HKCEE PAST PAPER 87-94/SECTION 4 MARKING SCHEMES/LQ/PAGE 1

Section 4 Common Acids and alkalis

Marking Schemes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1988 Q.2(a) 12 marks

(i) It is a good heat insulator. / It is used to minimize loss of heat to the surrounding. 1

(ii) (1) An acid which has two moles of replaceable (ionizable, dissociable) hydrogen per
mole of the acid. / Two replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule of the acid. / It
can produce two hydrogen ions per molecule of the acid, when dissolved in
water. / H2X → 2H+ + X2- 1

(2) H2X + 2NaOH → Na2X + 2H2O 1

(iii) Before reaching the end (equivalent) point, adding acid solution to the alkali caused
liberation of heat, since the acid-base reaction was exothermic. 1
The more acid added, the more heat liberated, hence the temperature increased. 1

After reaching the end (equivalent) point, all alkali had been reacted. The addition of
acid solution at room temperature caused a decrease in temperature for the solution /
produced a cooling effect. 1

(iv) 36.0°C (∀0.5°C) 1

(v) 43.0 cm3 (∀1.0 cm3) 1

(vi) No. of moles of NaOH used

50
= × 2 = 0.1
1000
No. of moles of H2X required
1
= × 01 . = 0.05 1
2
Concentration of H2S solution (in mol dm-3)
0.05
= = 1.16 (1.14 to 1.19) 1
43 / 1000
Relative molecular mass of H2X
14.8 × 1000 / 100
= 1
116
.
= 128 (124 to 130) 1
(Deduce 1 mark if g is given as the unit.)
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1988 Q.5(a) 12 marks

(i) To remove all the water which may be adhered to the precipitate. 1

(ii) (1) 2
(NOTE :1 mark for indicating 6 points and 2 labelled axes
 HKCEE PAST PAPER 87-94/SECTION 4 MARKING SCHEMES/LQ/PAGE 2

1 mark for two straight lines)

(2) The graph at first rises because the precipitation of sulphate has not been
completed / not all the sulphuric acid or SO42- ions has been precipitated. 1
2-
The graph finally becomes horizontal because all the SO4 has been precipitated.
1
(Accept any reasonable explanation.)

(iii) 18.2 cm3 (17.7 to 18.7 cm3) 1

(iv) H2SO4 → 2 H+ + SO42-

Mole ratio (1 mole) : (1 mole)
No. of moles of SO42- present
50
= × 0.05 = 0.0025 1
1000

(v) 0.58 g of ppt. contains 0.0025 mol of SO42- ion.

∴ mass of SO42-
= 0.0025×(32+16+4) g
= 0.0025 × 96 g = 0.24 g
1

∴ mass of metal X in 0.58 g of ppt.

= 0.58 g - 0.24 g = 0.34 g 1

∴ no. of moles of X in the ppt.

0.34
= = 0.0025 (0.0024 to 0.0026) 1
137
(Note : Accept alternative methods of calculation.)

(vi) Since 0.0025 mole of X reacts with 0.0025 mole of SO42-,

the mole ratio of metal ion : SO42- ion = 1 : 1 1

∴ formula of the precipitate is XSO4. 1

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1989 Q.2(a) 13 marks

(i) “Standard” means that the concentration is known. 1

(ii) (1) The solution first turn pink, because as the acid is dropped into the flask, at first
the region neat the point of contact is still acidic / H+ ions are not yet used up /
consumed / neutralized / reacted, ∴ pink colour. 1
+
Upon swirling, the resulting solution after reaction is not acidic / H ions (HCl)
are used up / consumed / neutralized / reacted, hence the yellow colour is
restored. 1
(Do not accept “alkaline” as explanation.)

(2) The effervescence is due to the liberation of CO2. 1

(iii) When all the CaCO3 has reacted, a slight excess of acid / H+ ions would make the
solution acidic, thus the solution would turn pink, showing the acid colour of the
indicator. 1

(iv) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1

OR 1 mol : 2 mol
OR 100 g : 2 mol
∴ no. of moles of CaCO3 in one tablet
 HKCEE PAST PAPER 87-94/SECTION 4 MARKING SCHEMES/LQ/PAGE 3

15.2 1
= × 1
1000 2
∴ mass of CaCO3
15.2 1
=( × × 100 ) g = 0.76 g (0.74 to 0.78 g) 1
1000 2
% by mass of CaCO3 in one tablet
0.76
=( × 100 )% = 63.3% (62.0 to 64.6%) 1
120
.

