VITAMINS Vitamin Topics: Deficiency Toxicity Supplementation Precursors- pro-vitamins- something you eat that would be made into

vitamin. Vitamin HistoryAncient Egyptians Foods would cure certain ailments IE- Night Blindness If suffering from night blindness, eat liver (vitamin A) About the year 1750 British Physician, James Lind Sailors died on long voyages. Studies how to cure problem. Vitamin Knowledge Progression People ate foods that kept them well Vitamin Characteristics Essential nutrients Organic; because they have carbon parts to their structure. Needed in tiny quantities micrograms or milligrams. 1 gram = 1000mg = 1,000,000 ug Vitamin: Roles -Promote -Reproduction -Maintenance of life//health -Assist Enzymes Vitamin/Coenzyme Relationship -NAD+ requires Niacin -FAD requires Riboflavin -Coenzyme A requires Pantothenic Acid

Vitamin Roles in Fuel Energy Conversion- Graph.

Vitamins as Coenzymes Chemical Group + Vitamin = Active Coenzyme Form Vitamin Characteristics -Individual units- vitamins do not link -Some are eaten in inactive [precursor] -Noncaloric

together to make anything. forms, where they become activated in body.

Vitamin Availability Depends On Absorption could be because other foods that are eaten at same time/meal Transport molecules- need to have proteins to help molecules get around Activation Storage- Vitamin B stored in liver. Excretion- whether or not you excrete it. Too much at once, body throws it out. Vitamin Characteristics Water Soluble- like water Hydrophilic Fat Soluble- dont mix well with water Hydrophobic. Water solubles (vitamins B) go into circulatory system directly from the intestine. If there is an excess, kidney stores in urinary bladder. Fat Soluble go into lymphatic vessels, and stuffed into fat cells.

*vitamins and nutrients- no calories

CHAPTER TEN Vitamins- Overview -Support nutritional health -Vitamins differ from macronutrients 1. Structure -Individual Units 2. Function -No energy yielded 3. Food Contents -Similarities to macronutrient

Bioavailability-Quantity provided by food -Amount absorbed and used by body -Factors influencing bio-availability -efficiency of digestion -nutrition status -method of food preparation -source of nutrient -other foods consumed at the Precursors -Provitamins -have to be converted to Organic Nature -can be destroyed during storage

same time.

active form in body in light cooking.

Solubility -Affects absorption, transport, and excretion. Water Soluble -move directly into blood -mostly travel freely Fat Soluble -enter lymph then blood -require transport proteins Consumption frequency of vitamins- how often vitamins are consumed. Toxicity -more is not necessarily better -excessive intakes -levels higher than UL The B Vitamins- Thiamin Part of coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) -Energy Metabolism -Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA -TCA cycle - Helps Nerve Activity and muscle activity Recommendations: Thiamin Deficiency -Malnourished and alcoholics -Beriberi Disease ----Dry- muscle wasting,

nervous system

---Wet- edema (swelling), cardiovascular system Enlarged heart and possible cardiac failure. Muscular weakness Apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, and irritability. Toxicity -No adverse effects -No Upper limits Food Sources -Prolonged cooking destroys thiamin -Leaches into water when boiling or blanching foods -Cooking methods that conserve thiamin. The B Vitamins- Riboflavin Serves as coenzyme in energy metabolism -Flavin monocucleotide (FMN) -Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) Recommendations Deficiency -Inflammation of membranes -sore throat and cracks and redness at the corners of the mouth -painful, smooth, and purplish red tongue -skin lessions covered with greasy scales. Toxicity No upper limit. Food Sources -milk and milk products -other sources Destruction of riboflavin -ultraviolet light -irradiation -not destroyed by cooking The B Vitamins- Niacin Two chemical structures -nicotinic acid -nicotinamide (niacinamide) -major form of niacin in blood Two coenzymes forms- metabolic reactions -nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) -carries hydrogens and electrons

Recommendations Body manufacturers from trytophan -Only occurs after protein synthesis needs have been met -RDA is stated in niacin equivalents Deficiency -Pellagra Symptoms Diarrhea Inflamed Depression Rash Death. Toxicity -Naturally occurring -No harm -Supplements or drugs Niacin flush painful flush, hives, and rash. excessive sweating blurred vision liver damage impaired glucose tolerance -Potential health benefits of large doses of nicotinic acid Food Sources -less vulnerable to food preparation losses. The B Vitamins Biotin Coenzyme that carries activated carbon dioxide -Critical in TCA cycle -Delivers carbon to pyruvate to form WEB Deficiency -Depression, lethargy, and hallucinations -Numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs -Red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose and mouth Hair loss *Biotin can be bound with a raw egg-white protein called avidin -Made by intestinal bacteria.

B Vitamins Pantothentic Acid Part of chemical structure of coenzyme A -Roles in body Recommendations -Al Deficiency -Rare Toxicity- Not Found Food Sources -widely spread in foods -chicken, beef, liver, and egg yolks -potatoes, tomatoes, and broccoli -whole grains and oats -can be destroyed by freezing, canning, and refining. The B Vitamins- B12 Conversion to coenzyme PLP -amino acid metabolism -urea metabolism -conversion of trypotophan to -synthesis of heme , nucleic acids, Stored exclusively in muscle tissue. Recommendations -Large doses Deficiency Symptoms -scaly dermatitis -anemia-small cell type -depression- confusion or Alcohol destroys & isoniazid (tuberculosis med problems) Toxicity -Irreversible nerve degeneration. -Nerve damage causing numbess -Convulsions -Skin lessons The B Vitamins- Folate known as folacin or folic acid

niacin or serotonin and lecithin.

convulsion

and muscle weakness leading to

inability to walk

-primary coenzyme form- THF (tetrahydrofolate) -Transforms single carbon compounds during metabolism -converts vitb12 to coenzyme form -synthesize DNA -regenerate methionine from homocystine. Folate disposal -secretion by liver into bile -enterohepatic circulation -vulnerable to GI tract injuries Recommendations -bioavailability folate -synthetics vs. food sources -increased need. Deficiencies Neural tube defects -Supplements use ---1 month before conception ---through first trimester -Fortified grain products Congenital birth defects Safety concerns with fortification -mask a vitamin B12 deficiency Heart Disease -Breakdown homocysteine --high levels of homocysteine and low levels --folate breaks down homocysteine. Risk for heart attacks, stroke, or death. Deficiency

of folate increase risk of hear disease