3GPP LTE

brian.cho@intel.com

Contents
Technology Evolution for 4G 3GPP LTE
Purpose & Requirements Network Architecture PHY Features Overview OFDM/OFDMA, SC-FDMA Antenna Technologies PHY Specifications

3GPP SAE Q&A Backup

3GPP2 UMB, Next Version WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 TGm) WINNER, NGMN
HSDPA/HSDPA 2

Technology Evolution for 4G [18,19]

IMT-2000 / IMT-Advanced Capabilities [19]

IMT-Advanced
Target Data rates up to 100Mbps for high mobility Target Data rates up to 1Gbps for low mobility The data rate targets are subject to further research and investigation
HSDPA/HSDPA 4

ITU-R (http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.html)
ITU Radiocommunication Sector - Study Groups

ITU Radiocommunication Sector - Study Groups #8

HSDPA/HSDPA

IMT-Advanced Schedule (M.1645 Timeline)

WRC 07 (Oct.) in Switzerland

HSDPA/HSDPA

IMT-Advanced WP8F Schedule [23]

HSDPA/HSDPA

4G Technology Evolution Path

3G
2005 2006

3.5G~3.99G
2007-2009

4G?
2010+

3G Technology Evolution WCDMA EVDO R.0 HSDPA EVDO R.A HSPA+ 3GPP LTE EVDO R.B 3GPP2 UMB LTE-Advanced? ?

Wi-Fi OFDM

802.16e OFDMA

802.16e MIMO-OFDMA

WiMAX2 ?

Broadband Wireless Technology Evolution

HSDPA/HSDPA 8

Technology Evolution
WiMAX/LTE/UMB have

WiMAX/HSDPA/ EVDO/LTE/UMB have

Tolerance to Multipath and Self-Interference Scalable Channel Bandwidth Orthogonal Uplink Multiple Access Support for Spectrally-Efficient TDD Frequency-Selective Scheduling Fractional Frequency Reuse Fine Quality of Service (QoS) Advanced Antenna Technology

AMC H-ARQ Fast Scheduling Bandwidth Efficient Handoff

Old 3G Standards
HSDPA/HSDPA 9

3GPP LTE
- Purpose & Requirements

3GPP Standards Evolution [25]

HSDPA/HSDPA

11

LTE vs. HSPA+ [33]

HSDPA/HSDPA

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LTE Development Timing [33]

3GPP plan @ Aug 2007; Final specs - Feb 08, Initial Conformance tests - Sept 08 Timeline has slipped about 6 months but still considered a stretch goal by many Historically, test specs have been much more than 3 months after core specs but the gap between core specs and conformance is consistently dropping UE certification not possible until after test implementation and validation Commercial release is hard to predict but is very unlikely before 2010
HSDPA/HSDPA 13

3GPP LTE
LTE focus is on:
enhancement of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) optimisation of the UTRAN architecture

With HSPA (downlink and uplink), UTRA will remain highly competitive for several years LTE project aims to ensure the continued competitiveness of the 3GPP technologies for the future

HSDPA/HSDPA

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LTE Motivations
Need for PS optimized system
Evolve UMTS towards packet only system

Need for higher data rates

Can be achieved with HSDPA/HSUPA and/or new air interface defined by 3GPP LTE

Need for high quality of services

Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee quality of services Always-on experience (reduce control plane latency significantly) Reduce round trip delay

Need for cheaper infrastructure

Simplify architecture, reduce number of network elements Most data users are less mobile

HSDPA/HSDPA

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LTE High Level Requirements

Reduced cost per bit Increased service provisioning more services at lower cost with better user experience Flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands Simplified architecture, Open interfaces Allow for reasonable terminal power consumption

HSDPA/HSDPA

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Detailed Requirements [1]

Peak data rate
Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100 Mb/s within a 20 MHz downlink spectrum allocation (5 bps/Hz) Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50 Mb/s (2.5 bps/Hz) within a 20MHz uplink spectrum allocation)

Control-plane latency
Transition time of less than 100 ms from a camped state, such as Release 6 Idle Mode, to an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH Transition time of less than 50 ms between a dormant state such as Release 6 CELL_PCH and an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH

Control-plane capacity
At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum allocations up to 5 MHz

User-plane latency
Less than 5 ms in unload condition (ie single user with single data stream) for small IP packet
HSDPA/HSDPA 17

Detailed Requirements [1]

User throughput
Downlink: average user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA Uplink: average user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink

Spectrum efficiency
Downlink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA ) Uplink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink

Mobility
E-UTRAN should be optimized for low mobile speed from 0 to 15 km/h Higher mobile speed between 15 and 120 km/h should be supported with high performance Mobility across the cellular network shall be maintained at speeds from 120 km/h to 350 km/h (or even up to 500 km/h depending on the frequency band)

Coverage
Throughput, spectrum efficiency and mobility targets above should be met for 5 km cells, and with a slight degradation for 30 km cells. Cells range up to 100 km should not be precluded.
HSDPA/HSDPA

18

Detailed Requirements [1]

Spectrum flexibility
E-UTRA shall operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes, including 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink. Operation in paired and unpaired spectrum shall be supported

