basal metabolic rate. Found that not all ingested food was excreted, that some left through persperation and respiration. He invented the themometer in 1625. Can now measure changes in body temperature. In 1590 the microscope was invented by Jenson, a specticle maker. Galileo constructed a telescope in 1624. The tool was not fully utilized however. Science had not caught up with the technology. William Harvey, 1578-1657, experimental physiology, studied at Padua, later got doctorate at Cambridge, became the doctor to King James I, and Francis Bacon. Wrote De Mortu Cortus, 1628. Called him Cracked Brain, an honoral term. In 1630 appointed doctor to King Charles I, drew up rules for hospitals and subordinated the surgeons under the physicians. He departed from Galen. Further reinforced Francis Bacon, with research observation, methodical research, inductive methods of thought. Discovered circulation. His method became the modern model of research. Careful observation, deliberation, hypothesis, formulate how to prove it true, design the experimentation, get results, interpret the results. The only difculty in doing this with Chinese medicine is the unique individuality of each patient. There are no two similar disease conditions. Oliver Wendell Homes - wrote Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever - disease spread by physician from one patient to another as a carrier. Developed the eld of Bacteriology, along with the development of microscopes. Louis Pasteur, developed the germ theory, and discovered the French wine industry by nding out why the wine soured, remedied it by heating it. This led to the discovery of pasturizing milk. Discovered rabies. Promoted seperation of science and religion. Valerius Cordus, rst synthesized Ether as an anesthetic, but Joseph Preistly, in 1772 developed nitrous-oxide as an anesthesia. This contributed to the progress of surgery by reducing pain. Later 19th century saw power shift to different parts of Europe - Germany, Vienna, the US. Much debate between scientists, naturalists and the Church. Darwin's theories arose and the church protested it. Darwin contributed to the theory of evolution and further seperated science and religion. In Paris, Claude Bernarde, father of modern physiology, especially the liver, glycogen stored in Liver, relationship to energy. In Germany, Schwann and Schleiden, discovered the cell theory. Rudolph Virchow, 1822, created the science of pathology, Treatice on Cellular Pathology, challenged he humoral theory. Described the collective reaction of a group of cells to a stimuli - the Host Reaction Theory. Proposed how the patterns of reaction the body manifested to various stimuli (winter, infection, stress, etc). Similar to TCM, which de-

scribes the bodily reaction to an invading pathogen or internal imbalance which creates a symptomotology. He advised leaving it alone to restore balance on its own. Joseph Lister, discoverd anti-septics, with carbolic acid, his patients did not get infections during surgery.

AMERICA
William Osler, inuenced Rockeffeller and other industrialists to contribute to Foundations for the benet of the public health. The most progess ever occured in the 20th century. Chemists, botonists worked to isolate active compounds from plants. Antibiotics were developed in the 1940's. Imaging technologies like x-rays, ultrasounds, catscans, MRIs. One of the greatest miracles of modern medicine was Helen Tausige , 1898, as a young women who wanted to study medicine but was barred. But she persisted and was allowed to study certain subjects, but not allowded into medical school because she was a woman. Studied the heart extensively. Later applied to Johns Hopkins and was given fellowship in cardiology and later the pediatric cardiac unit. Supported by a Dr. Park, a proponent of women in medicine. Devoted all her time to children with congenital heart disease. Developed a plan to treat the defects. In 1944, the rst operation on a blue baby (defect in which baby does not get enough O2) and was successful. She gained instant international fame. She is single-handedly credited with bringing women into medicine, and certainly surgery. Genetic medicine developed which can now identify the parts of genes that create predispositions to particular diseases. The ideal would be to develop a preventative plan, through better lifestyle, diet to prevent onset of disease, or possibly repair the actual gene (not the best because this removes the personal responsibility for their life and health). Medicine in general lacks this view of personal responsibility for our health. Too much authority and responsibility is given to the physician. The 20th century experienced a rise in chronic degerative disease as more people lived to advanced ages. One in two would die of heart disease. One in four would die of Lung cancer. People are living longer and experiencing more degnerative disease, but even in younger people at 40 years of age. Due to stress and life style. Stress is the 20th century killer.

CHINA
In Taiwan the exiled Nationalists, led Shang Kai Chek, outlawed Chinese medicine and it went underground. There was much protest because everyone grew up with it. It was such an integral part of the culture. Finally he relented and allowed the practice to come into the system. He set up a liscencing Board and test but only allowed 100 to take it a year. It was a 7 day test, an virtually impossible. You were locked in a cell to take it. There was corruption and some paid their way to liscencing. Things did get better and the goverment opened up to more candidates. It now ourishes. In China, Chairman Mao gured that to be communist China needed TCM, so developed barefoot doctors to provide basic health care throughout China. 90% of the Chinese live in peasant villages with an agricultural lifestyle. He asked the western Chinese doctors to study TCM as well to integrate the two. Only 30 responded at rst but the tradition ourished and today the mixed system provides a full range of care through Western and Chinese medicine. All hospitals have a TCM outpatient center and an inpatient Western facility. Two doctors may consult on one case, one western and the other TCM.

AMERICA
Today we nd in America a unique development of alternative medicine based on traditionas from around the world. A few include:

Acupuncture: over 300 federal funded programs of drug detox Applied Kinesiology: mostly chiropractors, a diagnostic techniques, includes acu-!puncture point knowledge, muscle resistance testing of energy imbalances Aromatherapy: therapeutic properties of smell, plant essences are used in infusions, ! Chines med Ayurvedic Medicine: from India, very systematic, botanicals, bodywork, detoxication Biofeedback Training: mind medicine, role of mind in healing of physical disease, can ! physiology of body, monitored by machine Biological Dentistry: the mouth can affect the rest of the body because so close to brain, ! the metals in mouth can create a charge when mixed with certain foods which !can effect energetics of the rest of the body, recommend removing silver ! amalgum from mouth, teeth also a map to the body use mind to inuence baths, also found in

Bodywork: massage, Tui Na, Rolng, Swedish, Hellerwork, Shiatsu Cell Therapy: take blood, change it, put it back in hopes of effecting change in the body, ! esp cancer, not legal in US Chelation Therapy: agent used to cleance the body of impurities, usually heavy metal or ! mineral, injected into body, useful for coronary artery obstruction Chiropractic: manipulating spine to effect change in the body Colon Therapy: be careful about too frequent Cranial Sacral Therapy: study plates and alignment of skull bones and lower spine to ! blockages Detoxication Therapy: rid body of toxins Diet Therapy: diets, nutritional systems Energy Medicine: various, homeopathic, light, sound Environmental Medicine: negative impact our environment has on us, allergies, ! identify toxic culprits of disease Enzyme Medicine: proponents of raw foods, juicing Flower Remedies: Bach Flower Guided Imagry: used in cancer, used alot like Qi Kung therapy Herbal Medicine Homeopathy: like cure like theory, small minute dosages, diluted, only energy Hydrotherapy: water and solution therapy, baths Hyperthermia: heat body, eliminates bad energy, used in cancer Hypnotherapy Juice Therapy Light Therapy: uses light, mentioned in the Nei Jing, colors associated with organs Magnetic Field Therapy: removed from TCM scope in California free up energy ow and

Mind Body Medicine: Norman Cousins proposed laughter therapy Naturopathic Medicine: European style of TCM Neurolinguistic Programming Nutritional Supplements Orthomolecular Medicine: uses applied kinesiology Osteopothy: manipulation of bones Oxygen Therapy: safer to do Qi Kung Qi Kung Therapy Reconstructive Therapy Sound Therapy: used in Taoist sound systems to heal organs, 5 element music TCM Veteranary Medicine