Ophthalmology MOST COMMON cause of red irritated eye Conjunctivitis (usually viral) MOST COMMON viral cause of conjunctivitis

Adenovirus Number one cause of blindness in the world Chlamydia conjunctivitis (trachoma) MOST COMMON cause of blindness in western world Macular degeneration MOST COMMONLY see blepharits with Acne rosacea or suborrheic dermatitis Number one eye problem seen in FP Corneal abrasion Biggest risk factor for acute angle closure glaucoma Narrowed anterior chamber on oblique flashlight test MORE COMMON form of glaucoma Open angle MOST COMMON cause of poor vision Cataract Most serious eye infxn Endophthalmos MOST COMMON cause of eyelid lump Chalazion/meibomian cyst A leading cause of blindness in the US Diabetic retinopathy Greatest risk for retinal detachment Lattice MOST COMMON primary eye tumor Melanoma Dermatology Hallmark of acne Comedones MOST COMMON cutaneous manifestation of HIV Suborrheic dermatitis PATHOGNOMONIC for suborrheic keratosis Horn cysts MOST COMMON skin CA assoc w/ smoking Squamous cell carcinoma PATHOGNOMONIC for lichen planus Wickhams striae MOST COMMON location of suborrheic dermatitis Scalp MOST COMMON locations of psoriasis Elbows, knees, gluteal cleft and scalp MOST COMMON location of pyogenic granuloma Extremities (especially hands) MOST COMMON vascular malformation of the skin Cherry angioma MOST COMMON melanoma Superficial spreading MOST COMMON melanoma in darker skinned individuals Acral lentiginous MOST COMMON malignant neoplasm of the skin Basal cell carcinoma #1 risk factor for skin CA UV-B exposure MOST COMMON HIV associated malignancy Kaposis sarcoma MOST COMMON cause of Molluscum contagiosum Poxvirus MOST COMMON skin infxn in kids Impetigo (MOST COMMON cause=S. aureus) #1 tick infxn Lyme disease Common causes of erythema multiforme major Herpes virus, Sulfa drugs #1 STD in the US Condylomata acuminate (genital warts) MOST COMMON type of allergic drug rxn Type 3 (maculopapular) Dermatologic emergencies Generalized pustular psoriasis/psoriasis von Zumbusch AND erythema multiforme major/Steven Johnson Syndrome/TENS Samters triad Allergy to aspirin, asthma, nasal polyp growth Otolaryngology MOST COMMON cause of SN hearing loss in adults Presbyacusis (high freq lost first) #1 cause of otitis externa Pseudomonas Only thing put into ear w/ perforated TM Floxin otic MOST COMMON problem in pediatrics Acute otitis media (usually from pathogens from nasopharynx) MOST COMMON complication in adults Sinusitis MOST COMMONLY affected sinus Maxillary MOST COMMON cause of coryza Rhinovirus

Cardiovascular MOST COMMON cause of death in US CVD MOST COMMON cause of mitral stenosis Rheumatic fever MOST COMMON acquired heart disease in kids Kawasakis (25% coronary artery aneurysm) MOST COMMON cause of stroke in pts < 35 y/o ASD MOST COMMON location of ASD Ostium secundum #1 cause of death from cardiac defect in 1st month Hypoplastic left heart syndrome GOLD STANDARD for myocardial viability Nuclear medicine ( uptake=ischemia) GOLD STANDARD for valve morphology and motion Echo MOST COMMON peripheral aneurysm Popliteal #1 cause of death in non-coronary ICU Septic shock #1 cause of death s/p MI Cardiogenic shock MOST COMMON heart murmur of childhood Stills Murmur (systolic, lower L sterna border) MOST COMMON mechanical complication of MI Free wall rupture MOST COMMON heart defect VSD MOST COMMON cause of sudden cardiac death in young HOCM and healthy MOST sensitive cardiac enzyme Troponin I MOST specific cardiac enzyme CK-MB Becks triad JVD, hypotension, distant heart sounds Test of choice for diagnosis of myocarditis MRI Common cause of neonate sepsis Coarctation of the aorta (assoc w/ Turners syndrome) AV canal defect is assoc with Downs syndrome Pulmonary #1 cause of death from an infectious disease TB #1 risk factor for TB HIV/AIDS (use rifabutin instead of rifampin) MOST COMMON extrapulmonary site of TB Lymphatic system MOST COMMON systemic sx of TB Low grade fever MOST COMMON pulmonary sx of TB Cough MOST useful TB test PA/lateral CXR (and PPD=MOST COMMON screening tests) MOST COMMON cause of pleural effusion Left ventricular heart failure (transudative), second=malignancy (exudative) GOLD STANDARD for dx of interstitial lung disease Fiberoptic bronchoscopy Defining feature of COPD FEV1/FVC < 70% MOST COMMON interstitial disease Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis MOST sensitive test for Histoplasmosis Urine and serum polysaccharide antigen test GOLD STANDARD for dx of bronchieCTasis CT MOST COMMON pneumothorax Primary spontaneous (young, thin males blebs) MOST COMMON cause of cor pulmonale Pulmonary hypertension MOST COMMON pathogen in CAP S. pneumonia MOST COMMON complication of ventilator use Ventilator associated pneumonia MOST COMMON symptom of a PE Dyspnea MOST COMMON cause of death from PE RV failure MOST COMMON form of lung CA Bronchogenic (95%) MOST COMMON type of lung CA Adenocarcinoma MOST COMMON type of lung CA in non-smokers Bronchioalveolar CA (subtype of adenocarcinoma) MOST aggressive lung CA Small cell carcinoma First line drugs for emphysema Anticholinergics ONLY 3 interventions that change COPD outcomes Smoking cessation, oxygen, lung volume reduction surgery MOST COMMONLY involved organ in sarcoidosis Lungs Radiation fibrosis MOST COMMON in pts Who received radiation for lung or breast CA

