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1. Atoms of other elements tend to achive the stable duplet / octet electron
arrangement through the formation of chemical bonds except noble gas.
2. All Noble gases are very stable, inert and chemically unreactive because
.
Sharing of electron
Ionic Bond
Type of Bond
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Ionic Bond
Formed through
Donate electron
To achieve ..
Receive electron
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Formation of ions
3.
+
Cation
Donates electron
Accepts electron
_
Anion
Neutral atom
Cation is a Anion is a
positively-charged ion
negatively-charged ion
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Becomes an ..
Al
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Becomes an .
O + e
..
1. Ionic compounds are formed when a react with a .............................. 2. During the formation of ionic bonds :
electrons are transfered from the . atom to the . atom. the . atom donates its valence electrons to form a . ion while the . atom receives electrons to form a . ion.
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NaCl
Na
Electron arrangement to achieve the stable
Cl
Na Na+ + e Cl + e .
+
N
C l
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Electron arrangement of magnesium atom is . Magnesium atom has . valence electrons. By releasing/receiving* these electrons, magnesium atom forms magnesium to achieve a stable . electron arrangement i.e. .. Mg
Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is Chlorine atom has . valence electrons. By receiving . electron, chlorine atom forms . with an . electron arrangement i.e. .. Cl + .
Mg2+ ions attract Cl- ions with strong electrostatic forces. The bond formed is called ionic bond. Electronic diagram of magnesium chloride is :
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Covalent Bonds
1. Covalent bonds are formed when non-metal atoms share its valence electrons to
achieve stable . electron arrangement. [atoms from element in Group 14, 15, 16 and 17]
2. The product formed from the sharing of electrons between atoms is called a neutral
..
Covalent Bond
Formed through
Sharing of electrons
Single bond
Example :
Double bond
Example :
Triple bond
Example :
Water,
Carbon dioxide,
Nitrogen gas,
H2O
CO2
N2
Single
covalent bond JPNT 2009
of electron
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Methane
C
Electron arrangement
Need electrons
Need electron
. carbon atom sharing its valence electrons with . hydrogen atoms, formed covalent bond. Each carbon atom sharing pair of electrons with each hydrogen atom, formed .. covalent bond. The formula of methane is ..
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O 2.6
4 Need electrons
2 Need electrons
. carbon atom sharing its valence electrons with . oxygen atoms, formed a covalent bond. Each carbon atom sharing pairs of electrons with each oxygen atom, formed .... covalent bond. The formula of carbon dioxide is
double
CO2
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Atoms achieved the stable electronic configuration/electron arrangement with an octet or duplet after the formation of bonds.
Similarity
Ionic bonding
Covalent bonding
Differences
Involves of electrons from metal atom to non-metal atom. Positively .. and negatively charged ions are formed. Strong holds oppositely charged ions together.
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Types of compound
Ionic
Covalent
electrostatic
ions
molecules
high
low
Solubility in water
soluble
insoluble
insoluble
soluble
Cannot conduct electricity in solid state; conduct electricity in molten and aqueous solution state
Electrical conductivity
solid
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ACTIVITY 1
1.
The electron arrangement of atom X is 2.8.5 and atom Y has 2 valence electrons. What is the type of bond and formula of compound formed between X and Y? Susunan elektron bagi atom X ialah 2.8.5 dan atom Y mempunyai 2 elektron valens. Apakah jenis ikatan dan formula sebatian yang terbentuk antara X dan Y? Type of bond Jenis ikatan Ionic Ion Ionic Ion Covalent Kovalen Covalent Kovalen Formula of compound Formula sebatian XY2 Y3X2 X2Y3 YX2
A B C D
2.
Diagram 8 shows the electron arrangement of a carbon dioxide molecule. Rajah 8 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi molekul karbon dioksida.
DIAGRAM 8 RAJAH 8 Which of the following is true? Antara berikut yang manakah benar? A One carbon atom requires two electrons to achieve the octet electron arrangement. Satu atom karbon memerlukan dua elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet. B C D Each oxygen atom contributes one electron for sharing. Setiap atom oksigen menyumbang satu elektron untuk dikongsi. Four double covalent bonds are formed in a carbon dioxide molecule. Empat ikatan kovalen gandadua terbentuk dalam molekul karbon dioksida. One carbon atom contributes four electrons to be shared by two oxygen atoms
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Satu atom karbon menyumbang empat elektron untuk dikongsi dengan dua atom oksigen.
