Book Math 1a

MATHEMATICS Xa
Senior High School
Komang Dharmawan
Contents
1 Exponents, Roots and Logarithms 1.1 Exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Positive Exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 Zero exponent and negative exponent . . . . . . . . 1.1.3 Rule of negative exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.4 Rational exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.5 Exponential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Root forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Basic form of roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 Simplifying form 2 into ( 2 ) 0 . . 1.2.5 Rationalizing the denominator . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.1 Rationalizing the denominator of the form 1.2.5.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Rationalizing the denominator of the form 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 10 14 21 23 23 23 24 24 26 28 30 30 31 32 34 36
Logarithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions 2.1 Quadratic equations (QE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 General form of QE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Solving QE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2.1 Solving QE by factorization . . . . . 2.1.2.2 Solving QE by completing the square 2.1.2.3 Solving QE by ABC Formula . . . . 2.1.3 Types of roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3.1 QE having with two distinct roots . 2.1.3.2 QE having two equal roots . . . . . . 2.1.3.3 QE having no real roots . . . . . . . 2.1.4 The sum and multiplication of the roots . . . 2.1.5 Constructing a new quadratic equation . . . . 3
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CONTENTS 2.1.5.1 Case when the roots are given . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.5.2 Case when the new roots are related to the previous roots 2.2 Quadratic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 The values of a quadratic function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Sketching a quadratic function of () = 2 for > 0 and < 0 . 2.2.3 The family of graphs of a quadratic function () = 2 . . . . . . 2.2.3.1 Graphing a quadratic function of () = 2 + . . . . . 2.2.3.2 Graphing a quadratic function of () = 2 + for < 0 2.2.3.3 Graphing a quadratic function of () = ( + )2 . . . . . 2.2.3.4 Graphing a quadratic function of () = ( )2 + . . 2.2.4 Graphing a quadratic function of () = 2 + + . . . . . . . . 2.2.5 Critical points of a quadratic function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.5.1 The symmetrical axis and its turning point . . . . . . . . 2.2.5.2 The axis intercept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.5.3 The axis intercept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.6 The application of a quadratic function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Multiple Choice Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 System of Linear Equations 3.1 The systems of linear equations with two variables . . . . . 3.1.1 Solving by the graphical method . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2 Solving by the substitution method . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3 Solving by the elimination method . . . . . . . . . 3.1.4 General solution of linear equation systems . . . . . 3.2 System of nonlinear equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Systems of linear equations with three variables . . . . . . 3.4 System of nonlinear equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 System involving a linear and a quadratic equation 3.4.2 System involving two quadratic equations . . . . . 3.5 Solving real-life problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Multiple Choice Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Inequalities 4.1 Properties of inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Solution of linear inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Quadratic inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 Quadratic equation having two distinct roots 4.3.2 Quadratic equations having two equal roots . 4.4 Rational Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.1 Linear numerator and denominator . . . . . . 4.4.2 Quadratic numerator or denominator . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 37 39 39 39 40 40 41 42 43 43 44 44 44 45 47 48 57 61 61 62 63 64 65 65 67 70 70 72 74 79 85 85 86 87 87 88 89 89 90
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CONTENTS 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Irrational Inequality . . . Absolute Inequality . . . Multiple Choice Questions Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 92 94 98
Chapter 1 Exponents, Roots and Logarithms

1.1 Exponents
=
n terms
Denition 1.1. If is a real number and is any positive integer number then, is dened as
read to the power of , the real number is called the base and the positive integer is called power or exponent or index (plural : indices)
1.1.1
Positive Exponents
If and are is real numbers and and are positive integers then 1. = + 2. : =
' &
3. = ( ) 4. ( ) = ()
Example 1.1. a. Evaluate 32 35 b. Evaluate 57 54 Answer Answer : : 32 35 = 32+5 = 37 57 = 575 = 53 54 59 Answer : 9 = 4
$ %
59 c. Express 9 as a form of exponent 4
( )9 5 4 Answer : (5 3)4 Answer : (3)25 = 310
d. Evaluate 54 34 , show the result as a form of exponent e. Evaluate (32 )5 , show the result as a form of exponent
1.1.2
Zero exponent and negative exponent
Denition 1.2. If is real number and = 0, then 0 = 1, for example 50 = 1 1
1.1 Exponents
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms
Denition 1.3. If a is a real number and n is any positive integer number then is dened as = 1 1 =
n terms
is read as to the power of minus , or one over to the power of
1.1.3
Rule of negative exponent
Suppose that a is a real number and n and m are positive integers then 1 = = , where > and = 0
'
Example 1.2. Evaluate Solution:
54 show the result as a form of exponent. 59 5555
5 4 terms = 9 5 555555555 5555 = = 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 1 55555 1 = 55 5 5

5 terms 4 terms 5 terms 4 terms 9 terms
&
1.1.4
Rational exponent
2 If > 0 and is a positive integer then 2 = . The form is also called the -th roots 2 of . Let us consider the expression , where is a ratio of two integers, e.g. 3 . If > 0 and and are positive integers then = ( ) = Note that: is also called as the roots form. Any expression involving the radical sign , where is a positive integer, is called a radical expression 2
'
1.1 Exponents
Example 1.3. Rewrite the following expression into a radical expression and evaluate the result. a. 27 2 Solution: 1 1 1 2 27 = 27 2 = (33 ) 2 = 3 a. 27 2 = 2 27 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 b. 8 2 = 82 82 = 8 2 = (82 ) 2 = 64 2 = (43 ) 2 = 4
1
b. 8 2
&
1.1.5
or 2 2 2 2 2 82 = ( 2 8)2 = (2)2 or 82 = 8 2 = (8) 2 = (23 ) 2 = 22 = 4
Exponential Equations
An equation that contains an unknown in index (or exponent) is called an exponential equation. A simple example will be 2 = 32. Note that 32 can be expressed as 25 . Therefore, = 5 satises the equation. In general, we will use the following rule to solve exponential equation. Denition 1.4. If = then = , where > 0 and = 1
' & ' &
Example 1.4. Solve the exponential equation 4+1 = 0.25 Solution: 4+1 = 4+1 1 4 = 41
$ % $ %
= + 1 = 1 or = 2
Example 1.5. Solve the exponential equation 16 8+2 = 2 Solution: 16 8+2 = 2 24 (23 )+2 = 2 24 23+6 = 2 24+(3+6) = 2 3 + 10 = or = 5 3
1.1 Exponents Example 1.6. Simplify the following fractions a. 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 +1 + 1 + 1 = = + 1 + 1 + 1 1 + + 1 1 1 = = = + 1 + 1 2 2 1 1 b.
'
a.
2 2 1 1
Solution:
b.
&
Exercise 1.1. a. b. 1 + 2 + 2 2 1 1 + 1
2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 = = = = 2 2 1 1 ( )(2 + + 2 ) = ( ) 2 + + 2 =
1. Simplify the following expressions c. d. 1 + 1 + 1 2 1 1
2. Simplify the following expressions 1 + a. 2713 b. 3 64 12 3 (1 + ) 3 (1 + )2 c. (1 + ) 3 (1 + ) 3. Simplify the following expressions into the simplest form a. b. c. 99 243 980 4 e. d. 12
1 320 2
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms f. 5 150 1 g. 864 3 h. 2 2000 i. 984 j. 1055 k. 1502 5 l. m. 1623 5 8
1.2 Root forms
3635 12 n. 965 2 8 0. 816 12 p. 2 1925 2 8
1.2
Root forms
Root forms are numerical expressions involving irrational roots.
1.2.1
Basic form of roots
Root form obeys the following rule. 1. = , for , 0 2. = , where 0 and = 0 3. ( )2 = , for every 0
'
a.
Example 1.7. Evaluate 100 b. 45 c. 7 3
$
45 = 95 = 9 5 =3 5=3 5 c. 7 3= = 73 21
Solution:
1.2.2
&
a.
100 =
4 25 = 4 25 = 2 5 = 10
b.
Multiplication
We have learnt about the rule rule as follows:
. This rule can be reversed into the multiplication
If and 0 and 0 then = ( )
1.2.3
We have learnt about rule = , 0, > 0. This rule can be reserved into the division rule, that is: if , and 0 and > 0 then = 5
Division
1.2 Root forms Example 1.8. Simplify into a basic form 18 a. 6 6 40 b. 3 5 20 c. 5 Solution: 18 18 a. = = 3 6 6 6 40 6 40 b. = =2 8=4 2 3 5 3 5 20 20 = 4=2 c. = 5 5
'
&
1.2.4
% $
Simplifying form
2 into ( 2 ) 0
The form of 2 can be simplied into a simple form such as + or . To learn about this topic, let us study the example below:
'
Example 1.9. Simplify 6 + 2 8 into a basic form Solution: Let = 6 + 2 8, where > 0. Taking square on both sides gives 2 = 6 + 2 8 = (4 + 2) + 2 (4 2) = 4 + (2 (4 2)) + 2 42 + (2 4 2) + 22 = = ( 4)2 + (2 4 2) + ( 2)2
Using the formula of 2 + (2 ) + 2 = ( + )2 , we get 2 = ( 4 + 2)2
&
Taking square roots on both sides, we get = Therefore 6 + 2 8 = 4 + 2 6
4+
2.
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms Example 1.10. Simplify 5 24 into a basic form Solution: Let = 5 24, > 0. Taking square roots on both sides gives 2 = 5 = = = = 24 5 ( 4 6) 5 (2 6) = (3 + 2) (2 6) 3 (2 2 3) + 2 ( 3)2 (2 2 3) + ( 2)2
'
1.2 Root forms
Using the formula of 2 (2 ) + 2 = ( + )2 , we get 2 = ( 3 2)2
1 If we are given that 2 = 1.4142, and that we have to nd the numerical values of 2 and 252 without the aid of using a calculator, we substitute 2 into the denominator and then proceed with the calculation. We will study the method of rationalization of the denominator. 1.2.5.1 Rationalizing the denominator of the form ; > 0
1.2.5
&
Taking square roots on both sides, we get = Therefore 5 24 = 3 2
2.
Rationalizing the denominator
To rationalize the denominator of the form
'
, multiply the fraction by , this gives = = 2 ( )
Example 1.11. Simplify using rationalization write the denominator in the simplest form 5 a. 10 Solution: b. 4 2 5 2 c. 2 3
&
5 10 1 5 5 10 5 10 10 a. = = = = = 10 10 2 2 10 10 10 ( 10)2 4 5 2 5 4 4 5 4 5 = = b. = = 2 5 10 5 2 5 2 5 5 1 2 2 3 2 3 6 c. = = = = 6 6 6 2 3 2 3 3 2( 3)2 7
1.2 Root forms 1.2.5.2 Rationalizing the denominator of the form
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms , or
Let us start our discussion with the multiplication of conjugate surds such as: ( + and )( ) = ()2 ( )2 = 2
( + )( ) = ( )2 ( )2 = The surd ( + ) and ( ) are called conjugate surds. The product of a pair of conjugate surds is always a rational number. For example:
'
(3 +
5)(3
5) = 32 ( 5)2 = 9 5 = 4
Example 1.12. Simplify the expression Solution:
10 4+ 6
& '
10 10 4 6 = 4+ 6 4+ 6 4 6 10(4 6) = 42 ( 6)2 10(4 6) = 16 6 10(4 6) = 10 = 4 6
Hence,
10 =4 6 4+ 6
&
2+ 5 Example 1.13. Simplify the expression 2 5 Solution: 2+ 5 2+ 5 2+ 5 = 2 5 2 5 2+ 5 (2 + 5)(2 + 5) = 22 ( 5)2 4 + (2 2 5) + ( 5)2 = 45 4+4 5+5 = 1 9+4 5 = = 9 4 5 1 8
% $
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms 6 15 + 10
' & ' &
1.2 Root forms
Example 1.14. Simplify the expression Solution:
$ % $ %
6 6 15 10 6 15 6 10 = = 15 10 15 + 10 15 + 10 15 10 90 60 ( 9 10) ( 4 15) = = 5 5 3 10 2 15 = 5 3 2 = 10 15 5 5 5
Example 1.15. Simplify the expression Solution: 5 2
10
2 5 + 10 = 10 5 10 5 + 10 2( 5 + 10) 5 2 10 2 = = 5 10 ( 5)2 ( 10)2 10 20 2 1 = 10 + 5 = 5 5 5
Exercise 1.2. 1. Simplify a. b.

3
e. f. g.
4
3 4 3 4 c. 4 d. 6 2. Simplify a. b. 462 3 133 543 2 = 1.41421,
63 4 646 273 16 6 814
h.
3
3 4
j. k.
4
i.
3
325 94
32 8 92 14 l. 4 82
4
812 42
c. d.
36 3 27 1085 3 275 5 = 2.23607,
e. f. 2 + 5 +
25 4 1 2
82 4 +
3. Given that fractions
3 = 1.73205,
6 = 2.44949 calculate the following
1.3 Logarithm 6 a. 2 2 b. 3 4. Simplify a. 50 8 + 18 b. 2 80 + 45 80 c. 3 75 4 20 80 d. 8 2 27 + 5 18 3 e. 403 2 902 5 250 f. 3 183 + 25 + 2 32 g. 484 7 + 1924 7 5. Rationalize the following expression! 10 a. 4+ 6 2+ 5 b. 2 5 6 2 c. 3 12 1 d. + 6 3
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms e. 2+1 3 1 1 1 f. + + 5 3 2
h. i. j. k. l. m.
28 + 63 + 175 24 + 2 216 5 54 81 2 24 + 5 3 403 + 3 105 + 6 90 163 4 365 2
27
75 +
48
2 3 2+ 3 and = , calculate! 6. Let = 2+ 3 2+ 3 a. + b.
6 15 10 6+ 2 d. 2+ 3 c.
c. d.
1.3
Logarithm
If a number is expressed as the exponent of another number a i.e. = , where > 0 , = 1, we say that is the logarithm of to the base a. In general, logarithm is dened as follows. Denition 1.5. = =
log , > 0, = 1, is called the base of logarithms
To give more discussion about logarithm, see the table below Exponential 23 = 8 32 =
1
Logarithms 10
3 2
log 8 = 3 log 4 =
1 2
1 9
1 log 9 = 2
16 2 = 4 102 = 100 42 = 16
16 10 4
log 100 = 2 log 16 = 2
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms Note: 10.

10
1.3 Logarithm
log is written as log , i.e. for the base 10, the form of logarithm will be written without
Laws of Logarithms 1. 2. 3.
log = log =
log + log
log log
where , are positive, and 1, > 0 Example 1.16. Simplify the following and expressing each as a single logarithm a.
2
' & '

b. a. a.
log = log
$ % $
log 4 +
log 5
b.
log 28
log 4
Solution:
2
log 4 +2 log 5 = log 28 log 4 =
log(4 5) =
log 20
log
28 = 4
log 7
Example 1.17. Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator

4
log
2+
log
8
4
b. 22 log
2 + 3
log
81 8
log
3 4
Solution: a. 4 log 2 +4 log 8 =
log( 2 8) = 4 log 2 8 = 4 log 16 = 4 log 4 = 1 ( )2 ( )2 2 81 2 3 2 log + log log 3 8 4 81 2 9 4 log = 2 log +2 log 9 8 ) 16 ( ( ) 4 81 9 9 9 2 2 : : = log = log 9 8 16 2 16 ( ) 9 16 2 = log 2 9
2
2 81 3 b. 2 log +2 log 2 2 log = 3 8 4

2
&
= =
2 2
log 8 log 23
= 3 2 log 2 = 3 11
1.3 Logarithm
'
Example 1.18. Given that the values of log 2 = 0.3010, nd the values of the following logarithms a. log 8 Solution: a. log 8 = log 23 = 3 log 2 = 3 0.3010 = 0.9030 b. log 16 = log(4 4) = log 4 + log 4 = log 22 + log 22 = 2 log 2 + 2 log 2 = (2 0.3010) + (2 0.3010) = 1.2040 b. log 16 c. log 20
If > 0, > 0, = 1, > 0, and = 1 then
& '
a. b. c.
c.
log 20 = log 2 10 = log 2 + log 10 = 0.3010 + 1 = 1.3010
log =
log log
This is the law of base change of logarithm Example 1.19. If 3 log 5 = , show that
5
log 3 =
1 3 2
log 125 = log
1 5 = 4
3 3
Solution: a. b.
5
log 3 =
1 log 3 = log 5
3
&
3 3 3 3 log 5 log 125 log 53 = =3 = 3 3 log 9 2 2 log 3 2 log 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 log 5 1 log 5 log 5 2 9 = 2 = c. log 5 = 3 = 3 = 23 2 2 log 3 2 4 log 9 log 3 9
log 125 =
12
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms If , > 0, > 0, = 1 and = 1 then
1.3 Logarithm
If , > 0, = 1 and = 1 then

log log =
log
Example 1.20. Simplify log 5 Solution: 2 log 5

5
log 16
2
log 16 =
log 16 =
log 24 = 4 2 log 2 = 4
$
nd
25
'
a. a. b.
log =
log
Example 1.21. Evaluate

8
log 16
b. if 3 log 5 = ,
log 27
Solution:
8
log 16 = log 27 =
23
log 24 = log 33 =
If , are positive real numbers and = 1 then
& ' &
4 2 4 log 2 = 3 3 3 5 3 3 log 3 31 3 log 3 = 3 = = 2 2 log 5 2 2
25
52
% $
log
Example 1.22. Find the solution of a. 10log Solution: a. 10log = 10

2 2 10 2
b. 9
log
log 2
= 2
32
b. 9
log
= 92
2 3
log
=9
log 2
=9
log 2
= 2
13
1.4 Multiple Choice Questions
1.4
Multiple Choice Questions