Co-existence and Inter-working with 3GPP RAT (UTRAN, GERAN) Architecture and migration
Single E-UTRAN architecture The E-UTRAN architecture shall be packet based, although provision should be made to support systems supporting real-time and conversational class traffic E-UTRAN architecture shall support an end-to-end QoS Backhaul communication protocols should be optimized

Radio Resource Management requirements

Enhanced support for end to end QoS Support of load sharing and policy management across different Radio Access Technologies

Complexity
Minimize the number of options No redundant mandatory features
HSDPA/HSDPA

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LTE System Performance [25]

Peak Data Rate
baseline

baseline

VoIP Capacity

HSDPA/HSDPA

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LTE System Performance contd [25]

Downlink Spectral Efficiency

Uplink Spectral Efficiency

HSDPA/HSDPA

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3GPP LTE
- Network Architecture

2-Node Architecture
Cost efficient 2-node Architecture eNB (evolved Node B) aGW (Access Gateway) 1-node?

HSDPA/HSDPA

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eNB Functions [4]

eNB Inter Cell RRM Connection Mobility Cont. RB Control Radio Admission Control eNB Measurement Configuration & Provision

Selection of aGW at attachment Routing towards aGW at RRC activation All radio related functions
Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink The configuration and provision of eNB measurements Radio Bearer Control Radio Admission Control
aGW Control Plane

Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler)

SAE Bearer Control MM Entity aGW User Plane

Connection Mobility Control in LTE_ACTIVE state. ARQ termination Ciphering of the signaling

RRC

aGW Functions [4]

Paging origination LTE_IDLE state management Ciphering of the U-plane PDCP (RoHC) SAE Bearer Control 24

RLC

MAC S1

PDCP internet

PHY

User Plane

HSDPA/HSDPA

U-Plane Architecture Difference [5]

move to eNB

HSDPA/HSDPA

25

3GPP LTE
- PHY Features Overview

Shift of Key Technologies in LTE [24]

HSDPA/HSDPA

27

LTE PHY Key Features [2, 3, 33-39]

Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Less critical AMP efficiency in BS side Concerns on high RX complexity in terminal side

Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-FDMA)

Less critical RX complexity in BS side Critical AMP complexity in terminal side (Cost, power Consumption, UL coverage)

Support FDD & TDD (Support TD-SCDMA as optional) User data rates
DL (baseline): 172.8 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ 2x2 SU-MIMO UL (baseline): 86.4 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ non-MIMO or 1x2 MU-MIMO

Radio frame: 10 ms (= 20 slots) Sub-frame: 1 ms (= 2 slots) Slot: 0.5 ms TTI: 1 ms HARQ retransmission time: 2ms (This is extremely tight and one of the hardest specs to meet in baseband)
HSDPA/HSDPA 28

LTE PHY Key Features contd

MIMO SM (Spatial Multiplexing), Beamforming, Antenna Diversity Min requirement: 2 eNB antennas & 2 UE rx antennas
DL: Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable UL: 1x2 MU-MIMO, Optional 2x2 SU-MIMO

Resource block
12 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 15kHz 24 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 7.5kHz (only for MBMS)

Subcarrier operation
Frequency selective (partial band) Frequency diversity by frequency hopping

Bearer services
Packet only no circuit switched voice or data services are supported Voice must use VoIP

MBSFN
Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network To support a Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast System (MBMS) Time-synchronized common waveform is transmitted from multiple cells for a given duration HSDPA/HSDPA

29

DL Modulation Scheme [2]

Basic modulation scheme
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Enhanced modulation scheme

As an alternative to conventional OFDM, OFDM with pulse shaping (OFDM/OQAM) should be studied

0 0

HSDPA/HSDPA 0 = Tu 2

30

3GPP LTE
- OFDM, OFDMA, SC-FDMA

DL OFDM FDD Parameters [25]

HSDPA/HSDPA

32

OFDM Overview

HSDPA/HSDPA

33

ISI (Inter Symbol Interference)

Multi-path makes ISI In general, ISI prevents HIGH DATA RATE

Paths
Previous Symbol

Area of ISI Present Symbol

Time

Base Station

Subscriber

Echo of Previous Symbol

T = Delay Spread

HSDPA/HSDPA

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ISI Prevents High Data Rate?

In general, ISI prevents HIGH DATA RATE Symbol rate increase Symbol rate decrease Ts decrease Ts increase severe ISI less ISI

s1 Ts s1 Ts
HSDPA/HSDPA

s2

s2

s3

s4

s5

s6

s7

s8

s9

s10 s11 s12 s13 s14 s15 s16

35

OFDM is the Antidote for ISI

Ways to minimize inter-symbol interference:
Reduce the symbol rate, but data rate goes down too Equalizers, but equalization is processor intensive & expensive

Solution:
Transmit data over multiple carrier frequencies in parallel (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Narrow, slower channels are free of ISI OFDM splits data into parallel, independent, narrowband channels (subcarriers) Expensive adaptive equalizers are not required

Frequency
HSDPA/HSDPA

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How can we get parallelism?

