Present Simple Prezent Simplu

Form: (affirmative): infinitive of the verb + -s/-es for the IIIrd person singular ( HE, SHE, IT) (negative): subject (other than HE/SHE/IT) + DO NOT/DONT + VERB HE/SHE/IT (subject) + DOES NOT/ DOESNT + VERB. (interrogative): DO/DOES + subject + verb USE: - General truths or facts, permanent situations: Ex. Fish live in the water. We go to work five days a week. - Habitual, repetitive actions: Ex. I often watch TV in bed on weekends. - Official scheduled future events Ex. The train leaves at 10.30. Our winter vacation ends on January 15.

Present Continuous - Prezent Continuu

Form: (affirmative): present tense of the verb BE +VERB + -ing ( I am working) (negative): subject + AM/ARE/IS + NOT + VERB + -ing (interrogative): AM/ARE/IS + subject + VERB + -ing USE: - An action taking place at the moment of speaking. Ex. Where are you going? I am going to school. - A temporary action Ex.: Why are you being so rude today? ( Youre usually so polite!) - A frequently repeated action that annoys the speaker. Ex. You are always losing your things.You are always grumbling when I ask you to help me in the kitchen.

Past Simple- Trecut Simplu

Form: Regular Verbs: add ed to the infinitive of the verb !!! Atentie la cazurile particulare: like-liked, study-studied, stop-stopped, occur-ocurred (negative) subject + DID+ NOT + VERB (interrogative) DID + subject + VERB Irregular verbs: usully change their base form (the infinitive) to make the past tense. Memorise the irregular verbs given to you on the list. USE: - Actions completed at a definite time in the past[ with: lase night, ago, yesterday] Ex. At dinnertime, the children rang the doorbell. - Habitual, repetitive actions in the past [with always, often, usually, never, every day] Ex. When I was in college, I never studied on Saturdays.

Past Continuous- Trecut Continuu

Form: (affirmative) WAS/WERE + VERB + -ing (negative) subject + WAS/WERE + NOT + VERB + -ing (interrogative) WAS/WERE + subject+ VERB + ing USE: - An action in progress at a particular time in the past Ex. It was raining at this time yesterday. - A frequently repeated action in the past that annoyed the speaker [ + always] Ex. You were always watching TV when I dropped by to see you.

Present Perfect Simple

Form: present of HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE of the verb (negative) subject + HAVE/HAS + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE (interrogative) HAVE/HAS + subject+ PAST PARTICIPLE USE: - The result of a past event is still felt at the present time [usually, the verb is not accompanied by an adverb of time] Ex. Jazz has had an anormous influence on American music. (the influence is still felt today) - The event is completed in the near past, close to the present moment [with adverbs of recent time: just, not yet, lately, recently, in recent years] Ex. Ive just been to a jazz concert. Several bands of jazz have visited my town recently. - The event extends over a period od time lasting up to the present moment[with for, since] Ex. Jazz has been especially popular in the US since the 1950s. It has been popular for the past half century. - An event that has happened once or more than once within the speakers experience [with never, before, always, its the first/second/third time] Ex. American composers have always drawn on traditional influences and popular culture.

Present Perfect Continuous

Form: PRESENT PERFECT of the verb BE + VERB + -ing ( I have been working) (negative) subject + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + VERB + -ing (interrogative) HAVE/HAS + subject+ BEEN + VERB + -ing USE: - The result of a past even is still felt at the present time [the action is viewed in progress] Ex. The number of single parent families has been incresing in our society. - The event is completed in the near past, close to the present moment [the action is viewed in progress] Ex. Recently, however, the number of marriages has been rising. - The event extends over a period of time lasting up to the present moment. Ex. The numbers of babies born has been climbing steadily for the past ten years.

!!! There is not much difference between the simple and continuous present perfect. The continuous present perfect emphasizes DURATION, whereas the simple present perfect emphasizes CUMPLETION.

Past Perfect Simple

Form: past tense of have [ HAD] + PAST PARTICIPLE of the main verb ( I had finished) ( negative) subject + HAD + NOT + PAST PARTICIPLE ( interrogative) HAD + subject + PAST PARTICIPLE USE: - The result of an earlier past event is felt at a later point in time or when another past event occurs [ why- because relationship] Ex. most 19th- century American composers had trained in Europe, so they remained dominated by European traditions. - A past event is completed immediately before another past event or point in time [with just, not yet, recently] Ex. When you called, I had just listened to a jazz concert.

Past Perfect Continuous

Form: past perfect of the verb BE + VERB + -ing ( I had been working) (negative) subject + HAD + NOT + BEEN + VERB + -ing (interrogative) HAD + subject+ BEEN + VERB + -ing USE- there is not much difference between the simple and continuous past perfect. The continuous past perfect emphasizes DURATION, whereas the simple past perfect emphasizes COMPLETION.

Future Simple
Form: WILL + infinitve of the VERB ( I will leave) (negative) subject + WILL NOT/ WONT + VERB (interrogative) WILL + subject + VERB USE: - A neutral future event Ex. Cathy will go to a jazz concert tomorrow. - Opinions/assumptions about the future [with assume, believe, hope, expect] Ex. I hope Cathy will drop by later. - Habitual actions that are likely to take place in the future Ex. In December Cathy will go to the mountains. In January shell go back to work. - An intention Ex. Mrs Adams: Weve ran out of coffee. Mr Adams: Ill buy some. THE GOING TO FUTURE- formed with the present of BE GOING TO + infinitive of VERB ( I am going to come later). It usually expresses intention and it is preferred in colloquial English.

Future Continuous
Form: future of BE + VERB + -ing ( I will be studying) ( negative) subject + WILL NOT/ WONT BE + VERB + -ing ( interrogative) WILL + subject + BE + VERB + -ing USE: - An action in progress at a particular time in the future Ex. Please dont call me at seven oclock. Ill be eating my dinner - An action expanding over a longer period of time in the future Ex. Ill be very busy next month. Ill be working on my term paper. - A future action that has been previously arranged. Ex. Dont worry. Ill be passing the supermarket on my way, so Ill get you the groceries you need.

Future Perfect
Form: WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE ( I will have graduated by this time next year.) ( negative) subject + WILL NOT/ WONT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE ( interrogative) WILL + subject + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE USE: - A future action completed before a particular point in the future Ex. By the end of this century, people will have discovered new sources of food. - A future action completed before another future action occurs Ex. By the time the elections begin, the candidates will have organised election campaigns. - A future event completed immediately before another future event/point in time Ex. When you call, I will have just listened to a jazz concert. - An earlier future event/state extending up to a later future event/point in time Ex. Next month I will have known you for ten years.

Future Perfect Continuous

Form: future perfect of the verb BE + VERB + -ing ( By lunchtime I will have been working for 4 hours) !!! There is not much difference between the simple and continuous future perfect. The continuous future perfect emphasizes DURATION, whereas the simple future perfect emphasizes COMPLETION.