( 2 2 )3 4 is . . . 3 for is . . . (a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 14 7. The simplest form of ( 2 )1 1 ( 2 1 ) 2 3 3 2 : 1 1 2 3 is . . . (a)
1
1. The simplest form of 4 3 (b) 5 7 9 7 (c) 5 (a) (a) 7 2 (b) 3 2 (c) 0
(d)
5 7 9 (e) 4 6 8
(d) 16 (e) 18
2. The value of 2 8 + 3 32 5 2 is . . . (d) 10 2 (e) 11 2
3. The value for satisfying the equation 1 1 = 2 + 3 1 2 ( 2)2 is . . . (a) 4 (b) 0 (c) 6 4. The simplest form of (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 5. 2( 15 + 2) 3 6( 15 + 3 2) 9 6( 15 + 2) 3 2 ( 15 3 2) 3 2( 15 3 2) 6 15 3 2 (d) 22 (e) 4
(d)
(b) (c) 3 2
1
(e)
2 2 + and = 8. If = + then the value for is . . . (b) + 1 (c) + (a) 9. The simplest form of (a) (b) (c) 6+ 5+ 5+ 2 3 2 (d) (e)
8 + 4 3 = ... (d) (e) 10 + 2
6+3
10. If = 27 and = 16 then the value of 3 2 2 3 4 is equal to . . . (a) 144 (b) 72 (c) 96 11. The value for that satises ( )1 1 = 272 9 is . . . 14 (d) 12 (e) 84
8(160.125 0.50.05 ) = . . . (d) 2 (e) 3
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.5 (c) 0
6. The solution of ( ) ( )2 2 1 3 = 1024 32 32 2
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms (a) 4 (b) 0 (c) 4 12. The value for that satises (( 52 , is . . . (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 1 13. If 62 = and 4 256 = 0, then 216 the value for + is . . . (a) 21 (b) 20 (c) 14 14. The value of log3 6 + log3 54 log3 36 is equal to . . . (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 15. The value of equal to. . . (a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 18 16. If 2 log 3 = and 3 log 5 = , then the value of 125 log 32 = . . . 5 3 2 + (b) 3 (c) 3 + 5 (a) (d) 5 3 1 + (e) 15 (12 log 36)2 (12 log 4)2 is 12 log 9 (d) 4 (e) 12 21. (d) 2 (e) 3 20.
5
1.4 Multiple Choice Questions 17. If 7 log 2 = and 2 log 3 = , the value for 6 log 98 is . . . + 2 1 + + 2 (b) (1 + ) 2 (c) (1 + ) (a) (d) + 1 (1 + ) + 2 (e) (1 )
(d) 2 (e) 2
1 25
)2+6 ) 1 6 =
1 25
18. The value for satisfying

7
(d) 4 (e) 7.5
log(2 + 38)
log 3 = 1
is . . . (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 0 19. Given that 2 log = , then 3 ... (a) 6 (b) 6 2 (c) 3 log 3 3 is equal to . . . (a) 3 5 log 3 (b) 3 5 log +
5 5 0.25
(d) 6 (e) 2
(d) 16 (e) 15
log =
(d)
3 (e) 3
log
5
(c) 3 log 3 log (d) 3(5 log + (e)

5 5 5
log ) 1 = ... log4 10 (d) 1 (e) 2
log + 3 log + log 5 +
1 log25 100 (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1
22. The value of satisfying the equation log 5 = 25 is . . . 5log (a) 1 (b) 10 (c) 100 (d) 1,000 (e) 10,000
1.4 Multiple Choice Questions 23. The solution set of

2
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms 28. The simplest form of

2
log(2)2 +2 log(3) =
log 3 3 log 2
5 2 (521 2+1 )3 , (531 221 )2 where is positive whole numbers is . . . (a) 5 (b) 32 (d) 160 (e) 180 ( )( )2
is . . . (a) {1} (b) {2, 3} (c) {4} 24. The value of satisfying the logarithmic equation
0.25
(d) {1, 4} (e) {1, 2}
(c) 50 105 103 29. The expansion of 27 53 in scientic notation is . . . (a) 2 1010 (b) 2.5 1011 (c) 2.5 1012 30. If + = 0, then to . . . + (b) 2( + ) (c) + (d) 2 2 (a) (e)
+
640000 23
(d) 4 1013 (e) 2 1014
log( + 1) +
15
log( + 3) = 0
is . . . (a) 3 (b) 1 or 2 (c) 2 25. The solution set of 2+ is . . . (a) {2} (b) {3} (c) {2, 3} 26. If (0.12) (0.234) 1.8 2 + 2 is . . . (a) 24 (b) 16 (c) 8 27. The value for (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 16 1 1 + = ... 1+2 1 + 2 (d) 3 (e) 4
4 6 10 2
(d) 2 (e) 0
1 1 is equivalent 2 2
1 = log( 1) + log
(+6)
1 log
( (d) {1, 2} (e) {1, 3} 31. The value for is . . . (a) 8 = 2 3 , the value for 5 (d) 1 (e) 0

16 15
)7
81 80
)3 :
24 25
)5
(d) 2 (e) 1
(b) 6 (c) 4
32. If = , = , and ( ) = 2 , where = 0, the value for is . . . (a) 2 (b) 2 1 2 (c) 1 (d) 1 (e) 33. If =
1 2
1 2
1 1 ( + ) and = ( ) 2 2 what is the value for 2 2 is . . .
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms (a) 24 (b) 16 (c) 8 34. What is the value of gravitational force if = , where = 0, 0000000667, 2 = 100000, = 900000 and = 1000 (a) 6 101 (b) 6 102 (c) 6.003 103 35. The area of a rectangle is 72 cm2 , if its length three times its width, what is the length of its diagonal in cm (a) 2 6 (b) 6 6 (c) 4 15 (d) 4 30 (e) 40 15 (d) 6.003 104 (e) 6.003 105 (d) 1 (e) 0
1 39. If =

1 , the value for 3 3 is . . .
(a) 3 (b) 2
(d) ( 3) (e) 0
(c) (3 + )
40. The base area of a cylinder is 54 dm2 and 4 its volume is 1624 36 8 liters. What is the perimeter of the blanket of the cylinder? (a) 36 6 (b) 24 3 (c) 21 6 (d) 18 6 (e) 12 3
41. ( 5 + 3)( 5 3 + 2) = . . . (a) 10 + 2 6 (b) 5 + 2 6 (c) 10 2 6 (d) 5 2 6 (e) 2 6
36. If = ( )( )( ) and 2 = ++, where = 29, = 21, and = 20, then the value for is . . . (a) 210 (b) 36 (c) 7 37. Three numbers , , and have a ratio of 2 : 3 : 4. If 2 + 2 + 2 = 928, what is the value for + 2 2? (a) 0 (b) 32 (c) 8 2 (d) 12 2 (e) 16 2 (d) 6 (e) 5
42. In a isosceles right-angled triangle, the length of its right side is ( 2 5 + 6) dm. What is the length if its hypotenuse? (a) 2 5 6 (b) 2 6 + 5 (c) 2 6 5 (d) 2 5 6 + 2 (e) 2 5 + 2 ( )2 4 in the form of 43. Rationalizing 3+ 5 + where , and are integers, gives (a) 14 + 6 5 (b) 14 + 3 5 (c) 9 + 6 5 (d) 14 6 5 (e) 8 5 44. If and are expressed as 1 + + =3 3 + 17
38. If the volume of a cube is liters then what is the length of its space diagonal (a) (b) 6 3 3 6 (c) 272 3 (d) (e) 3 32
1.4 Multiple Choice Questions where + = 0 and = 0, then ratio : is (a) 4 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 45. Given a right angled triangle at if the length of = 2( 10 6) dm, and its area is ( 10 + 6 dm2 . What is the length of ? (a) 4 15 (b) 4 + 15 (c) 4 + 4 15 (d) 4(4 + 15) (e) 4 + 30 46. The value of satisfying = (3 5) 3 + 5+(3+ 5) 3 5 is . . . (a) 2 3 (b) 2 5 (c) 2 10 (d) 4 10 (e) 2 30
2 3
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms (a) 88 89 (b) 4 89 (c) 88 4 (d) 89 16 (e) 89 50. The simplest form of ( )1 ( 1 1 )4 ( )2 3 : 3 4 3 2 2 is . . . 1 3 (a) 1 2 3 (b) 51. The value of 3 (c) 2 2 3 (d) 2 (e) 3
(d) 4 : 3 (e) 3 : 10
5 + 2 + 252 20 + 42 3 1 for = 2 and = 9 2 is . . . 8 3 (a) 20 (d) 108 (b) 40 (c) 54 2 2 4 4

1 1 1 1 1 1
(e) 128
52. Simplifying
3
1 1
gives
47. Given a formula = , where = 120 1200 and = 1728. What is value of ? (a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 12 48. 8 3 9 2 321 27 3 (a) 3 (b) 2 3 (c) 4
2 2 4 1
(a) 4 4 (b) 4 2 + 4 (c) 4 4 (d) 4 + 4 (e) 4 + 4

1 1 3 3 1 1
(d) 144 (e) 1000
= (d) 2 3 1 (e) 3 where
53. The expression 32 42 4 + 2 can be simplied into (1) + , if 2 < (2) , if 2 (3) 3 5, if (4) 5 3, if 2 Which of the expression above is correct? (a) (1), (2) and (3) 18
49. The value for
3 + 41 50
2
3 + 31 20 1 = 4 and = is . . . 8
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms (b) (1), and (3) (c) (2), and (4) (d) (4) (e) all are correct ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 1 2 1 2 54. The result of 4 4 4 + 4 is . . . (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 1 2 ( + 1) 1 2 ( 1) 1 (1 2 ) 1 ( 1)2 1 2 ( )
1.4 Multiple Choice Questions 58. The simplest form of )2 ( 9 1 1 1 2 2 , 3 3 where = 0 and = 3 is . . . (a) + 3 (b) 3 (c) 3 59. What is the value for 5 2 6 3 + 1 = 6 3 5 2 2 where = 10, 000? (a) 1 104 (b) 1 103 (c) 1 102 60. For what value of does the equation ( 1 )( 1 ) ( )( 1 ) 1 2 + 25 2 6 2 2 + 3 3 = 5 + 3 hold true? (a) 25 (b) 16 (c) 9 61. The expression ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 2 + 1 2 = 1 , 3 can be written as = , where and are integers. What is the value of + ? (a) 14 (b) 6 (c) 4 62. Solving 215 gives . . . 3 4 1 (b) 9 9 (c) 16 (a) 19

(d) (3 )2 (e) 9 2
(d) 1 103 (e) 1 104
55. What is the value of that satises equation ( )2 3 3 1 = 2 3 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 2 3 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 4 4
(d) 4 (e) 1
56. If = 0.83333 , = 0.6666 , and = 256, what is the value for ( ) ( )2 ( 2 )2 2 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 ( 57. The value for ) ( 1 13 + 48 2 (a) 2 3 (b) 2 (c) 3 + )2 if = 2 (d) 8 (e) 18
(d) 6 (e) 14
: 8(
2)
= 64 43 16 25 49 (e) 64
for ,
(d)
(d) 1 (e) 13
1.4 Multiple Choice Questions 4 63. The volume of a sphere is (7 + 5 2) 3 liters. The surface area of the sphere is (dm2 ). (a) 3 + 2 2 (b) 4(1 + 2) (c) 4(1 + 2) (d) 4(3 + 2 2) (e) 4(3 + 2 2) 64. The simplest form of 1 1 4 10 6 1.44 10 22.5 10 243 + 15 4 27 5 (a) 15 3 (d) 3 3 (b) 10 3 (e) 0 (c) 5 3
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms 68. If and are the solution of equation
log
= 2,
what is the value for + (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 1 69. The value for satisfying equation log(2 log 8) = 2 is . . . (a) 3 3 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 2 (e) 0
(d) 2 (e) 3
65. The value of satisfying 5 3 256 729 3 = 2 3 is . . . 3 10 1 (b) 9 (a) (c) 1 (d) 3 (e) 4 1 5
70. The value of satisfying the logarithmic equation log log + log 2 = 0 is (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 10 71. The value of satisfying logarithmic equation 8+1 = 241 (a) 1 + 6 2 log 3 (b) 1 + 4 2 log 3 (c) 1 + 6 3 log 2
3 log 72. If () = 1 2 3 log ( ) 3 = ...
(d) (e)
2 10
(d) 1 + 4 3 log 2 (e) 1 + 6 5 log 2
66. What is the value of satises log = 4 log( + ) + 2 log( ) 3 log(2 2 ) + log (a) ( + ) (b) ( + )2 (c) 1 67. The value of that satises
then () +
(d) ( ) (e) 10
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 3
(d) 2 (e) 1
log
32 4
= 11
is . . . (a) 3 1 (b) 3 (c) 1 or 4 3
73. Given that = 80 and log 2 log = 1, the value for 4 = (d) 4 1 or 4 (e) 3 (a) 42 (b) 81 (c) 32 20 (d) 60 (e) 52
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms 74. If 3 log 5 = and 4 log 15 = . . . (a) 1 + + 1 (b) (c) 1 + (d) + 1 (e) + 1
5
1.5 Exercise 75. If log2 log3 = and = , > 1 log3 log2 and > 1 then = ... (a) (b) (c)
2 3 4
log 4 = then
log 3 log 2 log 9

3
(d) ( log 2)2 (e) (2 log 3)2
1.5
Exercise
1. If 3 log 2 = ,and 3 log 11 = , calculate 22 log 88 in terms of and . 10 + 2 10 2 2. If = , and = , calculate 2 log(2 + 2 ) 2 2 3. Find the value of the following expression (a) log( 4 15 + 4 + 15) (b) (log 2)3 + (log 5)2 + log 2 log 125 3 log 2 + 3 log 5 1 (c) 2 log 2 + 5 log 5 1 3 (d) log(287 5) 4. Determine the value of the following logarithmic expressions log 3 3 log 6 5 log 8 5 log 3 + 5 log 2 5 log 8 + 5 log 0.005 (b) 2 log 0.125 ( )( ) 1 1 2 4 3 9 (c) log 9 + log log 2 + log 9 2 2 4 3 9 (d) ( log 27 + log 9)( log 8 log 16) (a) 5. Given that log 2 = ,and log 3 = , nd the value of the following logarithmic expressions, show the result in terms of and . (a) log 6 (b) log 600 (c) log 5 (d) log 1 15 (e) log 0.75 (f) log 30 (g) (i)
2 2
log 12
1
(h) log 1 (0.05) 2

6
log 1.25
6. Let log = , and log = , and log = . Convert the following logarithmic expression into expression involving , , and .
21
1.5 Exercise ( (a)
Exponents, Roots and Logarithms log 3 2 )2 (b)
log( )
(c)
log(
log
7. Given that 9 log 8 = . Find the value of the logarithm in terms of . (a)
2
log
3 log =
(b) 1 1 + log log
log 27
(c)
1 8
log 8
8. Show that 9. Calculate (a) (b)

2 8
log 0.5 log 12
0.5 4
log 1.5
2
log 6
log 3
3 2 log 0.3 2 (d) 4 log 9 9 log 25 1.5 (c)

1 2
log 3
1 4
log
10. Use the identity (a) 3 2 (b) 22 (c) 2

13
log
= to calculate (d) (5 8) (e) 8

5.8 log 10+1 2 log 3 121+ 1 3
log 9
2 log 5
2 2
log 5
(f) 10log +log
11. Calculate without using logarithmic table! (a) 81 (b) 2

3
(5
1 ) log 3
+ 27
3
log 36
+ 3 7 log 9
log 5
log 2
(c) 2 log 6 3 log 5 5 2 log 5 (d) 3 3 log 7 = 7 7 log 3
12
22
Chapter 2 Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions

2.1
2.1.1
Quadratic equations (QE)

