Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FORMAT
FOR
INSERTING
EVIDENCE,
CITATIONS
AND
QUOTES
Citations
Remember
to
cite
any
idea
that
is
not
yours.
A
good
activity
to
do
is
to
imagine
that
the
authors
of
your
sources
read
your
paper.
Would
they
recognize
your
words,
ideas
or
phrases
as
theirs?
If
so,
you
need
to
cite
them.
Chicago
Style,
Author-Date
System
=
in-text
citations,
last
name
and
year
+
page
numbers
in
case
of
direct
quote,
set
off
by
parentheses.
Ex.
(Baily
1987)
References
to
authors
can
be
made
in
the
text
(1)
or
not
(2):
(1) Archon
Fung
(2006)
maintains
that
citizen
participation
can
enhance
the
legitimacy,
justice
and
effectiveness
of
public
policies.
[Notice
here
that
the
first
time
you
refer
to
an
author
within
the
text,
you
should
use
both
the
first
and
last
name;
after
that
it
is
OK
to
use
only
the
last
name.
If
there
is
more
than
one
author,
mention
all
names
up
to
three;
if
there
are
more
than
three
authors,
you
can
write
the
name
of
the
first
author
and
a
phrase
to
refer
to
the
others,
such
as,
Bradley
Levinson
and
his
colleagues
(2002)
conclude....
]
(2) Citizen
participation
can
enhance
the
legitimacy,
justice
and
effectiveness
of
public
policies
(Fung
2006).
Multiple
works:
o Should
be
cited
in
alphabetical
order
by
the
first
authors
last
name:
Ex.
Although
Amy
Gutmann
and
Dennis
Thompson
(1996)
maintain
that
deliberative
forums
bring
previously
excluded
voices
into
democratic
politics,
this
contention
has
raised
a
flurry
of
critiques
(see
for
example
Boyte
and
Kari
1996;
Enslin
2001;
Fraser
1992;
Owen
2001;
Young
1997).
If
the
author
published
more
than
one
work
in
the
same
year,
add
lowercase
letters
to
the
year
and
repeat
these
in
the
reference
section:
(Torney-Purta
2004a;
2004b)
Multiple
authors:
o With
two
or
three
authors,
cite
all
names
each
time:
(Kelly,
Colter
and
Lane
1980)
With
four
or
more
authors,
et
al.
should
follow
the
first
authors
name
in
all
references:
(Levinson
et
al.
2002)
If
two
or
more
authors
have
the
same
last
name,
use
the
first
initial
to
distinguish
between
them:
(B.
Ripley
1988;
R.
Ripley
1979)
Footnotes
vs.
Embedded
Citations
o Use
embedded
citations
(in
parentheses)
rather
than
notes
for
simple
citations
as
well
as
cases
of
see
also,
for
more,
etc.:
Exs.
(see
Kahne
2003);
(for
more
see
also
Levin
2007);
(compare
to
Dewey
1917),
etc.
If you want to have a longer discussion of the argument of another author, without interrupting the flow of your essay, you can do this in a footnote Footnotes should be used sparingly: to present explanatory material to provide information on newspaper articles, interviews, personal communications (these are NOT included in the reference list at the end of the work) Interviews Interview with XXX, date, location. Interview with Jeff Weldon, 17 September 2009, Mexico City. Newspapers authors name, title of article, title of paper, day, month, year. Daniel F. Cuff, Forging a New Shape for Steel, New York Times, 26 May 1985.
Direct
Quotations
Fewer
than
4
lines
of
text,
cite
inside
text
using
quotation
marks
(and
notice
placement
of
citation
inside
sentence):
Voting
rates
are
down
25%
and
trust
in
government
has
decreased
by
more
than
60%
in
the
past
35
years,
participation
in
voluntary
associations
is
suspected
to
be
on
the
decline,
and
ordinary
citizens
have
less
and
less
involvement
in
shaping
our
common
affairs
(Skocpol
and
Fiorina
1999,
3).
Longer
than
4
lines
of
text,
the
quote
should
be
indented
from
both
sides
and
in
block
text
format,
with
no
quotation
marks
(and
notice
placement
of
citation
outside
of
quote):
There
can
be
no
democracy
without
dignity
and
self-respect.
For
people
who
have
been
rendered
invisible
by
the
dominant
culture,
gaining
such
a
transformative
sense
of
themselves
requires
more
than
exhortation
or
experiences
of
being
oppressed.
A
new
sense
of
self
is
sustained
and
augmented
in
particular
sorts
of
public
places
where
people
can
discover
'who
they
are'
and
to
what
they
aspire
on
their
own
terms,
and
where
they
can
begin
to
think
about
what
democracy
means.
