CHAPTER 6

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

Chapter 6

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Symmetrical Components

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION SEQUENCE COMPONENTS FAULT CONDITION PHASOR DIAGRAMS SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR TRANSFORMERS SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR CABLES SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR MOTORS SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR GENERATORS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR LINE TO GROUND FAULTS PROBLEM 4

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INTRODUCTION
The symmetrical components method (mathematical operations) is the foundation for obtaining and understanding ground fault data on three-phase power systems. In short, the method of symmetrical components is one of the relay/coordination engineers most powerful technical tools. While the method and mathematics are quite simple, the practical value lies in the ability to think and visualize in symmetrical components. This skill requires practice and experience. The symmetrical components method consists of reducing an unbalanced three-phase system of phasors into three balanced or symmetrical systems: the positive, negative, and zero phase sequence components. This balanced reduction can be performed in terms of current, voltage, and impedance. BALANCED SYSTEM A balanced system (i.e., a three-phase fault) consists of three phasors, all equal in magnitude and 120o apart (Figure 6-1). For example: IA = 10o = 1.0 + j0 IB = 1240o = -0.5 - j0.866 IC = 1120o = -0.5 + j0.866 I A + IB + IC = 0 |IA| = |IB| = |IC|

Figure 6-1. Example of a Balanced System

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Unbalanced System

An unbalanced system (e.g., a line-to-ground fault) consists of three-phasors, not all equal in magnitude or degrees apart (Figure 6-2). For example: IA = 10o = 1.0 + j0 IB = 2 225o = -1.0 - j1.0

IC = 190o = 0 + j1.0 I A + IB + IC = 0 |IA| = |IC| |IB|

Figure 6-2. Example of an Unbalanced System

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SEQUENCE COMPONENTS
The sequence components consist of three sequence sets: positive (+) sequence, negative (-) sequence, and zero (0) sequence. Positive sequence (+) components consist of three phasors equal in magnitude, displaced from each other by 120o in phase, and having the same phase sequence (abc) as the original unbalanced phasors (abc). The term positive derives from the fact that Ib1 is a positive (+) 120o behind Ia1 (Figure 6-3). Note: Subscript 1 identifies the positive sequence component, subscript 2 identifies the negative sequence component, and the subscript 0 identifies the zero sequence component.

Figure 6-3. Positive (+) Sequence Components

Negative sequence (-) components consist of three phasors equal in magnitude, displaced from each other by 120o in phase, and having the phase sequence opposite (acb) to that of the original phasors (abc). The term negative derives from the fact that Ib2 is a negative (-) 120o behind Ia2 (Figure 6-4).

Figure 6-4. Negative (-) Sequence Components

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Zero sequence (0) components consist of three phasors equal in magnitude and with zero phase displacement (0o) from each other (Figure 6-5).

Figure 6-5. Zero (0) Sequence Components

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Operators (J, A)

The j operator is a unit phasor with an angle displacement of 90o (Figure 6-6). j = 1 90o = 0 + j1.0 = j j2 = 1 180o = -1.0 + j0 = -1.0 j3 = 1 270o = 0 - j1.0 = -j j4 = 1 360o = 1.0 + j0 = 1.0 -j = 1 270o = 0 - j1.0 = -j = j3

Figure 6-6. The j Operator

The a operator is a unit phasor with an angle displacement of 120o (Figure 6-7). a = 1 120o = - 0.5 + j0.866 -a = 1 300o = + 0.5 - j0.866 a2 = 1 240o = - 0.5 - j0.866 -a2 = 1 60o = + 0.5 + j0.866

a3 = 1 360o = + 1.0 + j0 = 1.0

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-a3 = 1 180o = - 1.0 + j0 = - 1.0

Figure 6-7. The a Operator

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FAULT CONDITION PHASOR DIAGRAMS

Sequence Currents Figure 6-8 shows and the following characteristics apply to the current sequence component sets for three-phase faults, line-to-line faults, and line-to-line-to ground faults.

o No negative or zero sequence currents flow for three-phase faults; only positive sequence currents flow. o Only positive and negative sequence currents flow for line-to-line faults. o Positive, negative, and zero sequence currents flow for faults involving ground.

Sequence Voltages Figure 6-9 shows and the following characteristics apply to the voltage sequence component sets for three-phase faults and line-to-line faults.

o No negative or zero sequence voltages exist for a three-phase fault and the positive sequence voltage collapses to zero at the point of the fault. o No zero sequence voltages exist for line-to-line faults. o Positive, negative, and zero sequence voltages exist for faults involving ground.

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Symmetrical Components

Sequence Currents

Figure 6-8. Sequence Current Components

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Symmetrical Components

Sequence Voltages

Figure 6-9. Sequence Voltage Components

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Symmetrical Components

SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR TRANSFORMERS

The zero sequence equivalent circuits of three-phase transformers deserve special attention because of the different combinations of connections (e.g., delta-wye, wyedelta, etc.). Figure 6-10 shows the various transformer connection combinations and the corresponding zero sequence current flow equivalent diagram. Referring to Figure 6-10, the following observations are noted:

o If either one of the neutrals of a wye-wye (Y-Y) transformer bank is ungrounded, zero sequence current (I0) cannot flow in either winding. o Where both neutrals of a wye-wye (Y-Y) transformer bank are grounded, zero sequence current (I0) flows in both windings. o In delta-wye (-Y) or wye-delta (Y-) transformer grounded banks, zero sequence currents (I0) have a path only through the wye (Y) winding. o No zero sequence currents (I0) flow in a delta-delta (-) transformer bank. o If the connection from neutral to ground contains an impedance (ZN), the zero sequence equivalent circuit model must be modeled as an impedance of 3ZN.