General form of QE
The general form of QE is
is called the variable, is the coecient of 2 , is the coecient of , and is a constant. Example 2.1. Find a general form of equation 2(3 ) = 8 3 and nd the values of , , and . Solution: 2(32 ) = 8 3 62 2 = 8 3 62 2 8 + 3 = 8 3 8 + 3
2
' &
2 + + = 0,
, , , = 0
(2.1)
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62 + 8 = 0 Therefore = 6, = 1, = 8
Exercise 2.1. Express the following equations into the general form of QE! a. 2( + 2)2 + 4 = 3 + 5 b. c. 3 5 + = 2 2 6 1 + 2 + = 1 : = 2, = 1 + 2 1 23 d. + 2 = e. f. 8 + 9 ; = 2 + 2
+ 2 = : = 1 1 3 2 + 2 = 2 + 1, = 3 3
2.1 Quadratic equations (QE)
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions
2.1.2
2.1.2.1
Solving QE
Solving QE by factorization
To solve a quadratic equation using factorization method, we must get a form of two parts of multiplication as follows. ( 2)(3 + 4) = 0 The multiplication of two numbers is equal to zero, if one of the numbers or both numbers must be zero. Hence, in this case ( 2) = 0 = 2 or (3 + 4) = 0 = 4 3
4 Therefore the solution of ( 2)(3 + 4) = 0 is = 2 or = 3
' & ' & ' &
Example 2.2. Solve the quadratic equation 22 = 7 by factorization Solution: 22 = 7 = 22 7 = 0 = (2 7) = 0 There are two possibilities of the solutions, these are = 0 and 2 7 = 0 or = 7 . 2 1 Therefore the roots of the quadratic equation are 1 = 0 or 2 = 3 2
$ % $ % $ %
Example 2.3. Solve the quadratic equation 52 7 + 2 = 0 by factorization Solution: 52 7 + 2 = 0 = ( 1)(5 2) = 0 The solution is = 1 or = 2 5
Remark: It is important that you do not cancel on both sides as the equation in Example 1.2, since this will result in the loss of the root 0. Example 2.4. Solve the quadratic equation 2 + 12 = 0 by factorization Solution: 2 + 12 = 0 = ( 3)( + 4) = 0 ( 3) = 0 or ( + 4) = 0 Therefore the roots of the quadratic equation are 1 = 3 or 3 = 4 24
' &
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
2 2 3 Example 2.5. Solve the quadratic equation 3 = , for = 0 by factorization Solution: 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 = = 2 2 = 2 3 2 + 3 4 = ( 1)( + 4) = 0
$ %
Therefore, the roots of the quadratic equation is 1 = 1 or 2 = 4
Exercise 2.2. 1. Factorize and nd the set of solutions of the following questions. 3 6 24 + = 2 2 + 2 4 5 7 3 + 1 + = 2 + 1 1 1 7 1 2 =6 10 10 7 + = + 3 3 2 1 1 1 + = + 6 4 60 60 +5= 1 1 1 1 + = + 3 2 3 2 =0 1 2 1 1 1 + = + 9 6 6 6 32 + = 6 6 + 15
2. One of the two roots of the following QE is given next to the equation. Find the value of and the other one root. (a) 52 + 2 + 1 = 0; (b) (3 )2 = 2 + 1; (c) 72 + 5 2 = 0; (d) 22 3 + 2 = 0; (e) 3 2 2 4 + 4 = 0; (f) 2 + ( + 1) + 1 = 0; 1 = 2 1 = 3 1 = 1 1 = 2 1 = 2 1 =
1 4
25
2.1 Quadratic equations (QE) 2.1.2.2 Solving QE by completing the square
Sometimes the roots of a quadratic equation cannot be obtained by simple factorization. So, more general method is used to nd the roots of a quadratic equation. Change the form 2 + + = 0 into 2 + = Since = 1, deviding both sides by , it gives 2 + = ( Complete both sides by 2 )2
Write down the Left Hand Side as the form of ( ) 2 2 2 = + 2 2
' &
Example 2.6. Solve the quadratic equation ( + 2)2 = 16 Solution: ( + 2)2 = 16 ( + 2)2 = 16 + 2 = 4 or + 2 = 4
$ %
Therefore the roots of the quadratic equation are 1 = 2 or 2 = 6
In the quadratic expression 2 + , the coecient of 2 is 1 and the constant term is 0. The question here is that what number should be added to make that expression becomes a perfect square. In ( )2 1 2 must be added to it. general to make + a perfect square, 2 ( )2 ( )2 2 + + = + 2 2 ( )2 8 To make 2 8 a perfect square, must be added. So the result is 2 8 8 + 2
2
)2
= 2 8 + 42 = ( 4)2
Now we can apply the method of the perfect square to solve a quadratic equation. The following examples demonstrate how a quadratic equation is solved using the perfect square method 26
'
Example 2.7. Find the roots of quadratic equation 2 + 8 + 9 = 0 by the perfect square method. Solution: 2 + 8 + 9 = 0 2 + 8 = 9 ( )2 ( )2 8 8 2 + 8 + = 9 + 2 2 2 + 8 + 16 = 7 ( + 4)2 = 7
& '
We got two equations ( + 4) = 7 and ( + 4) = 7 Therefore the roots of quadratic equation are 1 = 4 + 7 or 2 = 4 7
Example 2.8. Find the roots of quadratic equation 32 4 6 = 0 by the perfect square method Solution: First the quadratic equation is divided by 3 and the result is : 32 4 6 = 0 4 2 2 = 0 3 and so 4 2 2 3 4 2 3 ( )2 4 4 2 + 3 6 ( )2 4 2 2 + 3 3 ( )2 2 3 2 22 We get two equations = and 3 9 = 0 = 2 ( 4 9 )2
% $
4 = 2+ 6 = 2+ = 22 9
&
2 22 = 3 9 2 2 22 22 or 2 = or simplifying Hence,the roots of quadratic equation are 1 = + 3 9 3 9 gives 1 1 1 = (2 + 22) or 2 = (2 22) 3 3
27
2.1 Quadratic equations (QE) Exercise 2.3.
1. Solve the following problems by the method of completing the square 3 + 3 + =3 (a) + 3 3 + 1 + 2 5 + = + 2 + 1 2 (c) 2 2 3 1 = 0 (d) 2 + 2 = 0 (b) (e) (4 3)(3 2) 5( + 2)(2 1) = 0 (f) (g) (h) 32 1 + = 2 3 1 2 + = 2 + 2 3 6 6 2 32 + = 2 2 1 + 3 2 + 5 3
2. Find the roots of the following equations (a) (b) (c) (d) 10 7 +1=0 2 5 = + 2 4 + 16 2 + 3 + 2 = + 1
2 24 2 6 = 2 1 2 16 16 (e) 4 + + 8 = 6 (f) 3 1 2 1 = 1
2.1.2.3
Solving QE by ABC Formula
Given quadratic equation 2 + + = 0. The solution of the equation can be found by formula ABC as follow: 2 4 1,2 = 2 where 2 4 = 0 and 2 4 is called discriminant of the quadratic equation. 28
'
Example 2.9. Find the roots of quadratic equation 2 6 + 8 = 0 using ABC formula. Solution: From the equation, it can be seen that = 1, = 6 and = 8.The discriminant of quadratic equation is = 2 4 = (6)2 4(1)(8) = 4
& '
Hence, > 0. If > 0, then the quadratic equation has two distinct roots. = 2 (6) 4 62 = = 2(1) 2 Therefore 1 = 4 and 2 = 2
Example 2.10. Find the roots of quadratic equation 22 4 = 3 using ABC formula. Solution: First the quadratic equation 22 4 = 3 must be expressed in the general form of quadratic equation 2 + + = 0. Add both side of the quadratic equation by 3. 22 4 = 3 22 4 + 3 = 3 + 3 22 + 3 4 = 0 Now the quadratic equation has = 2, = 3 and = 4. By the ABC formula, we nd 3 32 (4 2 (4)) 2 4 = = 2 22
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Note: If the quadratic equation cannot be solved using factorization method then the formula ABC can be used to nd the roots Exercise 2.4. 1. Use ABC formula to nd the roots of the following QE 1 1 (a) 2 + + = 0 (b) 2 + + = 0 1 (c) 2 + + = 0 29
&
This gives = 3 4 9 + 32 3 41 = 4 hence, 3 3 41 41 1 = + and 2 = 4 4 4 4
2.1 Quadratic equations (QE) (d) ( 1)2 + 4 + ( + 1) = 0 (e) 2 (2 + ) + (2 + 22 ) = 0 (f) 2 + 1 =
(g) 1 = + (h) 1 2 = 2 2 (i) 1 + 2 = 2 (j) 42 4 = 2 2 (k) ( + )( + ) = ( + )( + ) with = (l) 2( + ) + 2( + ) + = 0 (m) 2 + 4 = 2( + 5) ( + 6)
2.1.3
2.1.3.1
Types of roots
QE having with two distinct roots
Given a quadratic equation 2 + + = 0, as we have known that the discriminant is = 2 4. If > 0 then there are two real number for . Thus the equation has two dierent real roots or two real and distinct roots. Graphically, the curve of = 2 + + with 2 4 > 0 cuts the -axis at two dierent points (see Figure 2.1a)
Figure 2.1
Consider the following examples. 30
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions Example 2.11. Solve the equation 5 4 = 2 3 Solution: First the equation should be rearranged as follows:
'
3( 5) = 2( 4) 3 15 = 22 8 Then add both side by 22 and 8 and the equation becomes 3 15 + (22 + 8) = 22 8 + (22 + 8) 22 + 11 15 = 0 or multiplying both sides by 1, gives 22 11 + 15 = 0 Hence = 2, = 11 and = 15, then using the ABC formula gives 11 (11)2 4 2 15 11 121 120 = = 22 4 11 11 1 1 1 = = 3 and 2 = =2 4 4 2 Hence,the quadratic equation two distinct roots 1 = 3 and 2 = 2 1 2
& ' &
Example 2.12. Given a quadratic equation 2 5+6 = 0, nd the roots of the quadratic equation. Solution: As we know that = 1, = 5 and = 6 , and the discriminant is = (5)2 4 1 6 = 1 so > 0 therefore the equation has two distinct roots. Using ABC formula it is found that (5) 1 51 = = 2 2
% $ %
5+1 51 Therefore 1 = = 3 and 2 = = 2. The roots are 1 = 3 and 2 = 2 which 2 2 are two distinct roots
Note: Given a quadratic equation = 2 + + with 2 4 > 0 then the equation has two distinct roots. 2.1.3.2 QE having two equal roots
Given a quadratic equation 2 + + = 0 with 2 4 = 0 then the quadratic equation has two () . Graphically, the curve of function roots and those roots are real and equal. The roots are = 2 () = 2 + + with 2 4 = 0 touches the -axis at = . (See Figure 2.1b) Consider the 2 31
2.1 Quadratic equations (QE) following examples.
' & ' &
Example 2.13. Given a quadratic equation 2 4+4 = 0, nd the roots of the equation Solution: Used ABC formula as follows: 4 42 4 1 4 = 21 4 0 = 2 4+0 40 1 = = 2 and 2 = =2 2 2 Therefore 1 = 2 = 2
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Example 2.14. Given a quadratic equation 2 + 6 9 = 0, nd the roots of the equation Solution: Used ABC formula as follows: 6 (6)2 4 (1) (9) 6 0 = = 2 (1) 2 6 + 0 6 0 1 = = 3 and 2 = =3 2 2 Therefore 1 = 2 = 2
Note Given a quadratic equation 2 + + = 0 if 2 4 = 0 then the equation has two () equal roots. The roots are = 2
2.1.3.3
QE having no real roots
Given a quadratic equation 2 + + = 0 if 2 4 < 0 then there is no real value for the square root of a negative number. The square root of a negative number is known as a complex number. We say that the quadratic equation has complex or imaginary roots. Graphically, the curve of function = 2 + + = 0 if 2 4 < 0 does not touch or cut the -axis. See Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.2
Consider the following examples. 32
' & ' &
Example 2.15. Given a quadratic equation 2 2+3 = 0, nd the roots of the equation Solution: Used ABC formula as follows: 2 (2)2 4 1 3 2 8 = = 21 2 2 + 8 2 8 1 = and 2 = 2 2
$ % $ %
Therefore 1 and 2 are not a real number but they are complex numbers. So the quadratic equation does not have a solution i.e. the quadratic equation does not have real roots.
Example 2.16. Given a quadratic equation 22 + 4 5 = 0, nd the roots of the equation. Solution: Used ABC formula as follows: 4 42 4 (2) (5) 4 24 = = 2 (2) 4 4 + 24 4 24 1 = and 2 = 4 4
Therefore 1 and 2 are not a real number but they are complex numbers. So the quadratic equation does not have a solution i.e. the quadratic equation does not have a real root
Exercise 2.5. 1. Without solving the following quadratic equations, determine the types of their roots. a. 92 + 6 + 1 = 0 b. (2 1)(3 + 1) = 3 3 3 c. + 1 + 1 d. (2 3)2 + 2( 4) = 0 e. 32 + 5 = ( 2)2 1 4 + =3 f. 3 + 1
2. Determine the types of roots of the quadratic equation 2 3 4 = 0 for all 3. Determine the types of roots of the quadratic equation 2 3 + 5 = 0 for all and = 0 4. Find the value for m such that the quadratic equation ( + 1)2 + (2 2) + ( 2) = 0 has two equal roots. 5. Find the value a such that the quadratic equation 2 2 (2 3) + 1 = 0 has two dierent real roots 33
2.1.4
The sum and multiplication of the roots
Given a quadratic equation of the form 2 + + = 0 where 1 and 2 are its roots. We know that 1 = + 2 4 2 4 and 2 = 2 2
If two roots of a quadratic equation are added then they will become as follows 1 + 2 2 4 2 4 = + 2 2 2 4) + ( ( + 2 4) = 2 2 4 + 2 2 4) = = = 2 2 +
Therefore, the sum of the roots, 1 + 2 =
If two roots of a quadratic equation are multiplied then they will give 1 2 2 4 2 4 = 2 2 2 4) ( 2 4) ( + = (2)2 2 (2 4) 4 = = 2 = 2 4 4 +
Therefore, the multiplication of the roots, 1 2 =
If we take the absolute value of subtraction of two roots then result is as follows: 1 2 = = = + 2 4 2 4 2 2 + 2 4 + + 2 4) 2 2 4 2 2 4 = = 2
The absolute value of the dierence of the roots, 1 2 = or (1 2 )2 = 2 34
' & '

and
Example 2.17. Without solving the quadratic equation, nd 1 +2 , 1 2 and 1 2 for the quadratic equation 22 + 3 4 = 0 Solution: We know that = 2, = 3 and = 4 by the formula, it gives 3 1 + 2 = 1 + 2 = 2 4 1 2 = = 2 1 2 = 2 1 2 = 2 4 1 2 = 32 4 2 (4) 1 = 41 2 2
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Example 2.18. Without solving the quadratic equation, nd 1 + 2 , 1 2 and 1 2 3 for the equation = 1, = 0 Solution: First, rearrange the equation by multiplying both sides by ( ) 3 = 2 3 = 2 3 = 0 The quadratic equation above gives = 1, = 1 and = 3 , then we nd 1 1 + 2 = 1 + 2 = =1 1 3 1 2 = 1 2 = = 3 1
&
Exercise 2.6. (a)
and
1 2 =
2 4 1 2 =
(1)2 4 1 (3) = 13 1
1. If and are the roots of the quadratic equation 2 2 + 1 = 0 then nd the value of the following expressions + (e) 2 + 2 (f) 1 1 + 2 2 1 1 + 2 2 (j) 2 2 (i) (k) 2 + 2 (l) 3 + 3 (m) 4 + 4
2 2 + (b) 1 1 (c) + (d) ( 2)( 2)
1 1 (g) + + 2 + 2 (h) 2 2
2. Suppose that and are the roots of the quadratic equation 32 + 9 = 0, nd the value for satisfying the following conditions 35
2.1 Quadratic equations (QE) (a) + 3 = 23
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions (b) : = 4 : 5 (c) 2 2 = 63
3. One of the roots of the quadratic equation 2 + 8 = 0 is equal to the square of the other root. Find the value for . 4. The dierence of the roots of the quadratic equation 2 2 + 3 = 0 is equal to 20, nd the value for . 5. One of the roots of the quadratic equation 2 10 + ( 2) = 0 is equal to four times the other root. Determine all roots of the quadratic equation. 6. Suppose that p and q denote the roots of the quadratic equation 2 + 2 = 0 , nd the value for satisfying + 2 = 6
2.1.5
2.1.5.1
Constructing a new quadratic equation