Scheme1: high complexity due to the filters with sharp transition Scheme2: low spectral efficiency Scheme3: high spectral efficiency with low complexity
HSDPA/HSDPA 37

OFDM Principle

HSDPA/HSDPA

38

FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)

Fourier transform basically converts signals from the time domain to the frequency domain (vice versa for inverse FT) DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) is the discrete version FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) is fast FT as it says

Received Samples

Synchronization

FFT

Channel Estimation And Equalization

Demapping

Descrambler Data

Viterbi Decoder

Deinterleaver

HSDPA/HSDPA

Radix-4 Butterfly

39

Guard Interval To Remove ISI

HSDPA/HSDPA

40

Cyclic Prefix for Guard Interval

HSDPA/HSDPA

41

CDMA vs. OFDM(A)

CDMA
( ) MIMO

OFDM(A)

HSDPA/HSDPA

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OFDM Advantage in SINR Distribution

No intra-cell interference

OFDM(A) system

CDMA system

HSDPA/HSDPA

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Relationship b/w Delay Spread and CP

2-path multi-path channel (2nd path is 6dB lower than 1st)

(a) (b) (c)

Delay < CP Delay exceeds CP by 3% Delay exceeds CP by 10%

44

HSDPA/HSDPA

OFDM Transmitter/Receiver Example

MAC
Data Scrambler Convolutional encoder TX

Data Interleaving

Training sequence IFFT Add GI

Subcarrier Modulation mapping AGC

Symbol Wave Shaping

IQ Modulation

To D/A

Add Pilot Pilot extract

Power detector

RX Remove GI FFT Channel compensator Equalizer

From A/D
FIR

AGC

Coarse Frequency Offset estimator

Fine Frequency Offset estimator

Time Sync estimatior

Data Deinterleaving

Subcarrier Modulation mapping

Viterbi Decoder

Data Descrambler

MAC

HSDPA/HSDPA

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Complexity of MIMO-OFDM vs. MIMO-CDMA

Receiver complexity for MIMO-CDMA grows exponentially with bandwidth and linearly for MIMO-OFDM

HSDPA/HSDPA

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OFDM Symbol

CP

CP

CP

Tc Ts

Td

HSDPA/HSDPA

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OFDM FFT Interval & Symbol Interval [26]

HSDPA/HSDPA

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Freq/Time Value of I-path Signal [26]

HSDPA/HSDPA

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PAPR of OFDM

HSDPA/HSDPA

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Power Amplifier (PA) Consideration

System with high PAPR System with low PAPR

HSDPA/HSDPA 51

OFDM Summary
Advantages
Easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex equalization Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference Robust against ISI and fading caused by multipath propagation High spectral efficiency Efficient implementation using FFT Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors Low sensitivity to DC noise Efficient in MIMO processing Tuned sub-channel filters are not required (unlike conventional FDM) Facilitates Single Frequency Networks, i.e. transmitter macrodiversity

Disadvantages
Sensitive to Doppler shift & frequency synchronization problems Inefficient transmitter power consumption, due to linear power amplifier requirement Generic data rate loss and power loss due to CP (Cyclic Prefix)
HSDPA/HSDPA 52

OFDM in Communication Systems

3GPP LTE 3GPP2 UMB WiBro (Mobile WiMAX) DAB, DVB-T, DVB-H T-DMB in Korea (Media)FLO IEEE 802.11a WLAN xDSL PLC Etc
HSDPA/HSDPA 53

What is OFDMA?
OFDM Access Orthogonal FDMA

HSDPA/HSDPA

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OFDMA Scheduling
OFDM gains multiple access by sharing in time (1D multiple access (time)) In OFDMA multiple access can be two dimensional (time and frequency)
OFDM
User A User B User C User D User E

HSDPA/HSDPA

Resource Blocks for different users

OFDMA example for 4 simultaneous users

55

OFDMA Frequency Diversity

Coded OFDM (COFDM)
OFDM combined with Forward Error Correction Coding Interleaving Burst error Scattered error

All User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4

HSDPA/HSDPA

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OFDMA Loading Gain

Loading gain by frequency selective scheduling

Adjacent subcarrier assignment

HSDPA/HSDPA

Distributed subcarrier assignment

57

OFDMA MS Power Concentration

Enhance uplink link budget! Active subcarriers are divided into subsets called resource block When subscriber uses very few resource blocks,
it can concentrate all transmitting power in the used resource blocks It will have additional gain on uplink 10*log10(Fs), where Fs is the power concentration factor

It is true that power concentration has no meaning in information theory. However, it DOES have gain in the implementation point of view.

HSDPA/HSDPA

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OFDMA Interference Coordination

Flexible frequency reuse factor

HSDPA/HSDPA

59

Interference Coordination: FFR

Fractional Frequency Reuse
Support frequency reuse one No frequency planning Frequency reuse one at cell center to maximize spectral efficiency Higher reuse factor at cell edge to reduce interference Flexible reconfiguration

HSDPA/HSDPA

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Interference Coordination: FFFR [7]

Flexible Fractional Frequency Reuse
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

weak users

good users

Cell-B

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5 B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

good user

weak user

Cell-C
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

Power

Cell-A

* Samsung
good users weak users

HSDPA/HSDPA

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SC-FDMA Transmitter
SC-FDMA is a new hybrid modulation technique combining the low PAR single carrier methods of current systems with the frequency allocation flexibility and long symbol time of OFDM SC-FDMA is sometimes referred to as Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM = DFT-SOFDM
Signal at each subcarrier is linear combination of all M symbols

