War of 1812

Timeline:
1812-13 Series of failed American invasions of Canada

Oliver
1813 Hazard Perry's fleet defeated on Lake Erie, Detroit, and Ft. Malden
October
William Henry Harrison defeated the retreating British at Thames

1814 Napoleon destroyed and exiled to Elba

August
A British force of 4000 dispersed 6000 militia troops in Bladensburg
Thomas Macdonough snatches victory from British despite his undersized
September fleet on Lake Champlain near Plattsburgh
Invaders set fire to Washington DC, sending Madison fleeing
American troops defend Baltimore; Francis Scott Key writes "S.S.B."
December Treaty of Ghent signed

1815
A British force of 8000 was demoralized by entrenched Americans led by
January Andrew Jackson at New Orleans

Results:
1. New Respect: American fighting prowess and American diplomats/emissaries
2. War Heroes: Jackson and Harrison
3. Manufacturing: stimulated by fighting and blockade; less dependant on EU workshops
4. Canada: new sense of patriotism and nationalism
5. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817): limited naval armament on Great Lakes

Hartford Convention (12/15/1814 - 1/5/1815)

Demands:
1. Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade
2. Constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 vote in Congress for:
a. Imposing an embargo
b. Admission of new states
c. Declaration of war (except in invasion)
 Miscellaneous Terms
Land Act of 1820: authorized a buyer to purchase 80 acres at a minimum of $1.25 per acre

Tallmadge amendment: stipulated the no more slaves should be brought into MO, and pro
gradual emancipation of children of slave parents

Treaty of 1818: permitted sharing of Newfoundland fisheries with Canada; fixed the northe
of LA along 49th Parallel (Lake of the Woods to Rockies); 10-year joint occupation
of the OR country with Britain

FL Purchase Treaty of 1819: Spain ceded FL and claims to OR; Americans ceded claims to
created vague boundaries of LA (along Rockies to 42nd Parallel west to Pacific)

Monroe Doctrine (1823): warned European powers against the non-colonization and -interv
throughout the Americas (North and South); first part aimed at Russia (in the NW);
second part concerned emerging Latin American repubilcs (Central/South America)

Russo-American Treaty of 1824: Fixed southern limits at 54O40' line (southern tip of AK)

Tariff of 1828: increased the Tariff of 1816 to around 45%; declared the Tariff of Abominati
by southerners who disliked protection of the North, even though some of them
rigged up the bill; southerners felt it was a threat to slavery

"The Exposition": published by the SC legislature (written by John Calhoun); denounced the
tariff as unjust and unconstitutional; proposed states should nullify it

Tariff of 1833: a compromise between the NE/middle states and SC over the "abominable"
Tariff of 1832; would reduce the Tariff of 1832; ended nullification crisis

Force Bill: authorized the presiden to use the army and navy (if necessary) to collect federa
tariff dues from states

Specie Circular: a decree that required all public lands to be purchase with "hard" money; d
the increasingly unreliable Wildcat currency

Divorce Bill: proposed divorcing the government and banks completely

Webster-Hayne Duel
Robert Hayne's [SC] Argument:
1. Condemned disloyalty of NE during the War of 1812
2. Condemned inconsistency of protective tariff
3. Extolled the doctrine of nullification (only as a means of safeguarding the minority interes

Daniel Webster's [MA] Argument:

1. Insisted that the people, not the states, had framed the Constitution
a. Claimed that the people (Supreme Court) would decide the constitutionality of
the tariff and not the individual states.
2. If each state decided what they wanted for themselves the Union would cease to exist

Jackson vs. the Bank of the United States

Clay's Scheme:
1. Rammed bank recharge bill through Congress, then send it to the White House
(figured either decision Jackson made would hurt his popularity)
2. Jackson vetoed the bill, citing the bank unconstitutional, though he actually didn't like it
a. Gave the executive the power of 2/3 of Congress and 2/3 of the House combine
b. Regarded the executive as superior to the judicial
3. Clay used this veto as a campaign document, but it backfired
a. He proved he was not in touch with the common man
b. The commoners read, and made perfect sense of the veto