(Evans
and
Boyte
1992,
68)
Editing direct quotations o Omit part of the quote: replace what was omitted with an ellipsis, do not use an ellipsis if you omit something that comes directly before or after what you are quoting, but only if it is in the middle o Change part of the quote change a word or add a word to make a quote follow the grammar of your sentence or to make it more understandable put the new word inside [brackets] Ex. Seyla Benhabib expands the realm of democratic deliberation to include a plurality of modes of association, maintaining that it is through the interlocking net ofmultiple forms of associations, networks, and organizations that[a] public conversation results (cited in Enslin, 2001, p. 123). Translating direct quotations o Direct quotations should be in the language of your essay o If you translate something from another language, be sure to note this at the end of the citation (traduccin propia): Ex. Carlos Ornelas (2003) writes that there are differences between what he calls power given from the center to the periphery and power won at the local level. Delegated power lacks roots Power taken generates institutions that take root in the life of the community (217, my translation).
Emphasis in direct quotations o If something is italicized or underlined for emphasis in the original, reproduce it exactly as it is in the original and at the end of the quote, in parentheses after the page number, you should note this by saying something like, emphasis in original or nfasis original. o If you wish to emphasize something within the quote, you may do so either using italics, bold or underline as long as you note this at the end. So for example, as Jeff Weldon (2010) told us, we should always use Chicago Style (324, emphasis added). o From what I have seen, in Spanish you would say something like, nfasis nuestro, cursivas aadidas, o palabras similares. Avoid saying authors emphasis because this can lead to confusion about which author you or the author you are citing.
References
(See
sample
reference
list
below)
Citations
direct
attention
to
more
detailed
references,
which
provide
complete
source
information.
These
references
are
presented
in
a
list
at
the
end
of
the
document/essay,
titled
References
and
NOT
Bibliography.
All
references
should
be
in
Chicago
Style,
Author-Date
System
DO
NOT
include
any
references
that
are
not
actually
cited
in
the
text,
graphics,
notes,
etc.
of
your
essay
References
should
be
single-spaced,
indented
from
the
second
line
on;
leave
a
space
between
each
reference
Ordering
of
references:
o Alphabetical
by
last
name
of
first
author
or
by
title
of
document
if
no
author
o If
multiple
works
by
same
author,
list
them
by
year
of
publication
o If
multiple
works
by
same
author
in
same
year,
alphabetical
order
by
title;
place
a
lower-case
letter
after
the
year
to
distinguish
between
references
o If
works
by
same
author
alone
and
with
different
co-authors,
ordering
is
first
alone
and
then
by
last
name
of
first
co-author;
ordering
may
not
be
chronological
by
first
author
when
there
are
different
co-authors
Foreign
Language
Sources
o Translate
titles
of
books
and
articles
in
brackets
after
the
foreign
title
o Do
not
translate
the
names
of
foreign
journals/periodicals
o For
titles
originally
in
English
or
German
(articles,
books)
use
headline
capitalization
(e.g.
first
letter
of
all
words
capitalized
except
for
articles
(a,
an,
the),
conjunctions
(and,
but,
or)
or
prepositions
(in,
on,
by,
over,
etc.)
o For
titles
originally
in
all
other
languages,
capitalize
first
letter
and
proper
nouns
only.
Miyamoto,
Yoshio.
1942.
Hoso
to
kokka
[Broadcasting
and
the
national
defense
state].
Tokyo:
Nihon
Hoso
Shuppan
Kyokai.
REFERENCES Addams, Jane. 1907. Democracy and social ethics. New York: The MacMillan Company. Benne, Kenneth D. 1987. The meanings of democracy in a collective world. In Society as educator in an age of transition, ed. Kenneth D. Benne and Susan Tozer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Checkoway, Barry, Katie Richards-Schuster, Shakira Abdullah, Margarita Aragon, Evelyn Facio, Lisa Figueroa, Ellen Reddy, Mary Welsh, and Al White. 2003. Young people as competent citizens. Community Development Journal 38 (4): 298-309. Great Transitions: Preparing adolescents for a new century. 1995. Washington, DC: Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development. O'Donoghue, Jennifer L. 2006. "Taking their own power": Urban youth, community-based youth organizations, and public efficacy. In Beyond resistance! Youth activism and community change: New democratic possibilities for practice and policy for America's youth, ed. Sean Ginwright, Pedro Noguera and Julio Cammarota. New York: Routledge. ODonoghue, Jennifer L. and Ben Kirshner. 2008. Engaging urban youth in civic practice: Community-based youth organizations as alternative sites for democratic education. In Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts, ed. Janet Bixby and Judy L. Pace. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ODonoghue, Jennifer L. and Karen R. Strobel. 2007. Directivity and freedom: Adult support of urban youth activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(3): 465-85. Pateman, Carol. 1970. Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pateman, Carol. 1983. Feminism and democracy. In Democratic theory and practice, edited by Graeme Duncan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Skocpol, Theda. 1999. Advocates without members: The recent transformation of American civic life. In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, ed. Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Skocpol, Theda, and Morris P. Fiorina. 1999. Making sense of the civic engagement debate. In Civic engagement in American democracy, ed. Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Zeldin, Shepherd. 2005a. The adoption of innovation in youth organizations: Creating the conditions for youth- adult partnerships. Journal of Community Psychology 33 (1):121-135. Zeldin, Shepherd. 2005b. Intergenerational relationships and partnerships in community programs: Purpose, practice, and directions for research. Journal of Community Psychology 33 (1):1-10.