Harvard Referencing

October 2010

Applications in Regeneration P30205

By: Dr. Ahmadreza Foruzanmehr

School of the Built Environment

Contents
1- What is referencing?
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2- Why is it important to cite references? 3- What is plagiarism? 4- referencing styles, and Harvard referencing style 5- how to do in-text citations and a list of references

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What is referencing?
To acknowledge the words, ideas or work of others in your work both:
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in the text, and in the reference list at the end.

Do not simply use them as if they were your own work!

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Why is it important to cite references?

1- to support facts and claims you have made in your text

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2- to enable other people to locate the references (quickly and

easily)

3- to demonstrate how widely you have read around your subject 4- to avoid plagiarism

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What is plagiarism?
It is academic cheating!
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It is presenting or submitting someone elses work (words or ideas) as your own, intentionally or unintentionally.
It is subject to disciplinary action, and will result in you failing the assignment.

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What referencing styles are there?

There are several main styles of referencing and plenty of local variations: Harvard (Author date)
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Numeric (or numbered style) MHRA (footnote) American Psychological Association (APA) (style used by psychology, similar to Harvard) Modern Language Association (MLA) OSCOLA (style used by law)

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Harvard style

You do not need to know them all!

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Harvard is the most used referencing style in the UK. It is not 'owned' by any institution. We use Harvard system (Brookes Harvard System).

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Harvard system
Harvard system has two linked elements: 1. In-text citation
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2. List of references

Note that:
There needs to be 100% correspondence between these elements
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Harvard system
In the list of references:
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List all sources you have used, and give full details of where to find them. The list is ordered in an alphabetical order by the authors last name and the date of publications

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Brookes Harvard style

Details of how to write a reference vary according to the type of sources: (some of the common sources are)
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Book E-book Chapter in a book Thesis Printed journal article Electronic journal article Conference paper webpage

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In the reference list - Books

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Author/editor (surname first followed by initials) Year of publication (if date not known, use n.d) Title (use italics) Edition (include if it is not the first edition) Place of publication (if no place is given, use s.l) Publisher (if no publishes, use s.n)

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Example
Ridley, A., Peckham, M. and Clark, P. (eds.) (2003) Cell motility: from molecules to organism. Chichester: Wiley. Gombirch, E. H. (1977). Art and illusion. 5th ed. London: Phaidon.

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In the reference list E- Books

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Author/editor (surname first followed by initials) Year of publication (if date not known, use n.d) Title (use italics) Edition (include if it is not the first edition) Name of E-book collection [online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date you read it)

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Example
Knight, A. and ruddock, L. (eds.) (2009). Advanced research methods in the buildt environment. Dawsonera [online]. Available at: http://www.dawsonera.com/ (Accessed: 19 October 2010)

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In the reference list Chapter in a book

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Author of chapter Year of publication (if date not known, use n.d) Title of chapter (not italics) In: and then reference the complete book without the year Page numbers of the chapter (example: pp.25-43)

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Example
Smith, H. (1990). Innovation at large. In: James, S. (ed.) Science and innovation. Manchester: Novon, pp.46-50.

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In the reference list - Thesis

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Author (surname first followed by initials) Year of publication (if date not known, use n.d) Title (use italics) Place of publication PhD thesis (Unpublished PhD thesis if not published) University in which the PhD was done .

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Example
Foruzanmeh, A. (2010). Vernacular passive cooling systems and thermal comfort in traditional dwellings in hot dry climates case study of Yazd, Iran. Oxford: Unpublished PhD thesis, Oxford Brookes University.

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In the reference list Printed journal article

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Author (surname first followed by initials) Year of publication Title (not italics) Title of journal (in italics) Volume number, issue number and/or date Page numbers

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Example
Williams, J. (2000). Tools for achieving sustainable housing strategies in rural Glocestershire. Planning Practice & Research 15 (3), pp.155-174.

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In the reference list Electronic journal article

1. 2. 3. 4. Same as printed journal article, And also: Name of online journal collection (if applicable) [online] in square bracket Available at: URL (if 2 applies, the URL of the online journal collection) 5. (Accessed: date you read it) (in brackets)

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Example
Jones, P. and Evans, J. (2006). Urban regeneration, governance and the state: exploring notions of distance and proximity. Urban Studies 43 (9), pp.1491-1509. Academic Search Complete [online]. Available at: http//web.ebscohost.org.uk/policies/home (Accessed: 13/August 2010)

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Harvard system
1. In-text citation
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Drop in a signal at the point in your writing when you are referring to someone elses work. The signal is generally: The author + year (in most author-date systems)

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Brookes Harvard style

In-text citation:
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You cite the surname of the author(s) (editor /compiler /translator) and publication year in bracket: (Orbasli, 2008) An author can be an organization: (English Heritage, 2010) If there are up to 3 authors, all names should be given: (Lines, smith and Walker, 2007)

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Harvard style Brookes Harvard style

In-text citation:
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If there are more than 3 authors, cite the first author followed by et al. (in italics): (Vellinga et al., 2008) For several documents by the same author published in the same year, use (a, b, c): (Watson, 2009a), (Watson, 2009b) If authors name occurs naturally in the sentence, only give the year of publication: This concept has been discussed by Nicol (1975)

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Harvard style Brookes Harvard style

In-text citation:
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For websites, if there is no author or title, use the URL: (http//:www.xxxxxxx.org, 2010) If there is no author: (Burden of anonymity, 2009) If you can not identify a date, use abbreviation n.d: (Labour party, n.d)

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Harvard style Brookes Harvard style

In-text citation: Page numbers should be included
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When there is a need to be more specific When you make a direct quotation Use the abbreviation p for a single page: (Walker,2004, p.53) Use pp for more than one page: (Walker, 2004, pp.21-53)

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Note:
Difference between Reference List and Bibliography:
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The reference list is:

A list of all the sources you have referred to in your writing

Bibliography is:
A list of everything you have read on a subject including background reading

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Brookes Harvard style

1- The Library has produced a checklist of the details you need to include for the common types of material cited.
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http://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/resources/harvard.pdf The layout and formatting should be exactly as it is shown, though if you do vary it, you should remain consistent throughout your bibliography. 2- For further examples see: Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. Newcastle upon tyne: Pear Tree Books.

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