CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Language comes to the human life as their tools for communication.

The language has many functions in order to help the human need as social creature, which is to share their idea, feeling, suggestion, etc. Every human lives in their own society which has special culture. Then, that culture will influence the language in the society. The language will be different with other language although the name is same because they live in different culture. Some languages are used by the people who have different language. For Example, English are used by Arabic and Asian in the international forum in order to make an effective communication. 1.2 Identification Problem a. What is Vernacular? b. What is Standard Language? c. What is Lingua Franca? d. What is Pidgins? e. What is Kreol? 1.3 a. b. c. Objective of Study To get more information about Language Varieties. To know what are the differences between Vernacular, Standard language, Lingua Franca, Pidgins and Kreol. To know more about the function of the language.

The identification of the problems are:

The objectives of this study are:

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION Every language has certain system which is understood by the society of the language itself. But, as we know that society is a complex system which consists of homogeny person. This condition makes the language has several pattern or varieties. Moreover, they have many activities which use different pattern of the language. Therefore, the varieties will be more increase when we add other factors. For example is English which is used in many countries and make it has many varieties (English American, English British, Australian English, etc). A. Vernacular A vernacular is the native language of a population located in a country or in an area defined on some other basis, such as a locality. For example, Navajo is a local language in the southwest of the United States, and English is the state language of a number of countries. In general linguistics, a vernacular is opposed to a lingua franca, a third-party language in which persons speaking different vernaculars not understood by each other may communicate. For instance, in Western Europe until the 17th century, most scholarly works had been written in Latin, which was serving as a lingua franca. Works written in Romance languages are said to be in the vernacular. The Divina Commedia, the Cantar de mio Cid, and The Song of Roland are examples of early vernacular literature in Italian, Spanish, and French, respectively. In Europe, Latin was used widely instead of vernacular languages in varying forms until c. 1701, in its latter stage as New Latin. In religion, Protestantism was a driving force in the use of the vernacular in Christian Europe, the Bible being translated from Latin into vernacular languages with such works as the Bible in Dutch: published in 1526 by Jacob van Liesvelt; Bible in

French: published in 1528 by Jacques Lefevre dtaples (or Faber Stapulensis); German Luther Bible in 1534; Bible in Spanish: published in Basel in 1569 by Casiodoro de Reina (Biblia del Oso); Bible in Czech: Bible of Kralice, printed between 1579 and 1593; Bible in English: King James Bible, published in 1611. In Catholicism, vernacular bibles were later provided, but Latin was used at Tridentine Mass until the Second Vatican Council of 1965. Certain groups, notably Traditionalist Catholics, continue to practice Latin Mass. In India, the 12th century Bhakti movement led to the translation of Sanskrit texts to the vernacular. In science, an early user of the vernacular was Galileo, writing in Italian c. 1600, though some of his works remained in Latin. A later example is Isaac Newton, whose 1687 Principia was in Latin, but whose 1704 Opticks was in English. Latin continues to be used in certain fields of science, notably binomial nomenclature in biology, while other fields such as mathematics use vernacular; see scientific nomenclature for details. In diplomacy, French displaced Latin in Europe in the 1710s, due to the military power of Louis XIV of France. Certain languages have both a classical form and various vernacular forms, with two widely-used examples being Arabic and Chinese: see Varieties of Arabic and Chinese language. In the 1920s, due to the May Fourth Movement, Classical Chinese was replaced by written vernacular Chinese.

B. Standard Language A standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect) is a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse. Alternatively, varieties become standard by undergoing a process of standardization, during which it is organized for description in grammars and dictionaries and encoded in such reference works. Typically, varieties that become standardized are the local dialects spoken in the

centers of commerce and government, where a need arises for a variety that will serve more than local needs.

C. Lingua Franca A lingua franca (or working language, bridge language, vehicular language) is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues. "Lingua franca" is a functionally defined term, independent of the linguistic history or structure of the language; though pidgins and creoles often function as lingua francas, many such languages are neither pidgins nor creoles. Whereas a vernacular language is used as a native language in a single speaker community, a lingua franca goes beyond the boundaries of its original community, and is used as a second language for communication between communities. For example, English is a vernacular in the United Kingdom, but is used as a vehicular language (that is, a lingua franca) in the Philippines. Examples of lingua francas are numerous, and exist on every continent. The most obvious example today is English, which is the current lingua franca of international business, science, technology, and aviation. There are many other lingua francas centralized on particular regions, such as Arabic, Chinese, Russian, and Spanish. The popularity of languages changes over time, and there are many lingua francas that are of historical importance. For example, French was the language of European

diplomacy from the 17th century until the mid-20th century. Until the early 20th century, Classical Chinese served as both the written lingua franca and the diplomatic language in Far East Asia including China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, the Ryky Kingdom, and Vietnam. Arabic became the "lingua franca" of the Arab/Islamic Empire (from CE 733 1492), which at a certain point spread from the borders of China and Northern India through Central Asia, Persia, Asia Minor, Middle East, North Africa all the way to Spain and Portugal in the west. In their modern forms, these languages are all still significant lingua francas today.

D. Pidgins A pidgin, or pidgin language, is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but where there is no common language between the groups). Fundamentally, a pidgin is a simplified means of linguistic communication, as it is constructed impromptu, or by convention, between groups of people. A pidgin is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learned as a second language. A pidgin may be built from words, sounds, or body language from multiple other languages and cultures. Pidgins usually have low prestige with respect to other languages.

E. Kreol A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable, natural language developed from the mixing of parent languages; creoles differ from pidgins in that they have been nativized by children as their primary language, making them have features of natural languages that are normally missing from pidgins.

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION Language is a unique creation from Allah swt to help us to communicate with other. The language has many varieties in the society based on the usage and the user. Therefore, there will be some differences in the language although they have a same name if they are used in different place in different people. Language has many functions for example to help us for sharing our idea, feeling, suggestion, etc. Not only that, the language can help us to communicate with other although they have different language and different nations.