UNSW - SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ELEC4612 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 1

POWERWORLD SIMULATOR - AN INTRODUCTION

1. AIM: The objective is to get familiarised with the use of PowerWorld Simulator program. This is achieved through constructing a few very simple power system network models, and then examining the power flow, voltage and current. This will enable students to proceed with more complex simulation experiments later in the course. 2. POWERWORLD SIMULATOR: Electric power systems are large and complex networks and thus computer programs are used extensively in power system analysis. These programs can be divided into 4 groups: Power flow programs which calculate voltage magnitudes, phase angles and transmission line power flows under steady-state operating conditions. Stability programs analyse system behaviour under disturbances such as caused by sudden load change and compute various parameters such as angular swings of machines, critical clearing times of network faults. Short-circuit programs compute short-circuit currents for three-phase and line-toground fault conditions. Transient programs compute magnitudes and shapes of transient over-voltages and currents caused by lightnings and line switchings.

PowerWorld Simulator is a comprehensive software package for power system analysis and simulation which is now widely used throughout the electricity industry. It was originally developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1994, and was commercially released by PowerWorld Corporation since 1996. This simulator is interactive and graphical designed with friendly interface to simulate the operation of power system networks. The latest version for demonstration and education purposes is version 15. The program and associated manual can be downloaded from: http://www.powerworld.com. The components used in the modelling of power system networks consist of transmission lines, buses, generators, transformers, and loads. These can be quickly put together and viewed on the one-line diagram.

Elec4612 - Experiment 1 Introduction to PowerWorld Simulator

Page 1

3. SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS: Part 1:

Figure 1: A simple 2-bus system. Build a simple 2-bus system as shown in Figure 1. The nominal system voltage is 20kV. Bus 1 is the system slack bus. The specifications for the system components are given below. Generator: Max. MW output = 100MW Min. MW output = 0 MW Max. Mvar = 50 Mvar Min. Mvar = -30 Mvar Transmission line: Series resistance = 0.1 pu Reactance = 0.45pu MVA limit = 40 MVA Load: Real power = 20 MW Reactive power = 10 Mvar (inductive load) Switched shunt capacitor: Reactive power = 0 20 Mvar in steps of 1 Mvar Procedure: 1. Construct the network one-line diagram according to the specifications given above. On the diagram, put the labels showing the following: apparent, real and reactive powers generated by the generator power losses in the transmission line in terms of MW and Mvar voltage magnitude in kV and phase angle in deg. at the two buses Solve and run the network when the output of shunt capacitor is 0 Mvar. Activate animation to show both MW and Mvar power flow.

2.

Elec4612 - Experiment 1 Introduction to PowerWorld Simulator

Page 2

3. 4.

Observe what happens when the MVA limit of the transmission line is 20 MVA. Comment on the result. Set the limit of the transmission line back to 40 MVA. Observe the transmission line loss when its series resistance and reactance are changed to 0.4 and 0.8 pu. Observe the bus voltages and comment on the voltage regulation. Change the line impedance back to its original value. Vary the reactive power of the shunt capacitor in steps from 0 to 20 Mvar. At each step, record the voltage at bus 2 and the transmission line losses. Plot the results and determine the situation when optimal voltage regulation is achieved.

5.

Next, add another bus Bus 3. This bus is connected to bus 1 and bus 2 via a transmission line (same characteristics as the line connecting bus 1 and bus 2). Another generator is connected at Bus 3. It has the same specifications as the generator at Bus 1 but providing power at 10MW 2Mvar. Disconnect the shunt capacitor. On the diagram, put the fields for displaying the MVA flow on the transmission lines. 6. 7. 8. Part 2: A 7-bus system consisting of 2 generators and 4 loads is shown in Figure 2. Two capacitor banks are connected to bus 3 and bus 7 to regulate the bus voltages. Run the expanded network and observe the MVA flow on the transmission lines. Add a load of (15MW, 8Mvar) at bus 3 and observe the MVA flow on the transmission line. Increase the Mvar generator output at bus 3 to 10Mvar and observe the MVA flow on the transmission line and the voltage magnitude change at bus 3.

