PETROL ENGINE

Petrol engine is an engine that uses petrol as a fuel. Inside the combustion of fuel Produces
hot gases that expand against parts of the engine the engine and cause them to move. For this
reason, petrol engines are called internal-combustion engines it to turn wheels and propellers
or to operate machines. In this way, a petrol engine turns heat energy into mechanical work.
The rate at which a petrol engine produces work is usually measured in horsepower or watts.

Nearly all cars, lawn mowers, motorcycles, motor scooters, snowmobiles, and small tractors
have petrol engines. So do many trucks, buses, aeroplanes, and small boats.

WORKING OF A PETROL ENGINE

The working of an internal combustion engine is divided into four stages, called four strokes
of the engine and hence the engine is called a four stroke engine.

1) Intake stroke:

When the engine starts, the piston moves downwards in the cylinder, because of which a
region of low pressure is created in the cylinder, above the piston. At this moment, the intake
valve opens and the fuel mixture is sucked into the cylinder from the carburetor.

2) Compression stroke:
When the sufficient amount of the fuel mixture has entered the cylinder, the intake valve gets
closed. The piston is then forced to move upwards which compresses the fuel-mixture to
about one-eighth of its original volume. Higher the compression ratio more will be the
efficiency of the engine.

3) Power stroke:

Before the piston completes its upward movement, compressing the petrol vapour and air
mixture, the spark plug produces a little electric spark inside the cylinder and this spark sets
fire to the petrol-air mixture. The petrol vapour burns quickly in a little explosion, producing
a large volume of gases and enormous heat. The heat thus produced expands the gases
rapidly. The pressure of rapidly expanding hot gases pushes the piston downward with a great
force. The piston pushes the piston rod and the piston rod pushes the crank shaft. The crank
shaft is joined to the wheels of a car. When the crank shaft turns, the wheels rotate and move
the car.
4) Exhaust stroke:

When the piston has been pushed to the bottom of the cylinder by the hot expanding gases in
the power stroke, then the exhaust valve opens. After that, due to the momentum gained by
the wheels, the piston is pushed upwards. The upward movement of the piston expels the
spent gases through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere, carrying away the unused heat.
The exhaust valve then closes, the intake valve opens up, and the above four strokes of the
engine are repeated again and again.

PARTS OF A PETROL ENGINE

1. CYLINDER BLOCK

Cylinder block is a rigid frame that holds the cylinders in proper alignment. If the engine is
liquid cooled, the block is jacketed, so that it can be surrounded by the liquid, or has passages
for the liquid around each cylinder. Most cylinder blocks are made of cast iron or aluminium.

2. CYLINDERS

Cylinders are rigid tubes that serve as a bearing for the pistons that move up and down inside
them. They have highly polished surfaces. This permits a close fit between piston and
cylinder and prevents gases from leaking past the piston

3. CYLINDER HEAD
Cylinder head is a casting bolted to the top of the cylinder block. The cylinder head, together
with the upper end of the cylinder and the top of the piston, form the combustion chamber
where the fuel-air mixture burns. A cylinder head and block may be one unit.

4. CRANKCASE

Crankcase is a rigid frame that holds the crankshaft and the crankshaft bearings.

5. PISTON AND CONNECTING RODS

There is a piston fitted in the cylinder. This piston is connected to a connecting rod which in
turn is connected to the crank shaft. When the fuel-air mixture burns, the expanding gases
exert a force on the piston. This force is then transmitted through a connecting rod to the
crankshaft

6. CRANK SHAFT

Crankshaft changes the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion. The
crankshaft has a number of cranks, or throws. These cranks are displaced at angles to each
other.

7. FLYWHEEL

Flywheel stores energy during a piston's power stroke and releases it during other strokes.
This helps to keep the crankshaft turning at a constant speed

8. VALVES

In a four-stroke cycle engine, each cylinder has one or two intake valves, to let the air-fuel
mixture into the combustion chamber, and one or two exhaust valves, to let the burned gases
escape. These are called poppet valves, because they pop up and down as they open and
close. The opening in the cylinder block or head uncovered by the valve is called the port.

9. CAMSHAFT

Camshaft opens and closes the valves at the proper point in the engine cycle. It runs the
length of the engine and has one cam at each intake and exhaust valve. In a four-stroke cycle
engine, the camshaft is geared to the crankshaft so that it runs at half the crankshaft's speed.

10. FUEL SYSTEM

Fuel system includes: (1) a storage tank for petrol, (2) fuel lines to carry the petrol to the
carburetor, (3) a carburetor to mix the petrol with air, and (4) an intake manifold to distribute
the fuel-air mixture to the cylinders. The fuel system also includes a filter to clean dirt out of
the fuel and an air cleaner to take dirt out of the air that is mixed with the petrol.

11. EXHAUST SYSTEM

Exhaust system consists of (1) an exhaust manifold to collect the burned gases from the
cylinders, (2) an exhaust pipe to carry the burned gases, and (3) a silencer to silence the noise
of the exhaust gases.

12.LUBRICATION SYSTEM

Lubrication system provides oil as a film between the moving parts of the engine to prevent
wear from friction and to keep the engine cool. The two common types of four-stroke cycle
engine lubrication systems are the wet sump and the dry sump. In the wet-sump engine, the
oil supply is contained within the engine, in the bottom of the crankcase. In the dry-sump
engine, the oil supply is contained in a separate oil tank.