Case when the roots are given
Before we start to construct a quadratic equation from known roots, we step back to review a process to nd roots of quadratic equation. Let start from the method of factorization as described below : 2 + 2 3 = 0 ( 1)( + 3) = 0 ( 1) = 0 1 = 1 ( + 3) = 0 2 = 3 1 = 1 and 2 = 3 are the roots of the quadratic equation. Now let reverse the calculation. Suppose that we have two roots 1 = 1 and 2 = 3, then we can construct a quadratic equation from those roots as follows: 1 = 1 ( 1) = 0 2 = 3 ( + 3) = 0 Multiplying both equations gives ( 1)( + 3) = 0 2 + 2 3 = 0 If we have two roots 1 = 1 and 2 = 3, then we can form a quadratic equation 2 + 2 3 = 0. In general, if we have two roots 1 and 2 , then there are two ways to construct a quadratic equation, that is ( 1 )( 2 ) = 0 or 2 (1 + 2 ) + (1 2 ) = 0 36
' & ' &
Example 2.19. Given the roots of quadratic equation 1 = 3 and 1 = 3. Construct a quadratic equation. Solution: + 3 = 0 or 3 = 0 Multiplying both equations gives
$ % $ % $ %
( + 3)( 3) = 0 2 ( 3) + ( 3) 3 = 0 = 2 3 = 0
Hence, the quadratic equation is 2 3 = 0
Example 2.20. Given the roots of a quadratic equation 1 = 1 Construct the quadratic equation. Solution: (1 5) = 0 or (1 +
5 and 2 = 1 +
5.
5) = 0. Multiplying both equations gives
( (1 5))( (1 + 5)) = 0 2 (1 + 5) (1 5) + (1 5)(1 + 5) = 0 2 5 + 5 4 = 0 2 2 4 = 0
Therefore the quadratic equation is 2 2 4 = 0 Case when the new roots are related to the previous roots
2.1.5.2
Let the quadratic equation be 2 + + = 0, where = 0. It has the roots 1 and 2 . To construct a new quadratic equation with the roots 1 and 2 which are related to 1 and 2 , we use the formula :
' &
2 (1 + 2 ) + (1 2 ) = 0
Example 2.21. If 1 and 2 are the roots of quadratic equation 2 23 = 0. Construct a new quadratic equation whose roots are 21 and 22 Solution: First, nd the roots of the quadratic equation 2 2 3 = 0. By factorizing, we nd ( 3)( + 1) = 0 or 1 = 3 and 2 = 1. Letting 1 = 21 and 2 = 22 , gives 1 = 6 and 2 = 2 or ( 1 )( 2 ) = 0 = ( 6)( (2)) = 0 2 4 12 = 0
Therefore the new quadratic equation is 2 4 12 = 0 37
' & ' &
Example 2.22. Similar question as Example 2.21 but the new roots are (1 + 2) and (2 + 2)
$ % $ %
Solution: Let 1 = 1 + 2 and 2 = 2 + 2 Then we have the new roots 1 = 5 and 2 = 1, To construct the new equation, follow the following steps ( 1 )( 2 ) = 0 ( 5)( 1) = 0 2 6 + 5 = 0
Therefore the new quadratic equation is 2 6 + 5 = 0
Example 2.23. Similar as Example 2.21 but the new roots are Solution: Let 1 =
1 2 and 2 1
1 2 1 and 2 = , hence We have the new roots 1 = 3 and 2 = 2 1 3 ( ) ( ) 1 1 ( (3)) ( ) = 0 ( + 3) + =0 3 3 ( ) 1 1 1 2 + + 3 + 3 = 0 2 + 3 + 1 = 0 3 3 3 10 2 + + 1 = 0 32 + 10 + 3 = 0 3
Therefore the new quadratic equation is 32 + 10 + 3 = 0
Exercise 2.7. 1. Determine a quadratic equation whose roots are as follows (a) 3 and 2 3+ 3 3 3 (b) and 2 2 2 2 and 3+ 5 3 5 (d) 3 + 5 and 3 5 (c)
2. If 1 and 2 are the roots of the quadratic equation 2 + 3 2 = 0 , nd a quadratic equation whose roots are (a) (1 3) and (2 3) (b) 1 1 and 21 22 1 1 and 21 2 22 2 38 (e) 2 and 2 2 1 3 3 (f) and 1 2 2 2 (g) 2 and 2 1 2 (h) 1 2 and 2 + 1
(c) (21 + 1) and (22 + 1) (d)
2.2 Quadratic Functions
3. Find a quadratic equation whose roots are the inverse of the roots of the quadratic equation 32 + 2 1 = 0 4. If 1 and 2 are the roots of the quadratic equation 2 3 1 = 0 , nd a quadratic equation 1 1 whose roots are and and 2 + 2 1 2 1 2 5. Construct a quadratic equation whose roots are 3 more than the roots of the quadratic equation 22 + 2 = 0
2.2
Quadratic Functions
Denition 2.1. A quadratic function is a relationship between two variables that can be written in the form of : 2 + + or () = 2 + + where is a variable and , , represents constants and with = 0 Note: Sometimes () = 2 + + is written as = 2 + +
2.2.1
The values of a quadratic function
Given a quadratic function () = 22 3 + 5, the value of the quadratic function for = 2 is the number that we get when the variable 2 is substituted into the function of (). () = 22 3 + 5 (2) = 2(2)2 32 + 5 = 24 6 + 5 = 7 (2) = 7
2.2.2
Sketching a quadratic function of () = 2 for > 0 and < 0
Suppose that you are given a quadratic function () = 22 , to sketch the graph, rst nd the values of the function by constructing the following table:
() The graph of () = 22 is
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 32 18 8 2
0 2 8 18 32
39
In general, the graph of () = 22 can be described as follow: The curve is a parabola and open upwards There are no negative value of () The axis symmetry is = 0 The turning point (vertex) is (0, 0) The turning point is the point at which the function has a minimum value Similarly, for graphing () = 22
2.2.3
The family of graphs of a quadratic function () = 2
As an illustration, you are given three quadratic functions () = 22 , () = 2 and () = 0.52 . The graph of the three quadratic functions are graphed on the right. The three curves are the family of graph () = 2
2.2.3.1
Graphing a quadratic function of () = 2 +
The coecient c will cause the graph move up or down. The graph depends on > 0 or < 0. As an illustration, given a quadratic function () = 22 + 10 the graph will be formulated as follows: () 4 3 2 1 42 28 18 12 0 1 2 3 4
10 12 18 28 42
The graph of () = 22 + 10 is 40
In general, the graph of () = 22 + 10 can be described as follow: The curve is a parabolic and open upward There are no negative value of () The axis symmetry is = 0 The turning point (vertex) is (0, 0) The turning point is the point at which the function has a minimum value 2.2.3.2 Graphing a quadratic function of () = 2 + for < 0
Suppose that you are given a quadratic function () = 22 10 the graph will be formulated as follows: () 4 3 2 1 22 18 0 1 2 3 4
2 8 10 8 2 8 22
The graph of () = 22 10 is
The function () = 22 10 The curve is a parabola and open upwards The axis symmetry is the y-axis or = 0 The turning point (Vertex) is (0, 10) The turning point is the point at which the function has a minimum value Note In general the graph a quadratic function () = 2 + will move The graph of () = 2 with direction depend on : 41
2.2 Quadratic Functions a. Move up if > 0 b. Move dawn if < 0 2.2.3.3
Graphing a quadratic function of () = ( + )2
1. Given a quadratic function () = ( 5)2 the graph will be formulated as follows:
The curve is a parabola and open upwards There are no negative value of () The axis symmetry is = 5 The turning point (vertex) is (5, 0) The turning point is the point at which the function has a minimum value 2. Given a quadratic function () = ( + 5)2 the graph will be formulated as follows:
The function () = ( + 5)2 The curve is a parabola and open upwards There are no negative value of () The axis symmetry is = 5 The turning point (Vertex) is (5, 0) The turning point is the point at which the function has a minimum value Note: In general the graph a quadratic function () = ( + )2 will move The graph of () = 2 with direction depend on : 42
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions a. Move left if > 0 b. Move right if < 0 2.2.3.4 Graphing a quadratic function of () = ( )2 +
Given two functions () = 2 and () = ( 5)2 25. The graphs of both functions are given below.
The function () = ( 5)2 25 The curve is parabolic and open upward The symmetrical axis is y=5 The turning point (vertex) is O(5,-25) The turning point is the point at which the function has a minimum value
2.2.4
Graphing a quadratic function of () = 2 + +
Method I: Convert the function of () = 2 + + into the form of () = ( )2 + . As an illustration consider quadratic function () = 2 + 4 + 15. Convert the function into
() = 2 + 4 + 15 = (2 + 4) + 15 = (2 + 4 + 4 4) + 15 = (2 + 4 + 4) 4 + 15 = ( + 2)2 + 11
43
Graph quadratic function () = 2 , and then move to the left 2 units, and then move up 11 units Method II: By using the characteristics of the quadratic function discussed in the next section.
2.2.5
2.2.5.1
Critical points of a quadratic function

The symmetrical axis and its turning point
Given a quadratic function (QF) () = 2 + + The symmetrical axis is = ( The turning point is 2
(2 4) , 2 4
) or
, ( 2 2)
The turning point is maximum point when < 0 and the maximum value is max = (2 4) 4
The turning point is minimum point when > 0 and the minimum value is max 2.2.5.2 The axis intercept (2 4) = 4
Given a quadratic function () = 2 + + , the condition for -axis intercept is () = 0. Let = 2 4, so we have the following properties : + If > 0 then there are two -axis intercepts, 1 and 2 , where 1 = , and 2 = 2 . The point of -axis intercept are (1 , 0) and (2 , 0) 2 If = 0 then there is only one -axis intercept, that is = ()/2. The point of -axis ) ( ,0 intercept is 2 If < 0 there is no -axis intercept As an illustration see the gure bellow.
44
2.2.5.3
The axis intercept
The condition of the axis intercept is = 0. The intercept is = , therefore the -axis intercept point is (0, ). The following example shows how to sketch a quadratic function using Method II. Example 2.24. Sketch the graph of the quadratic function () = 2 4 5 Solution: The symmetrical axis = The turning point is = and (2 4) ((4)2 4 1 (5)) (16 + 20) = = = = 9 4 41 4 Therefore, the turning point is (2, 9). Since > 0, the turning point is minimum point. The -axis intercept can be calculated by solving the quadratic equation 2 4 5 = 0, giving 2 4 = 2 (4) (4)2 4 1 (5) = 2 4 36 = 2 4+6 46 Hence, 1 = = 5 and 2 = = 2 2 1. The point of intercept are (5, 0) and (1, 0) The axis intercept is reached when = 0. This gives (0) = 02 4(0) 5 = 5, hence, the axis point intercept is (0, 5) (4) 4 = = =2 2 21 2
(4) 4 = = =2 2 21 2
45
Example 2.25. Sketch the quadratic equation of () = 4 3 2 Solution: () = 4 3 2 , that means = 1, = 3 and = 4 The curve cuts -axis, when () = 0. This gives 4 3 2 = 0 = (4 + )(1 ) = 0 = = 4 or = 1 The cutting point with -axis is (4, 0) and (1, 0) The curve cuts -axis, when = 0, so () = 4. The intersection point at -axis is (0, 4) The symmetrical axis = (3) 3 = = 2 2(1) 2
Since = 1( < 0), then the maximum value: max 2 4 = 4 (3)2 4(1)4 9 + 16 = = (4)(1) 4 1 = 6 4
max
The maximum turning point is: ( 3 , 6 1 ) 2 4
Example 2.26. Consider the gure. The gure is a quadratic function () = +23 with domain {5 3, }. Find
2
a. The maximum or minimum value of function b. The symmetrical axis of c. The turning point of function d. The value of that makes = 0 e. The range of function Solution: () = 2 + 2 3 then = 1, = 2, = 3 a. Since = 1 > 0, then function reaches minimum value, that is: 2 4 22 4 1(3) 4 + 12 = = = = 4 4 4 1 4 46
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions b. The symmetrical axis of is = 2 = = 1 = = 1 2 21
c. Based on (a) and (b) we nd the minimum turning point of function is (1, 4) d. The value of that makes = 0: () = 0 2 + 2 3 = 0 ( + 3)( 1) = 0 = 3 or = 1 e. () = 2 + 2 3 x 2 2 3 () 5 25 3 12 4 3 2 1 16 9 4 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 4 4 3 9 6
10 8 6 4 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 0 3 4 3 0 5 12
So, the range of function is { 4 12, }
2.2.6
The application of a quadratic function
Example 2.27. Calculate the maximum value of a rectangle which has perimeter 144 cm. Solution: Consider gure on the right
Perimeter( ) = 2( + ) 144 = 2( + ) + = 72 = 72
The area of rectangle = = (72 ) = 72 2
max = = = =
2 4 4 722 4(1)0 4 (1) 72 72 = 72 18 4 1296 cm2
47
2.3 Multiple Choice Question
So, the maximum area of thats rectangle is 1296 cm2
Example 2.28. If 1 and 2 are the roots of equation 22 + + = 6, nd the minimum value of (2 + 2 ) 1 2 Solution: Let = 2 + 2 1 2 2 + 2 = (1 + 2 )2 21 2 1 2 ( ) ( )2 6 2 = 2 2 2 = + 6 4 (1) (1)2 4 4 6 2 4 16 (1) = = = = 4 1 4 4 = 5
2.3
Multiple Choice Question