Coded symbol rate= R

Spreading

DFT
Msymbols Low PAPR
HSDPA/HSDPA

Sub-carrier Mapping

IFFT

CP insertion

Size-M High PAPR Size-N Low PAPR

62

SC-FDMA Tx/Rx Chain

HSDPA/HSDPA

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SC-FDMA Pros and Cons

The SC-FDMA concept improves peak to average transmit power of mobile subscribers by about 2-3 dB The trade-off is a 2-3 dB performance loss (in fading channels) in the receiver on the other end Also, the technology reduces peaks in time domain but increases the peaks in frequency domain creating larger instantaneous out-of-band emissions

HSDPA/HSDPA

64

Out-of-Band (OOB) Emission Problem

The Spreading causes higher PAPR in frequency domain
higher instantaneous OOB
Inst. PSD (4 symbols), N=1024, M=128 10 SC-FDMA OFDMA

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60 -2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0 subcarrier

500

1000

1500

2000

HSDPA/HSDPA

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3GPP LTE
- Antenna Technologies

Multiple Antenna Schemes [5]

Minimum antennas requirement: 2 at eNodeB, 2 Rx at UE Multi-Antenna Diversity
Fall back solution if channel conditions dont allow MIMO STBC SFBC

Spatial Multiplexing = MIMO

Needs good channel conditions
High SNR to enable good channel estimation Rich scattering environment, high spatial diversity, but NLOS !

Improves throughput in cell center

Beamforming
Improves throughput at cell edge
HSDPA/HSDPA 67

MRC with 2 Rx Antenna [28]

HSDPA/HSDPA

68

STC with 2 Tx Antenna* [28]

* STC = STBC = Alamouti Code = Simple Open Loop Transmit Diversity

HSDPA/HSDPA

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BER of MRC & STC [28]

3dB power penalty

huge gain

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Comparisons: (Rx-)MRC, STC, TX-MRC

RX-MRC (Receiver MRC)
x1
s
ho

TX
x2
h1

RX (MRC)

x1 h0 n1 x = h s + n 2 1 2 r r r x = hs + n

SNR =

| ho |2 + | h1 |2

STC (Space Time Code, Transmit Diversity)

TX s1
* 1 s2 * 2 s1

s2

s1 s2

1 * 1 s2 , s1 2 2
1 * 1 s1 , s2 2 2

ho

x RX
h1

x(T1 ) 1 h0 = * x * (T ) 2 h1 2 r r r x = Hs + n

h1 s1 n1 + * h0 s 2 n2

TX-MRC (Transmit MRC)

TX
s

| ho |2 + | h1 |2 SNR = 2 2
x = [ wo h0 + w1h1 ]s + n
RX
* wo = h0 / h02 + h12

w0 w 1

w0 s

ho

w1 = h1* / h02 + h12

w1s

h1

SNR =
HSDPA/HSDPA

| ho |2 + | h1 |2

71

MIMO Basics
Transmission of several independent data streams in parallel over uncorrelated antennas Increased data rate The radio channel consists of NTX x NRX (ideally uncorrelated) paths Theoretical maximum rate increase factor = Min (NTX, NRX)
In a rich scattering environment No gain in a line-of-sight environment

HSDPA/HSDPA

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How can we get multiplexing?

Simple concept
(1) Transmit one data in one link (1 Tx & 1 Rx antenna) (2) Transmit two data in two links far away from each other (1 Tx & 1 Rx

antenna, respectively)
(3) Transmit two data in one link (1 Tx & 1 Rx antenna) ?? (4) Transmit two data in one link (2 Tx & 2 Rx antenna) ??

(4) is just the special case of (2)!!

Simple linear algebra

Matrix Rank

Favorable channel condition for MIMO?

Rich scattering for high rank High SNR for reliable decoding
HSDPA/HSDPA 73

MIMO Capacity

HSDPA/HSDPA

74

MIMO Implementation Issues

Transmission power divided among multiple antennas Tradeoffs between data rate and diversity order Spaced to achieve sufficient fading decorrelation (device form-factor) Demodulator Complexity
ZF (Zero Forcing)
Brute-force Noise enhancement

MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error)

Consider noise, too

A lot of sub-optimal MLD MLD

Optimal performance High complexity

HSDPA/HSDPA

75

SU-MIMO & MU-MIMO [6]

Single-user MIMO schemes
PARC, S-PARC etc. All streams to one user Stream-by-stream SIC Spatial domain multiuser diversity is NOT available
Single-user MIMO

Multi-user MIMO schemes

PU2RC Multistreams to multiple users Spatial domain multiuser diversity Larger diversity gain than singleuser MIMO Stream-by-stream SIC is NOT available
HSDPA/HSDPA

Multi-user MIMO

76

MU-MIMO contd
Allocate each antenna resource to different user Scheduler selects a user with the highest rate per antenna Increase system throughput!