KEDAH 3. Diagram 12 shows the symbol for the element X. The letters used are not the actual symbol of the element. Rajah 12 menunjukkan symbol unsur X. Huruf yang digunakan bukan symbol sebenar unsur itu. 39 19 DIAGRAM 12 RAJAH 12 Which of the following is true when chlorine gas reacts with X? Antara berikut,yang manakah benar apabila gas klorin bertindak balas dengan X? A One chlorine atom receives one electron from one atom X to form one chloride ion Satu atom klorin menerima satu electron daripada satu atom X untuk membentuk satu ion klorida B Covalent bond is formed C D Ikatan kovalen dibentuk Chlorine atom donates 7 electrons to one atom X Atom klorin menderma 7 elektron kepada satu atom X The molecular formula of the compound formed is XCl2 Formula molekul bagi sebatian yang terbentuk ialah XCl2
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4.
P reacts with Q to form ionic compound which formula is PQ3. P bertindak balas dengan Q untuk membentuk sebatian ionic yang berformula PQ3. Which of the following electron arrangement of atom P and atom Q are true? Antara susunan elektron bagi atom P dan Q berikut, yang manakah benar? Electron arrangement Susunan elektron Atom P A B C D 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.8.3 Atom Q 2.5 2.7 2.8.7 2.8.7
5.
The diagram shows the electron arrangement of molecule of carbon dioxide CO2
Which of the following statements is true about the molecule? A B C D 6. The compound has high melting point Atom C has four pairs of electrons to share The bonding between molecules CO2 is covalent bonding Each of atom O receives two electrons to form an oxide ion
Proton Number
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11 17 18
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Which of the following is true about the above elements? A B C D Element P and element R exist as diatomic molecule Element P is more electronegative than element Q Element P is more reactive than element R when it reacts with water. Element P and element Q react to form a compound which has high melting point
7.
The table shows the proton number of elements P, Q and R. E l e Proton m Number e n t Which of the following is true P 11 Q 17 about the above elements? R 18 Element P and element R exist as diatomic molecule Element P is more electronegative than element Q Element P is more reactive than element R when it reacts with water. Element P and element Q react to form a compound which has high melting point
A B C D
8.
The electron arrangement of an atom for the element X is 2.4. X reacts with chlorine, Cl2. Which is the correct chemical formula for the compound formed? A B C D XCl XCl4 XCl2 X4Cl
The table below shows the proton number of atoms elements S and T. Element S T 9. Proton number 12 17
Which of the following is the correct combinations of chemical formula and chemical bonding for the compound formed between S and T?
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A B C D 10.
The diagram 2 shows the electron arrangement of a molecule of water ,H2 O Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi molekul air ,H2O
DIAGRAM 2 RAJAH 2 Which of the following statements is true about the molecule? Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang molekul itu ? A B C D The compound has high melting point Sebatian mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi Oxygen atom ,O has four pairs of electrons to share Atom oksigen, O mempunyai empat pasang elektron untuk di kongsi The bonding between molecules of water, H2 O is of Van der Waals forces Ikatan antara molekul air, H2 O ialah daya Van der Waals Each oxygen atom , O receives two electrons to form an oxide ion Setiap atom oksigen, O menerima dua elektron untuk membentuk satu ion oksida.
11.
The table 2 shows the electron arrangements of elements R, S, T dan U. Jadual 2 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi unsur R, S, T dan U Elements Unsur Electron arrangement Susunan elektron R 2.4 S 2.8 T 2.8.7 U 2.8.8.2
Which of the following pair of elements can form ionic compound? Antara pasangan unsur berikut, yang manakah boleh membentuk sebatian ion? A R and S R dan S B JPNT 2009 S and U S dan U CHAPTER 5 :CHEMICAL BONDS
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C D 12.
R dan T
Diagram 10 shows the electron arrangement of a compound formed between element T and element Q. Diagram 10 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk daripada unsur T dan unsur Q.