4. The extreme values of = 2 + 4 + 7 is (a) minimum 9 (b) maximum 10 (c) minimum 10 (d) maximum 11 (e) minimum 11 5. The turning point of = 22 8 + 1 is (a) {7, 2} (b) {2, 7} (c) {2, 7} 6. The quadratic function = 2 2 + 2 has the minimum value of 24, one of the value for is (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 10 48 (d) 2 (e) 6 (d) {7, 2} (e) {2, 7}
1. The roots of quadratic equation 2 5 + 6 = 0 are (a) 1 = 1 and 2 = 5 (b) 1 = 1 and 2 = 5 (c) 1 = 2 and 2 = 3 (d) 1 = 2 and 2 = 3 (e) 1 = 1 and 2 = 3 2. If and are the roots of equation 2 2 + 1 = 0 then + is equal to (a) 2 3 (d) 2 (e)
1 3
(b) 1 (c) 4
3. The symmetrical axis of = 2 + 8 + 5 is . . . (a) = 2 (b) = 3 (c) = 4 (d) = 5 (e) = 6
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions 7. The quadratic function = 22 2 + 3 has the maximum value 1 then the value for 272 9 is (a) 18 (b) 8 (c) 1 8. If and are the roots of the quadratic 22 (4 2) + 8 2 16 = 0, the biggest value for 2 + 2 is.... (a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 18 9. Which of the following graphs best describes the quadratic function () = 2 + + with > 0, > 0, > 0, 2 4 > 0 (d) 20 (e) 24 (d) 3 (e) 18
10. A quadratic function reaches its turning point at (2, 8). If it cuts (axis) at point (0, 4), what is the value for (3) = (a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 3 11. The graph of the quadratic function = () passes through points (2, 5) and (7, 40) and it has a symmetrical axis at = 1, its extreme value is (a) minimum 2 (b) minimum 3 (c) minimum 4 (d) maximum 3 (e) maximum 4 12. The graph of the quadratic function = 2 +(2+6)+22 touches -axis,then the maximum turning point of the graph is ( ) 4 (a) , 0 ( 3) 4 (b) ,0 3 (c) (3, 0) (d) (1, 0) (e) 2, 0 13. For any real number k,the types of roots given by the quadratic equation 2 (2+ 3) + (3 + 1) = 0 is (a) Two distinct real roots (b) Two similar real roots (c) Two distinct complex roots (d) None of above choices (e) No real roots 14. Which of the following quadratic equations whose roots are twice the roots of 2 + 3 + 10 = 0 49 (d) 1 (e) 1
2.3 Multiple Choice Question (a) 2 + 6 + 10 = 0 (b) 2 + 3 + 10 = 0 (c) 2 + 3 + 40 = 0 (d) 2 + 3 + 80 = 0 (e) 2 + 3 + 160 = 0 15. Which of the following quadratic equations whose roots are (212) and (2+12) (a) 2 2 + 1 = 0 (b) 2 2 1 = 0 (c) 22 2 + 1 = 0 (d) 22 4 + 1 = 0 (e) 22 + 2 1 = 0 16. Let the roots of the quadratic equations 1 1 52 + 4 = 0 be and .If = + 3,the value for is.... (a) 15 (b) 12 (c) 10 17. Let and denote the roots of the quadratic equation 2 2 + 3 = 0. Which of the following quadratic equa1 1 tions whose roots are (2 +2 ) and 2 + 2 (a) 92 + 20 + 4 = 0 (b) 9 20 + 4 = 0 (c) 92 + 20 4 = 0 (d) 92 20 4 = 0 (e) 92 4 20 = 0 18. Suppose that the solutions of 2 3 + 1 = 0 are and .Find a ( quadratic) equa1 1 tion whose solutions are + and 2 2 ( ) + (a) 2 7 + 14 = 0 (b) 2 14 + 49 = 0 (c) 14 49 = 0 (d) 2 + 14 + 49 = 0 50
2 2
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions (e) 2 + 14 49 = 0 19. A class room shapes like a rectangle containing 72 chairs. If the chair is rearranged by adding 3 more chairs in each row, the number of rows is reduced by 2. What is the number of chairs initially? (a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 9 20. A piece of wire of cm long is cut into two pieces. Each piece is formed like a square. If the sum of the two squares is 52 , then the length of each wire is 128 103 153 (a) cm and cm 256 256 113 143 (b) cm and cm 256 256 123 133 (c) cm and cm 256 256 163 93 (d) cm and cm 256 256 173 83 cm and cm (e) 256 256 21. If 1 and 2 are the roots of quadratic equation 32 4 2 = 0, then 2 + 2 = 1 2 ... 16 9 28 (b) 9 4 (c) 9 (a) (d) 64 9 32 (e) 9 (d) 11 (e) 12
(d) 12 (e) 15
22. The roots of quadratic equation 2 + 2 24 = 0 are 1 and 2 . If 2 21 2 + 2 = 1 1 8, then the value of is (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 23. The dierence of the roots of quadratic equation 22 6 + 2 + 1 = 0 is 6. The value of is (d) 8 (e) 10
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 1 4 3 4 5 4 3 4 1 4
2.3 Multiple Choice Question 28. Given quadratic equation 2 ++1 = 0. What must the value of be to get both 1 roots reciprocal to each other (1 = )? 2 (a) = 0 (b) < 1 or > 1 (c) < 1 or > 1 (d) 2 42 4 > 0 (e) =1 ( 1) 29. If () = 2 +69 is negatively denite for all , then should satisfy (a) < 9 (b) < 0 (c) < 6 30. Given a quadratic equation 42 2 + 2 3 = 0, what must the value of be to get both roots positively distinct real? (a) > 0 3 (b) > 2 3 (c) < < 2 or > 6 2 (d) > 6 (e) < 2 or > 6 31. If the squared sum of roots of quadratic equation 2 2 = 0 equals the reciprocal sum of roots of quadratic equation 2 8 + ( 1) = 0, then the value of 1 1 is (Hint: 2 + 2 = + ). 2 1 1 2 1 (a) 2 (c) 2 (b) 3 (d) 1 (e) 3 32. Given quadratic equation 2 + = 0. If > 0, then which of the followings is correct about the quadratic equation? (a) It has positive distinct roots (b) It has negative distinct roots (c) It has opposite roots 51 (d) < 1 (e) < 1
24. If and are the real roots of equation 2 2 + = 2 , then the value of + + 1 is (a) 2 or 1 (b) 2 or 1 (c) 2 or 1 25. If 1 and 2 are the roots of quadratic equation ) 2 + + = 0, then ( 2 1 1 = ... 1 1 1 2 ( 4) 2 1 (b) (2 4) (c) (2 4) (a) (d) (2 4) (e) 2 (2 4) 26. If the squared sum of the roots of 3 + = 0 is equal to the cubed sum of quadratic equation 2 + = 0, then the value of is (a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 2 27. If the discriminant of quadratic equation 22 9 + = 0 is 121, then the value of is (a) 8 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 5 (e) 8 (d) 8 (e) 10
2
(d) 2 (e) 1
2.3 Multiple Choice Question (d) it has dierent sign roots (e) It has no roots 33. If 1 and 2 are the roots of equation 2 + + = 0, then 2 + 2 = 1 2 (a) 1 (b) 0 1 2 (d) 2 (c) (e) 1 34. The roots of quadratic equation 2 + + = 0 are 1 and 2 , where = 0 and = 0. If 1 , 2 , 1 + 2 , and 1 2 , are four consecutive terms of arithmetic sequence, then the value of + is (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 35. If one of the roots of quadratic equation 2 32 = 0 is three more than that of quadratic equation 2 3 + = 0, then the natural number is equal to (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5 36. The roots of quadratic equation (2)2 + 4 + ( + 2) = 0 are and . If 2 + 2 = 20, then the value of is 6 5 5 (b) 3 or 6 5 (c) 3 or 6 5 (d) 3 or 6 6 (e) 3 or 5 (a) 3 or 52 (d) 1 (e) 2
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions 37. If 1 and 2 are the roots of quadratic equation 2 4+3 = 0, then which of the following quadratic equations has roots 2 1 and 2 2 (a) 2 + 10 + 9 = 0 (b) 2 10 + 9 = 0 (c) 2 4 + 3 = 0 (d) 2 4 + 3 = 0 (e) 2 4 9 = 0 38. Which of the following quadratic equations has roots twice the roots of quadratic equation 2 + 8 + 10 = 0? (a) 2 + 16 + 20 = 0 (b) 2 + 16 + 40 = 0 (c) 2 + 16 + 80 = 0 (d) 2 + 16 + 120 = 0 (e) 2 + 16 + 160 = 0 39. Which of the following quadratic equations reaches the minimum value of 2 at = 3 and (0) = 16 (a) () = 22 12 + 16 (b) () = 2 + 6 + 8 (c) () = 22 12 16 (d) () = 22 + 12 + 16 (e) () = 2 6 + 8 40. Which of the following quadratic equations has roots 5 and 2? (a) 2 + 7 + 10 = 0 (b) 2 7 + 10 = 0 (c) 2 + 3 + 10 = 0 (d) 2 + 31 0 = 0 (e) 2 3 10 = 0 41. If 1 and 2 are the roots of the quadratic equation 2 + + 1 = 0, then the 3 + quadratic equation which has roots 1 3 and 3 + 3 is... 2 1 2
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions (a) 2 + 3 + 34 92 = 0 (b) 2 + 3 34 + 92 = 0 (c) 2 3 + 34 92 = 0 (d) 2 3 34 + 92 = 0 (e) 2 + 3 34 92 = 0 42. The quadratic equations of + 2 = 0 and 2 5 14 = 0 has a common root. What is the common root of the equations? (a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 2 (e) 5 43. The total sales is the product of the price and the demand or = . If = 80 , the maximum sales reached is (a) 1300 (b) 1400 (c) 1500 3 44. The solution set of equation + = 3 2 is (a) (b) {0} (c) {2} 45. The roots of quadratic equation 2 + ( 1) = 0 are 1 and 2 . The minimum value of 2 + 2 is reached if the value of 2 1 is (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 46. The roots of quadratic equation + 2 8 = 0 are 1 and 2 , while the roots of 53
2 2
2.3 Multiple Choice Question quadratic equation 2 + 10 16 = 0 are 31 and 42 , then the value of is (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 47. If the roots of quadratic equation 2 + = 0 is positive, then the sum of the roots reaches (a) minimum 1 (b) maximum 1 (c) minimum 8 (d) maximum 8 (e) minimum 0 48. If a root of the quadratic equation 2 + 6 = 0 is 2, then the value of is (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 3 (e) 4 49. If one of the roots of quadratic equation 2 + 5 12 = 0 is 2, then (a) = (b) = (c) = (d) = (e) = 1 2 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 and the another root is 12 and the another root is 12 and the another root is 12 and the another root is 10 and the another root is 12 (d) 10 (e) 16
(d) 1600 (e) 1700
(d) {0, 2} (e) {0, 2}
(d) 1 (e) 2
50. The quadratic equations of 2 +23 = 0 and 2 + 2 = 0 has a common root. The common roots of both questions is (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 (e) 4
2.3 Multiple Choice Question 51. The quadratic equation 2 + + = 1 has two similar roots for equal to (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1 52. Both quadratic equations 2 + 2 + = 0 and 2 + 2 = 0 have real roots for 1 (a) 2 1 (b) 4 1 (c) 8 1 (d) 8 1 (e) 8 2 1 1 2 <1 (d) 2 (e) 3
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions (a) 26 (b) 31 (c) 37 56. The roots of quadratic equation 2 6 + 1 = 0 are and . In order to get 2 + 2 = 0, then the value of must be equal to (a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 57. If 1 and 2 are the roots of quadratic equation 22 + 8 + = 0, in order to get 71 2 = 20, then the value of = . . . (a) 24 (b) 12 (c) 12 58. If the roots of quadratic equation 2 +2 8 = 0 are 1 and 2 , whereas the roots of quadratic equation 2 + 10 16 = 0 are 31 and 42 , then the value of is (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 59. The squared sum of quadratic equation 2 3 + = 0 is equal to the cubed sum of quadratic equation 2 + = 0, then the value of is (a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 8 60. The quadratic equation which has roots 1 3 and 1 + 3 is (a) 2 2 + 2 = 0 (b) 2 2 2 = 0 (c) 2 + 2 + 2 = 0 54 (d) 6 (e) 10 (d) 10 (e) 16 (d) 18 (e) 20 (d) 12 (e) 14 (d) 41 (e) 46
53. If the roots of quadratic equation 2 +4+ 4 = 0 are rational numbers and is a counting number, then the value of is (a) 2, 3, or 8 (b) 3, 4, or 5 (c) 4, 6, or 8 (d) 4, 7, or 8 (e) 6, 7, or 9 54. The quadratic equation 2 + (2 1) + 2 3 4 = 0 will have real roots if satises (a) 1 (b) (c) (d) (e) 5 8 5 2 8 5 2 8 5 2 8 5 2 8
55. If 1 and 2 are the roots of quadratic equation 2 6 5 = 0, then 2 + 2 = 2 1
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions (d) 2 + 2 2 = 0 (e) 2 (1 + 3) = 0 61. If = 0 and the roots of quadratic equation 2 + + = 0 are and , then 2 + 2 = . . . (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 62. If the dierence of the roots of equation 2 + 24 = 0 is equal to 5, then the sum of the roots of the equation is (a) 11 or 11 (b) 9 or 9 (c) 8 or 8 (d) 7 or 7 (e) 6 or 6 63. If the solution of quadratic equation 2 + + = 0 are the cube of the solution of 2 + + = 0, then the value of is (a) 3 + 3 (b) 3 3 (c) 3 + 3 (d)
3 3
2.3 Multiple Choice Question (a) = 2 2 + 1 (b) = 2 2 + 3 (c) = 2 + 2 1 (d) = 2 + 2 + 1 (e) = 2 + 2 + 3 66. Which of the following quadratic function is sketched by the following graph?
(d) 5 (e) 6
(a) = 2 3 + 4 (b) = 2 4 + 3 (c) = 2 + 4 + 3 (d) = 22 8 + 3 (e) = 2 3 + 3 67. Which of the following quadratic function has a graph passing through point (1, 3) and its minimum point is the same as the maximum point of () = 2 + 4 + 3? (a) = 42 + + 3 (b) = 2 3 1 (c) = 42 + 16 + 15 (d) = 42 + 15 + 16 (e) = 2 + 16 + 18 68. If the quadratic function of = () passes through points (2, 5) and (7, 40), and has the symmetrical axis at = 1, the = () has the extreme value (a) minimum 2 (b) minimum 3 (c) minimum 4 (d) maximum 3 (e) maximum 4 55
(e) 3 64. If the graph of the function = 2 2 + is under line = 2 3, then the value of is (a) < 0 (b) 1 < < 0 (c) 0 < < 1 (d) > 1 (e) none 65. Which of the following quadratic function reaches minimum value of 2 at = 1 and () = 3 when = 2?
2.3 Multiple Choice Question 69. If the quadratic function () = 22 4 + 3 has maximum value of 1 then the value of 273 9 =
Quadratic Equations and Quadratic Functions (a) (d)
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 6 (e) 18
(b)
(e)
(c) 70. The graph of = 4 is best sketched by

2
(a)
(d) 72. If line = 2 1 cuts parabola = 2 + 3 at two points, then the value of is
1 (b) < 1 2 or > 2 1 2 1 (a) < 2 2 or > 1 1 2
(b)
(e)
(c) <
(d) 2 1 < or < 1 1 2 2 (e) 1 1 < or < 2 1 2 2 73. If the graph of quadratic function () = 2 + + is sketched as below, then 2 4 > 0 and
1 2
or > 2 1 2
(c)
(a) > 0 and > 0 (b) > 0 and < 0 71. Which of the following graphs of = 2 + + has conditions: > 0, > 0, > 0 and 2 4 > 0? 56 (c) < 0 and > 0 (d) < 0 and < 0 (e) > 0 and = 0
2.4 Exercise
2.4
Exercise
(a) 42 + 5 6 = 0 (b) 102 + 11 = 0 (c) 9 2 5 = 12 (d) 82 9 = 0 (e) 52 7 = 0 (f) 2 + 3 = 6 + 9 42
1. Solve the following quadratic equation by formula ABC
2. All variables in the following problems are real numbers. Find the solution set of the problems. (a) 4(3 + 2) + 5( 1) = 8 (b) 4( 2) = (2 1)( + 3) (c) (2 + 1)( 5) = 7(3 + 2) (d) ( 4)( + 3) 5(2 3) = 0 (e) 8(3 + 3) = 9(2 + 5) (f) 3( 5) + 4(2 1) = 38 (g) ( + 3)(4 1) = 6( 2) + 13 3. Solve the following problems for (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) 6 5 = 2 + 9 2 11 7= 2 2 6 4 + = 2 1 + 3 + 4 3 1 1 1 + = 3 12 16 5 2 = 2 + 3 2 6 2 1 1 1 + = 3 12 16 5 2 = 2 + 3 2 6 2
4. Solve the following problems for real numbers and write down the set of solutions 3 4 (a) = 7 6 9 (b) = 5 (c) 2 9 = 7 32 57
2.4 Exercise (d) 2 3 = 4 72
5. Use formula ABC to solve the following quadratic equations 1 1 (a) 2 + + = 0 2 (b) + + = 0 1 (c) 2 + + = 0 2 (d) ( 1) + 4 + ( + 1) = 0 (e) 2 (2 + ) + (2 + 22 ) = 0 (f) 2 + 1 =
6. If 1 and 2 are the solutions of quadratic equation ( + )2 = 4 + 2 where 1 > 2 , show that (a) 1 = + (b) 1 2 = 2 2 (c) 1 + 2 = 2 7. Use formula ABC to solve the following quadratic equations (a) 42 4 = 2 2 (b) ( + )( + ) = ( + )( + ), = (c) 2( + ) + 2( + ) + = 0 (d) 2 + 4 = 2( + 5) ( + 6) 8. Find the product of the two solutions of the following quadratic equations. (a) 2 4 = 0 (b) 22 + 6 = 0 (c) 2 + 2 + 1 = 0 (d) 22 + 3 6 = 0 (e) 62 12 + 8 = 0 (f) 32 10 3 = 0 9. The quadratic equation 22 + 10 + = 0 has two roots, and , If : = 3 : 2 what is the value of ? 10. If one of the two roots of the quadratic equation 2 + 8 = 0 is the square of the other root, nd the value of . 11. If 1 and 2 are the solutions of quadratic equation 2 2 10 + 4 = 0, and 1 + 32 = 8. What is the value of ? 58
2.4 Exercise
12. Suppose that a and b are the solution of quadratic equation 22 8 = 0. If 2 2 = 15 what is the value of ? 13. The solutions of quadratic equation 2 ( + 4) + 4( + 1) = 0 is and . If = 3, what is the value of ? 14. Find the value of a so that the roots of 2 + (2 ) + 5 = 0 have opposite sign 15. If and are the solutions of quadratic equation 2 + + = 0, nd the value of the following expression. (a) ( + ) : ( ) (b) ( ) : ( + ) (c) ( ), > 16. If and are the solution of quadratic equation 2 + + 12 = 0 such that = 1, nd the value for positive the value of 2 17. If and are the solution of quadratic equation 22 + 4 3 = 0, calculate (a) ( + )2 (b) ( ), < (c) ( + )2 2 + (d) : (e) ( )2 ( + )2 (f) 6( + ) 3( ) 18. If the solutions of quadratic equation 2 + + = 0 and 2 + + = 0 are equal show that = and = 19. If the solutions of quadratic equation 2 + + = 0 and 2 + + = 0 are the same show that : = : = : ( = 0, = 0, = 0) 20. If and are the solutions of quadratic equation ( )2 + ( ) + ( ) = 0, where = , nd (a) the ratio of ( + ) to (b) the value of ( + ) () 21. If the product of the two roots of quadratic equation ?2 5 + = 0 are equal to the sum of the two roots which is 10, nd the value for and . 22. If the logarithmic equation log(2 6 + 45) = 2 has solutions 1 and 2 nd (a) 1 + 2 59
2.4 Exercise (b) 1 2 (c) (1 2 )
23. If 1 and 2 are the solutions of quadratic equation 22 4 + 5 = 0, determine 1 1 + 1 2 1 1 (b) + 1 + 2 2 + 2 (c) 1 2 + 1 2 2 2 (a) (d) (2 2 )2 1 2 (e) 2 + 2 1 2 (f) 3 + 3 1 2 (g) 4 + 4 1 2 (h) 5 + 5 1 2
24. If 1 and 2 are the solution of quadratic equation 2 + + = 0, show that (1 2 )2 = 1 (2 4) 2
25. Let 1 and 2 be the solutions of quadratic equation 2 2 + = 0. If the sum of 3 and 3 1 2 is 98, what is the value of and the solutions of the equation. 26. Given quadratic equation 2 ( + 6) + 2 = 0. If the sum of the inverse of the roots is 2, nd the value of n and the solutions of the equation. 27. If and are the solutions of quadratic equation? 22 3 + 4 = 0 where 2 + 2 = 1, calculate the value of . 28. If and are the solutions of quadratic equation? 22 + 4 + 3 = 0, calculate the value for (2 2 )2 + 2 + 2 29. Let and be the solutions of quadratic equation 2 + + = 0, show that 3 3 + 2 = 2 2 30. Let 1 and 2 are the solutions of quadratic equation 2 + + = 0, prove that 2 2 1 + 2 2 =1 2 + 1 2 2 + 1 2 1 31. Let and be the solutions of quadratic equation 22 2 2 + 3 = 0 calculate: (a) (2 2 + 1)( 2 2 + 1) (b) (2 2 1)(2 2 1)
60
Chapter 3 System of Linear Equations

3.1 The systems of linear equations with two variables
Recall that when you were in grade VIII (SMP), you have given methods for solving linear equation with two variables. In this section, we will review some important topics in systems of linear equations. Now, let us review the system of linear equations involving two variables. For examples: 2 + = 3, 3 + = 0, 4 + 9 = 5, + = , with , , , = 0, = 0
The problem is how to nd the values for and such that they satisfy + 2 = 4. The easiest method to solve this problem is to sketch the graph shown by Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1
So the set of the solution of equation + 2 = 4 is {(0, 2), (2, 1), (4, 0)} (see Figure 3.1). The dots shown in Figure 3.1 is the solution of + 2 = 4. All points lying in the straight line x+2y=4 is the solution of the equation. Now we discuss a more complicated problem that is a problem involving two equations 1 + 1 = 1 and 2 + 2 = 2 which are usually written as
+ = 1 1 1 2 + 2 = 2
(3.1)
61
Figure 3.2
System of Linear Equations
Suppose that you are given two equations + 2 = 4 and 2 + = 5 and you are asked to nd points satisfying both equations. Note that the set {(0, 2), (2, 1), (4, 0)} is the solution of + 2 = 4 and the set {(0, 5), (3, 1), (2, 1)} is the solution of 2 + = 5. From both sets, we nd that the set (2,1) satises the equations + 2 = 4 and 2 + = 5. See Figure 3.2.
3.1.1
Solving by the graphical method
In this method, the coordinate of intersection of the two equations is the solution of the linear equation system. Example 3.1. Find the set of solutions of the equation system 2+ = 4 and = 1, if and is whole numbers. Solution: The rst step is to draw both equations is a Cartesian plane
'
& '
It can be seen from the graph that both lines intersect at point (1, 2), then the set of solutions of equations 2 + = 4 and = 1 are (1, 2)
Figure 3.3
Example 3.2. Find the set of solutions of the equation system +2 = 4 and +2 = 6, if and is whole numbers. Solution: If you check the gradient of both equations, it shows that they are equal. Thus both lines are parallel. This means that they do not have intersectional points, or they do not have solution.
% $
&
62
'
Example 3.3. Find the solution of the systems of linear equations by graphical method 2 + 4 = 12 3 + 5 = 14 Solution:
2 12 2 + 4 = 12 = 4 4 When = 0 then = 3, so (0, 3). If = 2 then = 4 so (2, 4) 3 14 3 + 5 = 14 = 5 5 When = 2 then = 4 so (2, 4). If = 7 then = 7 so (7, 7) 2 12 Now sketch the equation = 4 4 3 14 Figure 3.4 and equation = 5 5 The intercept point is (2, 4), therefore the solution is = 2 and = 4
& '
3.1.2
Solving by the substitution method
Example 3.4. Find the solution of the systems of linear equation by substitution method 2 + 4 = 12 3 + 5 = 14 1 Solution: From equation 2 + 4 = 12 we nd = 3, then substituting it into 2 equation 3 + 5 = 14, we get ( ) 1 3 + 5 3 = 14 2 1 5 3 15 = 14 = 1 = 2 2 2 Next, substituting = 2 into equation 3 + 5 = 14 gives 3 2 + 5 = 14
% $
&
5 = 14 6 = 4
The solution is = 2 and = 4 63
System of Linear Equations By
Exercise 3.1. substitution method, nd the set of solution of the following system of linear equations
(a) = 2 and 6 = 8 (b) = 2 and 3 10 = 12 (c) = + 3 and 2 = 3 = 4 (d) = 3 and 2 3 = 12
3.1.3
Solving by the elimination method
The idea of this method is to reduce one of the two variables. If variable is eliminated rst then variable is eliminated next, or vice versa. Note that + = is equivalent to + = ; for any = 0, Thus we can eliminate one variable from the system of equations.
'
Example 3.5. Solve the system of equation 3 + 2 = 4 3 = 5 where , Solution: Step 1: Variable is eliminated 3 + 2 = 4 3 9 + 6 = 12 3 = 5 2 2 6 = 10 By summing equation (3.2) and (3.3), gives = 2 Step 2 : Variable is eliminated 3 + 2 = 4 1 3 + 2 = 4 3 = 5 3 3 9 = 15 (3.4) (3.5) (3.2) (3.3)
&
By summing equation (3.4) and (3.5), gives = 1 Thus the set of solution is {(2, 1)}
We can apply both methods, elimination method and substitution method together. This method is known as mixed method. 64
System of Linear Equations Example 3.6. Solve the system of equation: 7 2 = 6 4 + 4 = 3 by using mixed method Solution: Step 1: Elimination method 7 2 =
'
3.2 System of nonlinear equations
6 2 14 4 = 12
(3.6) (3.7)
4 + 4 = 3 1 4 + 4 = 3 1 by summing equation (3.6) and (3.7), gives = 2 Step 2: Substitution method 1 Substituting = into one of the equations, let choose 4 + 4 = 3 , we nd 2 ( ) 1 4 + 4 = 3 or 2 + 4 = 3 2 5 4 = 5 or = 4 {( )} 1 5 Thus the set of solution is , 2 4
3.1.4
&
General solution of linear equation systems