Figure 2: Single-line diagram of a seven-bus system

Elec4612 - Experiment 1 Introduction to PowerWorld Simulator Page 3

Generator (at bus 1): Max. MW Output = 100MW Min. MW Output = 0 MW Nominal voltage = 34.5 kV Max. Mvar = 40 Mvar Min. Mvar = -6 Mvar Participation factor = 4 Generator (at bus 2): Max. MW Output = 100MW Min. MW Output = 0 MW Nominal voltage = 34.5 kV Max. Mvar = 40 Mvar Min. Mvar = -6 Mvar Participation factor = 6 Transmission lines: Lengths: L1= 500 km, L2= 100 km, L3= 300 km, L4= 200 km, L5= 100 km Series resistance = 0.1019 /km Reactance = 0.5912 /km Nominal voltage = 345 kV Rated power = 100 MVA Transformers: Reactance = 0.1580 pu Nominal voltage: 34.5/345 kV Rated power = 150 MVA Loads: 26 MW at bus 2 50 MW, 34 Mvar at bus 3 40 MW, 23 Mvar at bus 6 20 MW, 15 Mvar at bus 7 Switched shunt capacitor: 37 Mvar at bus 3 10 Mvar at bus 7 Construct the network one-line diagram according to the specifications given above. Choose the base power of S base 100 MVA . Build the one-line diagram for this power system and run the power flow. Note that this circuit will be used in the next lab (experiment 2). 4. DISCUSSION: 1. Refer to Part 2 above, show how the transmission line parameters are converted into per unit value. 2. What is meant by the Participation Factor?

Elec4612 - Experiment 1 Introduction to PowerWorld Simulator

Page 4

Appendix

Per Unit Calculations

Calculations of power system quantities are simplified very substantially if they are normalised and performed using the per-unit system. We express voltage, current, kVA and impedance as per unit values of selected base values of those quantities. Thus: V Vpu VB is the voltage base VB I I pu IB is the current base IB S S pu SB is the kVA base SB Z Z pu ZB is the impedance base ZB It is usual to specify the two base values VB and SB and then the other two base values IB and ZB are able to be determined from the specified VB and SB values by normal (Ohms Law) electrical relationships: SB VB VB2 IB and Z B VB I B SB Normally, the voltage base VB is taken as the rated system voltage and SB is arbitrarily specified (often 100, 10 or 1 MVA is chosen), although a common method is to use the rating of a major element in the system such as a transformer or generator as the base SB. Another requirement is that the ratio of the voltage bases on the two sides of a transformer must be the same as the ratio of its voltage ratings. For balanced symmetrical three phase systems, calculation is able to be done on a single phase basis. Some care must be taken to use the proper phase kVA and voltage levels in the single-phase circuit to calculate the appropriate base values of current and impedance. V2 SB and Z B B IB SB 3 VB where VB and SB are the line voltage and three phase kVA values. To change per unit impedances from one base value to another we have to use the following equation as the basis for change: Z S Z pu ohms Z ohms B ZB VB2 Thus: (i) For change of kVA base (SB), the new Zpu is given by: S B new Z pu new Z pu old S B old For change of voltage base (VB)

(ii)

Elec4612 - Experiment 1 Introduction to PowerWorld Simulator

Page 5

Z pu new Z pu old
(iii)

VB2 old VB2 new

For change of both kVA and voltage bases at the same time: S B new VB2 old Z pu new Z pu old S B old VB2 new

In most cases the impedances of items such as transformers, generators, motors etc, will be given on name plates in per unit or percentage terms based on the equipments rated voltage and power levels. For cables, overhead lines, busbars, etc, the impedances will most likely be given or obtained in ohmic values. These must then be used with the appropriate base values to get their per unit values referred to the common bases. Thus the appropriate operating voltage and chosen SB must be used to get ZB and IB. _____________

Elec4612 - Experiment 1 Introduction to PowerWorld Simulator

Page 6