TOPIC: FORCES AND MOTION CONTENT: LINEAR MOTION CHAPTER HIGHLIGHT: Linear motion is motion in a straight line. 1.

Distance is the total path length traveled from one location to another. 2. Displacement is the distance between two locations measured along the shortest path connecting them, in a specified direction. 3. Speed is the rate of change of distance. Speed (m s-1) = change of distance time taken Average speed = total distance travelled total time taken Velocity ( m s-1) = change of displacement time taken v=s t -2 4. Acceleration ( m s ) = change in velocity time taken = ( final velocity initial velocity) time taken a=vu t 5. The various equations of linear motion of an object with uniform acceleration are given as follows: s (m) = ( u + v) t 2 v = u + at s = ut + at2 v2 = u2 + 2as 6. The ticker timer is used in the laboratory to measure velocity. It is connected to an a.c. power supply of 50 Hz. The time taken to make 50 ticks on the ticker tape is 1 s.Hence, the time intervals between 2 consecutive dots is 1/50 = 0.02 s. 7. The following ticker tape shows that it is moving with constant velocity.

8. The following ticker tape shows that it is moving with acceleration.

9. The time taken for a 10 ticks length is 10 x 0.02 = 0.2 s. Average speed of 10 ticks = Distance of 10 ticks = s10 ticks Time of 10 ticks t10 ticks

10. The 10 ticks lengths of the ticker tape can be cut and pasted side by side to display a velocity time graph as shown in figure below.

ACTIVITY C:

t/s

1. A car accelerates at a uniform rate from 5 m s-1 to 30 m s-1 in 5 s. Calculate a) the acceleration of the car b) the velocity of the car after accelerating uniformly for the first 2 s. c) the distance traveled by the car in 5 s. 2. A stone is thrown vertically upwards at a velocity of 20 m s-1. If the gravitational acceleration is 10 m s-2 and the air resistance is neglected, calculate a) the time it will take the stone to reach the maximum height. b) the maximum height reached by the stone. SOLUTION: 1. a) a = 5 m s-2 b) v = 15 m s-1 c) s = 87.5 m 2. a) t = b) s = 20 m.

ASSESTMENT 1. An object starts its linear motion from rest. Which of the following quantities does not change throughout the motion? A Time B Initial velocity C Final velocity D Acceleration E Displacement 2. When one object is traveling with a constant velocity, its acceleration will be A decreasing B increasing C constant D zero 3. An aeroplane is flying with decreasing acceleration, hence the velocity is A increasing B decreasing C constant 4. A student starts cycling from rest and reaches a speed of 12 ms-1 in 6 seconds. The distance traveled by him is A 18 m B 36 m C 54 m D 72 m 5 A bus decreases its velocity from 8 ms-1 to 4 ms-1 in a distance of 12 m. What is the acceleration of the bus, in ms-2? A -4 B -2 C 2 D 4 6. A carton of mass 1 kg is set in motion, starting from rest, by a constant force. After one second, the carton traveled 1 m. Which of the following statements about the motion of the carton is not true? A The acceleration of the carton is 2 ms-2 B The velocity of the carton after 2 s is 2 ms-1 C The average velocity in the first second is 1 ms-1 D The total distance traveled after 2 s is 4 m

Structured question 1. Define (a) displacement : [3 marks]

(b) velocity

(c)

acceleration :

2. Write down the equations of motion. State the meaning of each symbol used. [4 marks]

3. A stone is thrown vertically upwards from the ground with velocity 20 ms-1. What is the maximum height achieved by the stone? [2 marks]

4. A van moves from rest with an acceleration of 2 ms-2. If the total displacement of the van is 120 m, calculate the (a) final velocity of the van [2 marks]

(b) total time taken to come to a stop.

[2 marks]

5. A car accelerates at uniform rate from 5 ms-1 to 30 ms-1 in 5 s. Calculate (a) the acceleration of the car [2 marks]

(b) The velocity of the car after accelerating uniformly for the first 2 s. [ 2 marks]

(c) the distanced traveled by the car in 5 s.

[2 marks]

Length/ cm

10 8 6 4 2 Times / 5 dots

0 1

10

Figure 1 6. Figure 1 shows the ticker-timer tape chart of the motion of an object. Every strip contains 5 dots which is made by a ticker-timer using a frequency of 50 dots. (a) What is the time represented by 5 dots? .... [ 1 mark ]

(b) Calculate the average velocity represented by ticker-tape (i) number 1 : . (ii) number 5 : [ 2 marks] (c) Determine the acceleration of the object in OA. [ 1 mark ] (d) (i) What is the distance moved by the object in OA?

... [ 1 mark ] (ii) Hence, calculate the average speed of the object in OA. [ 1 mark ]

Answer (Assessment) Objective question 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. B Structured Question 1. (a) Distance moved in a specific direction. (b) The rate of change of displacement. (c) The rate of change of velocity. 2. (a) s = ( u + v ) t 2 (b) v = u + at (c) s = ut + 1 at2 2 (d) v2 = u2 + 2as 3. 20 m 4. (a) (b) 5. (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) (d) 21.9 ms-1 10.95 s 5 ms-2 15 ms-1 87.5 m 5 ticks 5 x 1 / 50 = 0.1 s (i) v1 = 2 / 0.1 = 20 ms-1 (ii) v5 = 10 / 0.1 = 100 ms-1 a = (v5-v1) / t = 200 ms-1 (i) Distance in OA = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = 30 cm (ii) Average speed = Total distance / total time = 30 / 0.5 ms-1 = 60 ms-1 where a is the acceleration v is the final velocity u is a initial velocity s is the displacement and t is the time taken

6.