= + = +
Given a linear equation system
and are called gradients. and are both the -axis intercept. There are three possibilities in relation to the solution If = both lines intercept at one point. The simultaneous linear equation is called consistent. If = and = both lines do not intercept and the simultaneous linear equation does not have solution If = and = both lines intercept at innite points. The simultaneous linear equation is called consistent.
3.2
System of nonlinear equations
In this section we will learn how to change an arbitrary simultaneous equation into simultaneous linear equations. 65
3.2 System of nonlinear equations Example 3.7. Given simultaneous equation below: 10 6 + =7 14 9 =4 Solution: To solve the system above,let written as
'
1 1 = , = so the system above can be (3.8) (3.9)
10 + 6 = 7 14 9 = 4
(3.8) and (3.9) are a new system of linear equations. Solve the new system using elimination and substitution. 10 + 6 = 7 14 140 + 84 = 98 14 9 = 4 10 140 90 = 40 1 by subtracting (3.11) from (3.10), gives = 3 1 Substituting = into equation (3.8),we get 3 ( ) 1 1 10 + 6 = 7 10 + 2 = 7 = 3 2 (3.10) (3.11)
& '
1 1 1 1 1 Hence, = and = . Since = = = = 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 and since = = = = 3. Therefore the solution is = 2, = 3 3
Example 3.8. Solve
= 5 and 3 + 2 = 13
% $
(3.12) (3.13)
Solution: Let = and = . This gives a new system,that is + = 5 and 3 + 2 = 13. Solving the new system by the method of elimination,gives + = 5 3 3 + 3 = 15 3 + 2 = 13 1 3 + 2 = 13
&
Subtracting (3.13) from (3.12), it gives = 2. Substituting = 2 into + = 5 gives = 3. Since = or = 2 then = 32 = 9 and = . This gives = 2 or = 22 = 4 Hence, the solution of the nonlinear equation system is = 9 and = 4
66
System of Linear Equations Exercise 3.2.
3.3 Systems of linear equations with three variables
1. Solve the following systems of nonlinear equations a. 52 2 = 19 and 2 5 2 = 1 b. ( 1)2 + ( 1)2 = 41 and 2( 1)2 + 3( 1)2 = 107 c. 22 3 = (1 + )2 and 2 + (1 + )2 = 2 d. 32 2 = 2 and 2 + 6 = 2 2. Solve the following systems of nonlinear equations 3 4 5 2 + = 7 and = 3,with = 0 and = 0 1 4 1 1 b. + = 5 and + = 5,with = 0 and = 0 2 3 1 5 7 80 + = 2 and + = 23,with = 2 and = 4 c. 2 4 + 2 4 + + 2 2 3 2 + 1 + 1 d. + = 2 and + =1 3 5 3 2 a. 3. Solve the following systems of nonlinear equations a. 7 + 2 = 37 and + 4 4 = 3 with 0 and 0 b. 3 + + 3 = 6 and 3 3 2 9 + 27 = 9 with 3 and 3 1 3 3 4 1 c. = 0 and + = 4 , with > 0 and > 0 3 d. + = 2 and 7 = 6, with 0 and 0 4. Solve the following systems of nonlinear equations 1 1 and 2 = 1, with 0 and 0 b. 3 1 + = 10 and 9 9 3 = 6, with 1 and 0 a. + 5 10 + 2 = 6 and 3 2 = 7, with > 3 and 0 + 3 + 3 d. 4 + 3 + 5 = 17 and + 5 = 3, with 0 and 5 c.
3.3
Systems of linear equations with three variables
Consider the equation + 2 4 = 12, which involves three variables ,,and . Such an equation is called a linear (rst-degree) equation in three variables. A solution of this equation is an ordered triple of real numbers, (, , ), if the resulting statement is true when the variables ,,and are replaced by real numbers. Then the set of all ordered triples of real numbers that satisfy the equation is the solution set of the equation. 67
In this section we will discuss the solution of system of linear equations in three variables such as 6 5 2 = 2 4 + + 3 = 10 5 + 3 + 7 = 13 (3.14) (3.15) (3.16)
The graph of a linear equation in three variables is a plane. Graphing this requires three-dimensional graphing, which is beyond the scope of this book. As with linear equations in two variables, there are a number of possible solutions. a. The planes can intersect in one point. See gure (a). b. The planes can have no common solutions. Two or more of the planes are parallel. See gure (b). c. The planes can intersect in a common line. See gure (c). d. The three planes can all be the same plane and the solutions are all points of the plane.
To solve the linear equation system, we rst rearranging Equation (3.14), it gives 2 = 2 + 6 5 = Substituting Equation (3.17) into Equation (3.15), gives 4 + + 3 = 10 ) 2 + 6 5 4 + + 3 = 10 2 ( ) 6 + 18 15 4 + + = 10 2 { ( )} 6 + 18 15 2 4 + + = 2 10 2 8 + 2 6 + 18 15 = 20 (3.18) (3.19) ( 2 + 6 5 2 (3.17)
(26 13) = 26 2 = 2 = 2 2 68
Substituting Equation (3.17) into Equation (3.16) gives
) 2 + 6 5 5 + 3 + 7 = 13 5 + 3 + 7 = 13 2 ( ) 14 + 42 35 5 + 3 + = 13 2 10 + 6 14 + 42 35 = 26 52 29 = 40 (3.20)
Substituting Equation = 2 2 into Equation 52 29 = 40 gives 52 29 = 40 52 29(2 2) = 40 6 = 18 18 = 6 = 3 Substituting = 3 into Equation (3.19) = 2 2, we get = 2 2 = 2 3 2 = 6 2 = 4 Substituting = 3 and = 4 into Equation (3.17), giving = 2 + 6 5 2 + 6(3) 5(4) = 2 2 2 + 18 20 = 2 = 2
Therefore the solution is = 3, = 4 and = 2 Example 3.9. Given a system of linear equations involving three variables 6 5 2 = 2 4 + + 3 = 10 5 + 3 + 7 = 13 This problem will be solved by elimination and substitution method. 6 5 2 = 2 1 = 6 5 2 = 2 4 + + 3 = 10 5 = 20 + 5 + 15 = 50 By adding (3.24) and (3.25) it gives 2 + = 4 Applying the similar method as above to Equation (3.22) and (3.23) gives 4 + + 3 = 10 (3) = 12 3 9 = 30 5 + 3 + 7 = 13 1 = 5 + 3 + 7 = 13 69 (3.27) (3.28) (3.26) (3.24) (3.25) (3.21) (3.22) (3.23)
3.4 System of nonlinear equations Adding (3.27) and (3.28), gives 7 2 = 17 Combining Equation (3.26) and (3.29), we nd 2 + =
(3.29) (3.30) (3.31)
4 (2) = 4 2 = 8
7 + 2 = 17 1 = 7 + 2 = 17 Adding equation (3.30) and (3.31), gives = 3 Substituting = 3 into Equation (3.26) gives 2 + = 4 2(3) + = 4 6 + = 4 = 4 6 = 2 Plugging = 3, = 2 into Equation (3.21), gives 6 5 2 = 2 6(3) 5 2(2) = 2 18 5 + 4 = 2 5 + 22 = 2 5 = 20 = 4 Therefore, the solution is = 3, = 4 and = 2
3.4
3.4.1
System of nonlinear equations

System involving a linear and a quadratic equation
= + = 2 + + Linear part Quadratic part (3.32) (3.33)
System of a linear and a quadratic equation is described as below
where , are constants and , , are constants. The solution of the systems above is the pair of (, ) which satises both Equation (3.32) and (3.33). The condition of solutions of the system as described below = + = 2 + + Substituting equation (3.34) into equation (3.35) it gives 2 + + = + 2 + + = 0 2 + + = 0 2 + ( ) + ( ) = 0 70 (3.34) (3.35)
System of Linear Equations We get the quadratic equation 2 + ( ) + ( ) = 0 Let = , ( ) = , ( ) = , hence we have equation 2 + + = 0 . There are three possibility > 0, = 0, < 0
If > 0 the quadratic equation has two roots, so the line and quadratic graph intersect at two points. If = 0 the quadratic equation has one root, so the line and quadratic graph intersect at one point. If < 0 the quadratic equation has no root, so the line and quadratic graph do not intersect each other.
'
Example 3.10. Given the system of linear and quadratic equation + = 5 = 2 6 + 9 We use the substitution method to solve the equation above. First we rearrange the linear equation. + = 5 = + 5 Substituting equation = + 5 to equation = 2 6 + 9, gives 2 6 + 9 = + 5 2 5 + 4 = 0 Now we nd the roots of quadratic equation 2 5 + 4 = 0 by factorization method. 2 5 + 4 = 0 ( 4)( 1) = 0 ( 4) = 0 1 = 4 ( 1) = 0 2 = 1
&
So, for 1 = 4 we get = + 5 = 4 + 5 = 1, the rst solution is (4, 1) for 2 = 1 we get = + 5 = 1 + 5 = 4, the second solution is (1, 4) Therefore,the solution set is {(4, 1), (1, 4)} 71
3.4 System of nonlinear equations Example 3.11. Given simultaneous equations = 4 4 = 2
'
& ' &
Solution: Substituting = 4 4 into = 2 , it gives 2 = 4 4 or 2 4 + 4 = 0. This results in a determinant of = (4)2 4(1)(4) = 16 16 = 0. The quadratic equation has only one root. This means the straight line and the parabola intersect at one point. The point of intersection is found as follows: 4 0 4 = = = =2 2 2 2 It is found that = 2,so = 4(2)4 = 8 4 = 4. Therefore the solution is (2,4) and the solution set is {(2, 4)}
Example 3.12. Find the set of solution of a linear equation and a quadratic equation 2 2 = 0 = 2 2 2 Solution: Rearrange 2 2 = 0 to get = . Substituting = into 2 2 2 = 2 , it gives 2 = or 22 = 2 22 + 2 = 0. This gives a determinant 2 of = 15. Because < 0, the quadratic equation does not have solution for .
% $ %
3.4.2
System involving two quadratic equations

= 2 + + = 2 + +
Given two quadratic equations (3.36) (3.37)
Substituting Equation (3.36) into Equation (3.37), it gives 2 + + = 2 + + Simplifying the above equation, we nd 2 + + (2 + + ) = 0 2 + + 2 = 0 2 2 + + = 0 ( )2 + ( ) + ( ) = 0 Letting ( ) = , ( ) = , and ( ) = , it gives a quadratic equation of the form 2 + + = 0 72
There are three possibilities solution of the quadratic equations 2 + + = 0. There are: If > 0 the two quadratic equations intersect at two points If = 0 the two quadratic equations intersect at one point If < 0 the two quadratic equations do not intersect each other where = 2 4
Example 3.13. Given simultaneous quadratic and quadratic equation: = 2 + 4 + 8 and = 2 2 The rst step is to arrange two equations as follows: = 2 + 4 + 8 = 2 2 (3.38) (3.39)
The second step is to substitute Equation (3.38) into Equation (3.39), it gives 2 2 = 2 + 4 + 8 2 2 + 2 4 8 = 0 22 6 8 = 0 2 3 4 = 0 Hence, we get the quadratic equation 2 3 4 = 0. The third step is to nd the roots of quadratic equation by factorization 2 3 4 = 0 ( 4)( + 1) = 0 ( 4) = 0 1 = 4 ( + 1) = 0 2 = 1
The fourth step is to substitute 1 = 4 and 2 = 1 into equation (3.38) or (3.39). In this case we choose Equation (3.39). Hence, for 1 = 4, it gives = 2 2 = 42 2(4) = 16 8 = 8. Hence, the solution is (4, 8). for 2 = 1, it gives = 2 2 = (1)2 2(1) = 3. Hence, the solution is (1, 3). This system containing two quadratic equations has two solution (4, 8) and (1, 3). These two solutions indicted that both quadratic equation intersect at two points. The solution set is {(4, 8), (1, 3)} 73
3.5 Solving real-life problems
3.5
Solving real-life problems
There are many real-life situations that can be solved by converting the problems into the system of linear equations
Example 3.14. Suppose that you and your friend are asked to buy ve note-books and one pen. Altogether cost Rp.8 000 and your friend buy seven note-books and two pens with a total cost Rp.12 100. How much does it cost for 3 note-books and 3 pens? Solution: Let be the cost for one note-book and be the cost for one pen. Thus, we have the following formulation 5 + = 8.000 7 + 2 = 12.100 Solving by elimination method, we get 5 + = 8.000 2 10 + 2 = 16.000 7 + 2 = 12.100 1 7 + 2 = 12.100 by subtracting equation (3.41) from (3.40), gives = 1.300 Substituting = 1.300 into 5 + = 8.000 gives 5(1.300) + = 8.000 6.500 + = 8.000 = 1.500 Thus the cost for 3 note-books and 3 pens would be 3 + 3 = 3(1.300) + 3(1.500) = 3.900 + 4.500 =Rp 8.400 (3.40) (3.41)
Example 3.15. The sum of the size of the three angles of a triangle is 180 . The middle-sized angle has size 2 less than twice the size of the smallest angle, and the largest angle has size 32 less than the sum of the size of the other two angles. Find the sizes of the three angles. Solution: Let = the size of the smallest angle, = the size of the middle-sized angle, and the measure of the largest angle. From the sum of the sizes of the three angles of a triangle is 180 , + + = 180 From the middle-sized angle has size 2 less than twice the size of the smallest angle, = 2 2 74
From the largest angle has size 32 less than the sum of the size of the other two angles, = + 32 The system written in standard form is + + = 180 2 + = 2 + = 32 we eliminates equations (3.42) and (3.44),gives + = 106 We now solve the system involving equations (3.43) and (3.45), gives = 36. Using = 2 2, replace with 36 and solve for . = 2(36) 2 = 70 Using equation (3.42), we solve for . + + = 180 36 + 70 + = 180 = 74 The three angles measure 36 , 70 , and 74 . (3.45) (3.42) (3.43) (3.44)
Exercise 3.3. 1. Find the solution set of the given system of linear equations. (a) + + = 1 2 = 2 + = 2 (b) + = 9 + + = 5 = 1 (c) 2 + 3 = 7 + + = 6 3 = 6 (d) + + = 1 2 + 3 = 2 2 = 2 75 (e) 2 + + 4 = 3 + 3 = 2 + 2 = 1 (f) 3 2 + = 8 4 2 3 = 5 3 + 3 2 = 1 (g) + = 6 2 + 3 = 1 + 2 + 2 = 5 (h) + 2 + 3 = 5 + = 6 2 + + 4 = 4
3.5 Solving real-life problems (i) + + = 3 3 + 9 + 5 = 5 + 3 + 2 = 4 (j) 3 2 + 3 = 11 2 + 3 2 = 5 + 4 = 5
System of Linear Equations (k) 6 + 4 + 2 = 1 3 + 2 + = 3 3 + = 4 (l) 2 + 3 = 4 3 3 + 4 = 5 2 + = 1
2. In a group of 3-4 students, solve the following problems by the methods discussed in the class. Which method do you thing the most eective one? (a) 1 + 1 =4 + + 1 + 1 = 11 + + 1 1 + + = 3 + (b) 2 + 3 3 + 1 4 +
5 3 1 5 2 2 3
(d) 2 3 1 = 1 5 4 12 + = 0 3 1 + 2 = 3
4
= 11.4 +
2 3 2 3
= 30 5 6 = 21.2
(e) 3 + 2 5 = 1
4 + 3 + 8 = + 12 + = 7
(c) + 10
(with and constant) (f) 1

