1Lecture 9-10 First Order Transient Circuits: 1.

. Differential Equation Approach: For circuit1, the capacitor has no initial voltage, and The switch closes at t=0s For the RC capacitor circuit1 - write a KCL equation.
dVc (t ) Vc (t ) Vs C + =0 dt R

Switch Vs

Circuit1 N R C

For circuit2, the inductor has no initial current, and The switch closes at t=0s For the RL inductor circuit2 write a KVL equation.
dI (t ) L + R I (t ) = Vs dt

Switch Vs

Circuit2 R L
t

Use the general form solution for a first order differential equation x(t ) = K1 + K 2 e For this general form solution: K1 = steady state value (after a long time). K2 = the initial condition. = the time constant. Using this general solution in the KCL equation: K1 = Vs, K2 = -Vs, and = R x C Using this general solution in the KVL equation: K1 = Vs / R, K2 = -Vs / R, and = L / R Circuit3 Example: Given circuit 3, with Vs =12V, C=100uF, N 1 R1= 6K , R2= 3K . Find the IR2 for t>0 when 2 R1 + the switch changes from position 1 to 2? C With switch in position1, the capacitor is fully Vs charged and has no current in it. So the voltage on the capacitor = VR2 By KVL: Vs = R1 x I + R2 x I so I = 12V / (9K) = 1.33mA and VR2 = R2 x I = 4V With the switch in position 2, the KCL for N is:
C dVc (t ) Vc (t ) Vc (t ) dVc (t ) 3 Vc (t ) + + = 0 with values: + =0 dt R1 R2 dt 100 uF 6 K
t t

R2

K2 e + 5 K1 + 5 K 2 e = 0 so K1 = 0 and = 0.2 = Rt x C = 2K x 100uF Using the initial voltage: Vc(0) = 4V and putting this into the general solution K2 = 4V t t 4 0.2 So Vc (t ) = 4 e 0.2 so the current IR2 = Vc(t) / R2 = e 3K 2. Six Step Analysis: This will only work for a first order circuit (one C or L) with DC sources.

1. Assume that the solution will use the equation: x(t ) = K1 + K 2 e 2. Assume that the circuit has reached a steady state before the switch moves. So the capacitor can be replaced by and open circuit and the inductor can be replaced by a short circuit. Draw the circuit without them, and find the initial voltage on the capacitor or the initial current in the inductor. 3. Draw the circuit with the switch in the new position. Replace the capacitor with a voltage source = Vc initial. Replace the inductor with a current source = IL initial. Then find the initial value for the variable x(t) = x(0+) 4. Assume that the circuit has reached a steady state in the second switch position. So the capacitor can be replaced by and open circuit and the inductor can be replaced by a short circuit. Draw the circuit without them, and find the steady state value for the variable x(t) = x() 5. Find the Thevenin resistance using the capacitor or inductor as the load. Then = RTH x C or = L / RTH .

6. Using these results x(0+) = K1 + K2, x() = K1 so x(t ) = x(0+) + [ x(0+) x()] e R3 Example: Given circuit 4 with Vs=24V, L=4H R1= 4 , R2= 6 , R3= 12 , R4= 1 , R5= 2 . Find VR1 after the switch is closed? L R4 R1 t 1. V (t ) = K1 + K 2 e R2 Vs R1 Switch 2. Replacing L with a wire, find IL: I = Vs / Rt = 24V / (4 + [6 x (1 +2 )) / (6 +1 +2 ,)]) = 4A Circuit4 so IL = I x R2 / (R2 + R4+R5) = 4A x 6 / (6 x (1 +2 ,)) = 2.67A 3. To find VR1 (0+) use Circuit 5 and R3 loop analysis: Iz = IL= 2.67A, Iz loop Iy: R3 x (Iy + IL) + R2 x (Iy Ix) = 0, 18 x Iy 6 x Ix = -32A so Iy = (-32 + 6 x Ix) / 18 loop Ix: Vs + R2 x (Ix Iy) + R1 x Ix = 0, R4 R1 IL -24V = 10 x Ix + 32/3 - 2 x Ix, Ix = -34.67/8 = 4.3 R2 Vs so VR1 (0+) = R1 x Ix = 17.3V Switch Ix Iy 4. Now replace L with a wire and find VR1 () so VR1 ( ) = Vs = 24V Circuit5 5. To find RTH: 1/ RTH = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 so RTH = 2 6. So K1 = 24V, K2 = 17.3V 24V = -6.7V and = L / RTH =4H / 2 = 2

R5

R5

VR1 (t ) = 24V 6.7 e 2

3. Pulse Response: Circuit1a Instead of using a switch, these circuits could also be powered by a pulse wave as shown in the figure1. R This will cause Circuit1a to respond the same as Circuit 1 Vs As long as the period of the pulse wave is more than 10 . The same analysis can be used.

Vs

Figure 1 Vc 1 cycle time