B.

TECH PROJECT /MINI PROJECT/SEMINAR REPORT PROFORMA

General Instructions: 1. All the students shall strictly follow the given proforma while preparing project /mini project/seminar reports. 2. N+3 Copies of Project Reports/mini project reports in hard copy form and 2 in soft copy form (CDs) shall be submitted, where N is No. of students in the batch and one copy of seminar report. 3. Medium pink colour shall be used as wrapper for the bound form of report. 4. There shall be introduction (without sub-heading) and conclusion (without subheading) for each chapter. Also there shall be link between chapters i.e., there shall not be abrupt end or abrupt beginning of successive chapters. 5. All figures and tables shall be identified by chapter nos. and not by section or sub-section nos. They must be labeled properly with proper numbers and shall be referred in the text. There shall be some explanation regarding each figure and table. 6. Proper margins must be given for each page. 7. All the paras must be justified on the right side. 8. Any equations must be identified by the chapter no. 9. There shall not be separate page given for each chapter. 10. Page Nos. shall be given in order at the bottom middle of each page. 11. For references, IEEE format shall be followed. For example, text books shall be referred as author(s) name(s), title of book, publishers name, edition, year of publication; journal papers as author(s) name(s), title of paper within quotes, journal name, volume no., month and year, page nos.; URLs as http://www......... . Books, Journals, URLs must be given in order with separate sub-headings and in alphabetical order of authors. 12. All the members names and roll nos. of the batch shall be indicated on the cover page, inside cover page, in certificate and in acknowledgements. 13. There is no need to give the references in the text. Note: Mini project Report: Bounded Form (light yellow colour shall be used as wrapper. Seminar Report: Spiral Binding Form

Font:
Outer and Inner Cover Page
Item Project Title University Name Degree Name Branch Name Students Names Roll Nos. Guide Name Department Name College Name College Location & State Year All others

Times New Roman

Size (points) 18 14 14 14 14 14 16 14 14 14 16 12

Certificate:
Title All others : : 16 Points 12

Acknowledgement:
Title All others Contents Title Chapter Titles All others : : : 16 14 1 : : 16 12

List of Figures/ Tables

Title Column Headings : : 16 14

All others

12

Nomenclature
Title Others : : 16 12

Abstract
Title Keywords Others : : : 16 10 12

Chapters & Appendices:

Chapter Name & No. : Title Sub-heading Text : : : 16 Normal 16 Bold 14 Bold 12 Normal

Tables:
Table No. & Caption : 12 Bold (Table 1.1: Characteristics of Diode) This shall be given just above the table, centered to the table

Figures:
Figure No. &Caption : 12 Bold (Fig. 1.1: Pin Diagram of 8085) This shall be given at the bottom of the figure, centered to the figure.

References:
Title Others : : 16 Bold 12

Page Setup:
A 4, executive bond paper, single side, 1 Line Spacing Margins: Top: 1.5 Bottom: 1 Left: 1.5 Right: 0.75

TITLE OF THE PROJECT/MINI PROJECT/ SEMINAR

A Project /Mini project/Seminar Report Submitted to the FACULTY of ENGINEERING of

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in

Electronics and Communication Engineering

by

STUDENT NAME (STUDENT ROLL NUMBER) STUDENT NAME STUDENT NAME (STUDENT ROLL NUMBER) (STUDENT ROLL NUMBER)
Under the Guidance of

NAME OF THE GUIDE

Designation

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE GUDLAVALLERU-521356 ANDHRA PRADESH

2009

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled TITLE OF THE PROJECT /MINI PROJECT/SEMINAR is a bonafide record of work carried out by Student name (Roll number)under my guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada.

(Name of the guide)

PROJECT GUIDE

(Name of the H.O.D)

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are glad to express our deep sense of gratitude to Name of the guide, Designation, Electronics and Communication Engineering for his guidance and cooperation in completing this project. Through this we want to convey our sincere thanks to him for inspiring assistance during our project. We express our heartful gratitude and deep indebtedness to our beloved Head of the Department successfully.. We also express our gratitude to our principal ******, for his encouragement and facilities provided during the course of project. We express our heartful gratitude to ******, Lab Technician, who helped us in all aspects of lab work. We thank one and all who have rendered help to us directly or indirectly in the completion of this work. *****, for his great help and encouragement in doing our project

Student names

CONTENTS
Page No.
List of Figures List of Tables Nomenclature Abstract i ii iii iv

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Overview of the project 1.2 Requirements of the project 1.3 Why we are using 89S52 micro controller?