2
= 14
+ = 10 2 9 + = 9 15 18
+4=0
1 1 +1=0 2 3 + 14 = 0
3. Solve the following system involving linear and quadratic equation. (a) 5 + = 7 2 = 4 (b) = 2 = 2 (c) = 1 42 + 4 2 = 16 4. Solve the system of non-linear equation below. (d) 2 + 2 = 9 = 1 (e) = 4 42 + = 5 (f) 2 + 16 2 = 144 + 4 + 12 = 0
76
System of Linear Equations (a) 2 + 8 = 4 2 + 2 = 20 (b) 42 + 2 = 4 2 = 4( 1)
3.5 Solving real-life problems (c) 2 + 2 = 4 2 = 3
5. Solve of the following system of non-linear equation for , (a) 2 + 2 = 9 42 + 9 2 = 27 (b) 2 + 2 = 25 32 + 9 2 = 27 (c) 2 + 2 = 16 32 9 2 = 27 (d) 32 + 3 2 = 12 2 2 = 1 (e) 2 + 2 = 4 42 9 2 = 36 (f) 2 2 4 = 0 2 + 2 = 1 (g) 2 2 = 3 2 + 2 = 7 (h) 2 + 2 = 16 32 4 2 = 8 (i) 32 5 2 = 15 2 + 2 = 5 (j) 2 + 3 2 = 4 22 9 2 = 18
6. The length of a rectangle is 5 cm more than the width. If the perimeter of the rectangle is 22 cm, nd the length and the width. 7. One pen and one pencil cost Rp.5700. Two pens and three pencils cost Rp.13 600. Find the cost of each. 8. Budis mathematics score exceeded his Science score by 15, and the total score for both tests were 129, nd each score. 9. Six chocolates and three drinks cost Rp.2 850 while three chocolates and two drinks cost Rp.1 650. Find the price of each. 10. Budi has twice as much money as Rudi. If someone gives Rudi Rp.25 000, he will have three times as much as Budis. How much did Budi and Rudi have initially? 11. The length of a rectangle is 4 cm longer than its width. If both the length and width are increased by 1 cm, the area would be increased by 18 cm2 . Find the length and width of the rectangle. 77
12. The sum of the sizes of the three angles of a triangle is 180 . If the largest angle is 20 more than the sum of the other two angles and the smallest angle is 67 less than the largest angle, nd the measure of the three angles of the triangle. 13. The sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is 180 . The sum of the smallest angle and the largest angle is 120 . If the middle-sized angle has size 30 more than the smallest angle, what is the size of the three angles of the triangle? 14. The perimeter of a triangular-shaped garden is 122 meters. If the length of the longest side is equal to the sum of the lengths of the other two sides, and twice the length of the shortest side is 11 meters less than the length of the longest side, nd the lengths of the three sides. (Note: perimeter is the distance around the triangle.) 15. The longest side of a triangle is twice the length of the shortest side, and the middle-length side is 9 inches longer than the shortest side. If the perimeter is 65 inches, what are the lengths of the three sides? 16. Tickets for The Slank band concert have three prices, expensive, middle-priced, and cheapest. The middle-priced tickets cost Rp.40,000 more than the cheapest, and the expensive tickets cost Rp.60,000 more than the middle-priced tickets. If the expensive tickets cost Rp10,000 less than twice the cheapest tickets, nd the price of each kind of ticket.
78
3.6
Multiple Choice Question

4. The value of that satises the following system of equations is (2 + 3)log() = 1 2++1 2+1 = 64 (a) = 3 (b) = 2 (c) = 1 (d) = 1 (a) 11 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 10 (e) 8 (e) = 3 5. Given a system of equations: 1 25+ = (0.25)2+1 2 1 log( ) = log3 5 + log3 2 For what relationship of and does the system hold true? (a) = (b) = 2 (c) = 2 (d) = 2 (e) = 2 6. Given a system of linear equations 3 + 2 = 45 3 + 2 = 15 What is the value for ( )( + ) ( + )2 ? (a) 504 (b) 360 (c) 348 7. Given a system of equations: 4 5 = 1 5 + = 3 4 5 20 79 (d) 216 (e) 144
1. What is the value of + of the intersecting coordinate between line and ?
2. Given the system of linear equations: ( + 1) + (3 2) = (3 1) + (4 + 2) = 2 (1) 1 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) 3 For what values of does the system has a unique solution? (a) (1), (2), dan (3) (b) (4) (c) (1) dan (3) (d) (2) dan (4) (e) all are correct 3. If 52 = 1 125 = 2
The value of = (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2 (e) all are correct
3.6 Multiple Choice Question The value of is (a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 7 8. Given two numbers. If the sum of the two numbers is divided by the dierence of the two numbers, the result will be 2 and the reminder will be 27. If the greater number is divided by the smaller one the result will be 2 and the remainder will be 8. What is one of the numbers? (a) 87 (b) 78 (c) 53 9. Andis age is twice Budis age now. In 5 1 years time, Andi will be 1 times as old 2 as Budi. How old is Andi now (a) 40 (b) 35 (c) 30 10. Point is located at line , sot that : = 2 : 5. If P is moved 20 cm 4 toward then = . What is the 3 length of ? (a) 0.4 m (b) 1.4 m (c) 2.8 m 11. In a certain day Ayu and Rini are went to the market to buy mangoes and oranges together. Ayu bought 2 kg mangoes and 1 kg oranges at a price of Rp.4000, Rini bought 3 kg mangoes and 4 kg oranges for a cost of Rp 8500. How much does 1 kg of mangoes cost? 80 (d) 3 m (e) 4 m (d) 25 (e) 20 (d) 48 (e) 25 (d) 5 (e) 2 (a) Rp 7500 (b) Rp 875 (c) Rp 1000
System of Linear Equations (d) Rp 1500 (e) Rp 1750
12. Fauzan dan Ryan are selling the same products. Fauzan invests his money Rp.4.000.000 more than Ryans investment. If the prot of Fauzan is 15% of the total prot, while Ryans prot is 38%, then their money will be the same amount. How much money does Fauzan invest? (a) Rp 48.000.000 (b) Rp 36.000.000 (c) Rp 30.000.000 (d) Rp 24.000.000 (e) Rp 18.000.000 13. A ship sails and returns from Hourbour 1 A to Hourbour B in 7 days. If the ship 2 goes at a speed of 64 km/day and returns with a speed of 56 km/day. What is the distance between Hourbour A and Hourbour B? (a) 144 km (b) 224 km (c) 240 km 14. Laras dan Afah are working together to 7 nish their jobs in 1 days. If Laras works 8 alone, she has to work for 2 days and the rest is done by Afah for 1.8 days. How long does Laras have to work to nish the jobs alone? (a) 10 days (b) 8 days (c) 5 days 15. The solution set of the following system (d) 3 days (e) 2 days (d) 420 km (e) 564 km
System of Linear Equations of equations + + = 12
3.6 Multiple Choice Question 19. In triangle , the ratio of the complementary angle of to complementary angle of , to the supplementary angle of are2 : 3 : 7, then : : = (a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 4 : 5 (c) 4 : 3 : 5 (d) 2 : 3 : 5 (e) 5 : 4 : 3 20. The ratio of Ayus money to Belas money is 2 : 3. The ratio of Belas money and Cicis money is 6 : 5. If the total of money of Ayu and Bela is Rp 150.000 more than Cicis money, how much money do they have totally? (a) Rp 800.000 (b) Rp 450.000 (c) Rp 380.000 (d) Rp 350.000 (e) Rp 250.000 21. The solution set of the following system of equations is {(, , )} 2 1 = 2 3 2 =2 1 1 = 2 What is the value for ( + + )1 = (a) 15 (b) 12 (c) 10 22. In triangle C, + = 18 cm, + = 25 cm, and + = 7 cm. What is the area of (a) 60 cm2 (b) 48 cm2 (c) 36 cm2 81 (d) 30 cm2 (e) 27 cm2 (d) 8 (e) 5
2 + 2 = 12 3 + 2 = 8
is {(, , )}. What is the ratio : : = (a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 2 : 4 (c) 2 : 3 : 4 (d) 2 : 3 : 5 (e) 3 : 4 : 5 16. Given system of linear equations: 2 + 3 = 8 5 = 2 + 3 = 11
What is the value for + + = (a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 6 17. The value for + + of the following system of linear equations is + = 24 + = 21 + = 9 (d) 5 (e) 4
(a) 54 (b) 44 (c) 34
(d) 27 (e) 14
18. What is the value for ( ) of the following identity? (2 + 42 19 2 + + 1)( 4) + 1 4 (d) 18 (e) 26
(a) 26 (b) 11 (c) 2
3.6 Multiple Choice Question 23. Given a system of equations as follows: = = + 2 5 + 3 + + = If > 0, the the value of that satises the system above is (a) { < 3} (b) { 3 < < 2} (c) { 2 < < 5} (d) { > 5} (e) { > 0} 24. Given three numbers. The ratio of the rst number to the second number is 1 : 5, the ratio of the second number to the third number is 5 : 7, and twice the rst number plus three times the third number is 130 more than the third number. What is the sum of the three numbers? (a) 65 (b) 91 (c) 156 25. Given three cubes with ratios of their edges are 1 : 3 : 5. If all edges of the three cubes are summed, the length is 216 cm, what is the edge length of one of the three cubes? (a) 4 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 8 cm 26. Given a quadratic equation + + = . If = 1, then = 0, when = 1 and = 3, then = 6 and = 22, respectively. What is the value for m when 1 = 2 2 (a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 12 82 (d) 15 (e) 18
2
System of Linear Equations 27. The solution set of the system of linear equation + 3 = 2 + = is {(1, 8)}. What is the ratio of to ? (a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 3 28. If and satisfy equations 2 + 1 = 1 1 2 The value for (a) 3/2 (b) 5/6 (c) 6/5 (d) 5 (e) 6 29. The values of and that satisfy the system of equations below is 42+1 = 82 3++1 = 924 (a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 1 (d) 2 and 2 (e) none 30. 2 + + are three terms where the 11 and sum of the them are zero if = 2 5 = . The sum of the three coecients 3 , , dan is 26. What is the value of ? (a) 55 (b) 6 (c) 23 (d) 46 (e) 65 1 = ( + ) (d) 1 : 4 (e) 1 : 5
(d) 169 (e) 196
(d) 10 cm (e) 18 cm
System of Linear Equations 31. The solution set of the system below + 3 = 14 3 + 2 = 17 2 + 3 = 13 (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8
3.6 Multiple Choice Question (d) 10 (e) 26
is {(, , )}. What is the value for 2 + 2 + 2 ? (a) 49 (b) 36 (c) 29 32. Given the system of equations as follows: + = 2 + 2 = + 2 = + 2 (d) 27 (e) 17
35. The set of solution of system of equations + =7 3 2 3 + = 6 4 2 2 =1 6 4 3 are {, , }. The value of = . . . (a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 1 36. The set of solution of system of equations + = 24 2 + 2 + 2 3 =4 = 36 (d) 7 (e) 13
The ratio of : = (a) : (b) 2 : (c) 3 : 3 (d) 3 : 3 (e) 2 : 2 3 33. The width of a box is times its length 4 3 times its height. The sum of its and 2 edges is 72 dm. What is the volume of the box? (a) 112 liters (b) 132 liters (c) 144 liters (d) 192 liters (e) 360 liters 34. If , and are the solution of system of equations + = 6, = 2, + = 4 2 4 6 2 4 3 then the value of + + = . . . 83
are {, , }. The value of : : = . . . (a) 2 : 7 : 1 (b) 2 : 5 : 4 (c) 2 : 5 : 1 (d) 1 : 5 : 2 (e) 1 : 5 : 3 37. Given that system of linear equations + + = 12 + 2 + 3 + 3 = 12 = 24
The set of solution of the system of linear equations above is {(, , )}. The value of : : is... (a) 1 : 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 2 : 3 (c) 3 : 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 1 : 9 (e) 6 : 1 : 1
3.6 Multiple Choice Question 38. If given that 2 + 3 3 = 0 4 + 7 = 0 and = 2 3 4 1 (a) 26 (b) 19 (c) 2 (d) 2 (e) 26 39. Given that system of linear equations 2 log log = 1 log + log =8 The value of is.... , then the value of is... (a) 2 (b) 100 (c) 200 (d) 1000 (e) 2000
40. The solution set of system of linear equations 2 + 2 = 0 2 1 = 0 is.... (a) {(0, 1), (1, 1)} (b) {(3, 5), (3, 7)} (c) {(2, 3), (1, 3)} (d) {(2, 3), (1, 3)} (e) {(1, 3), (2, 3)}
84
Chapter 4 Inequalities
An inequality is an open statement which uses the sign of inequality <, , >, . An example of an inequality is 3 + 2 8 2 > 22 5 The open sentences above are called inequalities with one variable as it only has one unknown variable. The second one is called quadratic inequality as the variable is in square form. The problem here is to nd all the value of variables which give the statement a true value.
4.1
Properties of inequality
(transitive property)
1. For , then 2 0 2. For , , then
If < and < then < If > and > then > 3. For , , then (Addition property)
If < then + < + If > then + > + 4. For , , then (Multiplication property)
If < and > 0 then < If > and > 0 then > If < and < 0 then > If > and < 0 then < 5. For (Inverse of Multiplication) 1 >0 85
If > 0 then
4.2 Solution of linear inequality 1 <0 If > > 0 then 2 > 2 > 0 If < 0 then If < < 0 then 6. For , If > > 0 then 2 > 2 > 0 If < < 0 then 2 > 2 > 0
Inequalities
4.2
Solution of linear inequality
The form of a linear inequality is presented as follow: 2 + 1 < 5. The solution of the inequality can be represented in a number line. The solution for is given by the number < 2. Representing this in a number line, the solution will look like the graph below.
'
Example 4.1. Given an inequality 2 + 7 > + 4 the task here is to nd the solution set. Solution: We will use the properties of inequality to nd the solution set of inequality 2 + 7 > + 4 2 + 7 + (7) > + 4 + (7) 2 > 3 2 > 3 > 3 The line graph of solution is add both sides by add both sides by 7
To check the answer: chooses any number greater than 3, say = 5. Substitute = 5 to the given inequality. 2 + 7 > + 4 2(5) + 7 > 5 + 4 17 > 9 It is true that 17 is greater than 9, this indicates that the answer above is correct. 86
&
The solution set is { > 3, }
Inequalities
' &
4.3 Quadratic inequality
Example 4.2. Find the solution set if inequality 2 1 < + 1 < 3 Solution: We can write the inequality into two forms 2 1 < + 1 + 1 < 3 (4.1) (4.2) Solving (4.2) we get 2 < 2 or < 1
$ %
Solving (4.1) gives 2 < + 2 or < 2 Therefore the solution set is { < 1, }
4.3
Quadratic inequality
Quadratic equation having two distinct roots
2 + 6 < 0
4.3.1
Given quadratic inequality To solve inequality involving sign <, rst we replace it by =. So we have the quadratic equation 2 + 6 = 0 By factorizing, gives ( + 3)( 2) = 0 ( 2) = 0 1 = 2 ( + 3) = 0 2 = 3 We have inequality with the sign of < so the points = 2 and = 3 are not included. So we have the coordinate of the points as follow. First we will have the coordinate of the points.
Now we will nd out the region of which satises the inequality First, choose a point less than 3, say = 4. Substituting = 4 to 2 + 6 gives 2 + 6 = (4)2 + (4) 6 = 4 > 0 Write the sign plus (+) at the region less than 3. Similarly, a point between 3 and 1, say = 0. Substituting = 0 to 2 + 6 gives 2 + 6 = (0)2 + (0) 6 = 6 < 0 87
4.3 Quadratic inequality
Inequalities
Therefore, we write the sign minus () between 3 and 1 Without checking the sign on interval between > 2, one can conclude the sign is (+). Hence, the graph is given by
We had inequality 2 + 6 < 0, this mean that all which give the value less than 0 are the solution. From the coordinate of the points above the points lay between 3 and 1 will give the value less than 0. The solution set is { 3 < < 2, } Question: If the inequality is modied such as 2 + 6 > 0.
The solution set is { < 3 or > 2, }
4.3.2
Quadratic equations having two equal roots
Given an inequality 2 2 > 1. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 2 2 + 1 = 0 by factorization. 2 2 + 1 = 0 ( 1)( 1) = 0 ( 1) = 0 1 = 1 ( 1) = 0 2 = 1 So the root is = 1. Now we draw the coordinate of the points
Now, let us choose a point at interval with a value less than 1, say = 0, substituting = 0 into the equation gives 1 > 0. Now we choose a point at interval greater than 1, say = 2, substituting = 2 into the equation 2 2 + 1 = 0. Hence,
88
Inequalities
4.4 Rational Inequality
All the point will give the value greater than 0 except at = 1 , therefore the solution set is , = 1 Note that the quadratic equation has one root; therefore there are only two regions at the coordinate of the points. The two regions have the same sign. Question: If the inequality is changed into 2 2 < 1. The inequality becomes 2 2 + 1 < 0. The graph is represented by
There is no satisfying the inequality 2 2 + 1 < 0, so there is no solution for this inequality.
4.4
4.4.1
Rational Inequality
Linear numerator and denominator
1 > 0 The denominator is 1. Write 1 or = 1 . Now = 1 is called 1
Given an inequality a critical point.
1 is not dened at = 1 ( is not included). Now we choose a point at the 1 region less than 1, say = 0. Substituting into () gives () < 1 which less than 0. Similarly if 1 we choose a point greater than 1 say = 2 and substituting = 2 into gives () > 1 which 1 is > 0. Hence, the line graph is given by The function () =
We see that
1 > 0, so the solution set is { > 1, } 1 89
4.4 Rational Inequality 2 7 >3 + 1
'
or
Inequalities
Example 4.3. Find the solution set of an inequality Solution:
2 7 2 7 + 1 3>0 3 >0 + 1 + 1 + 1
2 7 3 3 10 (2 7) 3( + 1) >0 >0 >0 + 1 + 1 + 1 The critical points are given by 10 = 0 or = 10, another critical point is +1 = 0 or = 1
10 Choose a point greater than 1 say = 0 .Substituting = 0 into gives 10 < 0, + 1 so
4.4.2
&
The solution set is { 10 < < 1, }
Quadratic numerator or denominator