* Samsung
HSDPA/HSDPA 77

MIMO Precoding & Closed-loop MIMO

Why Precoding?
Spatial multiplexing
Low diversity Error performance is very poor in low SNR regime

Solution: Space-time Precoding

# transmit antennas > # data streams Intelligently allocate bits & power over transmit antennas Extra antennas provide some diversity

Space time coding output can be weighted by a matrix mapping onto transmit antennas
4 actual antennas and 2 space-time coding output streams

The channel measurement performed on the UL signal (e.g. TDD)

Closed-loop
Channel quality indications feedback from the SS
HSDPA/HSDPA 78

Open-loop vs. Closed-loop MIMO [25]

Open-loop approach No channel feedback from Rx
STC optimize according to the receiver (MMSE, SIC, ML) MIMO scheme + channel code joint optimization Adaptive MIMO mode according to channel environment using simple CQI

Closed-loop approach With channel feedback from Rx

MIMO scheme based HARQ Adaptive MIMO-OFDMA using CQI Frequency scheduling algorithm in MIMO-OFDMA in order to obtain multi-user diversity

HSDPA/HSDPA

79

3GPP LTE
- PHY Specifications

LTE Layer1 TR & TS in 3GPP

TR 25.912, Feasibility study for evolved UTRA and UTRAN, Release 7, V7.1.0, Sep. 2006. TR 25.913, Requirements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN, Release 7, V7.3.0, March 2006. TR 25.813, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Radio interface protocol aspects, Release 7, V7.1.0, Oct. 2006 TR 25.814, Physical layer aspects for evolved UTRA, Release 7, V7.1.0, Oct. 2006. TS 36.201, LTE Physical Layer - General Description, Release 8, V8.0.0, Sep. 2007. TS 36.211, Physical channels and modulation, Release 8, V8.0.0, Sep. 2007. TS 36.212: Multiplexing and channel coding, Release 8, V8.0.0, Sep. 2007. TS 36.213: Physical layer procedures, Release 8, V8.0.0, Sep. 2007. TS 36.214: Physical layer Measurements, Release 8, V8.0.0, Sep. 2007. TS 36.300: E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 8, V8.1.0, June 2007.

HSDPA/HSDPA

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Layer1 Service to Higher Layer

Error detection on the transport channel and indication to higher layers FEC encoding/decoding of the transport channel Hybrid ARQ soft-combining Rate matching of the coded transport channel to physical channels Mapping of the coded transport channel onto physical channels Power weighting of physical channels Modulation and demodulation of physical channels Frequency and time synchronisation Radio characteristics measurements and indication to higher layers Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing Transmit Diversity (TX diversity) Beamforming RF processing. (Note: see TS 36.100 series)
HSDPA/HSDPA

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Physical Layer Specifications

To/From Higher Layers

36.212
Multiplexing and channel coding

36.211
Physical Channels and Modulation

36.213
Physical layer procedures

36.214
Physical layer Measurements

HSDPA/HSDPA

83

Frame Structure
Generic frame structure
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms #0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe

where, Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) seconds Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms

There is alternative frame structure only applicable to TDD

HSDPA/HSDPA 84

DL Physical Channels
TS36.211 V1.0.0 March
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK QPSK

TS36.211 V8.0.0 Sep.

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

HSDPA/HSDPA

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DL Slot Structure
DL RB N RB : Downlink bandwidth configuration, expressed in units of N sc

Tslot

RB N sc : Resource block size in the frequency domain, expressed as

a number of subcarriers
DL N symb : Number of OFDM symbols in an downlink slot
DL N symb

Transmitted signal in each slot is described by a DL RB DL resource grid of N RB N sc subcarriers and N symb OFDM symbols where 6 and where
DL N RB

110

DL RB N symb N sc

DL RB N RB N sc

(k , l )
RB N sc

Resource Element: Each element in the resource grid for antenna port p which is uniquely identified by the DL RB index pair (k, l ) in a slot where k = 0,..., N RB N sc 1 and
DL l = 0,..., N symb 1

HSDPA/HSDPA
l=0

DL l = N symb 1

86

Definitions
Resource Grid
DL RB UL RB Defined as N RB N sc ( N RB N sc ) subcarriers in frequency domain and
DL UL N symb ( N symb ) OFDM (or SC-FDMA) symbols in time domain

Resource Block
RB Defined as N sc consecutive subcarriers in frequency domain and
DL UL N symb ( N symb ) consecutive OFDM (or SC-FDMA) symbols in time domain

Resource Element
Uniquely defined by the index pair (k, l ) in a slot where k and l are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively

HSDPA/HSDPA

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DL Physical Channel Processing

code words Modulation Mapper Layer Mapper Scrambling Modulation Mapper Precoding
Resource element mapper

layers
Resource element mapper

antenna ports OFDM signal generation

Scrambling

OFDM signal generation

Scrambling of coded bits Modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols Mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers Precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the antenna ports Mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements Generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
HSDPA/HSDPA

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Modulation

HSDPA/HSDPA

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DL Layer Mapping and Precoding

Layer Mapping
The complex-valued modulation symbols for each of the code words to be transmitted are mapped onto one or several layers For spatial multiplexing, the number of layers is equal to the rank of the transmission

Precoding

The number of layers

( 0) ( 1) Precoder takes as input a block of vectors x(i) = x (i) ... x (i) from the layer T mapping and generates a block of vectors y(i) = [... y ( p) (i) ...] to be mapped onto resources on each of the antenna ports T

Why Precoding?
Spatial multiplexing Low diversity

The number of antenna ports

Error performance is very poor in low SNR regime Solution: Space-time Precoding # transmit antennas > # data streams Intelligently allocate bits & power over transmit antennas Extra antennas provide some diversity HSDPA/HSDPA 90

