SEMESTER EXAM – PART I - STUDY GUIDE

JANUARY 2007

Skeletal System

1. What’s the funny bone? The funny bone is the humerus.

2. Longest Bone in body? The largest bone in the body is the femur.

3. Compare adult bones to children bones Adult bones are thicker and denser, and

children’s bones are more fragile and smaller.

4. Know the bones in the axial skeleton Skull, Ribs and Backbone, and Pelvis.

5. Know the bones in the appendicular skeleton Everything else.

6. What’s the soft spot in baby’s head? A gap in the skeletal bones.

7. What’s arthritis? The inflammation of the joints.

8. What’s osteoporosis? The wear and tear that the joints experience through out a

lifetime.

9. Know the differences and similarities of yellow and red bone marrow. Red bone

marrow produces red blood cells, and yellow blood marrow stores fats and

nutrients, but will help produce red blood cells if massive blood loss is

experienced.

10. Purpose or function of skeleton (movement, protection, support, framework) The

skeleton provides movement via the joints, the framework for muscles and

internal organs, the protecting of the internal organs, and the overall framework

for the body.

11. Places cartilage is found on the body. The tip of the nose and the ears.

12. Know the location and function of the following joints: hinge, ball-n-socket,

pivot, gliding, and fixed. The hinge joint is found in the elbows and knees, and

provides up and down movement. Ball –n- socket is found in the shoulder, and

allows for full circular movement. The pivot joint is found in the neck, and allows

for side to side movement. The gliding joint is found in the wrist and allows for a

full range of movement. The fixed joint is a joint where two or more bones meet

together, but does not allow movement, such as the skull.

13. What’s a tendon? A tendon joints bone to muscle.

14. What’s a ligament? A ligament joins bone to bone.

15. The purpose of calcium to the bones Calcium provides the bone with the types of

minerals that are needed to keep the bones healthy and strong.

16. Where do bones grow in length? Bones grow in length at the ends of the bone.

17. What’s a joint? A joint is a point where two or more bones meet.

18. What’s a bursa? The padded cushion between the bones of a joint that help

cushion the impact of the moving bones in the joint.

19. What’s an osteoblast? A mineral that helps bones grow.

20. What’s a sprain? When the bones of a joint get twisted.

21. Know the layers of the bone. The spongy bone, the compact bone and the hard

outer bone.

22. What are the four bones of the skull? The frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

bones.

23. Know the location of each bone.

Integumentary System

1. What do most common skin disorders result from? Bacterial, viral or fungal

infection.

2. What’s hair? A primarily dead keratinized cell.

3. Function of the Sebaceous and Sudoriferous glands. Sudoriferous (sweat) is used

to keep the body cooled down, and sebaceous keeps the skin and hair soft and has

bacteria killing minerals inside.

4. What are nails made of? Nails are made up of dead skin scales layered on top of

one another.

5. Function of the skin. Protect the deeper layers of the skin, regulate body

temperature, and produce defensive proteins and vitamin D.

Muscular System

1. Know the location of each muscle.

2. Know the 3 types of muscle. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles.

Digestive System

1. Efficiency of elderly digestive system. All of the organs in the digestive system

start to get less and less efficient as you get older.

2. What inflammatory digestive condition increases in middle age? Is common in

adolescents? Appendicitis, which is common in adolescents.

3. Function of the hypothalamus. Initiates heat loss process or heat promoting

process.

4. Know the differences between heat-promoting and heat-loss processes. Heat loss

processes is the radiation of head from the skin and the evaporation of sweat), and

heat promoting process is the vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels and

shivering).

5. What is hyperthermia? Body temperature regulated at higher-than-normal levels.

6. Know the differences between TMR and BMR. TMR is the Total Metabolic Rate,

the number of calories used to accomplish all ongoing daily activities, and BMR

is Basal Metabolic Rate, which is the total number of calories used when one is in

a basal state.

7. Know the differences between ADP and ATP. All foods are carbonized to form

ATP.

8. What does total energy output equal to? Sixty percent.

9. Function of lipoproteins. Fats and cholesterol are carried through the blood by the

lipoproteins.

10. Function of liver? To produce bile.

11. When are amino acids most important? What’s and amino acid? Amino acids are

the building blocks of proteins.

12. What is the role of protein? They build the bulk of cell structure.

13. Purpose of fats. Fats are burned by the liver to create energy.

14. What leads up to defecation? The digestion of food and the saving of all useful

minerals and vitamins.

15. Know the parts and functions of the digestive organs. The mouth and throat is

used to ingest food, the small intestine is where the foods begin to break down,

the stomach beaks down the food the rest of the way, the liver and pancreas

absorbed the nutrients from the food, and then it passes through the large intestine

and is expelled through the anus.

16. Difference between voluntary and involuntary digestion. Voluntary digestion is

the parts of digestion that you control, such as chewing and swallowing, and

involuntary is digestion that you don’t control.

17. Where do mechanical and chemical breakdown of food occur? In the stomach and

liver, where the nutrients and proteins are extracted from the digested food.

18. Building blocks of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Simple sugars called

monosaccharides.

19. What substances cover the root and crown of the teeth? Enamel.

20. What are teeth made out of? Bonelike dentin.

21. Know the location and function of the molar, incisor, canine, and wisdom teeth.

Molars are used for grinding food, incisor are used to cut through teeth, canine are

used for cutting through meat, and wisdom teeth are also used for grinding food.

22. When do you permanent teeth appear? When you are about seven years old.

23. When do you get your deciduous teeth? When you are about six months old.

24. Function of salivary glands. They secrete saliva into the mouth.

25. Purpose of gallbladder and pancreas. The gallbladder stores bile and the pancreas

contain enzymes containing proteins.

26. Where is bile produced? In the liver.

27. The relationship between: trypsin and protein; pancreatic amylase and starch; and

lipase and lipids. Trypsin acts on protein, amylase acts on starch, and lipase acts

on lipids.

28. Purpose of stomach mucus. To help break down digested food.

29. Know the gastric glands: HCl (hydrochloric acid), mucus, pepsin, renin, gastrin,

and intrinsic factor.

30. Know the parts of the oral cavity. Lips, teeth, tongue, cheeks, palate.

31. Know the layers of the alimentary canal. The alimentary canal is the tube that

runs from the mouth to the anus.