2 + 1 First, rearranging the inequality, gives 2 1 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 (2 + 2) (2 + 2) 0 0 (2 + 2) 0. The critical points are
Given an inequality
The result is new inequality
2 + 2 = 0 ( + 2)( 1) = 0 1 = 2, 2 = 1 From the denominator, we have = 0. So, we have three critical points, these are 2, 0, 1. By 4 (2 + 2) gives which choosing any point less than 2 (say = 3 ) and substituting it into 3 is less than 0. Then we can sketch the line graph as follows:
90
Inequalities
4.5 Irrational Inequality
(2 + 2) From the inequality 0 , the interval of solution are 2 and 0 < 1. Therefore the solution set is { 2 or 0 < 1, }
'
Example 4.4. Find the solution set of inequality Solution:
+ 1 + 3 2
+ 1 + 1 0 + 3 2 ( + 3 )2( ) ( )( ) 2 + 1 + 3 0 + 3 2 2 + 3 (2 ) ( + 1)( + 3) 0 ( + 3)(2 ) 22 2 3 0 ( + 3)(2 1) (22 + 2 + 3) (22 + 2 + 3) 0 0 ( + 3)( 2) ( + 3)( 2) (22 + 2 + 3) 0. The numerator is 22 + 2 + 3 and the ( + 3)( 2) denominator is ( + 3)( 2). The numerator is denite positive (positive for all ), so 1 we only have inequality . Hence, the critical values are 1 = 3 or 2 = 2. ( + 3)( 2) Now choose one point less than 3 say 1 and substitute it into ( + 3)( 2), it gives 6 which is greater than 0. Hence, we have the following line graph The new inequality is
4.5
&
The interval for negative sign of the inequality is 3 < < 2. Therefore, the solution set is { 3 < < 2, }
Irrational Inequality
Given two inequalities > + 6 and 3 + 2 > 4 . The two inequalities are called irrational inequalities. The conditions that must be satised for the two inequalities are the function under the square root must be greater than zero. Given that () < (). This inequality holds true if () 0 and () 0 In an inequality, taking square on both sides gives If () < (), () () > 0, then 2 () < 2 () If () < (), () () < 0, then 2 () > 2 () 91
4.6 Absolute Inequality
'
Inequalities
Example 4.5. Find the solution set of inequality 3 + 2 4 Solution: The inequality has real solutions if the following conditions are satised 3 + 2 2 0 and 4 0 The two inequalities give and 4 3
Now back to the inequality
3 + 2 >
4 . Taking square on both sides results in
4.6
&
3 + 2 > 4 3 + > 2 + 1 4 > 2 > 2 1 4, } 2
The solution set is {
Absolute Inequality
if 0 if < 0
Denition of absolute value =
As an illustration, the absolute value of 3 = 3 Property If > 0 then
' &
2 2 or 2 2
Example 4.6. Find the solution set of inequality 2 1 < 3 Solution: 2 1 < 3 3 < 2 1 < 3 3 + 1 < 2 1 + 1 < 3 + 1 2 4 2 < 2 < 4 < < 1 < < 2 2 2
$ %
The solution set is { 1 < < 2, } 92
Inequalities Example 4.7. Find the solution set of inequality 2 1 < 1 Solution: 2 1 > 1 2 > 0 ( 1) > 0 and
'
4.6 Absolute Inequality
2 1 > 1 ( 2)( + 1) > 0 The rst inequality is (1) > 0 and the second inequality is (2)(+1) < 0 The rst inequality give critical points 1 = 0 and 2 = 1. The second inequality gives critical points 1 = 2 and 2 = 1. By choosing one point at interval less than 0, say = 1 we nd that ( 1) = 1(1 1) = 2 > 0. Similarly, choosing = 2 (less than 1) gives 4 which is greater than 0. The solution is 1 < < 0 or 1 < < 2, therefore the solution set is { 1 < < 0 or 1 < < 2, }
& '
Example 4.8. Find the solution set of the inequality 2 2 2 Solution: 2 2 2 (2 2)2 (2 )2 4 42 + 4 4 42 + 4 0 4(2 1) 0 ( 1)( + 1) 0
% $
So, now we have inequality ( 1)( + 1) 0 with the critical points 1 = 0 and 2 = 1 Similar method as previous example, we nd
&
From the inequality ( 1)( + 1) 0, the solution set is { 1 1, }
93
Inequalities
4.7
Multiple Choice Questions

(a) > 2 (b) > 6 (c) 2 < < 6 6. If 3 < 1 then (d) 0 < < 3 (e) 3 < 4 (d) 6 < < 2 (e) < 6
1. For what value of is the inequality 2 + 7 1 correct? 1 (a) 0 1 (b) 1 < 7 (c) 8 < 1 (d) 4 < 1 (e) 4 and < 1 2. The solution set of the inequality 32 12 15 0 is (a) { 1} (b) { 5} (c) { 1 5} (d) { 5} (e) { 1 5} 3. If = {2 3 0, }, = {2 5 0, }, then = (a) 0 (b) {0, 5} (c) {3, 5} 4. For what value of does the absolute 5 value inequality 1 hold true? 4 3 3 1 or 2 (a) < 2 4 3 1 (b) or < < 2 2 4 3 1 (c) 2, = 2 4 3 1 (d) or > 2 4 1 (e) or 2 2 5. What must the value of be in order to get the whole graph of () = 2 2 + lies above the graph () = 22 3 94 (d) {0} (e)
(a) < 4 (b) 4 (c) 4 < < 0 7. If 2 < 3 then
(a) 3 < < 3 (b) 3 < 3 (c) 0 < 3
(d) 3 (e) < 3
8. The value of that satises 3 is (a) 3 7 (b) 3 < 5 (c) 5 < 7 9. The value of satises only if 1 4 (b) > 4 1 (c) > 4 (a) 10. The solution of (a) 4 < < 5 (b) 4 < 5
7 >
(d) 3 < < 5 (e) 5 < < 7
< 2 if and
(d) >
1 4 (e) 4
2 16 < 3 is
(c) 5 < 4 or 4 < 5 (d) 5 < < 4 or 4 < < 5 (e) 5 < < 5 and 4 11. For what value of does the inequality 8 2 < 2 hold true? (a) 4 < < 2 (b) 2 < 4
Inequalities (c) > 2 (d) > 2 or < 4 (e) < 2 or 2 < 4 12. The union of {2 1 < 1} and {2 1 > 1} is (a) { < 1} { 1 < < 1} { > 1} (b) { < 1}{0 < < 2}{ > 2} (c) { < 1} { 1 < < 1} { > 2} (d) { < 1}{0 < < 1}{ > 1} (e) { < 1}{0 < < 1}{ > 2} 13. The solution of 5 (a) 2 < 2 5 (b) > 2 5 (c) < 3 2 (d) 2 3 (e) 3 14. The solution of 2 4 + 4 < 3 is 2 4 > 6 2 is
4.7 Multiple Choice Questions 16. What is the solution set of (a) { 1 < < 3} (b) { < 3 or > 1} 3 (c) { < < 1 or > 3} 4 (d) {1 < < 3} (e) { < 1 or > 3} 17. The value of that satises (a) 2 < < 0 (b) 2 < < 1 (c) 2 < < 2 2 + 3 18. The value of that satises >0 3 7 is 3 7 (a) < < 2 3 3 2 (b) < < 7 3 2 (c) < < 1 7 3 (d) < or > 2 3 (e) < or > 7 19. The solution set of 2 > 4 3 < ,
(d) 0 < < 1 (e) 0 < < 2
7 3 2 3
13 + 39 < 0 is + 12
(a) 1 < < 5 (b) 1 < < 5 and = 4 (c) 5 < < 1 (d) 1 < < 2 or 2 < < 5 (e) 5 < < 1 or > 2 15. The value of that satises + 2 > 10 2 is (a) 10 10 (b) < 3 or > 1 (c) 2 10 (d) 1 < 10 (e) 3 < 10 95
(a) { < 12 or > 3} (b) { 12 < < 3} (c) { < 3 or > 12} (d) {3 < < 12} (e) { < 12} 20. For what value of does the quadratic equation 2 + ( 1) + 4 = 0 have two distinct roots? (a) < 5 or > 3 (b) < 3 or > 5 (c) < 3 or > 5 (d) 5 < < 3 (e) 3 < < 5
4.7 Multiple Choice Questions 1 1 21. The value of that satises > is 2 3 (a) 2 < < 3 (b) 1 < < 5 (c) 2 < < 5 22. In order to get two real roots and one root is the reciprocal of the other root of the quadratic equation 2 + + 1 = 0, what must the value for and be? (a) = 0 (b) < 0 or > 1 (c) < 1 or > 1 (d) 2 42 4 > 0 (e) =1 ( 1) 23. The inequality 2 + 7 1 holds true for 1 in the interval (a) 8 1 (b) 8 < 1 (c) 4 1 (d) 0 1 (e) 4 or 1 24. Find the values of in order to get positive roots from the quadratic equation ( 5)2 4 + ( 2) = 0 10 or 1 3 10 (b) or > 5 3 (c) 1 < 2 (a) (d) = 0 (e) 2 < 5 25. For what interval does the inequality 2 6 < 0 hold true? 2 6 + 5 (a) (1, 5) (b) (5, ) (c) (, 1) 96 (d) 3 < < 5 (e) 5 < < 6 (d) (, 1) (3, 5) (e) (, 1) (5, ) 26. The inequality tion for (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 1 1 or > 3 (d) 1 < 1 or 3 (e) 1 1 or 3
Inequalities
2 2 3 0 has solu 1
27. The value of that satises inequality 32 + 7 14 2 is 2 + 3 4 (a) < 4 (b) < 4 or 3 < 1 or 2 (c) 4 or 3 < 1 or 2 (d) 10 < 4 or 3 < 1 (e) 10 < 4 or 3 < 1 or 2 28. The value of satisfying the inequality 4 2 0 is 2 + 2 (a) 2 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 29. The value of that satises the inequality 2 1 < 2 is 2+2 + 6 (a) > 2 or < 1 (b) > 1 or < 2 (c) > 3 or < 2 (d) 1 < < 2 (e) 2 < < 1 30. The solution of 2 3 + 2 < 0 is ( + 1)2 ( + 2) (d) 1 < 3 (e) 0 < < 4
(a) < 2 or 1 < < 2 (b) > 2 or 2 < < 1 (c) 2 < < 1 or 1 < < 2
Inequalities (d) > 2 or 1 < < 1 or < 2 (e) < 2 31. The value of that satises the absolute value inequalities 1 < 2 is (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) > 1 32. The solution set of 2 > 0 is (a) { = 2} (b) { > 6} (c) { 2 < < 6} (d) { < 2 or > 4} (e) { < 2 or > 6} 33. If 3 5 > 1 then the value of that satises the absolute value inequalities (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 1 < < 1 3 2 4 < < 3 3 4 < < 2 3 1 < < or 1 < <? 3 4 < < or 2 < < 3 (d) 3 < < 1 (e) 1 < < 3
4.7 Multiple Choice Questions 36. The value of that satises 2 + 2 2 < 2 is (a) < < 2 (b) 0 < < (c) 2 < < 0 (d) 0 < < 2 (e) 2 < < 2
37. If 2 1 < + 2, the value of that satises is (a) 2 < < 0 (b) 0 < < 2 (c) 0 < < 4 (d) 1 < < (e) 0 < < or < < 4 38. All values of that satises the absolute value inequality 0 < 3 3 is (a) 0 < < 3 or 3 < < 6 (b) 0 < 3 or 3 < 6 (c) 0 < 3 or 3 < < 64 (d) 0 3 or 3 < 6 (e) 0 34 or 3 < < 6 39. The value of that satises the inequality 7 + 3 > 1 is (a) > (b) (c) (d) (e) 7 4 7 < 2 7 7 < or > 2 4 7 7 < or > 4 2 7 7 < or > 4 2
34. If 2 3 < 1 and 2 < 3 then (a) 1 < < 2 3 (b) 1 < < 2 3 (c) < 2 3 (d) > 2 (e) > 2 35. The solution set of + 6 0.5 is 4 (a) { 26} (b) { 22} (c) { 26} (d) { 26 22} (e) { 26 or 22} 97
40. For what interval does the absolute value 2 + 7 1 hold true? inequality 1 (a) (2, 8) (b) (, 8) (2, ) (c) (8, 1) (1, ) (d) (2, 1) (1, 8) (e) (, 8) (2, 1) (1, )
4.8 Exercise
Inequalities
4.8
Exercise
(a) (b) (c) 1 < 2 4 > 3 2 + 6 < 2 (d) (e) (f) 4 2 3 1 3 6 3
1. Find the solution set of the following inequalities
2. Solve the following inequalities 2 4 6 2 (b) 1 2 (c) 2 1 < + 3 (a) 3. Find the solution of the following inequalities 2 < 2 (b) 2 4 + 4 3 (c) 2 16 3 (a) 4. Solve the following inequalities 2 2 (a) <2 3 + 1 (b) >1 1 5. Solve the following absolute value inequalities (a) 3 + 4 < 8 (b) 2 5 7 (c) 4 1 + 3 > 16 (d) 5 2 + 6 25 (e) 6 2 7 (f) 8 3 < 21 (g) 37 2 5 19 (h) 8 + 6 > 34 (i) 4 + 6 7 (j) 5 2 < 3 (k) 2 2 > 1 (l) 2 1 > 1 (m) 2 1 < 7 (n) 2 5 4 (o) 2 3 5 5 + 3 2 2 1 (d) 2 1 + 3 2 (c) (d) 10 2 < + 2 (e) 2 + 2 3 < 4 2 (f) 2 3 + 2 > 2 3 (d) (e) 2 + 3 < 1 2 1 4 + 8
6. Find the solution set of the following absolute value inequalities (a) + 4 2 6 (b) 3 + 2 < 4 (c) 9 2 4 (d) 3 > 6 3
7. Solve and write down the solution set of the absolute value inequalities below (a) 1 1 + 2 6 5 1 3 + 2 98 + 2 <4 2 3 1 5 (d) < 2 1 2 (e) 1 < 2 1 < 3 (c)
(b)

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MATHEMATICS Xa

Senior High School

Logarithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 1 Exponents, Roots and Logarithms

Example 1.1. a. Evaluate 32 35 b. Evaluate 57 54 Answer Answer : : 32 35 = 32+5 = 37 57 = 575 = 53 54 59 Answer : 9 = 4

59 c. Express 9 as a form of exponent 4

( )9 5 4 Answer : (5 3)4 Answer : (3)25 = 310

Zero exponent and negative exponent

Denition 1.2. If is real number and = 0, then 0 = 1, for example 50 = 1 1

Exponents, Roots and Logarithms

is read as to the power of minus , or one over to the power of

Rule of negative exponent

Example 1.2. Evaluate Solution:

54 show the result as a form of exponent. 59 5555

5 4 terms = 9 5 555555555 5555 = = 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 1 55555 1 = 55 5 5

Exponents, Roots and Logarithms

or 2 2 2 2 2 82 = ( 2 8)2 = (2)2 or 82 = 8 2 = (8) 2 = (23 ) 2 = 22 = 4

' & ' &

1.1 Exponents Example 1.6. Simplify the following fractions a. 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 +1 + 1 + 1 = = + 1 + 1 + 1 1 + + 1 1 1 = = = + 1 + 1 2 2 1 1 b.

Exponents, Roots and Logarithms

1. Simplify the following expressions c. d. 1 + 1 + 1 2 1 1

1.2 Root forms

3635 12 n. 965 2 8 0. 816 12 p. 2 1925 2 8

Root forms are numerical expressions involving irrational roots.

Basic form of roots

Example 1.7. Evaluate 100 b. 45 c. 7 3

We have learnt about the rule rule as follows:

. This rule can be reversed into the multiplication

If and 0 and 0 then = ( )

Exponents, Roots and Logarithms

Using the formula of 2 + (2 ) + 2 = ( + )2 , we get 2 = ( 4 + 2)2

Taking square roots on both sides, we get = Therefore 6 + 2 8 = 4 + 2 6

1.2 Root forms

Using the formula of 2 (2 ) + 2 = ( + )2 , we get 2 = ( 3 2)2

Taking square roots on both sides, we get = Therefore 5 24 = 3 2

Rationalizing the denominator

To rationalize the denominator of the form

, multiply the fraction by , this gives = = 2 ( )

1.2 Root forms 1.2.5.2 Rationalizing the denominator of the form

Exponents, Roots and Logarithms , or

Example 1.12. Simplify the expression Solution:

10 10 4 6 = 4+ 6 4+ 6 4 6 10(4 6) = 42 ( 6)2 10(4 6) = 16 6 10(4 6) = 10 = 4 6

Exponents, Roots and Logarithms 6 15 + 10

' & ' &

1.2 Root forms

Example 1.14. Simplify the expression Solution:

Example 1.15. Simplify the expression Solution: 5 2

2 5 + 10 = 10 5 10 5 + 10 2( 5 + 10) 5 2 10 2 = = 5 10 ( 5)2 ( 10)2 10 20 2 1 = 10 + 5 = 5 5 5

Exercise 1.2. 1. Simplify a. b.

3 4 3 4 c. 4 d. 6 2. Simplify a. b. 462 3 133 543 2 = 1.41421,

63 4 646 273 16 6 814

36 3 27 1085 3 275 5 = 2.23607,

3. Given that fractions

6 = 2.44949 calculate the following

Exponents, Roots and Logarithms e. 2+1 3 1 1 1 f. + + 5 3 2

28 + 63 + 175 24 + 2 216 5 54 81 2 24 + 5 3 403 + 3 105 + 6 90 163 4 365 2

2 3 2+ 3 and = , calculate! 6. Let = 2+ 3 2+ 3 a. + b.

log , > 0, = 1, is called the base of logarithms

log 100 = 2 log 16 = 2

Exponents, Roots and Logarithms Note: 10.

' & '

log 4 +2 log 5 = log 28 log 4 =

Example 1.17. Evaluate each of the following without using a calculator