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Zero Sequence Transformer Models

Figure 6-10. Transformer Zero Sequence Model

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SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR CABLES

Positive Sequence Impedance Usually given in tables Negative Sequence Impedance Z2 = Z1 Zero Sequence Impedance Z0 > Z1

SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR MOTORS

Positive Sequence Impedance X1 = Xd Negative Sequence Impedance X2 = X1 Zero Sequence Impedance Since motors are ungrounded, they have no zero sequence impedance.

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SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR GENERATORS

Positive Sequence Impedance X1 = Xd Negative Sequence Impedance X2 is usually 20% higher than X1 Zero Sequence Impedance X0 is usually much smaller than X1

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR LINE TO GROUND FAULTS

Ilg = 3E Z1 + Z2 + Z0 + 3Zn

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PROBLEM 4

SCC = 1200 MVA

10 MVA 6% 13.8 kV

Cable (0.1 Ohms)

2.5 MVA 5.5 % 6 Ohms 4.16 kV

Ground Fault

200 HP

Calculate the line to ground fault current in the 4.16kV system using the following methods: A. B. C. Approximate method (only grounding resistor) Ignoring motor contribution. Including motor contribution.

Note: For the utility, transformers, cable, and motor: Assume that the total impedance is reactive.

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PROBLEM 6 SOLUTION
Utility Contribution SCC Z(p.u. on 100 MVA base) = = 1200 MVA 100 SCC (MVA) Z(p.u. on 100 MVA base) = = 10 MVA Transformer (Branch 100) Z% Z(p.u. new) = = 6.0 % Z(p.u. old) * MVA (base-new) 100 1200 .0833 P.U.

MVA (base-old) Z(p.u. new) = 6.0 100 Z(p.u. new) = 0.060 * MVA (base-new) MVA (base-old) 100 10 Z(p.u. new) = 0.6000 P.U.

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2.5 MVA Transformer Z% = Z(p.u. new) =

5.50 % Z(p.u. old) * MVA (base-old) MVA (base-new)

Z(p.u. new)

5.50 100

MVA (base-new) MVA (base-old) 100 2.50

Z(p.u. new)

0.0550

Z(p.u. new)

2.200 P.U.

0.1 ohm Cable

Z (branch) = X(branch) = 0.1 ohms

X (p.u.) =

X (ohms) Z (base)

= 0.10 1.90440

0.0525

P.U.

6 ohm grounding resistor

Z (branch) = R(branch) = 6.0 ohms

R (p.u.)

= R (ohms) R (base)

= 6.0 17.3056

34.671

P.U.

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2000 HP Motor X(d) X(p.u.)

0.17 (assumed) X(d old) MVA (base-new)

MVA (base-old) X(p.u.) = 0.17 * MVA (base-new) MVA (base-old) X(p.u.) = 0.17 100

2.00 X(p.u.) Ibase = = 8.5 100,000 3 * 4.16 P.U. = 13,879.019 amps

1) Ilg

Using Approximate Method = (4160/ 3) 6 = 400 amps = 2400 6

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2) Ignoring Motor Contribution

Utility 10 MVA TXMR

j 0.0833

j 0.6 3 * (34.671)

Cable 2.5 MVA TXMR

j 0.0525
Grounding 2.5 MVA TXMR

j 2.2

j 2.2

Positive & Negative Sequence Per Unit Impedances

Z1 = = Z0 + 3 Zn Ilg = = Z2 =

Zero Sequence Per Unit Impedances

j (.0833 + 0.6 + 0.05250 + 2.2)

j (2.9358) j (2.2) + 3 (34.671) 3E Z1 + Z2 + Z0 + 3Zn

3E j (2.9358) + j (2.9358) + j (2.2) + 3 (34.671)

3 j(8.0716) + 104.13

= Ifault =

3 104.3257 IP.U. * Ibase

.028756 P.U.

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= =

.028756 *13,879.019 399.105 amps

(for all practical purposes, it is equal to 400 amps)

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Symmetrical Components

3) If Motor Contribution was to be Added

Utility 10 MVA

j 0.0833

j
j 0.6

j 8.5
Cable j 0.0525 200 HP

3 * (34.671)

2.5 MVA

Groundin j 2.2

2.5 MVA

j 2.2

Positive & Negative Sequence

Zero Sequence

XP.U.

(2.9358) * (8.5) (2.9358) + (8.5)

2.18212 P.U.

Ilg

3E Z1 + Z2 + Z0 + 3Zn

3E j (2.18212) + j (2.18212) + j (2.2) + 3 (34.671)

3 j(6.56424) + 104.13

3 104.2199

.02875 P.U.

Ifault

IP.U. * Ibase

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= =

.02875 *13,879.019 399.5114 amps which is basically 400 amps

(not worth all the effort)

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