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Process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic compression of air. Process 2-3: Heat addition at constant volume. Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion of air. Process 4-1: Heat rejection at constant volume.
2 4
Volume
2 4 1
Entropy
Fig.4.4. Otto cycle on p-v and T-s diagrams
Since processes 1-2 and 3-4 are adiabatic processes, the heat transfer during the cycle takes place only during processes 2-3 and 4-1 respectively. Therefore, thermal efficiency can be written as,
th =
For the reversible adiabatic processes 3-4 and 1-2, we can write,
v T4 = 3 T3 v4
-1
V T and 1 = 2 T2 V1
-1
v 2 = v3 and v 4 = v1
V T4 T T -T = 1 = 4 1 = 2 T3 T2 T3 - T2 V1
1
th
The ratio
V T1 = 1- 2 = 1 T2 V1
-1
From the above equation, it can be observed that the efficiency of the Otto cycle is mainly the function of compression ratio for the given ratio of Cp and Cv. If we plot the variations of the thermal efficiency with increase in compression ratio for different gases, the curves are obtained as shown in Fig.4.4.1. Beyond certain values of compression ratios, the increase in the thermal efficiency is very small, because the curve tends to be asymptotic. However, practically the compression ratio of petrol engines is restricted to maximum of 9 or 10 due to the phenomenon of knocking at high compression ratios.
=1.67
=1.40
=1.30
Compression ratio,r
( V1
- V2 )
m R T1 r - 1 1 = V1 1 - = r P1 r
since, R = Cv ( - 1)
m C v ( - 1) T1 r - 1 P1 r
mep =
m C v ( T3 - T2 ) m C v ( -1) T1 P1
- ( T4 - T1 ) r - 1 r
1 p1 r - 1 T1 r - 1
-1
{( T3
- T2 ) - ( T4 - T1
)}
Now,
T2 = T1 ( r )
Let,
rp =
P3 T3 = = Pressure ratio P2 T2
P3 T2 = rp T2 = rp r -1 T1 P2
-1
T3 =
(for V = C)
So,
T4
1 = T3 r
= rp r
-1
1 T1 r
-1
= rp T1
mep =
P1 r ( r - 1) ( - 1)
{( r
r -1 - r -1
) - ( rp - 1)}
r -1 r - 1 - r - 1 p p = P1 r ( - 1) ( r - 1)
) (
r -1 - 1 r - 1 p mep = P1 r ( r - 1) ( - 1)
)(