Reality of the Bank of the United States:

Cons:
1. The Bank was plutocratic, run by an elite moneyed aristocracy
2. Also, it was somewhat autocratic and tyrannical, especially towards the "weak banks"
3. Used by some as a source of corruption
Pros:
1. Reduced bank failures at times when the country was flooded with depreciated bank note
by issuing sound bank notes
2. Promoted economic expansion
a. Made credit and sound currency reasonably abundant
3. Served as a safe depository for government funds
4. Used for the transfer and dispersion of money

Jackson's Badgering:
1. Began "removing" federal funds from the bank's vaults and proposed no more deposits
2. Forced to find a new Secretary of Treasury who would follow his orders
3. Placed surplus government funds in about a dozen pet banks
Election of 1832
Novel Features:
1. Newborn Anti-Masonic Party entered election (though only this one)
2. National nomination conventions (3) held to name candidates and adopt formal platforms

Anti-Masonic Party
-- Opposed the secrecy of the Masonic (Freemason) order and other secret societies
-- Energized by the disappearance (and probable murder) of a NY man who threatened to ex
the secrets of the Freemasons
-- Essentially Anti-Jacksons because Jackson was a Mason
-- Only Carried VT in the election

Jackson crushed the field, ending Clay's presidential dreams

Native Americans
Early Policy:
-- Indians were recognized as separate nations
-- Americans agreed to acquire land form them only through formal treaties
-- Indians, however, were constantly coerced or tricked into ceding large amounts of territor

"Civilizing" Indians:
-- Many white settlers believed that the Indians could be assimilated into white society
-- Congress even appropriated $20,000 in 1793 toward literacy and other forms of instructio
-- Many tribes resisted, but the Cherokees made large strides to conform

Cherokees:
1. Adopted a system of settled agriculture and private property
2. Missionaries opened schools and devised an alphabet
3. The Cherokee National Council adopted a written code in 1808 and a constitution in 1827

Removal:
1. 1828: GA legislature claimed jurisdiction over all Indian lands
2. Indian appeal to the Supreme Court were successful on three occasions
3. 1829: Jackson proposed a bodily removal of the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaw
and Seminoles beyond the MS to protect them from the land hungry southerners
4. 1830: Indian Removal Act passed, providing emigration of ALL Indians
5. 1836: Bureau of Indian Affairs est. to administer relations with them

Election of 1836
-- Jackson was 70, and too old to consider a 3rd term, but felt he could do it through Van Bur
-- He rigged the nominating convention and rammed Van Buren down the delegates' throats
-- Van Buren thus gained the support of Jacksonites
-- He won the popular vote narrowly, but the Electoral comfortably

Van Buren's Woes

-- Incurred resentment from many Democrats for his path to office
-- He did not possess the traits that allowed Jackson to command respect
-- He "inherited Jackson's mantle without his popularity"
-- 1837: Rebellion in Canada and incidents along the northern frontier created a possible wa
with Britain, but he successfully played neutral

Inheritance from Jackson:

1. Inherited Jackson's numerous, vengeful enemies
2. Jackson's indecisiveness over TX left Van Buren with this burden
3. Also inherited a searing depression

Panic of 1837
-- Also due to rampant speculation
-- Actually began towards the end of Jackson's presidency
-- Hundreds of banks, including pet banks, collapsed carrying down several million dollars
-- Van Buren proposed an Independent Treasury through the Divorce Bill
-- 1840: Independent Treasury Bill passed

Election of 1840
-- The Whigs were aided by the economic disasters
-- They kept their platform mildly hidden to hide the divisions within their party