DL OFDM Signal Generation

OFDM Parameters
0 t < (N CP ,l + N ) Ts
N=2048 for f=15kHz N=4096 for f=7.5kHz

Check with resource block parameters

(160+2048) x Ts = 71.88us (144+2048) x Ts = 71.35us 71.88us + 71.35us x 6 = 0.5ms

Normal Cyclic Prefix = 160 Ts = 5.2 us Extended Cyclic Prefix = 512 Ts = 16.7 us Extended Cyclic Prefix for MBMS = 1024 Ts = 33.3 us
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ITU-R M.1225 Channel Response Model

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PBCH
To broadcast a certain set of cell and/or system-specific information Requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell Mapping to resource elements
The mapping to resource elements (k, l ) not reserved for transmission of reference signals shall be in increasing order of first the index k , then the index l in subframe 0

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UL Physical Channels
TS36.211 V1.0.0 March
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

TS36.211 V8.0.0 Sep.

Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) BPSK, QPSK Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

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UL Slot Structure
UL RB N RB : Uplink bandwidth configuration, expressed in units of N sc RB N sc : Resource block size in the frequency domain, expressed as
Tslot

a number of subcarriers
UL N symb : Number of SC-FDMA symbols in an uplink slot
UL N symb

Transmitted signal in each slot is described by a

UL UL RB resource grid of N RB N sc subcarriers and N symb SC-

FDMA symbols
UL where 6 N RB 110

UL RB N symb N sc

and where
(k , l )
RB N sc

Resource Element: each element in the resource grid which is uniquely defined by the index pair (k, l ) in a slot
UL RB UL where k = 0,..., N RB N sc 1 and l = 0,..., N symb 1

HSDPA/HSDPA

UL RB N RB N sc

l=0

UL l = N symb 1

95

Physical Layer Processing of PUSCH

Scrambling Modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols Transform precoding to generate complex-valued modulation symbols Mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols to resource elements Generation of complex-valued time-domain SC-FDMA signal for each antenna port

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UL SC-FDMA Signal Generation

SC-FDMA parameters
0 t < (N CP ,l + N ) Ts

Check with numbers in Table 5.2.3-1.

{(160+2048) x Ts} + 6 x {(144+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms 6 x {(512+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms

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Uplink Data Multiplexing [24]

Two Approaches
Distributed
Frequency diversity Not used anymore for PUSCH transmission

Localized
Frequency selective gain with channel dependent scheduling (Multi-user diversity)

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PUCCH
PUCCH to Resource Mapping
In the presence of UL data transmission Control and data are time multiplexed prior to DFT (The PUCCH is never transmitted simultaneously with the PUSCH) In the absence of UL data transmission Control is transmitted on a reserved frequency region

Type of PUCCH
CQI : informs current channel conditions, MIMO-related feedback ACK/NAK : in response to downlink data transmission Scheduling request

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PRACH
Types
Normal PRACH burst Extended PRACH burst

Structure

TCP

TPRE

Preamble Sequence Design

The random access preambles are generated from Zadoff-Chu sequences with zero correlation zone, generated from one or several root Zadoff-Chu sequences Preamble sequence per cell
64 for Type1 and 16 for Type2
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Channel Coding
Turbo code interleaver
QPP (quadratic polynomial permutation) interleaver

Applied channel coding scheme

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Transport Channels (TS 36.300)

Downlink Broadcast Channel (BCH) Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) Paging Channel (PCH) Multicast Channel (MCH) Uplink Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) Random Access Channel(s) (RACH)
RACH UL-SCH

Uplink Transport channels

PRACH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Uplink Physical channels

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Logical Channels (TS 36.300)

Control Channels Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Paging Control Channel (PCCH) Common Control Channel (CCCH) Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Traffic Channels Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH

Downlink Logical channels

CCCH

DCCH

DTCH

Uplink Logical channels

PCH

BCH

DL-SCH

MCH

Downlink Transport channels

RACH

UL-SCH

Uplink Transport channels

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DL Reference Signals
Three types of downlink reference signals are defined:
Cell-specific reference signals, associated with non-MBSFN transmission MBSFN reference signals, associated with MBSFN transmission UE-specific reference signals (supported in frame structure type 2 only)

Objectives
Downlink channel quality measurement. Downlink channel estimation Cell search and initial acquisition

Numerology
Use of Known reference symbols Insertion in the first and third last OFDM symbol of each slot One RS per DL antenna port (1, 2, or 4)

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Reference Signal Sequence Generation

For normal cyclic prefix
OS PRS rm , n ( ns ) is generated as the symbol-by-symbol product rm,n (ns ) = rm,n rm,n (ns ) OS of a two-dimensional orthogonal sequence rm,n and a two-dimensional
PRS pseudo-random sequence rm,n (ns )

N OS = 3

N PRS

different two-dimensional orthogonal sequences = 170 different two-dimensional pseudo-random sequences

one-to-one mapping b/w the three identities within the physical-layer cell identity group and the three two-dimensional orthogonal sequences such that orthogonal sequence n {0,1,2}

For extended cyclic prefix

PRS rm , n ( ns ) is generated from a two-dimensional pseudo-random sequence rm,n (ns )

one-to-one mapping b/w the physical-layer cell identity and the different two-dimensional pseudo-random sequences

N PRS = 510

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DL Reference Signals Mapping

