U-I Introduction and Evolution Of Internet

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Introduction: Internet is world wide collection of computer network It provides access to communication services and access to information resources to the millions of users around the globe Internet covers globe and include large international network as well as many smaller local area networks owned by any individual company or country M/C or computer on one network can communicate with M/C or computer on other network and send data file and other information back and forth, for this work M/C on network must have to agree to speak same language Internet Services/Applications Remote login (TELNET) File transfer (FTP) Electronic mail (Email) News (USENET or network news) Hypertext (www) Terminal Services To receive and send emails Read and post article in newsgroup Download files to your PC Chat with online users Access online multimedia Search the net for information Contribute the articles and other materials Do online shopping Evolution Of Internet: In late 1960 US Department of defence started packet switched network ARPANET (Advanced research project agency) or WAN now known as DARPA (Defence advanced research project agency) basic idea was to connect different geographical areas network and allows the transmission in the form of packets Challenges faced by ARPA is related with Interconnectivity: It deals with transportation of information and for this software protocol is needed that could package and route the information between multiple site and for this internet protocol is evolved ie TCP/IP Interpretability deals with application-to-application communication, its challengeous because applications are running vastly on different hardware platform with different operating system & different file systems. Solution for this is to develop standard application protocol that would enable application to application communication and be independent of computer platform eg mainframe based email program and PC based email program both are using same standard

U-I Introduction and Evolution Of Internet Evolution of WWW

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WWW is huge collection of hypertext pages on the Internet the concept WWW is developed in Switzerland by European laboratory for particle physics (known CERN) in the year 1989 . The first text-based prototype was operational in 1991. In the month of December 1991 a public demonstration was given at Hypertext 91 conference in San Antonio, Texas (USA). In the year 1993, the first graphical interface software package called Mosaic was released Internet Protocols: TCP/IP(Transmission Control protocol / Internet protocol): TCP/IP is referred as an backbone of the Internet. Its responsible for connecting the different networks apart from their hardware and software differences since TCP/IP protocol can work with any Hardware or operating system TCP/IP model has only one mode in network layer (ie connection less) but supports both modes in transport layer TCP/IP does not distinguish physical and data link layer as in the case of OSI model

Layer 1: Host To Host: Totally deals with physical cables connectors & NICs and responsible for establishing the physical connection , transmission is done in terms of bits

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Layer 2: Internet Layer :Internet layer is responsible for routing the packets and providing single netwok interface to upper layer carious protocols falling under this layer are a. IP (Internet Protocol) IP provides the basic mechanism for forwarding the data between two computer ,IP is low level protocol that routes data packet, data travels in the form of packets called as IP- Datagram Services: IP is responsible for addressing and fragmentation to support packet forwarding Limitations: Doesnt guarantee that a packet will reach to its destination Unable to control the flow of transmission Error correction and detection is not possible Sequencing of packet is not guranted b. ARP( Address resolution protocol) As name indicates its responsible for address resolution , ie when IP has a packet to transfer its already having the address of destination computer given by upper layer in case it doesnt know the destination IP address it uses ARP protocol to find destination address c. RARP( Reverse address resolution protocol) When IP m/c is diskless there is no way to know IP address initially but its MAC address is available RARP sends its MAC address to server and find out its IP address d. Bootp When diskless workstation is powered on it broadcasts bootp request on network bootp server listens/accept request and lookup clients MAC address in its bootp file in response it gives IP address and file that it should boot from e. ICMP(Internet control message protocol) Transport Layer: Deals with the transportation of data packets using TCP or UDP Application Layer: Responsible for performing FTP and Telnet operations UDP (User datagram protocol): Its an connectionless protocol, its having thin layer or wrapper around IP (Internet protocol) it provides datagram services(a connectionless / unreliable service) it uses the services of IP to do actual work

U-I Introduction and Evolution Of Internet It adds following functionalities to IP Provides multiplexing and demultiplexing through UDP port so that multiple applications on client or server have their own stream of datagram Provides means of checksum to verify the validity of datagrams received UDP is less reliable but more faster as compare to TCP/IP so if speed is preferable over reliability then UDP is use Datagram / Packet |------------16 bit -------------| ------------16 bit -------------| Source Port Length Destination Port Checksum

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Datagram is basic unit of data transmission across the networks, it contains the header and data, Header describes destination of data and its relation with other datagram HTTP: Hypertext transfer protocol handles hypertext document and controls the connection between web browsers and web servers Major steps are Connection Request Response Close SHTTP (Secure Hyper text transfer protocol): Its an extended version of HTTP and provides encrypted logon authentications and session transmission between client and server URL (Uniform resource locator): E.g. http://www.yahoo.com URL is a web address it consist of protocol a host name, a port (optional) a directory and filename URLs can be used to address other internet resources First component of URL identifies type of resources for web resource identifier and its http Colon separated protocol from the rest of URL // Two slashes indicates name followed by hostname Port no for http is 80 its optional

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Path of html file name is optional when we connect with the site default web page is displayed

Addressing in Internet(IP): An IP address is numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network Class A B C Range 1-127 128-191 192-223 Maximum Nodes to be addressed 16,777,214 ie 224 65534 ie 216 254 ie 28

Class A: First byte is assigned for network and remaining three for nodes network.node.node.node Class A network is having three bytes ie 24 positions to identify the nodes means its having 224 unique combinations Class B: First two bytes are assigned for network and remaining two are for the node in form of maximum node addressing capability is 216 network.network.node.node Class C: First three bytes are assigned for network and remaining two are for the node in form of maximum node addressing capability is 28 network.network.network.node URL / Hyperlink Processing DNS Server
1. Req. to IP esolution 2. Return IP Address