New Politics:
-- A Democratic editor portrayed Harrison as a poor old farmer who would be content with a
cabin, a pension, and a barrel of hard cider, playing into Whigs hands
-- The Whigs used this theme to win support of the West
-- Harrison was actually from one of the FFVs, very wealthy, didn't gobble down cider, and
did not plow his own fields
-- The Whigs, in turn, portayed Van Buren as an aristocrat, though he had actually reared in
-- Harrison won the popular vote by a narrow margin, but dominated the Electoral vote
 Henry Clay's "American System"
Result of British dumping of surplus products on US, causing prices to drop to a point where
emerging American companies couldn’t survive

Tariff of 1816: 20-25% on dutiable imports; first tariff instituted for protection, rather than r

Three Part System:

1. Strong Banking System: provide easy and abundant credit
2. Protective Tariff: allow manufacturing ot flourish
3. System of Roads and Canals: built with tariff revenue; allow transportation of foodstuffs a
materials to flow for N to S and E to W; knit country together politically and economically

#3 vetoed and rendered unconstitutional, however states began programs of their own

MO Compromise
Stipulations:
1. MO admitted as a slave state
2. ME admitted as a free state
3. Future bondage prohibited north of 36O30' line (MO's southern border)

nt on EU workshops
President John Quincy Adams
Personal View:
1. A stubborn man of puritanical honor
2. Declined to oust efficient officeholders to create vacancies for supporters
3. Old Jeffersoninan Republican party broke into fragments, most coalesced around a comm
hatred of the Adams-Clay partnership
4. Failed to realize the country was moving from nationalism toward sectionaism and states'

Proposals:
1. National university
2. Astronomical observatories similar to those in Europe
3. Land Policy: attempted to curb the speculation of the public domain
4. Attempted to deal fairly with the Indians
 Nourishing New Democracy
Nutrients:
1. Steady Growth of Market Economy
ought into MO, anda. provided
Better understanding of banks, tariffs, and internal improvements
2. Panic of 1819
a. Blamed on banking irregularities and speculation
anada; fixed the northern
b. Burning
limitsresentment at government-granted privileges of banks
-year joint occupation
c. Practices of foreclosures and suspended bank notes
- Reeked of favoritism
- Mocked democratic principles of equality and fair play
3. MO Compromise
allel west to Pacific)a. Awakened many to the importance of politics (especially white southerners)
b. Control of government became prime goal, and heightened political involvemen
4. New Style of Politicking
d at Russia (in the NW);
a. Candidates used banners badges, parades, etc. in effort to get votes
5. Nomination Conventions

ne (southern tip of AK)

Election of 1824
Candidates (Popularity)(Electoral Votes):
1. Andrew Jackson (42.16%) (99) TN
2. John Quincy Adams (31.89%)(84) MA
3. William Crawford (12.95%)(41) GA
4. Henry Clay (12.99%)(37)eliminated KY

Result:
1. Jackson technically won, but didn't have majority
2. Decision sent to the House of Reps (Clay, Speaker of the House, had virtual control)

Clay's Decision:
1. Process of Elimination
a. Crawford had paralytic stroke eliminated
se with "hard" money;
b. Jackson
due to was archrival in the West and bitterly resented
eliminated
him
c. Adams was his last choice, and had strikingly similar views
2. Shortly before final balloting, Clay assured Adams of his support
3. Adams was elected on the first vote
4. Clay promoted to Secretary of State

*No positive evidence proves bargain*

Election of 1828
 Adams' Supporters: Jackson's Supporters:
1. Jackson was an adulterer 1. Claimed Adams' purchase of a billiard table and
2. Jackson's mother was a prostitute chessmen were "gaming tables" for the
3. Printed handbills shaped like coffins presidential palace
recounting Jackson's duels, brawls 2. Criticized his large federal salaries
and hanging of militiamen 3. Accused him of serving "as a pimp" for a
Russian nobleman
he constitutionality of
Accelerated the transfer of national power from:
would cease to exista. the East to the West
b. the countinghouse to the farmhouse
c. the snobs to the mobs

