AP European History DBQ

Chang 2 Table of Contents

Chapter 1............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Chapter 2............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................... 6

Chang 3 Outline

I. Introduction II. Research Strategies A. Qualitative B. Quantitative C. Statistics III. Conclusion

Chang 4 Brian Chang Mrs. Hale APEH DBQ 25 January 2010

AP European History DBQ

Chapter 1

Enlightenment was a philosophical development in the 18th century that gave confidence human reasoning. This movement was greatly influenced by the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution. Renaissance was a period of rebirth of art, literature, and education that changed the view on human values and churchs power. The Scientific Revolution was a period when new ideas of sciences prevailed and rejected the doctrines that was prominent during the Middle Ages. The Enlightenment, like Renaissance, praised the human value and reason. The emphasis on human reasoning, change in the views on human and church, and the innovations and discoveries during the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution affected many aspects that made up the Enlightenment period. One of the influences of the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution on the Enlightenment was emphasis on reasons and increase in human knowledge. According to Immanual Kant, in his essay, What is the Enlightenment states, Enlightenment is using ones intelligence without the guidance from another, and it is the freedom of using reason in all matter. Voltaire, the most influential philosopher during the Enlightenment period and as a French prisoner for offending the French monarch, described human by saying that soul is the same thing with thought. Because he was exiled to England, where he saw liberty and tolerant intellectual climate, he was influenced by the English and believed that knowledge and thoughts are essential. In addition, Marie Jean Antoine Caritat, in his Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, states that all men are capable of using knowledge to classify and measure data and terms. Rene Descartes, an influential thinker during the Scientific Revolution, as an advocate of deduction, in his Discourse on Method believed that the long chains of reasoning could get human beings to know everything just by reasons. Lastly, Pico Della Mirandola, in his Oration on the Dignity of Man, stated that people could become whatever they choose to become. As a Renaissance thinker and an advocate of humanism, Pico Della Mirandola believed in the power of

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Chang 5 human reasoning and knowledge. One of the characteristics of the Enlightenment was the change in the view on the church and it was greatly affected by the ideas of Renaissance and Scientific Revolution. Leonardo Bruni, in his On Learning and Literature, stated that people could learn and educate themselves by conversations and writings. As Renaissance thinker, he believed that education was a crucial part of the humanism. His teachings and ideas on humanism led people to stray from the teachings of the church and the idea that church has the full authority over men. Galileo, in his letter to Grand Duchess Cristina, wrote that people should free themselves from the oppression from the church and have their own opinions and ideas. He emphasized more on this idea because as a scientist and astronomer during the Scientific Revolution, he was tried for his idea of heliocentric theory that went against the churchs teaching of geocentricism. His idea and experience influenced the Enlightenment in a way that people use reason to prove their opinion and ideas instead of depending on the teachings of the church.
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Chapter 2

The discoveries during the Scientific Revolution and the innovations during the Renaissance also affected the period of Enlightenment. Document 10, the picture of the statue of David by Michelangelo, shows the new sense of art and anatomy during the Renaissance period. This influenced Enlightenment by better knowledge on human anatomy and more scrutinized experimentations and observations. Leonardo Da Vinci, famous Renaissance artist and painter, in his Notes on the Cosmos talks about his observations and reasoning on astronomy and universe. Rene Descartes came up with the four stage experimentations and the scientific method, which relied on observations and the results instead of the teachings of the church. It required reasoning, observations, and analytical thoughts. The definition of the Scientific Revolution itself is a change of view on the universe. From the Ptolemaic system, Nicolas Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo in turn came up with the new idea of sun being the center of the universe. This idea of the scientific revolution went directly against the churchs teaching. These oppositions and contradicting ideas against the church increased the advocate and favor to reasoning which eventually led to the period, Enlightenment. Isaac Newton, who discovered the law of gravitation, in his Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy listed the rules of his law on nature. These rules were example of setting records and data of experimentations during the scientific revolution. These kinds of record keeping led to the modern science and later Enlightenment by setting legitimate rules, data, and keeping records that people could use the source for their education and knowledge.

Chang 6

ConclusionThe Renaissance and Scientific revolution affected the rise of the period known as the Enlightenment by their change of view on the church, use of reasoning and knowledge, and new discoveries during those two eras. Once the philosophers and scientific thinkers began using reason, people started to stray from the church. People began to rely more on reason and experiments and observations, they could not only rely on their faith on the church. The Enlightenment, which reformed political, economic, and social aspects of European life, used the Scientific method established during the Scientific Revolution. The movement, Enlightenment, was based on the discoveries and knowledge of the Scientific Revolution and Renaissance.

Tripoli, Libya (CNN) -- Over the past few days, anti-Gadhafi forces have made "significant advances" -- in the northwest and in the regions of Misrata and al-Brega -- a spokesman for NATO's military operation told reporters Tuesday. Tripoli, Libya (CNN) -- Over the past few days, anti-Gadhafi forces have made "significant advances" -- in the northwest and in the regions of Misrata and al-Brega -- a spokesman for NATO's military operation told reporters Tuesday.
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United States of America-United States of America Reference: Gill, M. (2009). The effect of hypertext annotation presentation formats on learner control. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 20(3), 359-373. Retrieved January 10, 2011, from www.proquest.com

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