1
1 1 2

Chapter 2: Block & Schematic Diagrams Explanation

2.1 Block diagram 2.2 Schematic diagram

3
3 4

Chapter3: 89S52 Microcontroller

3.1 Introduction to Microcontroller 89S52 3.2 Features of Microcontroller 89S52 3.3 Description of Microcontroller 89S52 3.4 Pin Description of Microcontroller 89S52 3.5 Registers and Memory 3.6 Addressing Modes 3.7 Watchdog Timer 3.8 Timers and Counters 3.9 Interrupts

7
7 9 9 11 15 15 17 17 22

Chapter 4: Programmable Peripheral Interface (82C55A)

4.1 Features of 82C55A 4.2 Pin diagram

24
24 25

4.3 8255 Basic Operation 4.4 Pin description 4.5 Control word

25 27 28

Chapter 5: RF Transmitter and Receiver

5.1 MICRF102 Transmitter 5.2 MICRF007 Receiver

30
30 33

Chapter 6: Other Important Components

6.1 MAX 232 IC 6.2 RS232 Standards 6.3 74ABT573 6.4 74AC541 6.5 74AC245 . 74ACT245 6.6 74AC138 . 74ACT138 6.7 Thermal Printer 6.7.1 Characteristics 6.8 Liquid Crystal Display 6.9 16C452 UART Chapter 7: Software Section

38
38 41 41 44 46 47 49 50 52 53

58 73
73 77 77 77

Chapter 8: Results and Conclusion

8.1 Results 8.2 Conclusion 8.3 Applications 8.4 Future Scope

Appendices
A Data Sheets B Microcontroller Code

78
78 79

References

80

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No.
2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2

Figure Name
Block Diagram of Online Handheld Billing Terminal Schematic Diagram of Online Handheld Billing Terminal Pin Diagram of 89S52 Oscillator Connections Pin configuration of 8255 Block Diagram of 8255 Control Word of 8255 Pin Diagram of RF Transmitter Functional Diagram of RF Transmitter Pin Diagram of MAX232 Connection Diagram of MAX232

Page No.
3 4 10 14 25 2 28 31 32 38 40

LIST OF TABLES

Table No.
2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 5.1

Table Title
Truth table of 8255 selection pins Port 1 Pin Details Port 3 Pin Details Timer 2 operating modes Operation of 8255 Pin Description of 8255 Pin Description of RF Transmitter

Page No.
6 12 13 20 25 27 32

NOMENCLATURE

CDMA FDMA TDMA DS-CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access

ABSTRACT

(Keywords: CDMA, Spread Spectrum, Transmitter, Receiver)

This project work undertaken, aims at developing CDMA receiver base station, which mainly focuses on wireless communications. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a multiple access technique supporting a large number of users on the same frequency all the time. Direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) employs spread spectrum technique which converts a narrow band signal in to wide band and so the power level of the signal falls below the noise and is difficult to jam and interrupt. In this project the input to the receiver is the modulated signal coming from the transmitter through a channel and this signal is demodulated .The demodulated signal is distorted due to noise present in the channel .This noise is eliminated by using a low pass filter .It is then de-spreaded by the signature sequence like PN sequence.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
In the present world of automation, handheld billing machine is playing a vital role in the department of electricity. Present handheld billing machine contains a memory chip where previous readings are stored. When present reading is entered, subtraction of previous and present readings takes place and then amount is calculated based upon slab rates. After the amount is calculated the handheld billing machine is brought to the substation for loading the details of customer into a server or a data book. Imagine a case if the machine gets crashed under various circumstances all the previous readings will be lost due to loss of memory chip, then the department officials have to record all the database from the server or any database management system into a new handheld billing machine for the previous readings, or recollect the readings from the customers. It is a very time consuming, needs extra man power and wastes a lot of money. Violating the above problems the further version developed is Online handheld billing terminal. It does not require any internal memory to store the previous and present readings. This online terminal will be in direct pace with the database server through wireless communication. When the present readings are calculated the whole data will be transmitted to the central database server on this spot. So extra man power or excess money can be avoided as the total process is being done automatically

1.1 Requirements of Project.

PPI (8255). KEYBOARD C.P.U MICRO CONTROLLER (89S52). MAX 232. RF TRANSRECEIVER. THERMAL PRINTER. LCD.

LCD 16S52 UART

RF Tx/Rx

MAX 232

89S52

PRINTER

KEYBOARD

PC

MAX232

RF Tx/Rx

Fig: 2.1 Block Diagram of Online Handheld Billing Terminal

Table 2.1: Truth Table of 8255 Selection Pins