President Andrew Jackson

1. Personification of the New West
e actually didn't likea.
it Reflected its individualism, versatility, opportunism, energy, directness, etc.
2. Folk Hero: Uncommon, Common Man
3. Violent Temper: Resulted in Numerous Bloody Confrontations
4. Unique
a. First president from the west
b. First president nominated at a formal convention (1832)
c. First without a college education (except Washington)
5. Suspicious of the federal government
a. Therefore favored and reduced it to the strict interpretation of the Constitution
6. Hostile Towards Clay's American System
7. Defied Supreme Court and Congress occasionally
a. Used the veto 12 times in 2 terms (used 10 times of all former presidents comb
8. Instituted Spoils System (on a large scale)
depreciated bank notes
a. Believed that "every man is as good as his neighbor" or perhaps "equally better
b. Did not regard status or character when deciding on officers
c. Insecurity and scandal plagued public office, and kept many able citizens away

ed no more deposits

Texas
-- Spanish desired to populate the virtually uninhabited area of TX
 -- Before they were able to Mexicans won their independence
-- 1823: Mexico granted a huge tract of land to Stephen Austin to bring 300 American familie
-- Immigrants were to be Roman Catholics and Mexicanized upon arrival

Texans:
-- Mostly ignored these two stipulations
-- Texans were mostly pioneers who brought their American spirit and ideal with them
-- The presence of Mexican soldiers continued to bother the Texan pioneers
-- Davy Crockett, James Bowie, and Sam Houston are among some notable TX leaders
-- Tensions increased with the Mexican government over slavery, immigration, and local righ

War for TX Independence

1. Early 1836, Texans declared their independence and named Houston their leader
2. Santa Anna marched through TX slaughtering Texans at the Alamo and Goliad
a. William Travis, Bowie, and Crockett all gave their lives at the Alamo
3. Houston lured the Mexican army to San Jacinto
a. He wiped them out during their siesta time and captured Santa Anna
4. Santa Anna signed treaties agreeing to withdraw all Mexican troops and recognize the Rio
River as the SW border of TX
a. Upon release, he declared the agreements illegal
into white society
Possible Annexation:
-- The American public favored the Texans and their annexation
-- Texans petitioned for annexation in 1837, but received no reply
-- Jackson disliked the Mexicans and admired Houston, but didn't want to touch the issue
-- He was more concerned with the campaign of his successor, Martin Van Buren

The Issue of Slavery:

-- Many Texans were slaveholders and admitting TX would result in the expansion of slavery
-- The anti-slavery northerners opposed annexation for that same reason
-- They believed it was a conspiracy to bring a new slave state to the Union

s, Choctaws, Chickasaws,
ry southerners

Whigs
-- Originated from Clya and Clahoun's alliance against Jackson's removal of federal deposits
the Bank of the United States
-- Quickly evolved into a potent national political force by attracting groups alienated by Jack
 Composition:
1. Supporters of Cly's American System
2. Southern states' righters offended by Jackson's stand on nullification
3. The larger northern industrialists and merchants
4. Many of the evangelical Protestants associated with the Anti-Masonic party
r created a possible war

Two-Party System
-- Both parties grew out of the rich soil of Jeffersonian republicanism
-- Each claimed to different aspects of the republican inheritance

Democrats:
1. Glorified the liberty of the indivicual
2. Fiercely guarded against the inroads of "privilege" into government
3. Clung to states' rights
4. Favored federal restraint in social and economic affairs

Whigs:
1. Trumpeted the natural harmony of society and value of community
2. Willing to use government to realize their objectives
3. Berated leaders whos appealed to self-interest fostered conflict among individual/class/se
4. Favored national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and mora

Similarities:
1. Mass-based, tried to mobilize as many voters as possible for their cause
2. Commanded loyalties of all kinds of Americans (all social classes and sections)

ould be content with a log

bble down cider, and

had actually reared in poverty

the Electoral vote
 drop to a point where

protection, rather than revenue

ortation of foodstuffs and raw

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ned political involvement

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ton their leader

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s and recognize the Rio Grande

nt to touch the issue

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