2-
T+
Q2Diagram 10 Rajah 10
T+
What group in the Periodic Table of Elements is element Q located? Apakah kumpulan dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur kedudukan unsur Q? A B C D 2 8 16 18
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ACTIVITY 2
1 .
Figure 8 shows the electron arrangement for atoms P, Q and R. Rajah 8 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom-atom P, Q dan R.
Atom P
Atom Q
Atom R
(a)
Based on figure 8, answer the following questions: Berdasarkan rajah 8, jawab soalan-soalan berikut: Atoms P and Q can form chemical bonds with atom R. Atom P dan Q boleh membentuk ikatan kimia dengan atom R. State the type of chemical bond and explain how the bond is formed between: Nyatakan jenis ikatan kimia dan terangkan bagaimana ikatan terbentuk antara: (i) Atoms P and R (ii) Atoms Q and R [11 marks]
(b)
State one physical property of the compound formed in (b) (i) and the compound formed in (b) (ii). Explain the differences in the physical property stated. Nyatakan satu sifat fizik bagi sebatian yang terbentuk di (b)(i) dan bagi sebatian yang terbentuk di (b)(ii). Terangkan perbezaan bagi sifat fizik yang dinyatakan. [4 marks]
2.
Figure 3 shows the symbol for an atom of element X and an atom of element Y .
23
35
X
11
FIGURE 3 (a)
Y
17
Based on Figure 3, answer the following questions. (i) Write the formula for the ion formed from an atom of element Y.
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.................................................................................................................... [ 1 mark ] (b ) (i) Draw the electron arrangement of compound formed from the reaction of element X and element Y.
[ 2 marks ] (ii) State the type of bond formed between element X and element Y. ..................................................................................................................... [ 1 mark ] State one property of the compound formed between element X and element Y. .................................................................................................................. [ 1 mark ]
(iii)
3.
Diagram 2 shows the symbols of atom for element U, V, W and X. Rajah 2 menunjukkan simbol- simbol atom bagi unsur U, V, W dan X.
7 3
1 2 6
19 9
20 10
DIAGRAM / RAJAH 2 (a) Element V can react with element W to form a compound. Unsur V boleh bertindak balas dengan unsur W membentuk satu sebatian. (i) Write the chemical formula for the compound. Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian itu. ................................................................................................................................. [1 mark ]
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(ii) Draw the electron arrangement for the compound in (d) (i). Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian dalam (d) (i).
[2 marks]
ACTIVITY 3 1. Table 1 shows the proton number of atoms of elements X, Y and Z. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsur-unsur X, Y dan Z. Element Unsur W X Y Z Table 1 Jadual 1 Proton Number Nombor proton 1 3 6 8
(b) The reaction between elements Z and W form another chemical compound.
Tindak balas antara unsur unsur Z dan W membentuk sebatian kimia lain.
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(ii) Compare two physical properties below for the compounds formed in (b) and (c).
Melting point Electric conductivity. Explain the differences in each pysical property. Bandingkan sifat fizikal di bawah bagi sebatian-sebatian di (b) dan (c) Takat lebur Kekonduksian elektrik Terang perbezaan dalam setiap sifat fizkal tersebut. [8 marks]
2.
Table 9 shows the electron arrangement of atom of element R, Q and Z. Jadual 9 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom unsur R, Q dan Z. Element Unsur R Q Z (c ) Electron arrangement Susunan elektron 2.8.2 2.8.4 2.8.7
TABLE / JADUAL 9 Based on Table 9, explain in terms of electron arrangement Berdasarkan Jadual 9, terangkan dari segi susunan elektron (i) (ii) how atoms R and Z form a compound. bagaimana atom R dan Z membentuk sebatian. how atoms Q and Z form a compound. bagaimana atom Q dan Z membentuk sebatian. [8 marks]
(d)
Lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 is an ionic compound. Describe an experiment how you would extract lead metal from its compound, PbBr2. In your description , include a labelled diagram and write the half equations of the reaction occurs. Plumbum(II) bromida, PbBr2 ialah sebatian ion. Huraikan satu eksperimen bagaimana anda mengekstrak logam plumbum daripada sebatiannya, PbBr2. Dalam huraian anda, sertakan gambar rajah berlabel dan tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
END OF CHAPTER 5
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