MOST COMMON source of massive hemoptysis 2 MOST COMMON causes of hemoptysis MOST COMMON cause of pneumonia Horners syndrome Pneumoconiosis with increased TB risk MOST COMMON cause of hypoxemia GI

Bronchial arteries Bronchitis, bronchogenic carcinoma Strep pneumoniae Ipsilateral ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis Silicosis V/Q mismatch

MOST COMMON causes of abdominal pain IBS, functional dyspepsia FIRST procedure for dysphagia Barium swallow MOST COMMON cause of intermittent solid dysphagia Schatski ring MOST COMMON cause for liver transplant Hep C Main risk factor for peptic ulceration H. pylori colonization MOST accurate test for H. pylori Urea breath test MOST COMMON source of upper GI bleed Peptic ulcers MOST COMMON cause of significant GI bleed in kids Meckels diverticulum Only clinical syndromes w/ increased absorption Hemochromatosis, Wilsons disease Single best measure of hepatic synthetic fxn Coagulation factors MOST COMMON cause of elevated liver enzymes Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease MOST COMMON sx of liver disease Fatigue Hallmark of liver disease Jaundice GOLD STANDARD of liver pathology Liver biopsy Best enzyme to measure for acute pancreatitis Lipase MOST COMMON causes of acute pancreatitis Cholelithiasis and alcohol MOST COMMON cause of chronic pancreatitis Chronic alcoholism Best for imaging of pancreas CT Diverticuli are MORE COMMON On left side (but bleeding MORE COMMON on right side) 75% (MOST COMMON) of intestinal obstructions result Surgery from MOST COMMON stomach CA Adenocarcinoma MOST COMMON cause of rectal bleeding Anal fissure Charcots triad Fever, RUQ pain, jaundice Infectious Disease Rice water stools are PATHOGNOMONIC for Cholera MOST COMMON pathogen causing meningitis in adults S. pneumoniae MOST COMMON pathogen causing meningitis in 2-20 y/os Neisseria meningitides (***petechiae/purprura***) MOST COMMON pathogen causing meningitis in children H. influenza MOST COMMON causes of viral meningitis Enteroviruses, HSV GOLD STANDARD in dx of meningitis LP MOST COMMON cause of encephalitis HSV-1 MOST COMMON parasite of CNS Neurocysticercosis Cause of death from anthrax Hemorrhagic mediastinitis Opportunistic HIV/AIDS infxn NOT predicted by CD4 count PML, Kaposis sarcoma MOST effective transmission of HIV Mother to child (25%) GOLD STANDARD for dx of pertussis First 2 wks: Nasopharyngeal culture 2-4 wks: PCR and ELISA >4 wks: ELISA Sheppards crook virus Ebola MOST COMMON cause of sepsis S. pneumoniae MOST COMMON cause of sepsis in kids Neisseria meningitides MOST COMMON cause of sepsis in neonates Listeria monocytogenes WORST complication of meningitis Cerebral herniation

Best for visualization of brain abscess Cause of MOST deaths from the flu Top cases of HIV/AIDS in the US MOST severe rickettsial disease Vectored by Ixodes tick MOST potent transmitter of Lyme disease MOST COMMON vector borne disease Cushing reflex MOST COMMON cause of septic bursitis

MRI (superior to CT) Pneumonia MSM, heterosexual contact, IVDA (in order) Epidemic louse borne typhus Erlichosis, Lyme Nymph Lyme Bradycardia, hypertension, irregular respiration S. aureus Endocrinology MOST COMMON cause of hypoglycemia Complication of treating DM MOST COMMON thyroid CA Papillary and follicular MOST COMMON cause of hyperthyroidism in the US Graves disease MOST COMMON cause of Cushings syndrome Iatrogenic (glucocorticoid use) MOST COMMON pituitary tumor Prolactinoma MOST COMMON cause of increased prolactin Prolactinoma (besides physiologic preg/lactation) Primary regulator of calcium levels PTH 90% of hypercalcemia cases Hyperparathyrodism and malignancy Rheumatology MOST COMMON arthritis Osteoarthritis MOST COMMON large joint affected in OA Knee MOST COMMON presentation of gout Podagra PATHOGNOMONIC for gout Intracellular needle-shaped negatively birefringent crystals MOST COMMON sites of pseudogout Knee and wrist Hallmarks of Rheumatoid arthritis Cartilaginous destruction, bony erosions, joint deformity Cardinal feature of Lupus ANA (NOT specific) Hallmark of lupus treatment Corticosteroids Sjogrens syndrome MOST COMMONLY affects Lacrimal and salivary glands (keartoconjunctivitis sicca) MOST COMMON presentation of scleroderma Sclerodactyly MOST COMMON vasculitis Giant cell arteritis Classic triad of Henoch-Schonlein purpura Palpable purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain MOST COMMON joint affected by psoriatic arthritis Knee Hallmark of rheumatologic disease Autoantibodies (but NOT diagnostic alone) MOST COMMON cause of long-term disability Osteoarthritis MOST cases of chronic neck pain due to DJD MOST COMMON cause of disability in adults < 45 y/o Low back pain MOST COMMON fx in children Clavicle 95% of shoulder dislocations are Anterior (humerus displaced anteriorly) MOST COMMONLY fractured carpal bone Naviculus 4 MOST COMMON hip fxs in adults Subcapital, femoral neck, intertrochanteric, subtrochanteric (in kidsslipped capital femoral epiphysis) MOST COMMONLY fractured tarsal bone Calcaneus (secondtalus)