PROJECT GEOMETRY

Geometry is said to be derived from greek words ‘geo’ meaning

‘Earth’ and ‘Metron’ meaning ‘measurement’ . Therefore the origin of
geometry can be traced back to the times when people first felt the
need of measuring lands, but ancient indians were not only using the
knowledge of geometry to construct vedies but also for planning the
layout colonies and construction of houses , roads and other
buildings

1) Circle, in geometry, a two-dimensional curve such that each point on the

curve is the same distance from a fixed point, called the center. The term
circle may also be applied to the region enclosed by this curve. In other
words in a plane, the set of points which are at constant distance of r unit
from a fixed point O is called a circle with centre O and radius r unit. The
circle is denoted by C(o,r).

Circle
a) Area of Circle:- all two-dimensional figures having the same
perimeter, the circle has the greatest area.To understand the
area of circle , we cut the circle into a number of equal parts and
place them opposite to each other as shown in figure

e.g.place the vertices of A on one and those of B on the other side ,

now the length of this rectangular will be equal to half of the
parameter =P*r, breadth =r.
Therefore area of rectangular = l. b =P*r .r =P* r2
 b) Circumference of Circle:-The circumference—distance around
the edge—of a circle is equal to a constant, pi (symbol p), times
the circle’s diameter: C = pd. Since the diameter of a circle is
equal to twice the circle’s radius, the circumference also equals
two times pi times the radius: C = 2pr. That means the ratio of
the circumference to a circle to its diameter is always constant
and constant ratio is denoted by the greek letter Pi wherePi is
an irrational number and Pi =22/7 or =3.14169 approximatly
2) Sphere :- A three-dimensional object in which every point on its surface is
the same distance from a fixed point .In other words,A Sphere is the locus
of a point which moves so that its distance from affixed point always
remains constant.Fixed point is called the centre and the constant distance
is called the radius of the Sphere. Marbles are examples of spheres. A
mathematical sphere has the exact same appearance no matter the
viewing angle. A racquetball, with its smooth featureless surface, is very
nearly a perfect sphere. A sphere may be described as the rotation of a
circle or semicircle about its diameter: The diameter is equal to twice the
radius. If r is the radius of the sphere, the volume is given by the formula
4pir3/3 and the surface area by 4pir 2. Pi (p) is a constant approximately
equal to 3.14159.

Sphere

a) Volume:-4*P*r3/3

b) Area:-4*P*r2
 3) Cone:- In geometry a cone is surface generated by a straight line which
passes through a fixed point and is subject to one and more conditions; for
example,it may intersect a given curve, touch a given surface or make a given
angle with a line through the fixed point. the fixed point is called the vertex .The
moving line in any position is called the generator and if generator cuts a fixed
curve is called the guiding curve. and the closed curve is called the directrix. If
the generatrix is of infinite length, it generates two conical surfaces on opposite
sides of the vertex. If the directrix of the cone is a circle, the cone is usually
referred to as a circular cone.

Cone

a) Volume:-1/3*P*r2h
b) Side Surface Area:- P*rl
c) Total Surface Area:-pr(l+r)

3) Cylinder:- Three-dimensional geometric figure. A circular cylinder

consists of two circular bases of equal area that are in parallel planes, and
are connected by a lateral surface that intersects the boundaries of the
bases.If hight of cylinder=h, and radius of base of the cylinder=r. then the
perameter of base= 2P*r.
 A rectangular sheet can take the shape of cylinder whose length is equal to
the parameter of circle 2P*r and breadth is equal to hight of cylinder.then
the area of rectangular= length.breath= 2P*r.h=2P*rh.

The volume of a circular cylinder is pi*r 2h, where r is the radius of the
bases, and h is the perpendicular distance between the planes that contain the
bases.

Cylinder

a) Volume:- P*r2*h
b) Side Surface Area:-2*P*rh
c) Total Surface Area:-2*P*r(h+r)

ABOUT ME

GOVT.SEC.SCHOOL GHANAUR (PATIALA)

PARMINDERPAL KAUR
SUBJECT:-MATHEMATICS
THANKS TO DE PROGRAMME

MATERIAL COLLECETED FROM ENCARTA ENCYCOLOPEDIA AND BOOKS