Filtering Server

5. Response to OK Connection

Client

6. Request for webpage Satisfy response

Remote Host Domain (Server)

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When user types URL its converted into Internet address. Browser creates a query for the DNS server and submits it on Internet. Query is sent to the nearest DNS server for address resolution, if server doesnt know the query is diverted to other DNS server in upper hierarchy once it found IP address is diverted towards the browser and during this looking for host address message is displayed on the status bar of the browser Now the browser is having IP address that can be used to get connected with concerned server (For this appropriate request is diverted by browser) After server get request from client HTML information is packed by TCP in IP packets and sent over the connection

Internet Service Provider (ISP): ISP is having high-speed connection with the Internet backbone network and they would provide lower speed access to the number of users scattered in the city ISP also provides value added services like e-mail web pages with local contents, you can connect to ISP via modem, ISDN and ISP routes your TCP/IP packets to and from the Internet Getting Connected with Internet: There are several ways of connecting with net more expensive service provides more features, more flexibility and more data transfer capability Selection of type of Internet Connectivity and provider is totally based on users need To get done connectivity we must have to register an account with ISP(e.g . BSNL , satyam etc) Following are the major two steps that are involved in getting connected with net a.) To get a modem approved by DOT (Deptt. Of Telecom) b.) Contact ISPs customer center in city to complete the formalities related with connectivity

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Types Of Connectivity: There are several ways to connect the Internet. The more expensive services provide more features, more flexibility, and greater data transfer capacity. Large companies choose dedicated Internet access or LAN dial-up, smaller organizations are happy with dial up access and terminal; emulation

Dial up/Terminal emulation: This is the cheapest way of getting connected with Internet. Need of such type of connectivity is computer with modem attach to phone Line, and a package from ISP. When your PC dials-up your computer runs a terminal emulation program to communicate with service providers server and you say the host computer to go out onto the Internet to do what you want to be done Note: Terminal computer or PC uses terminal emulation software to communicate with ISPs server instead of using TCP/IP protocol

Dial up / Terminal Emulation

Host Compute r

BSNL Internet Host PSTN Dialup IP Router

Team Server
Terminal or PC with emulation S/w

Gateway Internet Access System

The Internet host Computer or ISP uses TCP/IP protocol to communicate with the rest of the network

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Shell Account Web Host BSNL GIAS BSNL Internet Host Router

Router ISP

In case of shell account client /web host is directly attached with the Gateway Internet access System instead of getting connected with ISP as shown above hence the major advantage of such type of connectivity is that user is able to access all the facilities of services available at GIAS system of a particular country Limitation: Primarily limited to text based services

VSAT (Very small aperture terminal) Links: It can be described as very intelligent earth station connected to geosynchronous satellite suitable for supporting variety of two-way telecommunication and information services such as voice data and video Uplink data rate is 19.4 kbps and downlink data rate is 512 kbps

All terminals are having 1M antenna and it consumes around 1 W power as shown in fig. These micro stations are not having enough power to communicate with each other directly. Instead of this a special ground station a hub with large antenna is needed to

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relay the traffic between VSAT and its nothing but the hub and is the center of all activities during communication it carries health check up of all VSAT locations and also it carries out the billing related operations

Web servers: Internet provides the information and infrastructure for communication traditional information servers on internet are web, FTP and gopher servers Overview of IIS: Microsoft IIS is webserver used to run fast and efficient websites Provides high-speed secure platform for publishing information on Intranet and Internet. The server specifically designed to handling an increased number of web users and users who are connected with high speed links such as ISDN and leased lines important features of IIS are listed below Features: System takes advantage of Windows NT platform including fault tolerance, RAID storage, NTFS file system High level of security is offered. Administrator can filter IP address Server include(SSL) secure socket layer encrypted communication standard for private communication between client and server Hardware Processor RAM Free Hdd Monitor Required 66 MHZ-486 32 mb 50 mb VGA Recommende 90 MHZ Pentium 64 mb 200 mb Super

S/w required Windows NT workstation with PWS or Windows NT server Biztalk: Until now it has been incredibly difficult for companies to conduct business over Internet due to the lack of single technical vocabulary for describing business data and processes. This challenge exist both across and within the Industries because no two business use the same application in exactly the same way . The difference may range from the operating system to the software created by the different companies. Getting different application to communicate with each other is a clearly technical challenge

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With the help of Biztalk Business must be able to use their existing system to find customers and partners on the Internet to sell goods and to establish longer term trading relationship. Biztalk simplifies the application integration needed to do business on the Internet . Biztalk assumes that application servers and data are loosely coupled , that is they are distinct and separate. This assumption allows allows Biztalk system to focus on data interchange instead of infrastructure compatibility. Basics of Biztalk data interchange are XML based vocabulary describing business process information. This description is called as schema. Schema serves as the basis for information interchange between applications. These descriptions are published in the form of XML documents. A schema is used to describe the possible data content of a document in very rigorous and formal way. Using these schemas, software developers can take advantage of common vocabulary that supports specific business information and process Biztalks vocabulary and loosely coupled communications are highly complementary. Vocabulary provides easier data interchange and loosely coupled communication eases business process integration Need For BizTalk: There are two core issues behind the BizTalk initiative The application Integration today is too hard. The cost and complexity of integrating together ERP systems, inventory management systems or sales tracking system within a single organization is too high for both large and small companies Electronic commerce would require massive amount of application integration across multiple organizations, as trading partners turn to the Internet to automate supply chains, forecasting system, government services and new types of business interchange

Features Document Interchange services Support for existing Industry data formats Support for existing Industry protocols Business-to- Business Tools and processes Trading partner management Translation and mapping tools