Mapping of downlink reference signals (frame structure type 1, normal cyclic prefix)

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Synchronization Signals
510 unique physical-layer cell identities
170 unique physical-layer cell-identity groups (0~169) 3 physical-layer identity within physical-layer cell-identity group (0~2)

Primary synchronization signal

The sequence used for the primary synchronization signal is generated from a frequency-domain Zadoff-Chu sequence
j un ( n +1) 63 e d u (n) = u ( n +1)( n + 2) e j 63 n = 0,1,...,30 n = 31,32,...,61

For frame structure type 1, the primary synchronization signal is only transmitted in slots 0 and 10 The sequence shall be mapped to the resource elements according to
ak ,l = d (n ),
DL RB N RB N sc k = n 31 + , 2 DL l = N symb 1,

n = 0,...,61

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Synchronization Signals contd

Secondary synchronization signal
Concatenation of two binary sequences (m-sequence) The concatenated sequence is scrambled with a scrambling sequence given by the primary synchronization signal For frame structure type 1, the secondary synchronization signal is only transmitted in slots 0 and 10 The sequence shall be mapped to the resource elements according to
a k ,l = d (n ),
DL RB N RB N sc k = n 31 + , 2 DL l = N symb 2,

n = 0,...,61

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LTE Cell Search [24]

DL Signals used for cell search
Primary synchronization signals (PSCH) Secondary synchronization signals (SSCH) Broadcasting channel (BCH)
To broadcast a certain set of cell and/or system-specific information

PSCH
Carries 3 hypotheses (cell ID within a cell group ID)

SSCH
170 (cell gr. ID) x 2 (frame boundary) x N (antenna config. for PBCH) hypotheses

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DL Frame Structure Type 1 [33]

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UL Frame Structure Type 1 [33]

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LTE Scheduling
Multiuser diversity Frequency diversity scheduling
UEs are allocated to distributed resource blocks (combs) Not available in UL

Frequency selective scheduling: user specific

Each UE is allocated its individual best part of the spectrum Best use of the spectrum OFDMA exploits channel capacity Sufficient feedback information on channel conditions from UE required

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LTE Link Adaptation [25]

Purpose
Guarantee the required QoS of each UE
User data rate, packet error rate, and latency

Maximize the system throughput.

Three Link Adaptation Techniques

Adaptive transmission bandwidth
Averaged channel conditions, UE capability and Required data rate considered Fast Freq. Selective Fading channel dependent scheduling

Transmission power control

Guarantee the required packet error rate and bit error rate Tradeoff between fairness and system throughput

Adaptive modulation and channel coding rate (AMC)

Increases the achievable data rate (frequency efficiency) according to the channel conditions

Considerations
Control Update Interval
Signaling overhead
HSDPA/HSDPA

performance enhancement
113

3GPP SAE

3GPP SAE
SAE focus is on: enhancement of Packet Switched technology to cope with rapid growth in IP traffic
higher data rates lower latency packet optimised system

through
fully IP network simplified network architecture distributed control

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Simplified SAE Network Architecture [8]

MME (Mobility Management Entity)
Manages and stores the UE control plane context, generates temporary Id, UE authentication, authorization of TA/PLMN, mobility management

UPE (User Plane Entity)

Manages and stores UE context, DL UP termination in LTE_IDLE, ciphering, mobility anchor, packet routing and forwarding, initiation of paging

IP networks
HSS PCRF

3GPP anchor
Mobility anchor between 2G/3G and LTE

SGi IASA
SAE Anchor

S6

S7

EVOLVED PACKET CORE

S2 S5b

SAE anchor
Mobility anchor between 3GPP and non 3GPP (I-WLAN, etc)
SGSN S4 S3

3GPP Anchor

S5a
MME/ UPE

Gb

Iu

S1

2G
GERAN

3G
UTRAN

LTE
LTE RAN Non-3GPP

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Key Issues on SAE [8]

Mobility Management
Intra LTE Mobility in Idle state Inter 3GPP Mobility in Idle state (2G/3G to/from LTE) Intra LTE Mobility with Core Node Relocation in Active mode Inter Access System Handover (including Non-3GPP) Tracking Area Concepts & Paging Limiting signaling due to idle mode mobility

Roaming and Migration

Migration from pre-Rel8 UMTS to the SAE architecture

QoS and Policy Control

Default IP Access Service QoS concepts and bearer architecture Policy Control and Charging

Other Issues
IP connectivity with multiple PDNs Network Redundancy and Load Sharing Network Sharing
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Handover Between 3GPP & Non-3GPP

SAE supports heterogeneous access systems mobility via S2 interfaces Mobility protocol
S2a: PMIPv6, MIPv4 FA mode S2b: PMIPv6 S2c: DSMIPv6

S2a and S2b is network-based solution. S2c is terminal-based solution Note: service continuity shall be supported whether the UE supports simultaneous radio transmission or not
PDN Gateway S5/8 Serving Gateway S2a S2b Serving Gateway S1_MME E-UTRAN S1_U Trusted Non-3GPP (M-WiMAX, 3GPP2) Trusted Non-3GPP (WLAN via ePDG) Non-3GPP S2c

UE

UE

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Optimized Handover with Non-3GPP