(v) Chewing breaks down the tablet into smaller pieces, this would give more surface
area for reaction with the acid, and faster relief / faster rate of reaction. 1

(vi) No carbon dioxide / gas is formed in this process, 1

thus there will be no pressure built up in the stomach / stomach will be more
comfortable. 1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1991 Q.2(a) 13 marks

(i) Use a pipette to transfer 25.0 cm3 of the solution 1

into a 250 cm3 volumetric flask / standard flask, 1
then add distilled water / deionized water to the (graduation) mark. 1

(ii) phenolphthalein 1
colourless to pink 1

(iii) After discarding the 1st reading:

24.70 + 24.90 + 24.80
Average = = 24.80 (cm3) 1
3

(iv) CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O 1

(v) No. of moles of CH3COOH in 25 cm3 of diluted vinegar

24.8
= no. of moles of NaOH used = . = 2.48 × 10 −3
× 01 1*
1000

No. of moles of CH3COOH in 250 cm3 of diluted vinegar

250
= 2.48 × 10 −3 × = 2.48 × 10−2 1*
25

Concentration of the original solution

1000
= 2.48 × 10 −2 × = 0.992 M (0.99 to 1.00M) 1
25
* Award the mark if method is correct.

(vi) Brand A:
250
The mass of CH3COOH in a bottle = 50 × = 12.5 g
1000
3.0
Price per g of CH3COOH = = $0.24 1
12.5

Brand B:
The mass of CH3COOH in a bottle
500
= 0.992 × 60 × g = 29.76 g (29.7 to 30.0 g)
1000
6
Price per g of CH3COOH = = $0.20 ($0.20 to 0.202) 1
29.76
 HKCEE PAST PAPER 87-94/SECTION 4 MARKING SCHEMES/LQ/PAGE 4

∴ Brand B is the better buy. 1

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1992 Q.1(a) 8 marks

(i) hair not tied up / reagent bottle too close to bench edge / bottle not stopped / blurred
(unclear) label (any 2) 2

(ii) (1) copper(II) sulphate / hydrated copper(II) sulphate / copper(II) sulphate-5-water /

copper(II) sulphate crystal / copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate 1
(Do not accept anhydrous copper(II) sulphate or copper sulphate.)

50
(2) No. of moles of H2SO4 used = × 2 = 0.1 1
1000
CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O

No. of moles of the salt formed = 0.1 (1)

Mass of CuSO4⋅5H2O formed

= 0.1(63.5+32+16×4+5×18) g 1
= 24.95 g 1
(No / wrong unit, deduct 1 mark)

(iii) to speed up the reaction 1

(iv) The filtrate is not concentrated enough (is not saturated) / not enough heating in step
II / the filtrate is not concentrated by evaporation after collection in step III. 1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1992 Q.2(c) 6 marks

(i) 2
[Open system / dangerous setup = 0;
reaction vessel = 1 but do not accept flask fitted with tap funnel or test tube in place
of the flask or test tube holding the acid inside the flask;
collection of gas using syringe = 1]

(ii) No. of moles of nitric acid

50
= × 01
. = 0.005 1
1000

CaCO3 + 2H+ → Ca2+ + H2O + CO2

No. of moles of CO2
0.005
= = 0.0025 1
2
Volume of CO2 formed at room temperature and pressure
= 0.0025 × 24
= 0.06 dm3 (60 cm3) 1

(iii) Some CO2 dissolves / leaks out before the flask is stopped. 1
(Do not accept experimental error.)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1993 Q.1(b) 6 marks
 HKCEE PAST PAPER 87-94/SECTION 4 MARKING SCHEMES/LQ/PAGE 5

(i) pollute the sea / harmful to aquatic species (fish, plants, etc.) 1
(Do not accept affect aquatic lives.)

(ii) Ca(OH)2 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + 2 H2O 1

OR Ca(OH)2 + 2 H+ → Ca2+ + 2 H2O (1)

(iii) No. of moles of HCl discharged in 1 minute

= 0.5 × 20 = 10 *1
No. of moles of Ca(OH)2 required for neutralization
= 10 / 2 = 5 *1
The mass of Ca(OH)2 required per minute
= 5×(40+16×2+1×2) g = 370 g 1
(No unit in final answer, deduct 1 mark)
* mark awarded for correct step

(iv) Calcium ion forms a number of insoluble salts / liquid waste may contain sulphuric
acid (sulphate ion) / slaked lime is slightly soluble / reaction rate with acid is slow. 1
OR Sodium carbonate is more soluble / does not form insoluble salt / reacts faster with
acids. (1)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1993 Q.4(b) 8 marks

(i) CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 1

OR CaCO3 + 2H+ → Ca2+ + H2O + CO2 (1)

(ii) The no. of moles of gas liberated

67
= = 0.002792 1
24000
The no. of moles of CaCO3 present = 0.002792
The mass of CaCO3 present
= 0.002792 × 100 = 0.2792 g 1
The % of CaCO3
0.2792
= × 100 (%) = 93-94 (%) 1
0.3

(iii) - crush the egg shells / make eggs shells into powder form 1
increase surface area ∴ faster reaction rate 1

- warm the mixture / increase the temperature 1

larger number of particles with enough energy / particles possess more energy for
reaction / increase number (rate) of collision 1
(Do not accept using more concentrated HCl / catalyst.)
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<END OF SECTION 4>