Requirements The evolved 3GPP system shall support service continuity between 3GPP access systems and also between 3GPP access system and non 3GPP access systems whether the UE supports simultaneous radio transmission or not This includes HO between pre-LTE (2G/3G) system and non-3GPP Handover using Single Radio terminal Requirement exists It is highly anticipated that the LTE terminal will be a single radio terminal due to the radio interface, power consumption and form-factor. (except WLAN dual mode terminal) Status The solution for tight handover will be investigated in SA WG2 and RAN WG2/3 Technical Challenges Security context transfer to avoid re-authentication delay Layer 3 mobility (Mobile IP) RAN context transfer
Backward handover Interface between MME and non-3GPP system is required (Sx interface)

Lossless data delivery Consistent provision of QoS

Negotiation of QoS between the access system might be necessary

* 3GPP TR 36.939, Improved network controlled mobility between LTE and 3GPP2/mobile WiMAX radio technologies

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References
[1] 3GPP Technical Report, TR 25.913, Technical Specification Group RAN: Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), Release 7, Version 7.3.0, March 2006. [2] 3GPP Technical Report, TR 25.814, Technical Specification Group RAN: Physical layer aspects for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), Release 7, Version 7.1.0, Oct. 2006. [3] 3GPP Technical Report, TR 25.813, Technical Specification Group RAN: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Radio interface protocol aspects, Release 7, Version 7.1.0, Oct. 2006 [4] 3GPP Technical Report, TR 25.912, Technical Specification Group RAN: Feasibility study for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), Release 7, Version 7.1.0, Sep. 2006. [5] Ulrich Barth, 3GPP Long-Term Evolution / System Architecture Evolution Overview, Alcatel White Paper, Sep. 2006. [6] Sungjin Kim, Hojin Kim, Juho Lee, and Kwang Bok Lee, An Overview of MIMO Technologies for Enhanced 3GPP HSDPA, Telecommunications Review, Vol. 14, No.3, June 2004. [7] 3GPP TSG RAN WG1, R1-051341, Flexible Fractional Frequency Reuse Approach, Samsung, Nov. 2005. [8] 3GPP Technical Report, TR 23.882, Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects: 3GPP System Architecture Evolution: Report on Technical Options and Conclusions, Release 7, Version 1.9.0, April 2007. [9] , , 3GPP UTRA-UTRAN LTE SAE , ETRI 21 3, 2006 6 [10] , , , , , , 3G LTE /MAC , ETRI 21 3, 2006 6 [11] WINNER homepage: http://www.ist-winner.org/index.html [12] NGMN homepage: http://www.ngmn.org [13] IEEE 802.16 TGm homepage: http://www.wirelessman.org/tgm/index.html [14] Qualcomm, UMB Technology Overview and Roadmap, CTIA Wireless, March 27, 2007. [15] Nortel, UMB Deployment Options, CTIA Wireless, March 27, 2007.

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References
[16] 3GPP2 C.P0084-0-000, Overview for Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) Air Interface Specification, Version 0.60, Feb. 2007. [17] 3GPP2 C.P0084-001, Physical Layer for Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) Air Interface Specification, Version 0.88, Feb. 2007. [18 ITU-R homepage: http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.html [19] ITU-R, ITU-R RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1645: Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000, ITU-R, 2003. [20] (LG), Interference mitigation for 3GPP LTE system, KICS 13 4 , Sep. 2006. [21] 3GPP R1-051123, Further description of dynamic FFR for OFDM based E-UTRA downlink, Qualcomm [22] 3GPP R1-050783, Text Proposal on IDMA for Inter-cell interference mitigation, RITT, ZTE, and Huawei [23] Kyu-Jin Wee (MIC in Korea), Overview of the anticipated IMT-Advanced process, ITU-R WP8F Workshop on IMT-Advanced, May 22, 2007. [24] (LGE), 3GPP LTE, KRnet 2007, June 29 2007 [25] (LGE), Basics and Core Technologies of 3GPP LTE Physical Layer, 3 , Aug. 2007 [26] Gerald F. Sage, Wireless LAN & OFDM [27] Richard van Nee and Ramjee Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Artech House Publishers [28] Siavash M. Alamouti, A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Communications, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 16, no. 8, October 1998. [29] (), WiBro MIMO , TTA , June 2006. [30] Werner Mohr (Nokia Siemens Networks), The European WINNER Project Towards IMT-Advanced, ITU-R WP8F Workshop on IMT-Advanced, May 22, 2007 [31] NGMN, Next Generation Mobile Networks - Beyond HSPA & EVDO, Board Of NGMN Limited, Dec. 2006. [32] 3GPP R1-070674, LTE physical layer framework fro performance verification, Orange, et al., Feb. 2007. [33] Moray Rumney (Agilent), Concepts of 3GPP LTE, Live Webinar, Sep. 20th, 2007.

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References
[34] TS 36.201, LTE Physical Layer - General Description, Release 8, V8.0.0, Sep. 2007. [35] TS 36.211, Physical channels and modulation, Release 8, V8.0.0, Sep. 2007. [36] TS 36.212: Multiplexing and channel coding, Release 8, V8.0.0, Sep. 2007. [37] TS 36.213: Physical layer procedures, Release 8, V8.0.0, Sep. 2007. [38] TS 36.214: Physical layer Measurements, Release 8, V8.0.0, Sep. 2007. [39] TS 36.300: E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 8, V8.1.0, June 2007.

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